Manifesto
issued by the Junta of the Mexican Liberal Party, September 23, 1911, scattered
at that time broadcast and republished in its official organ,
Regeneracion,
January 20, 1912.
Mexicans:
The
Organising [sic] Junta of the Mexican Liberal Party views with sympathy your
efforts to put in practice the lofty ideals of political, economic and social
emancipation, the triumph of which on earth will bring to an end the already
sufficiently extensive quarrel between man and man, which has its origin in
that
inequality
of fortune which springs from the principle of private property.
To
abolish that principle means to annihilate all the political, economic, social,
religious and moral institutions that form the environment within which are
asphyxiated the free initiative and the free association of human beings who,
that they may not perish, find themselves obliged to carry on among themselves
a frenzied competition from which there issue triumphant not the best, not the
most self-sacrificing, not those most richly endowed, physically, morally or
intellectually, but the most crafty, the most egoistic, the least scrupulous,
the hardest-hearted those who place their own well-being above all
considerations of human solidarity and human justice.
But
for the principle of private property there would be no reason for government,
which is needed solely to keep the disinherited from going to extremes in their
complaints or rebellions against those who have got into their possession the
social wealth. Nor would be there any reason for the church, whose exclusive
object is to strangle in the human being the innate spirit of revolt against
oppression and exploitation, by the preaching of patience, of resignation and
of humility; silencing the cries of the most powerful and fruitful instincts by
the practice of immoral penances, cruel and injurious to personal health and
--that the poor may not aspire to the enjoyment of this earth and become a
danger to the privileges of the rich --by promising the humblest, the most
resigned, the most patient, a heaven located in the infinite, beyond the
farthest stars the eye can reach.
Capital,
Authority, the Church -- there you have the sombre [sic] trinity that makes of
this beauteous earth a paradise for those who, by cunning, violence and crime,
have been successful in gathering into their clutches the product of the
toiler's sweat, of the blood of the tears and sacrifices of thousands of
generations of workers; but a hell for those who, with muscle and intelligence,
till the soil, set the machinery in motion, build the houses and transport the
products. Thus humanity remains divided into two classes whose interests are
diametrically opposed --the capitalist class and the working class; the class that
has possession of the land, the machinery of production and the means of
transporting wealth, and the class that must rely on its muscle and
intelligence to support itself.
Between
these two social classes there cannot exist any bond of friendship or fraternity,
for the possessing class always seeks to perpetuate the existing economic,
political and social system which guarantees it tranquil enjoyment of the
fruits of its robberies, while the working class exerts itself to destroy the
iniquitous
system and institute one in which the land, the houses, the machinery of
production and the means of transportation shall be for the common use.
Mexicans!
The Mexican Liberal Party recognises [sic] that every human being, by the very
fact of his having come into life, has a right to enjoy each and every one of
the advantages modern civilization offers, because those advantages are the
product of the efforts and sacrifices of the working class from all time.
The
Mexican Liberal Party recognises labour [sic] as necessary for the subsistance
[sic] of the individual and society, and accordingly all, save the aged, the
crippled, the incapacitated and children ought to dedicate themselves to the
production of something useful for the satisfaction of their necessary wants.
The
Mexican Liberal Party that the so-called rights of individual property is an
iniquitous right, because it subjects the greater number of human beings to
toil and suffering for the satisfaction and ease of a small number of
capitalists. The Mexican Liberal Party recognises that Authority and the Church
are the supports
of
the iniquity of Capital and therefore,
The
Organising Junta of the Mexican Liberal Party has solemnly declared war against
Authority, war against Capital, and war against the Church.
Against
Capital, Authority and the Church the Mexican Liberal Party has hoisted the Red
Flag on Mexico's fields of action, where our brothers are battling like lions,
disputing victory with the hosts of bourgeoisdom, be those Maderists, Reyists, Vazquists,
Cientificos or what not, since all such propose merely to put in office some
one as first magistrate of the nation, in order that under his shelter they may
do business without any consideration for the mass of Mexico's population,
inasmuch as, one and all, they recognise [sic] as sacred the right of
individual property.
In
these moments of confusion so propitious for the attack on oppression and
exploitation; in these moments in which Authority, weakened, unbalanced,
vacillating, attacked on every side by unchained passions, by tempests of
appetites that have sprung into life, and hope immediately to glut themselves;
in these moments of anxiety, agony and terror on the part of privileged,
compact masses of the disinherited are invading the lands, burning the title
deeds, laying their creative hands on the soil and threatening with their fists
all that was respectable yesterday -- Authority, Capital, the Clergy. They are
turning the furrow,
scattering
the seed and await, with emotion the first fruit of free labour.
These
Mexicans, are the first practical results of the propaganda and of the action
of soldiers of the proletariat, of the generous upholders of our equalitarian
[sic] principles, of our brothers who are bidding defiance to all imposition
and all exploitation with the cry -- a cry of death for all those above, but of
life and hope for all those below -- "Long Live Land and Liberty."
Expropriation
must be pursued to the end, at all costs, while this grand movement lasts. This
is what has been done and is being done by our brothers of Morelos, of Southern
Puebla, of Michoacan, of Guerrero, Veracruz, of the Northern portion of the
State of Tamaulipas, of Durango, Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco,
Chihuahua,
Oaxaca, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and parts of other States, as even the Mexican
bourgeois press itself has had to confess. There the proletariat has taken
possession of the land without waiting for a paternal government to deign to
make it happy, for it knows that nothing good is to be expected of
governments
and that the emancipation of the workers must be the task of the workers
themselves.
These
first acts of expropriation have been crowned with most pleasing success; but
they must not be limited to taking possession of the land and the implements of
agriculture alone. There must be a resolute taking possession, of al the
industries by those working in them, who should bring it about similarly that
the lands, the mines, the factories, the workshops, the foundries, the
railroads, the shipping, the stores of all kinds and the houses shall be in the
power of each and every one of the inhabitants, without distinction of sex.
The
inhabitants of each region in which such an act of supreme justice has been
effected will only have to agree that all that is found in the stores,
warehouses, granaries, etc., shall be brought to a place of access by all,
where men and women of reliability can make an exact inventory of what has been
collected and can
calculate
the time it will last -- the necessities and the number of inhabitants that
will have to use it being taken into account -- from the moment of
expropriation, until the first crops shall have been raised and the other
industries shall have turned out their first products.
When
such an inventory has been made the workers in the different industries will
understand, fraternally and among themselves, how to so regulate production
that none shall want while this movement is going on, and that only those who
are not willing to work shall die of hunger -- the aged, the incapacitated, and
the children, who have a right to enjoy all, being excepted.
Everything
produced will be sent to the community's general store, from which all will
have the right to take what their necessities require, on the exhibition proof
that they are working at such an industry.
The
human being aspires to satisfy wants with the least possible expenditure of
effort, and the best way to obtain that result is to work the land and other
industries in common. If the land is divided up and each family takes a piece
there will be grave danger of falling anew into the capitalist system, since
there will
not
be wanting men of cunning or grasping habits who may get more than others and
in the long run exploit their fellows. Apart from that danger is the fact that
if each family works its little patch of land it will have to toil as much or
more than it does today under the system of individual property to obtain the
miserable result now achieved; but, if there is joint ownership of the land and
the peasants work it in common, they will toil less and produce more. Of course
there will be enough for each to have his own house and a ground-plot for his
own pleasure. What has been said as to working the land in common applies to
working the factories, working shops, etc., in common. Let each, according to
his temperament [sic], tastes, and inclinations choose the kind of work that
suits him best, provided he produces sufficient to cover his necessary wants
and does not become a charge on the community.
Operating
in the manner pointed out, that is to say, expropriation being followed
immediately by the organisation [sic] of production, free of masters and based
on the necessities of the inhabitants of each region, nobody will suffer want,
in spite of the armed movement going on, until the time when, that movement
having terminated with the disappearance of the last bourgeois and the last
agent of authority, and the law which upholds privilege [sic] having been
shattered, everything having been placed in the hands of the toilers, we shall
meet in fraternal embrace and celebrate with cries of joy in inauguration of a
system that will guarantee to every human being Bread and Liberty.
Mexicans!
It is for this the Mexican Liberal Party is struggling. For this a Pleiades of
heroes is spilling its generous blood, fighting under the Red Flag to the
famous cry of "Land and Liberty."
The
Liberals have not laid down their arms despite the treaty of peace made by the
traitor Madero with the tyrant Diaz, or despite the offers of the bourgeoisie
which proposed to fill its pockets with gold. It has acted thus because we
Liberals are men who are convinced that political liberty does not benefit the
poor but only the place hunters, and our object is not to obtain offices or
distinctions, but to take everything out of the hands of the bourgeoisie that
it may put in the power of the workers.
Whichever
one of them may triumph the activity of the different political bands who are
now disputing among themselves for supremacy will result in exactly what
happened under the tyrant Porfirio Diaz, since no man, however well-intentioned
he may be, can do anything in favour [sic] of the poor class when he finds
himself in power. That activity has produced the present chaos, and we, the
disinherited ought to take advantage of the special circumstances in which the
country finds itself, in order to put in practice, without the loss of time, on
the spot, the ideals of the Mexican Liberal Party. We should not wait to carry
expropriation into effect until the peace has been made, for by that time the
supplies in stores, granaries, warehouses, and other places of deposit will
have been exhausted. Moreover, owing to the state of war prevailing throughout
the country, production will have been suspended and the sequel of the struggle
will be famine. But if we carry expropriation and the organisation of labour
into effect during the struggle no one will be in lack of the necessities of
life then or afterwards.
Mexicans!
If you wish to be free once more, struggle only for the Mexican Liberal Party.
All others are offering you political liberty when they have triumphed. We
liberals invite you to take immediate possession of the land, the machinery,
the means of transportation and the buildings, without excepting any one to
give them to you and without waiting for any law to decree it, since the laws
are not made by the poor but by the gentry, who take good care not to make any
against the interests of their caste.
It
is the duty of us poor people to work and struggle to break the chains that
make us slaves. To leave the solution of our problems to the educated and rich
is to put ourselves voluntarily in their clutches. We, the plebians [sic]; we,
the tatterdemalions; we, the starvelings; we who have no place wherein to lay
our heads and live tortured by uncertainty as to whence will come tomorrow's
bread for our women and little ones; we, who when we have reached old age, are
ignominiously discharged because we can no longer work; it is for us to make
powerful efforts and a thousand sacrifices to destroy to its lowest foundations
the edifice of the old society which has been a fond mother to the rich and
vicious and a hard-hearted stepmother to the workers and the virtuous.
All
the ills that afflict humanity spring from the existing system which compels
the majority to toil and sacrifice itself that a privileged minority may
satisfy its wants and even its caprices while living in ease and vice.
The
evil would be less if all the poor were guaranteed work, but production is not
regulated for the satisfaction of the needs of the workers but for what the
bourgeoisie want, and they so manage things that it shall not exceed their
capacity of expenditure. Hence the periodic stoppage of industry, or
restriction of the number of workers, which proves also how perfect is the
machinery operated for the advantage of the rich by the proletariat.
To
make an end of all this its is necessary that the workers take into their own
hands the land and the machinery of production, so that they themselves may
regulate the production of wealth in accordance with their own needs.
Robbery,
prostitution, assassination, incendiarism, swindling -- these are the products
of the system that places men and women in conditions in which, that they may
not die of hunger, they find themselves obliged to take where they can or
prostitute themselves; for, in the majority of cases, even though they have the
greatest desire to work, no work is to be had or it is so badly paid that there
is no getting the sum necessary to satisfy the most imperious necessities of
the individual and his family. Moreover, the long hours of work under the
present capitalist system, and the conditions under which it is carried on, in
a short time make an end of the worker's health and even of his life. These
industrial catastrophes have their origin solely in the contempt with which the
capitalist class looks on those who sacrifice themselves for it.
Irritated
as is the poor man by the injustice of which he is the victim; angered by the
luxury flaunted in his face by those who do nothing; beaten on the street by
the policeman for the crime of being poor; compelled to hire out his labour on
tasks distasteful to him; badly remunerated; despised by all who know more than
he
does or who, having money, think themselves the superiors of those who have
none; having in prospect an old age of bitter sorrow and the death of an animal
turned out of the stable as unserviceable; disquieted from day to day by the possibility
of being without work; obliged to regard as enemies even the members of his own
class, since he knows not who among them will offer his services for less than
he himself is earning -- it is natural that in such circumstances there should
be developed in the human being anti-social instincts and that crime,
prostitution, and disloyalty should be the inevitable fruits of the old and
hateful
system
we are trying to destroy, to its very lowest roots, that we may create in its
stead a new one of love, of equality, of justice, of fraternity, of liberty.
Rise,
all of you, as one man! In the hands of all are tranquility [sic], well-being,
liberty, the satisfaction of all healthy appetites. But we must not leave
ourselves to the guidance of directors. Let each be master of himself. Let all
be arranged by the mutual consent of free individualities. Death to slavery!
Death to hunger!
Long
life to "Land and Liberty!"
Mexicans!
With hand on heart and with a tranquil conscience we formally and solemnly appeal
to you all, men and women alike, to embrace the lofty ideals of the Mexican
Liberal Party. As long as there are rich and poor, governors and governed,
there will be no peace, nor is it to be desired that there should be; for such
a peace would be founded on the political, economic and social inequality of
millions of human beings who suffer hunger, outrages, the prison and death,
while a small minority enjoys pleasures and liberties of all kinds for doing
nothing. On with the struggle! On with expropriation, for the benefit of all
and not of the few! This is no war of bandits, but of men and women who desire
that all may be brothers and enjoy, as such, the good things to which nature
invites us and which the
brawn and intelligence of man have created, the one condition being that each
should devote himself to truly useful work.
Liberty
and well-being are within our grasp. The same effort and the same sacrifices
that are required to raise to power a governor -- that is to say, a tyrant
– will achieve the expropriation of the fortunes the rich keep from you.
It is for you, then, to choose. Either a new governor -- that is to say, a new
yoke -- or
life-redeeming
expropriation and the abolition of all imposition, be that imposition
religious, political or of any other kind.
LAND
AND LIBERTY!
Signed
in the city of Los Angeles, State of California, United States of America,
September 23, 1911.
Ricardo Flores Magon
Anselmo
L. Figueroa
Librado Rivera
Enrique Flores Magon
Antonio de P. Aruajo
*This
has been reproduced from: Flores Magon, Ricardo. Land and Liberty: Anarchist
Influences in the Mexican Revolution. David Poole, ed. Montreal: Black Rose
Books, 1977.