SEARCH ON diciembre DEC. December décembre DECEMBRO
also: 13 of decembro of 1932 participate not II to Congress celebrated Rexional Anarchist in Rosario. Antonio Casanova Casanova fought na 28 Division that commanded Gregorio Jover, or last do mythical terceto headed by Ascano & Durruti.
ALSO GUERRIER. Militant anarchiste révolutionnaire et journaliste. Il naît à Paris, le 13 décembre / DECEMBER 1890. Très jeune, il fréquente les anarchistes individualistes et prend part à l'expérience des milieux libres dans la communauté de Saint-Germain-en-Laye de 1906 à 1908.
Let us not forget Joseph "Le Pétomane" Pujol's fine example.
Le Pétomane's renown was basedon his ability to perform astonishing feats of what might best be termed gymnasticflatulence. He was France's, andthe world's, leading "fartiste."
Relying solely on the apparatusthat the good Lord gave him, LePétomane blew away standing room only Moulin Rouge audiences for threeyears running until, in a hurricane of lawsuits, he blew off the dance hall's ownerand opened his own club, where his whirlwind success continued for almost twomore decades. Le Pétomane, who had extraordinary control over his nether region noise-making machinery, could use his dusky orifice to produce melodies (a physician of the day confirmed that the performer possessed, ahem, a "musical anus"), do impressions of celebrity voices, extinguish candles from several meters distance, smoke cigarettes & spout water up to 15 feet. Referring to Le Pétomane, "Nausea" author Jean-Paul Sartre is said to have exclaimed, "He gets it!"
http://www.salonmagazine.com/people/rogue/1999/05/20/flatulence/
-- Having made that distinction, it is also true that the nurse - Georgette Kokoczinski, who performed at anarchist movement galas under the name Mimosa - is described by Paz as having been a "sort of mascot of the column", & had taken part in many surprise attacks on the enemy rear-guard with the ‘Sons of the Night’ (Hijos de la Noche). Paz 1977, p.277.
I would like to thank Marianne Enckell for bringing to my attention information on French volunteers contained in the Spanish & Italian anarchist press: doubtless a more systematic study would unearth further data (the present author unfortunately having neither Spanish nor Italian).
Readers who would like a list of the names on the database should contact the author. 6. ‘Liste des miliciens français’ (n.d. - September/October 1936?), TS., 4pp. [Film 23]; Félix Danon, ‘Rapport confidentiel sur tous les étrangers de langue française détenus à la première galerie de la Carcel Modelo’ (6 August 1937), MS., 2pp. [Film 25]; Correspondence of Charles Crespin, Félix Danon, Fernand Fortin [Film 25]; Anonymous report to Mariano Vasquez of the CNT National Committee on the activities of foreign anarchists in Spain (3 December 1937), TS., 5pp. [Film 73]; Sección Francesa de Propaganda CNT-FAI, ‘Lista de Franceses Llegados a España Despues Del 19 de Julio 1936 (Entregada el 18 de octubre de 1938)’, TS., 9pp. [Film 106].
The French contingent in the International Group of the Durruti Column numbered about 25 in August 1936. By the end of August the French & Italians had united to form a single group which also contained other nationalities. By September, this group was named the Sébastien Faure Century (after the doyen of the French anarchist movement), & formed the 1st Century of the International Group. It had grown to about 50 members by October. By September, Durruti & the CNT-FAI were making it clear in the French anarchist press that arms, other forms of material solidarity & propaganda were of more use to them than any further volunteer militia fighters.
When we examine what these women did in France, it also striking how few of them were with the militias - seven: Thérèse Bardy, Juliette Baudard, Suzanne Girbe, Suzanne Hans, the nurse, Georgette Kokoczinski, Emilienne Morin & a 34 year-old textile worker, Hélène Patou, who were all members of the Durruti Column. Emilienne Morin (partner of Buenaventura Durruti) was responsible for coordinating the the Durruti Column’s technical services at the front. Baudard & Kokoczinski died at Perdiguera in October 1936. Hans, a 22 year-old from Paris, was killed during an attack at Farlete the previous month.
Of the other 10, Felstein & Lamberet have already been mentioned, as have Pauline & Noëla Tricheux, & Simone Weil’s exploits in Spain are well known. Eugénie Casteu http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/en/people/berry_david/spain_french.volunteers.html
-- CUBA CHRONOLOGY
Chronology 1959-1975 Jan. 1, 1959 Batista flees Cuba: Revolution begins. Jan. 4
Manuel Urrutia Lleo appointed President of Cuba. Armed Student Directorio seizes & refuses to evacuate the Presidential
Palace, the seat of government & the University of Havana campus because Castro unilaterally appointed his "Provisional
Government" without consulting allied anti-Batista fight 177 l l ,1 1 11., Illg gl'OII]~.~. .lan 1 () Jan. 28 Feb. 16 April 5
May 8 May 17 ~i 1 1 ! , l ll 1 1 , , .lune 3 June 9 July 7 July 18 July 26 habeas corpus suspended. Capital punishment
decreed. People's Socialist Party (PSP-Communists) pledges allegiance to Castro. Miro Cardona resigns & Castro
appoints himself Premier. Censorship of press, radio, television etc. begins. Strikes prohibited. Castro government assumes
unlimited power. Council of Ministers can decree laws & change constitution at will. Agrarian Reform Law (National
Institute of Agrarian Reform“INRA) makes illegal ownership of more than 5 caballerias (I caballeria = 33 ~/2 acres) of
land. INRA institutes state farms on Russian model. Law 43 giving INRA dictatorial powers reads: ". . . the INRA will
appoint administrators & the workers will accept all orders & decrees dictated by INRA. . . "
Pedro Luis Diaz, Commander of the Air Force & close friend of Castro, protests growing influence of Communists & leaves Cuba.
Resolution 6, gives Castro unlimited power to spend public funds without being accountable to anyone. Article 25 of
Fundamental Law further extends death penalty for "acts hostile to the regime" Urrutia resigns. The Communist Dorticos
appointed new Presiclent of Cuba The day after he resigns, Castro before a delirious mass demonstration of 500,000 people
withdraws his resignation as self appointed Premier of Cuba. The carefully staged proceeding was a cheap publicity hoax.
178 Scl~t. 30 Oct. 13 Oct. 20 Oct. 27 Nov. 30 Nov. 26 DECEMBER 27 Jan. 1, 196() Feb. 13 March 1 6 April 20 C'uba sells
3,300,000 tons of sugar to Rllssia Article 149, regulating private schools & education, prohibits teaching of subjects not
taught in public schools, state dictates curriculum. Castro's close friend & second-in-command, Major Hubor Matos,
Military Commander of Province of Catnaguey' resigns in protest of communist infiltration of Cuban government. Arrested
by order of Castro & after fake "trial", sentenced DECEMBER 14 to 20 years imprisonment. Sentence stirred dormant resentment
in armed forces & also civilians who revered Matos, as hero of the Revolution. Nationalization of oil property begins. I
0th Congress of Cuban Confederation of Labor (CTC). Communist candidates endorsed by Castro are defeated. A little
later, officials freely elected by rank-and-file are dismissed by order of Castro & replaced by Castro's appointees. The
democratically elected Secretary, David Salvador, is sentenced to 30 year prison term. Ernesto Che Guevara (who knows
nothing about finance) appointed President of the Bank of Cuba. Law 680 tightens press, radio, television, etc., censorship.
Vice-President of Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Anastas Mikoyan, inaugurates Soviet exhibition in Palace of
Fine Arts Commercial treaty signed by Mikoyan & Castro grants credit of $100,000,000 & exchanges Cuban sugar for
Soviet armaments. Establishment of Central Planning Body (JUCEPLAN) to manage economy. Blas Roca, veteran
communist leader appointed Director of JUCEPLAN. Instituto Superior de Educacion established to indoctrinate tcachers
with Marxist-Leninist principles. 179 Al:'il 22 Ma! 7 May 8 June 3 , . 1 July 15 Sept. 28 October Oct. 13 Nov. 7 (,ala (
clebration of Lenin's birthday. Formal diplomatic relations with Russia established. C ommandante Rolando Cubela (later
mortal enemy of Castro) President of the Federation of University Students (FEW) orders expulsion of anti-communist
students from the University of Havana. Death Penalty decreed for misappropriation of funds. Law 851 decrees
nationalization of property. In successive months the property of the Cuban Telephone Co., Cuban Electric Co., three oil
companies (Standard, Shell & Texaco) & 21 sugar refineries are nationalized. (By the end of 1960, the state
expropriated 11,287 companies, equal to two-thirds of Cuban industry. By March 1961, nationalization totalled 88010 of
industrial production & 55°70 of agricultural production. Most of the faculty of Havana University resigns in protest over
communist party takeover. Organization of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR) to spy on citizens even
in their homes. " . . . a strike is a counter-revolutionary act in a socialist republic. . ." (Castro). ". . .The destiny of the unions
is to disappear..." (Guevara). "...the Minister of Labor can take control of any union or federation of unions, dismiss
officials & appoint others. . . " (law 647) With nationalization of 376 additional firms & Urban Reform Law (including
housing) Castro proclaims the completion of the first phase of the Revolution. Gala parade in celebration of anniversary of
Russian Revolution with participation of thousands of Russian, Chinese & "socialist" countries' technicians & "advisors.
" 180 N:~~. 22 Nov. 30 Dec. 31 Jan. 1, 1961 Jan. 3 Jan. 4 Jan. 21 .1 an. 29 Feb. 10 Feb. 23 April 17 (hlban Government
predicts th.tt in 19(i1, production ol potatoes, beans, poultry, eggs, corn, & cotton "will have quintuplet)." Actually,
"production between 1958-1963 decreased by 500/0 (Rene Dumont) Cuba & China sign trade agreement. China buys
1,000,000 tons of sugar & extends $50,000,000 credit to Cuba. Castro creates Higher Council of Universities headed by
Minister of Education to rule universities. 2nd anniversary of the Cuban Revolution. U.S. severs relations with Cuba. " . . .
any counter-revolutionary activity (as defined by the dictators) by any worker, either in the public or private sector, will be
sufficient cause for immediate dismissal & additional punishment for criminal acts under the law. . . " (law 934) 6
complete factories arrive from Yugoslavia. 100 due to be delivered by Russia. Cuba sends 1000 children to Russia to learn
how to become obedient communists. Educational collaboration with Soviet ambassador to Havana, Yuri Gavrilov, and
Czechoslovak ViceMinister of Education, Vaslav Pelishek, to teach Cuban educators methods used in communist lands.
Cuban Ministry of Education will train teachers in Minar del Fri'o, a communist school, how to become good
Marxist-Leninists. Stepped up campaign to mobilize hundreds of thousands of "volunteers" to cut cane & do other
important work. Guevara appointed Minister of Industry (which he knows nothing about) "Bay of Pigs" invasion by
unofficial U.S.-sponsored forces. 181
May I Dec. 2 March 8, 1962 Castro proclaims that Cuba has hecome the first Socialist Republic in l.atin Anlerica. Th`~l~s`~'uls parade carrying Inlgc portraits ol Castro, Jose Marti, Khrusllchev, Mao, Lenin, Marx & Engels. On behlg awarded the Lenin peace prize, Castro exults: "GLORY TO THE GREAT JOSE MARTI!" "GLORY TO THE GREAT VLADIMIR II.S ICII LENIN! " Castro delivers his "I am a Marxist-Leninist Communist" speech. A forerunner of the Communist Party of Cuba, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) is organized.
March 12 Law 1015 decrees rationing of most foods & other necessities. July l anc~ther version l~l the luturc
poll-Castro Communist P'arty of Cuba (C}'( ) Oct. 4 Nov. Second Ayratian Retorn, restricts ownership oi land to five
caballerias. I ol the first time in Cuba compulsory military service is decreed in preference to volunteer service in militia.
Feb. 14, 1964 Castro takes personal charge of INRA.
Summer, 1965 To combat absenteeism & enforce work discipline the government announces plans to issue in August & September, identification cards which all workers must show as condition for employment. . . " . . . thereby guaranteeing full compliance with directives established by the Revolutionary Government as far as labor is concerned . . . " Ministry of Labor institutes forced labor in Province of Pinar del Rio' for "...employees who committed transgressions in lulfilllnellt of their functions.. Aug.-Sept. Drive against political & social dissenters stepped up. FI Libertario, organ of the Liberation Association of Cuba (anarcho-syndicalist) forced to suspend publication. Workers threatened with loss of jobs if they do not "volunteer" to work without pay. Students housewives & others told they will lose benefits it they do not "volunteer" their services. Agricultural cooperatives transformed into state farms.
Spring, 1963 Compulsory service for 15 to 17 year-old "delinquents" decreed to provide a labor force for a wide
range of agricultural & civic projects. Formation of the United Party of the Socialist Revolution (PURS) 182 July 4 Oct. 3
The much vaunted militia, "The People in Arms" is practically liquidated as an independent force. Nationwide disarmament
of the militia is decreed. Militia officers & civilians are commanded to turn their weapons in by Sept. Ist or face severe
penalties. Members of the military reserve & communities for the Defense of the Revolution must also comply. Havana
Longshoremen refuse to load meat for Italy because of meat shortage in Cuba. 200 arrested & later released with only
stern warnings for fear of further complications. Militarily orgarlized labor camps established to rehabilitate "delinquents."
Havana University is again purged. Writers & artists sent to penal camps, ostensibly to "purify the Revolution. " March,
1966 Rolando Cubela (former favorite of Castro) sentenced to 25 years at hard labor for conspiracy to assassinate Castro
because he betrayed the Revolution.
Aug. 22-26 12th Congress of the CTC adopts resolution stating that: " . . . the labor
movement directed & guided by the Communist Party, must effectively contribute to the mobilization of the masses in
fulfilling of the tasks assigned by the Revolution & strengthening MarxistLeninist theory . . . " 183
1967 Oct. 8 Jan. 28, 1968 March 13 Aug. 2 Aug. 17 Oct. 22 Organizatior1 ot the Vanguard Worliers Movement. Likc the Stal~hanovites in Russia, the Vanguard Workers are expected to set the pace & initiate speedup of their fellow workers. In c~change
Vanguard Workers get special privileges. A program of Youth Reeducation Centers established for youngsters under 16 found guilty of minor offences. They are to perform "a full day's work" & get military training. Che Guevara killed in Bolivia guerrilla campaign. Castro asserts his domination over the Communist Party. Anibal Escalante, a prominent communist, is sentenced to 15 years at hard labor for plotting to subordinate Castro to the discipline of the Party. He was accused of the typical Stalinist crime of "microfactionalism. " Castro introduces the "Great Revolutionary Offensive" by nationalizing 58,000 trades, shops & services. Young people are mobilized, military fashion, for agriculture & sugar production. Castro defends the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. The Minister of Labor, Jorge Risquet, announces introduction of 'ilabor card" recording acts of indiscipline, work record, etc. A "social-security law" providing incentives for workers who demonstrate "exemplary" behavior is decreed. Those who exhibit "communist work attitudes, " renounce overtime pay, are not absent without authorization, exceed work quotas & enthusiastically perform "voluntary" labor become eligible for special benefits.
Jan. 2, 1969 Castro introduces rationing of sugar! July 9
March 1971 Dissident poet Herberto Padilla arrested on trumped up charges of "counter-revolution" for writing critical poetry & articles about Cuban dictatorship. Later, in true Stalinist fashion Padilla "repents his sins" & is "rehabilitated." The case aroused world-wide protests.
Castro praises "revolutionary achievements" of the military totalitarian Junta that seized power in Peru. 184
Dec. 1972 Creation of the super-centralized Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers. Between 1972 & 1975 the institutionalization & 185 ! ~,. l ~' . .t 1 , : reorganization of the Revolution was being implcmented. I\lid-1971 Reform of the judicial system. Courts & all legal bodies dominat.] & completely responsible to the Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers. There is no independent judiciary. The Prime Minister, the Prcsident of the Republic, other ministers, & the members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Cuba are exempt from the jurisdiction of the regular courts.
April May Aug. 2 November Militias ("People in Arms") abolished. Liability of 18 year olds for "crimes" against the economy, abnormal sexual behavior, etc., etc., applied to 16 year old "offenders." Creation of the Youth Army of Work (AYW), a paramilitary organization controlled by the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR).
13th Congress of the CTC endorses & promises to carry out the dictatorial policies
of the Regime. December Law 1257 decrees creation of regular, conventional army complete with ranking system and
discipline of great military powers.
May 8, 1974 With the establishment of the People's Organization of Popular Control (PCP) an experiment in "decentralization" & "direct democracy" designed to promote mass participation in Local, Regional administration is initiated in Matanzas Province (to be extended to rest of Cuba in 1976). The system patterned after the fake Russian "soviets" actually reinforces the dictatorship.
July 2 Castro proclaims 3 days of mourning for the death of the fascist dictator of Argentina Juan Peron. With Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba (Dec. 1975) the institutionalization of the Revolution was substantially completed. The permanent, legally sanctioned, totalitarian apparatus intlicts itself on future generatiorls. 186 Lilossarv ALC MLCE CNT IWMA I.ibertarian Fedcration of Cuba L ibertarian Movcment of Cuba in Exile National Confederation of Labor (Spanish AnarchoSyndicalist) International Workingmen's Association (Abbreviations of Cuban organizations with date of founding) CDR CTC EJT FAR INRA JUCEPI AN OPP ORI PCC PSP PURS SMO SS UMAP UNEAC UJC
Bibliographical Notes Committees for the Defense of the Revolution,
1960 Confederation of Cuban Workers, 1939 Youth Army of Work, 1973 Revolutionary Armed Forces, 1961 National
Institute of Agrarian Reform, 1959 Central Planning Board, 1960 Organs of Popular Power, 1974 Integrated Revolutionary
Organizations, 1961-1963 Communist Party of Cuba, 1965 Socialist Popular Party, 1925-1961 United Party of the Socialist
Revolution, 1963-1965 Compulsory Military Service, 1963 Compulsory Social Service, 1973 Military Units to Aid
Production, 1964-1973 National Union of Writers & Artists of Cuba, 1961 Young Communist League, 1962
A full bibliography of writings on the background of the Cuban Revolution & the Revolution itself would easily fill several
volumes. It is therefore necessary to list such works in English as seems best for the general reader. Interestingly enough, the
sources are the speeches & writings of Castro & members of his inner circle (official government publications,
periodicals, newspapers etc.) Another excellent source is the works of the pro-Castro friendly critics. Both the Cuban
officials in the process ot justifying their dictatorial measures & the friendly critics in trying to account for the
degeneration of the Revolution inadvertently supply valuable information about the nature of the Cuban Revolution. 187
()lficial Sources t I C astro s speeches & writings are easily available“a convenient compilation is The Selected Works
~Jf Fidel Castro: flevo/utionar Struggle; Rolando Bonachea & Nelson P. Valdes (M. I.T. Press Cambridge, 1971“E7irst ot
three volumes.) Johrl C,crassi, Venceremos! The Speeches & Writings of Che Guervara (New York, 1968.) Che' Guevara,
kpisodes of the Revolutionary Slruggle (Book Institute, Havana, 1967.) An invaluable, intimate first-hand account ot the
early struggles of Castro's guerrilla band in the Sierra Maestra. Cramna Weekly Review (Lnglish Language Edition)“of
licial organ of the Communist Party of Cuba. Good for current events, official notices, proclamations, etc. Other Background
and Source Materials Cuban Studies Newsletter; published twice yearly by the Center for Latin American Studies;
University of Pittsburgh. Contains many informative articles, theses & other writings. The University of Miami's Center for
Research on Caribbean Studies; also the Cuban Economic Research Project, an excellent research staff manned by Cuban
specialists. Yale University's Anlilles Program. Center for Cuban Studies, New York. United Nations publications.
Background to Revolution; a collection of essays on Cuban history leading to the Cuban Revolution. A good general survey
by competent authorities (Edited by Robert F. Smith, New York, 1966). Jaime Suchlicki, From Columbus to Castro, New
York, 1974, also his excellent collection of essays by ten specialists, (University of Miami, 1972). Suchlicki's works are
particularly important because he participated in the Revolutionary Students' Movement in his native Cuba. Although Hugh
Thomas' massive history The Pursuit of Freedom has been widely acclaimed, his atrocious work on the Spanish Civil War
(1936-1939) should be borne in mind when reading his Cuban volume.
Personal Accounts Jules Dubois' Fidel Castro; (Indianapolis, 1959). Dubois, late correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, interviewed & was on very cordial terms with Fidel Castro & associates. An excellent account of events from Castro's landing in Cuba, to the fall of Batista, plus interesting biographical data. 188 I Icrbert Matthews, New York Thnes correspondent who first i'~ncrvicwed C astro in the Sierra Maestre, was welcomed to Cuba sc~eral times since then. Matthews has written extensively on the Cuban Revolution. Among his writings are: f idel Castro; (New York, 1959) & Cuba in Revolution; (New York, 1975). Though strongly biased in favor of Castro, the latter work contains valuable information. Rufo Lopez Fresquet: My First Fourteen Months With Castro; (New York, 1966) & Andre's Suarez, Castroism & Communism: 1959-1966; (MIT Press,
Cambridge, 1967).
Both Fresquet, former Minister of the Treasury in Castro's cabinet, & Sua'rez, the Assistant Minister of
the Treasury, broke with Castro because they disagreed with his pro-communist policies. Their revelations contribute
greatly to an understanding of the Cuban Revolution. Under the intriguing title, Does Your Father Eat More Than Castro?
(New York, 1971), Barry Reckord, a Jamaica dramatist, describes the daily life of ordinary Cubans, & in so doing, tells
more about the effects of the Cuban Revolution than any number of abstract statistical studies. The same is true of the
journalist, Joe Nicholson Junior's Inside Cuba (New York, 1974.) Critical Studies Fidel Castro's Personal Revolution:
1959-1973 (New York, 1975); an anthology edited by James Nelson Goodsell, is a good general survey. Adolfo Cilly's Inside the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1964), although passionately pro-Castro, is nevertheless a penetrating critique. In his Castro's lRevolution: Myths & Realities (New York, 1962), Theodor Draper dispels the euphoria surrounding both the character & achievements of the Cuban Revolution. A realistic analysis. His Castroism: Theory & Practice (New York, 1965) develops his themes more fully. K.S. Karol's Cuerrillas in Power (New York, 1970)“Karol, a Marxist-Leninist writer who was welcomed to Cuba by Castro, was later excommunicated for his critical insights & revelations about the
unfavorable features of the Cuban Revolution. His work constitutes an able political history of the Cuban Revolution, superior to Huberman & Sweezy's Socialism in Cuba (New York, 1969).
Maurice Halperin's The Rise & Decline of Fidel Castro (University of California Press, 1972) deals primarily with the complex relations between Castro & the Soviet Union & foreign affairs. His observations on the sitl~ation in Cuba itself enhance the work. Halperin taught at the
University of Havana for six years & in Russia for three years. His is one of the better works.
The analytic books of Rene Dumont: Cuba: Socialism & 189 )tn'l'/~'pn]t'lll (Nc~` Noll`. 197()) anti /.\ Cubu St)`ic//i.sl'' (New York, 1')74), ;Il~Ll tl~c ll`IillStt\\iliglV li'NC.\rL'llCti work o' (.tlll~clo \1cNa-Lago, ( ~t/'U il' r/7e /97().`i (tJni~crsity oi Ne`~- I\lexico, It)74) 1~a~c alicaLiy been iiiNCU\NCLI tIIILi IlCCLt 110 fUrtllCr COllllllelll. 190 Ac~ Ac' Ace Aco Adv. Agra Agra, ana
Agric~ Agric~ ana~ .llilit post ]5 pre- R See a, Ret Aguirre, Ahoru (r A lar~na Alba (jo~ ALC, see C ub:~ Alerta (ne
Algcria, g Alonso, 11 Al\arcz C'c Alvarez y E Anarchists, I iberta (ALC) Anarcho-syn in Cuba, 4 main princ in Spain, s, del
Trab; Andre, Arma~ Antorcha, La, Arbenz Guzmi Arcirivo Socia' Argentina anarcho-sync "Caudillismc Castro and, i See
also Fede; tine; Peron, Armed forces under Batista, ...
The Castro government never seriously intended to allow meaningful participation of the workers in management (to say nothing about full self-management of industry). K.S. Karol reveals that in 1968: "... Castro himself confessed to me that he saw no chance of granting the workers the right to self-management in the near future -- let alone of introducing a truly socialist mode of production ..." (27)
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/chapter13.html http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/argentina/
-- with respect to U.S. weapons mass destruction
Date:
Wed, 2 Apr 2003 19:30:02 -0800
From: "S. Kashdan"
To: "Dave Brown"
Hi Dave,
With respect to U.S. weapons of mass destruction, check out the below...
Sylvie
Critics Of US Say Nuclear Bunker-Buster Would Not Be Clean Bomb
in search of a clean bomb
by Robert Holloway
New York (AFP) April 9, 2002
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-doctrine-02j.html
Critics of US nuclear policy said that bombs designed to destroy targets
deep underground would spew enough radioactive fallout to kill tens of
thousands at street level.
The United States does not have such weapons, but a Pentagon report leaked
March 15 said "new capabilities must be developed to defeat emerging threats
such as hard & deeply buried targets" including stocks of chemical or
biological arms.
The Pentagon's nuclear posture review, sent to Congress in January and
published on the Internet by GlobalSecurity.org, a Washington think tank,
dominated discussion at a two-week UN committee meeting which ends Friday.
Larry Korb, a former US assistant secretary of defense & now Vice
President of the Council on Foreign Relations, said "the new weapon would
not be a low-yield tactical nuclear weapon" but would be qualitatively
different.
David Culp, of the Friends Committee on National Legislation, a Quaker lobby
in Washington, said that, contrary to the official US image, a
"bunker-buster" would not explode with minimal fallout.
The two men were speaking Wednesday at a diplomats seminar attended by AFP.
Culp said the envisaged weapon was an existing B-61 or B-83 warhead,
modified with a ground-penetrating casing & carrying a 300-kiloton charge
(equivalent to 300,000 tons of TNT).
That is 15 times greater than the bomb which flattened the Japanese city of
Hiroshima in August 1945, & "would create a huge crater & throw up lots
of dust," he said.
He estimated that such a warhead, used against an underground target in
downtown Baghdad, would cause between 10,000 & 40,000 deaths within 24
hours due to radioactive poisoning.
"It would not be a clean nuclear weapon; there is no such thing," he said.
Iraq is one of seven countries mentioned in the Pentagon report as potential
targets of US nuclear missiles.
Culp said advocates of bunker-buster bombs argued that the high temperature
of a nuclear explosion would incinerate chemical or biological toxins and
thus eliminate the risk of their dispersal by other forms of blast.
The report has worried many attending the UN committee, called to prepare
the next review of the 1970 Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), due in
2005.
Daryl Kimball, executive director of the Washington-based Arms Control
Association, described the report as "a canary in a coalmine," intended to
test the atmosphere of negotiations.
"Delegates have been wondering how to respond, since it is not yet a policy
document," he said.
One concern is that the United States might end its 10-year-old moratorium
on nuclear testing in order to develop the bunker-buster.
The administration of US President George W. Bush has already made clear its
hostility to the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) & the
resumption of testing could deal a fatal blow to the NPT.
"Would it require testing?" Culp asked, adding: "That is a question that not
even our government knows the answer to."
The bunker-buster "would be a new weapons system with a new capability,
using parts of old warheads," he said.
Even in the 1990-91 Gulf War against Iraq, "there was never any talk of
using nuclear weapons," Korb said. "Today, there is talk of using them to go
after terrorist targets, for example."
A Nuclear Tipped Response To Missle Attack
Earlier this month The Pentagon is studying the possible use of
nuclear-tipped interceptors in a national missile defense system, The
Washington Post said Thursday quoting experts.
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld encouraged the Defense Science Board to
explore the idea in a future study on alternative approaches to intercepting
enemy missiles," board chairman William Schneider told the daily in an
interview.
"We've talked about it as something that he's interested in looking at,"
Schneider said.
President George W. Bush in December withdrew from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic
Missile Treaty with Russia to allow the development of a controversial
missile defense system that would destroy enemy nuclear missiles in flight.
Strongly opposed by most governments who consider it a return to the Cold
War-era arms race, the system is in its early stages & includes
experimental land- & sea-based interceptors, as well as airborne lasers
and space-based weapons. The goal is to have some capability in place by
2004.
Compared to unarmed, "hit to kill" interceptors currently under development,
Schneider said, nuclear-tipped interceptors would deal more effectively with
decoys & missile-borne biological warfare agents.
Instead of having to distinguish actual targets from clusters of decoys
deployed by enemy missiles to confuse an interceptor, the expert said,
nuclear-tipped devices could rely on explosive power or radiation to wipe
everything in the vicinity.
Similarly, nuclear-tipped interceptors could destroy missile-borne
biological agents such as anthrax before they reached the ground, he added.
Other experts quoted by The Washington Post said it would take a very large
warhead of more than a megaton to destroy anthrax spores spread perhaps over
five kilometers (three miles) or more, jeopardizing civilian & military
satellites in orbit & disrupting communications over a wide area.
Taiwan Mini Nukes To Keep China At Bay
In related news Taiwan was reported April 14, to have considered using small
nuclear weapons against China in the 1960s but did not go through with it
after the United States rejected the idea, press reports said Sunday.
The United Evening News quoted a recently declassified military document
saying the former Kuomintang (KMT) government commissioned a study on April
4, 1961, to determine the feasibility of the attacks.
According to the paper, the then chief of the general staff, General Peng
Meng-chi, ordered the study to look into firing small nuclear bombs from the
offshore island of Kinmen at & around the Chinese city of Xiamen.
The study was made following a bloody battle in 1958 in which the communist
army showered Kinmen with about 500,000 shells in 44 days to drive the
Nationalist troops off Kinmin & other frontline islands.
The KMT troops fled to Taiwan & some of the offshore islands after they
were defeated in 1949 at the end of a civil war.
China has since regarded Taiwan as a renegade province to be reunified by
force, if necessary.
According to the United Evening News, the declassified report showed the
study suggested firing small nuclear bombs from eight-inch (20-centimetre)
howitzers on Kinmen, which is only two kilometers (1.2 miles) from the
mainland.
The howitzers have a range of 17 kilometers (10.2 miles) & Kinmen is more
than a hundred kilometres from Taiwan's mainland.
According to the newspaper, the report said the intended bombs would have
had about one-twentieth of the power used in the US nuclear attack on
Hiroshima.
Possible targets included Chinese harbours or troops or naval fleets & the
main aim was to stop communist forces from amassing & invading Kinmen.
The study said troops stationed on Kinmen would barely be affected by the
subsequent nuclear fallout, much of which was expected to fall on the
Chinese mainland.
But the paper said the United States eventually rejected the plan & did
not provide Taiwan with the nuclear weapons, fearing it would prompt Russia
to offer more military aid to the mainland.
Taiwan said for the first time last month it opposed any use of nuclear
weapons by the US against China, the paper quoted a defense ministry's
written reply to a parliamentary question as saying.
Also read:
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-doctrine-02j.html
http://www.wildnesswithin.com/landandg.html"
http://www.angelfire.com/tx/atomicveteran/photos.html
http://www.shundahai.org/US_Atmospheric_Nuclear_Tests_Database.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/nts.htm
-- CRONOLOGÍA EZLN 1994-1999
1994
1º de enero: Entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLC) entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México.
Alzamiento Zapatista: el Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) ocupa varias ciudades de Chiapas, entre ellas: San Cristóbal de las Casas, Las Margaritas, Altamirano, Ocosingo.
10 de enero: El presidente Salinas nombra a Manuel Camacho Solís, entonces secretario de Relaciones Exteriores y antes regente de la Ciudad de México, comisionado para la paz y la reconciliación en Chiapas.
12 de enero: El gobierno decreta el cese del fuego unilateral y anuncia su intención de buscar una solución negociada con los rebeldes. Las estimaciones sobre los muertos durante la guerra van de 145 a 1000. Gran manifestación por la paz en la ciudad de México.
21 de febrero-2 de marzo:
Diálogo de paz en la catedral de San Cristóbal de las Casas entre los dirigentes del EZLN (el subcomandante Marcos y 20 comandantes y miembros del Comité Clandestino Revolucionario Indígena, CCRI), el comisionado para la paz Manuel Camacho Solís y el mediador Samuel Ruiz, obispo de San Cristóbal.
23 de marzo: Asesinato de Luis Donaldo Colosio, candidato del PRI a la presidencia de la República, en Tijuana, Baja California.
12 de junio: Después de un proceso de consulta entre sus bases, el EZLN rechaza las propuestas del gobierno nacidas del diálogo de la catedral (propuestas rechazadas por el 98% de los votantes). Manuel Camacho renuncia a su cargo oficial.
6-9 de agosto: 6000 representantes de organizaciones populares de todo México se reúnen para participar en la Convención Nacional Democrática en Guadalupe Tepeyac, cuartel general del EZLN.
21 de agosto: Victoria del PRI en las elecciones presidenciales. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León resulta electo.
28 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER: Asesinato de José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Secretario General del PRI, en la Ciudad de México.
19 de diciembre: DECEMBER
Los Zapatistas rompen el cerco militar y establecen posiciones pacíficamente en 38 cabeceras municipales en los Altos de Chiapas situadas fuera de la zona original de conflicto.
19-20 de diciembre / DECEMBER:
Crisis financiera: devaluación del peso (40%), seguida de una recesión económica marcada por la desaparición de miles de empresas y de un millón de empleos, y por una importante caída del nivel de vida de la mayor parte de la población. El FMI (Fundo Monetario Internacional), los Estados Unidos y algunos otros países deciden rescatar a México en 1995, mediante un total de 50 mil millones de dólares en préstamos, garantizados en parte por los recursos petroleros. Esta ha sido la ayuda más grande que jamás se haya otorgado a un solo país por la comunidad financiera internacional.
Desde entonces, México ha mostrado signos de recuperación financiera (pago anticipado de créditos, devolución de capitales, excedente en la balanza comercial) y económica (aumento en las exportaciones, creación de empleos, sobre todo en el sector de las maquiladoras), pero reinan la incertidumbre política, y se profundiza la disparidad entre el norte y el sur del país, entorpeciendo el proceso de pacificación en Chiapas.
1995
9 de febrero:
Ofensiva del Ejército federal, que ocupa el "territorio Zapatista". El gobierno revela la "verdadera identidad" de Marcos: Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente, menor de 40 años, proveniente de una familia de comerciantes del puerto de Tampico, en el golfo de México. Fue estudiante de filosofía en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y profesor de la carrera de comunicación en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, también en la capital, antes de sumergirse en la clandestinidad.
Más de 20.000 campesinos huyen de sus hogares a las montañas por temor al Ejército. Este establece una fuerte presencia y control militar en toda el área del conflicto. En el D.F., 100 000 personas manifiestan su oposición a la ofensiva del Ejército.
Abril:
Reanudación del diálogo entre los Zapatistas y la delegación gubernamental. La negociación se prolonga durante meses, con múltiples interrupciones, en un poblado de Los Altos de Chiapas, San Andrés Larráinzar, que los Zapatistas rebautizaron con el nombre de Sacamch'en de los Pobres. Asistencia de la CONAI (Comisión Nacional de Intermediación, presidida por el Obispo Samuel Ruiz) y de la COCOPA ( Comisión de Concordia y Pacificación, integrada por diputados de todos los partidos)
AUGUST 27 de agosto-3 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER:
El EZLN lanza una consulta nacional e internacional para definir el destino de su lucha (más de un millón de personas respondieron).
Septiembre:
Nueva ronda de negociaciones en cuatro mesas de trabajo: Mesa 1, Derechos y Culturas Indígenas, Mesa 2: Democracia y Justicia, Mesa 3: Bienestar y Desarrollo y Mesa 4: Derechos de la Mujer.
1996
1º de JANUARY enero:
El EZLN anuncia la creación de un frente civil, el Frente Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (FZLN). Se realiza el Foro Nacional Indígena convocado por el EZLN que atrae 300 representantes indígenas.
Febrero:
Al cabo de cinco meses de negociaciones, el gobierno y el EZLN firman en San Andrés, los primeros acuerdos sobre Derechos y Culturas Indígenas.
JUNE 28 de junio:
Primera aparición del Ejército Popular Revolucionario: interrumpen guerrilleros en una manifestación del PRD en el Estado de Guerrero, donde un año antes tuvo lugar la matanza de Aguas Blancas (17 campesinos que se dirigían a una manifestación pacífica fueron asesinados por la policía). Durante el resto de 1996, el EPR da a conocer su presencia en varios estados del centro y del sur del país a veces mediante acciones violentas.
JULY 27 de julio-3 de agosto:
Primero Encuentro Intercontinental por la Humanidad y el Neoliberalismo, organizado por el EZLN en Chiapas, también conocido como "Encuentro Intergaláctico".
SEPTEMBER
Septiembre:
El EZLN decidió retirarse de las negociaciones hasta tanto no se cumplieran las condiciones estimadas necesarias para la credibilidad del proceso.
OCTOBER Octubre:
Participación de la comandante Ramona en el Congreso Nacional Indígena en la Ciudad de México.
NOVEMBER NOVEMBER noviembre :
Instalación de la Comisión de Seguimiento y Verificación (COSEVER), cuyo cometido es vigilar la implementación de los acuerdos de San Andrés.
DECEMBER diciembre / DECEMBER:
Presentación del proyecto de Ley para incluir en una reforma constitucional los Acuerdos de San Andrés. Aceptación del EZLN, rechazo del gobierno.
1997
11 de enero:
El EZLN rechazó la contrapropuesta gubernamental.
FEBRUARY 14 de febrero:
"boicoteo" de la reunión de la COSEVER por parte de los representantes del gobierno federal.
18 de febrero:
Detención del general Jesús Gutierréz Rebollo, encargado precisamente del combate al narcotráfico, por haber sido inculpado de proteger y recibir beneficios del principal narcotraficante del Cártel de Juárez, Amado Carrillo.
14 de marzo:
Una disputa inter-comunitaria en San Pedro Nixtalucum (municipio de El Bosque) desembocó en un despliego represivo cuando la policía estatal,disparando desde camionetas y helicópteros,abatió a civiles simpatizantes del EZLN, resultando en 4 muertos, muchos heridos, 27 detenidos y 300 desplazados.
Abril:
Visita de la COCOPA y del CEM (Consejo Episcopal de México) en la zona Norte de Chiapas.
Abril:
Primero Encuentro Ecuménico por la Reconciliación y la Paz en Chiapas con representantes de iglesias evangélicas y la iglesia católica.
25 de abril:
200 desplazados choles de la zona Norte de Chiapas rompieron el cerco de "Paz y Justicia" con la caravana "Wejlel" ("Libertad" en la lengua chol) y marcharon hacia la capital del estado. Hicieron un plantón de 87 días antes el Palacio de Gobierno sin ser atendidos por el gobierno estatal.
30 de abril:
Human Rights Watch / America presentó su informe sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en México.
4 de mayo:
El Comité contra la Tortura de la ONU criticó duramente el informe presentado por el gobierno sobre los derechos humanos y la tortura en México.
Mayo:
Visita del presidente de los EEUU, Bill Clinton, a México, vista como un respaldo a la política del presidente Zedillo, principalmente en materia económica.
Fines de junio: Nueva campaña de ataques y difamación por la prensa chiapaneca contra la diócesis y las ONG que trabajan apoyando al proceso de paz.
6 de julio:
En las elecciones nacionales, el PRI perdió su mayoría absoluta en la Cámara de Diputados. Los partidos de la oposición forman un bloque opositor. En D.F. el PRD ganó la gobernatura. En Chiapas hubo muchas irregularidades, violencia y abstencionismo.
Fin de agosto: El Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial de la ONU dio a conocer sus conclusiones acerca de la situación en México, que comprenden tres puntos positivos y doce negativos.
1 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER:
El presidente Zedillo presentó su tercer Informe Presidencial, sin hablar sobre el tema de Chiapas o la militarización del país. Por primera vez un miembro de la oposición contestó a este informe.
3-5 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER:
2o Encuentro Ecuménico por la Reconciliación y la Paz en San Cristóbal con 75 representantes de iglesias evangélicas y la iglesia católica.
13-16 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER:
Fundación del Frente Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (FZLN) precedido por una marcha de 1111 delegados Zapatistas a la ciudad de México. El EZLN declaró que el FZLN era un intento para organizar a la Sociedad Civil con el fin de transformar radicalmente el sistema político y económico de México.
17 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER:
Priístas en Puebla y Los Chorros, municipio de Chenalhó, hostigaron a personas quienes negaron una cooperación para comprar armamento con el fin de atacar a los simpatizantes zapatistas del municipio autónomo de Polhó. Huyeron 60 familias. Así inició una cadena de violencia en esta zona, causando miles de desplazados y decenas de muertos.
Fin de septiembre: Varios campamentos militares fueron desmantelados y luego reinstalados unos días más tarde, causando protestas y mayor tensión.
Octubre:
En la zona Norte y otras partes de Chiapas hubo inundaciones con un saldo de 8 muertos, 11 desaparecidos y 1.500 damnificados.
4 de octubre:
El Concejo Autónomo de Polhó denunció que la comunidad La Esperanza fue atacada por un grupo de personas provenientes de Los Chorros, con un saldo de varias casas quemadas y el desplazamiento de aproximadamente 52 familias.
5 de octubre:
En París, importantes ONG francesas de Derechos Humanos se entrevistaron con el presidente Zedillo y cuestionaron la actitud de su gobierno ante la situación de los derechos humanos en México.
6 de octubre:
Integrantes del grupo paramilitar "Paz y Justicia "tomaron el templo católico de El Limar (Municipio de Tila).
8 de octubre:
Justo Mullor, nuncio apostólico del Vaticano acusó de corrupción a las autoridades civiles y militares que intervienen en la lucha contra el narcotráfico ; invitó a luchar contra el sistema educativo del Estado por su naturaleza totalitaria e inmoral.
12 de octubre:
En la ciudad de México, unos 3000 indígenas concluyeron su "Marcha por la dignidad", manifestándose por el cumplimiento de los Acuerdos de San Andrés.
12 de octubre:
Las conclusiones de la tercera asamblea del Congreso Nacional Indígena publicadas urgieron al Presidente Zedillo para que retirara su contrapropuesta y aceptara sin modificaciones la iniciativa de la COCOPA. Además se acordó gestar un movimiento nacional de recuperación de tierras.
15 de octubre:
500 militares instalaron un nuevo campamento cerca de La Realidad con el fin de terminar el puente que unirá el ex-Aguascalientes de Guadalupe Tepeyac con el importante campamento de San Quintin. 500 civiles zapatistas del municipio rebelde San Pedro de Michoacan organizaron una manifestación en forma de protesta.
15 de octubre:
El grupo paramilitar "Paz y Justicia" anunció que ningún sacerdote y catequistas católicos a las comunidades del municipio de Sabanilla.
NOVEMBER 4 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Ataque en contra de los obispos de la diócesis de San Cristóbal de las Casas, Don Samuel Ruiz García y Don Raúl Vera López: Una caravana en donde viajaban fue emboscada cerca de Tila, un municipio de la zona Norte de Chiapas. Tres agentes de pastoral resultaron heridos en los balazos.
6 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
La hermana del obispo Samuel Ruiz, la Señora Maria de la Luz Ruiz García recibió en la cabeza tres golpes de martillo en las mismas oficinas del Obispado. Según el obispo y la CONAI (Comisión Nacional de Interme diación), esta agresión está directamente relacionada con el atentado y la campaña de difamación y persecución en contra de la diócesis.
7 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Mireille Rocatti, presidente de la CNDH(Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos) comentó que algunas ONG a nivel internacional esconden "intereses mezquinos" tras la defensa de los derechos humanos y se convierten en "instrumentos de intervencionismo sofisticado en países del Tercer Mundo".
14 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Unos 400 integrantes del grupo paramilitar "Paz y Justicia" irrumpieron en una reunión que miembros del Consejo Interreligioso de Chiapas realizaban en Salto de Agua para analizar la situación en la zona Norte. Ante la tensión ocasionada, se suspendió el encuentro.
14 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Don Samuel Ruiz García recibió el Premio Martín Ennals de 1997, reconocimiento que se entrega cada año a las personas que se destacan por su esfuerzo en la defensa y promoción de los derechos humanos.
17 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
14 años de existencia del EZLN. A parte de Morelia se suspendieron las festividades en comunidades zapatistas por el carácter tan tenso de la situación
20 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Un grupo de 40 personas priístas atacó a la población de la comunidad de Aurora Chica dejando un saldo de 2 mujeres y dos niños muertos y dos heridos.
24 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Comunicado del EZLN en el cual Marcos dice que los Acuerdos son "irrenunciables" para el EZLN y la COCOPA debe exigir el cumplimiento de los Acuerdos.
28 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
El gobierno del estado entregó a la COCOPA un informe sobre la zona Norte de Chiapas en el cual la violencia sería causado por religiosos y el EZLN. Se evita hablar del vínculo entre PRI y Paz y Justicia.
29 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Nuevo Comunicado del CCRI (Comité Clandestino Revolucionario Indígena) en el cual Marcos plantea las condiciones mínimas para reanudar el diálogo planteadas desde agosto de 96"No es el EZLN el que se niega a dialogar es el gobierno el que pretende fingir un diálogo mientras apuesta a una solución militar".
29 de NOVEMBER noviembre :
10 mil indígenas de diversas regiones de Chiapas realizaron una marcha en San Cristóbal de las Casas para exigir el cumplimiento de los Acuerdos de San Andrés. Con motivo de cumplirse el primer aniversario de la elaboración de la propuesta dela COCOPA.
Fin de NOVEMBER noviembre :
Más de 4 mil 500 indígenas (de "Las Abejas" y simpatizantes zapatistas) han huido de la violencia en el municipio de Chenalhó.
30 de NOVEMBER noviembre - 2 de dic.:
Misión Civil Nacional e Internacional de Observación visitó a desplazados en la zona Norte y el municipio de Chenalhó.
4 de DECEMBER diciembre / DECEMBER:
450 indígenas choles de Jesús Carranza, municipio de Sabanilla, regresaron a sus comunidades (eran desplazados desde junio de 1996 pasado).
8 de diciembre / DECEMBER:
México y la Unión Europea firman un convenio que abrirá el camino para negociar una zona de libre comercio a partir del año próximo. Incluye una cláusula democrática y de derechos humanos que puede llevar a suspender su aplicación en caso de que se viole alguna de sus partes.
11 de diciembre / DECEMBER:
Las autoridades del municipio Chenalhó y del municipio autónomo de Polhó acordaron poner un alto definitivo a las agresiones entre los partes. Empezó una serie de reuniones de diálogo, iniciativa que fracasó el 19 de diciembre / DECEMBER por desconfianza de ambas partes.
14 - 20 de diciembre / DECEMBER DECEMBER:
El nuncio apostólico visitó Chiapas. Antes del viaje, se entrevistó en reunión privada con el secretario de gobernación Emilio Chuayffet. En su visita a la zona Norte habló con miembros del grupo paramilitar "Paz y Justicia" pidiendo la reapertura de templos católicos.
21 de diciembre / DECEMBER: Las ARIC Independiente y Unión de Uniones, dos organizaciones con fuerte presencia en la zona de conflicto que se habían dividido después del 94, firmaron un pacto de reconciliación.
22 de diciembre / DECEMBER: Cruel matanza de 45 personas refugiadas en Acteal, municipio de Chenalhó, por paramilitares.
24 de diciembre / DECEMBER: La CONAI, el Congreso Nacional Indígena y los partidos de oposición pidieron a Zedillo la desaparición de los poderes en Chiapas así como detener a los paramilitares.
26 de diciembre / DECEMBER: Comunicado del EZLN sobre investigaciones a la matanza en Acteal: "Están muy arriba, no abajo los responsables".
Fin de diciembre / DECEMBER: Decenas de personas fueron detenidas acusadas por su presunta participación en la matanza de Acteal, dentro de ellos un comandante de la Seguridad Pública y el presidente priísta del municipio de Chenalhó como instigador de la masacre. El gobierno mexicano mandó a 5 mil soldados más a Chiapas, incluso 2 mil a Chenalhó. El ejercitó entró en comunidades zapatistas buscando armas, principalmente en los municipios de Altamirano y Ocosingo.
http://www.nodo50.org/enciclopediaespejos/enciclopedia/ZAPATISMO,%20CRONOLOGIA%20DEL.htm
-- to do: update/merge these two lists of dates, publish online Chronology page online in SIML; in JAMES AGEE CHRONOLOGY, CACHED COPY FROM ONLINE PAGE APPARENTLY OFFLINE.
MOVING DATES
ALSO, THE DATES i HAVE, INCLUDE MORE EXACT DATES; THE ONLINE VERION GOES BEYOND HIS DEATH
James Agee Chronology from the book Letters of James Agee to Father Flye. NY: G. Braziller, 1962.
I've selected only the dates which include the exact day.
0516 1916 Death of James Agee's father, Hugh James Agee. (same day as James Agee died in 1955) Alternate date of death cited elsewhere as the 18th.
~Hugh James Agee died while driving an auto on May 16*, 1916; he had a habit of driving too fast. James Rufus Agee died in a taxi on May 16, 1955; he had a habit of living too fast.~
0128 1933 married to Olivia Saunders
0320 1940 birth of Joel Agee, his first son
1226 1942 to 0904 1948 wrote signed column on films for "the Nation"
1107 1946 birth of Julia Teresa Agee, his first daughter
0903 1949 "Comedy's Greatest Era", study of silent film comedians, published in Life
0515 1950 birth of Andrea Maria Agee, his second daughter
0918 1950 "Undirectable Director", a portrait of John Huston, published in Life
0906 1954 His second son, John Alexander, born.
| 1909 |
November 27
James Rufus Agee born in Knoxville, Tennessee. |
| 1916 |
May 18
Agee's father, Hugh James Agee, killed in auto accident. |
| 1919 |
Autumn
Enters Saint Andrew's, a boarding school for boys; meets Father Flye & his wife, who lived on school grounds. |
| 1924 |
Agee's mother marries Father Erskind Wright, bursar at St. Andrew's; they move to Rockland, Maine. |
| 1925 |
Summer
Visits France & England with Father Flye.
Autumn
Enters Phillips-Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hamphire.
Corresponds with Dwight Macdonald
|
| 1927 |
Elected Editor of Exeter Monthly & President of the Lantern Club (literary society). |
| 1928 |
Autumn
Enters Harvard University; Robert Saudek is his roommate. |
| 1929 |
Summer
Works in Nebraska & Kansas wheatfields |
| 1930 |
Robert Fitzgerald is his classmate in Robert Hillyer’s & I.A. Richards’ classes. |
| 1931 |
Agee is president of Harvard Advocate. |
| 1932 |
Spring
Graduates from Harvard & as a result of a parody issue of Time & of the efforts of Dwight Macdonald, is engaged as a cub reporter, then as a regular staff writer for Fortune in Chrysler Building. |
| 1933 |
January 28
Marries Olivia Saunders |
| 1934 |
October
Permit Me Voyage published in Yale Series of Younger Poets, with foreword by Archibald MacLeish. |
| 1935 |
November to May, 1936
Leave of absence from Fortune; lives & writes in Anna Maria, Florida. |
| 1936 |
Spring
Attends David McDowell’s commencement at Saint Andrew’s while visiting Father Flye.
Summer
Spends eight weeks with Walker Evans in Alabama, interviewing & photographing tenant families for a series of Fortune articles.
|
| 1938 |
Spring
Moves to 27 Second Street, Frenchtown, New Jersey. Marries Alma Mailman. |
| 1939 |
Summer
Delievers manuscript of Three Tenant Families to Harper’s.
Begins reviewing books for Time with Whittaker Chambers.
Robert Fitzgerald works with Agee at Time.
|
| 1939 |
Moves to Saint James Place, Brooklyn, New York. |
| 1940 |
March 20
First son, Joel, born. |
| 1941 |
Autumn
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men published by Houghton Mifflin.
Begins reviewing films for Time.
Moves to Bleecker Street.
|
| 1942 |
December, 1942, to September, 1948
Writes signed column on films for The Nation. |
| 1945 |
In the Street, a short, lyrical documentary film, directed & photographed by Helen Levitt, Janice Loeb, James Agee.
Autumn
Begins writing special feature stories for Time.
Marries Mia Fritsch.
|
| 1946 |
November 7
First Daughter, Julia Teresa, is born. |
| 1948 |
Leaves Time. Writes, under contract to Huntington Hartford, film scripts based on "The Blue Hotel" & "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" by Stephen Crane.
Writes narration for Helen Levitt’s film The Quiet One.
World Premier of Knoxville Summer of 1915 for soprano & orchestra, music by Samuel Barber, words by Agee, with Elenor Steber singing.
|
| 1950 |
May 15
His second daughter, Andrea Maria, born.
Autumn
Goes to California, to work with John Huston on the script for The African Queen, based on a novel by C.S. Forester.
|
| 1951 |
January
Has first heart attacks, in California.
April
The Morning Watch published by Houghton Mifflin.
|
| 1952 |
Writes script on the life of Lincoln, commissioned by the Ford Foundation for Omnibus.
"A Mother’s Tale" published in Harpers’s Bazaar.
|
| 1953 |
Writes script for Noa Noa, based on Paul Gauguin’s diary. |
| 1954 |
Writes script for The Night of the Hunter, based on the novel by Davis Grubb.
Father Flye leaves St. Andrew’s School after the death of his wife.
September 6
His second son, John Alexander, born.
|
| 1955 |
May 16
Dies of a heart attack while riding in a taxicab in New York City.
Father Flye comes from Wichita to conduct funeral service; Agee is buried in Hillsdale on a farm still owned by the Agee family.
|
|
|
| 1957 |
A Death in the Family is published posthumously by McDowell- Oblensky, edited by David McDowell. |
| 1958 |
A Death in the Family wins the Pulitzer Prize.
Agee on Film published by McDowell-Oblensky.
|
| 1959 |
Father Flye moves to New York City. |
| 1960 |
Agee on Film, Volume II, published by McDowell-Oblensky, with foreword by John Huston.
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men reprinted by Houghton Mifflin, with new preface by Walker Evans.
All the Way Home, stage adaptation of A Death in the Family, opens & wins Pulitzer Prize & Drama Critics Award.
|
| 1961 |
Letters of James Agee to Father Flye published. |
| 1963 |
All the Way Home, screen adaptation of the play & novel appears. |
| 1965 |
A Way of Seeing, photographs of Harlem by Helen Levitt, with an essay by James Agee, published by Viking. |
| 1966 |
Agee, by Peter Ohlin, first of four books about Agee, published by McDowell-Oblensky.
Agee’s mother dies.
|
| 1967 |
Fall
Film Heritage published special Agee issue. |
| 1968 |
The Collected Poems of James Agee, edited with an introduction by Robert Fitzgerald, published by Houghton Mifflin. |
| 1969 |
The Collected Short Prose of James Agee, with "Memoir" by Robert Fitzgerald, the best biographical piece yet published on James Agee, published by Houghton Mifflin. |
| 1971 |
James Agee: A Portrait released by Caedmon records, with Agee speaking a "letter to a friend" & reading from his work (1953), & Father Flye reminiscing & reading from Agee’s work. |
| 1972 |
Spring
Harvard Advocate pubished commemorative issue on James Agee.
Dedication of Agee Memorial Library at St. Andrew’s School in Tennessee.
|
| 1980 |
AGEE, a feature documentary film on the life & work of James Agee premiered at the Bijou Theatre in Knoxville, Tennessee. |
| 1981 |
AGEE is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary; wins Blue Ribbon at American Film Festival. |
| 1992 |
January
To Render a Life, a feature film documentary based on Let Us Now Praise Famous Men premiered at the Duke University Center for Documentary Studies. Nominated for Documentary of the Year by the International Documentary Association. |
| 1999 |
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men placed among the top works of literature in the 20th Century by both the New York Public Library & the NYU School of Journalism selection committees. |
| 2000 |
The first comprehensive biography of James Agee nearing completion; written by Erik Wensberg of New York City. |
Primary
Works
Permit Me Voyage
(Poetry), 1934; The Morning Watch (autobiography novel),
1951;
A death in the
family. NY: McDowell, Obolensky, 1957. PS3501.G35 D4
Agee on film.
Drawings by Tomi Ungerer. NY: McDowell, Obolensky 1958-60 . PN1993.5
.A1 A35 v.1
Let us now praise famous
men; three tenant families (1941) by James Agee & Walker Evans.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960. F326 .A17
Letters of James Agee to
Father Flye. NY: G. Braziller, 1962. PS3501.G35 Z54
The collected short prose
of James Agee. Edited & with a memoir by Robert Fitzgerald.
Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1968. PS3501 G35 A15
A death in the family
(autobiography novel, 1957). NY: Bantam Books, Inc. 1969. PS3501.G35
D4
| Top
| Selected Bibliography: Books
Barson, Alfred T. A way
of seeing; a critical study of James Agee. Amherst: U of
Massachusetts P, 1972. PS3501 G35 Z58
Bergreen, Laurence. James
Agee: a life. NY: Dutton, 1984. PS3501 .G35 Z59
Coles, Robert. Irony in the
mind's life; essays on novels by James Agee, Elizabeth Bowen, and
George Eliot. Charlottesville: U P of Virginia 1974. PR823 C58
Dardis, Tom. Some Time in
the Sun: The Hollywood Years of Fitzgerald, Faulkner, Nathanael West,
Aldous Huxley, & James Agee. New York : Scribner's,
1976.
Huse, Nancy L. John
Hersey & James Agee: a reference guide. Boston: G. K. Hall,
1978. Z8400.3 .H87
Kramer, Victor A. James
Agee. Boston: Twayne P, 1975. PS3501 G35 Z74
Larsen, Erling. James
Agee. Minneapolis, U of Minnesota P, 1971. PS3501.G35 Z76
Lofaro, Michael A., and
Wilma Dykeman. eds. James Agee: Reconsiderations. Knoxville :
U of Tennessee P, 1992.
Lowe, James. The Creative
Process of James Agee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP,
1995.
Madden, David, & Jeffrey
J. Folks. eds. Remembering James Agee. Athens, GA: U of
Georgia P, 1997.
Moreau, Genevieve, Miriam
Kleiger, Morty Schiff. The Restless Journey of James Agee. New
York: Morrow, 1977.
Ohlin, Peter H. Agee.
NY: I. Obolensky 1966. PS3501.G35 Z8
Seib, Kenneth. James
Agee: Promise & Fulfillment. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P,
1969.
Spiegel, Alan. James Agee
and the Legend of Himself: A Critical Study. Columbia, MO: U of
Missouri P, 1998.
| Top
| Selected Bibliography: Articles
"James Agee, by Himself."
Esquire 60.6 (1963): 149, 289-290.
Aulicino, Steven. "James
Agee: Secondary Sources, 1935-1981." Bulletin of Bibliography
41.2 (Jun 1984): 64-72.
Behar, Jack. "James Agee:
Notes on the Man & the Work." Denver Quarterly 13.1 (1978):
3-15.
Dressler, Jane K. "James
Agee: His World of Music." Library Chronicle of the University of
Texas 25.2 (1994): 90-119.
Fabre, Genevieve. "A
Bibliography of the Works of James Agee." Bulletin of
Bibliography 24 (1965): 145-48, 163-66.
Fitzgerald, Robert. "James
Agee: A Memoir." Kenyon Review 30 (1968): 587-624.
Fultz, James R. "High Jinks
at Yellow Sky: James Agee & Stephen Crane." Literature Film
Quarterly 11.1 (1983): 46-54.
Morse, Jonathan. "James
Agee, Southern Literature, & the Domain of Metaphor." South
Atlantic Quarterly 76 (1977): 309-17.
Rabinowitz, Paula.
"Voyeurism & Class Consciousness: James Agee & Walker Evans, Let
Us Now Praise Famous Men." Cultural Critique 21 (Sprg 1992):
143-70.
Samway, Patrick. "James
Agee: A Family Man." Thought 47 (1972): 40-68.
Schultz, Todd. "Off-Stage
Voices in James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Reportage as
Covert Autobiography." American Imago 56.1 (Sprg 1999):
75-.
Stanford, Donald E. "The
Poetry of James Agee: The Art of Recovery." Southern Review 10.2
(1974): xvi-xix.
Youra, Steven. "James Agee
on Films & the Theater of War." Film Criticism 10.1 (Fall
1985): 18-31.
Zaller, Robert. "Let Us Now
Praise James Agee." Southern Literary Journal 10.2 (1978):
144-54.
http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap10/agee.html
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