1- 1 -1918 -- US: Prior to imprisonment by the end of the month, Emma Goldman delivers her last public lectures in Chicago, Detroit, & Rochester (in Yiddish & English). 
Topics by Emma include "The Bolsheviki -- Their True Nature & Aim," "The Russian Revolution & its Forerunners," "Maxim Gorki," "Leonid Andreyeff," "America & the Russian Revolution," "The Spiritual & Intellectual Development of Russia," "The Spiritual Awakening of Russia," & "Women Martyrs of Russia." The mayor of Ann Arbor, responding to pressure from the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), cancels Emma Goldman's public engagements.
Plans to speak in St. Louis, Minneapolis, Denver, Kansas City, & Cleveland are abandoned in light of difficulty securing halls & her pending imprisonment.
1- 6 -1918 -- Russia: Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, by a detachment led by the anarchist sailor Zheleznyakov, who announces:
1- 14 -1918 -- US: Emma Goldman is fined & sentenced to 2 years in prison for obstruction of justice (opposing the draft). Raised in America, but born in Lithuania, the young anarchist feminist will soon be deported from the Land of the Free.
1- 14 -1918 -- US: The Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of the selective service law, affirming all criminal charges arising from non-compliance with the draft.
On January 28th the Court mandates the return of Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman to fulfill their prison sentences. On January 30th, from Petrograd, in Russia, the US ambassador notifies the State Department of Russian anarchists threatening to hold him personally responsible for Goldman's & Berkman's safety in prison.
1- 28 -1918 -- Germany: General Strike in the large cities.
At a rally of 10,000 workers in Munich, the anarchist poet/playwright
Erich Mühsam
calls for the continuation of the strike movement.
He is seized afterwards by police & put under house arrest. http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MuhsamErich.htm
2- 22 -1918 -- US: Birth of Brutus, Ben Reitman's son with Anna Martindale.
2- 22 -1918 -- US: At the height of the Red Scare, the office of the "Cronaca Sovversiva", an anarchist newspaper both Sacco & Vanzetti had written for & donated money to, is raided. The names Sacco & Vanzetti are for the first time linked by officials to anarchist activities. See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
2- 25 -1918 -- US: Newspapers report on government charges that Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman had worked with German spies in foreign countries, an allegation based on correspondence from Indian nationalist Har Dayal to Berkman found among the papers seized from the Mother Earth office.
anarchist
3- 1 -1918 -- Italy: Marie Louise Berneri (1918-1949) lives, Arezzo. The elder daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. Best known as editor of "Freedom", author of Neither East Nor West & Journey Through Utopia. Married to Vernon Richards, she died in 1949 during childbirth, age 31. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,Maria Luisa Berneri
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/BerneriMarieLouise.htm
3- 1 -1918 -- US: Emma Goldman receives visit from Prince Hopkins, who reports on the activities of the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners.anarchist feminist
3- 4 -1918 -- US: The Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice orders copies of all correspondence to & from Emma Goldman sent to its office in Washington, D.C.anarchist feminist
3- 7 -1918 -- US: Harry Weinberger submits motion to the US District Court, Southern District of New York, that the bail money provided for Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman should not be used to pay their fines. Motion granted by Judge Augustus N. Hand on Mar. 11.
3- 16 -1918 -- US: "Regeneracion" publishes proclamation "With the anarchists of the world & the workers in general." The authors, Librado Rivera & Ricardo Flores Magon, argue that the social revolution approaches & that all anarchists must infuse it with their energies & possibilities. This text gets the paper seized in the land of the free, & this was its last published appearance in that mythical land of milk & honey. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html
http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/~getty/html_pages/koyok7.html
3- 18 -1918 -- US: Mexican anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón is arrested for the final time on March 18, 1918 under the Espionage Act.
He is charged with hindering the American war effort with his ideas, & imprisoned in the federal penitentiary of Leavenworth, causing outrage at the time among both Mexicans & even US liberals.
Ricardo Flores Magon died in prison under highly suspicious circumstances, supposedly of a "heart attack," but at the hands of prison guards, according to Chicano inmates who rioted & killed his principal "murderer," (Gómez Quiñones, pp. 68-69).
Ten years after the student riots & their massacre in 1968 & five years after the appearance of Gómez Quiñones' influential book in 1978, Carlos Cortez produced his linocut of Ricardo Flores Magón which commemorates this rehabilitated figure (he now has a city named after him) both in Mexico & among Chicanos.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#m
http://www.artscope.net/VAREVIEWS/cortez1299.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html
3- 18 -1918 -- US: Dr. Ben Reitman begins his six-month prison sentence in Cleveland for his Jan. 1917 conviction for distributing birth control information. Just one of many visits to jail he endures over the years for practising "free speech" in America.anarchist feminist http://www.press.uillinois.edu/s01/bruns.html
http://www.findagrave.com/pictures/8792.html
3- 21 -1918 -- US: Mexican revolutionary Ricardo Flores Magón arrested in Los Angeles, placed under $25,000 bail. Later convicted under the Espionage Act for obstructing the war effort; sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. He will die there, ostensibly at the hands of his prison guards.anarchist
3- 26 -1918 -- US: As anarchist draft resister Philip Grosser reports from Alcatraz Prison that he & other opponents of World War I are being tortured. Meanwhile Minneapolis is the scene of the first so-called "Slacker Raid," a dragnet of men without draft cards.
During WWI, the raids will seize more than 40,000 non-registrants across the country ( On July 15th, 1919, the U.S. War Department announces it has classified more than 337,000 American men as "draft dodgers.")
http://cinepad.com/reviews/slacker.htm
4- 1 -1918 -- US: During this month the final issue of Mother Earth Bulletin produced; future publication is made impossible by ongoing government seizures.
Today Harry Weinberger meets with the assistant superintendent of prisons in Washington, D.C., to complain about government tampering & confiscation of Goldman's mail. Also this month, the Ferrer Center in New York closes.
anarchist feminist
4- 1 -1918 -- Russia: In reaction to growing protests of Russian anarchists to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Cheka--the Soviet secret police--raids anarchist centers in Moscow. Approximately 40 anarchists are killed or wounded, more than 500 taken prisoners. [Today?, or during this month, source is not clear. -- ed.]
4- 6 -1918 -- Russia: The French captain Jacques Sadoul, on a mission here, writes in a report today: "The anarchist party is the most active, the most militant of the opposition groups & probably the most popular.... The Bolsheviks are anxious." Voline notes "this influence became so great that the Bolsheviks, who could not accept criticism, still less opposition, became seriously disturbed....They did their best first to prevent, & then to forbid, any manifestation of libertarian ideas & finally suppressed them by brute force."
[Details, click here]
4- 11 -1918 -- Russia: The Bolsheviks use the respite of the Brest Litovsk treaty with imperialism to attack their critics on the left. Tonight, 26 anarchist centres in Moscow are raided by the Cheka (secret police). A fierce battle rages on Malaia Dimitrovka Street with dozens killed on both sides & hundreds arrested. "In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed detachments, the Black Guards, &
Lev Chernyi played an active part in these. On the night of April 11, 1918 the Checka, the secret police, raided the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About 40 anarchists were killed or wounded and about 500 were imprisoned."
--- Terry Phillips, "The Match!" #79/Fall 1984
4- 12 -1918 -- Russia: Moscow headquarters of the anarchists surrounded & attacked by Bolshevik troops. For the past two days Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police has carried out raids on Moscow anarchist groups & making arrests. Very similar to what happens to anarchists, radical & labor activists in the US during this period.
"At last the Soviet government, with an iron broom, has rid Russia of Anarchism." — Leon Trotsky, who prepared the military action against the anarchists Apparently Snowball missed a few; given all the current Russian & other anarchist groups in the former USSR.
[Details, click here]
4- 16 -1918 -- US: Prince Hopkins arrested, indicted by federal grand jury in Los Angeles for violating the Espionage Act; released on $25,000 bail. On Aug. 30, he pleads guilty, fined $27,000. Emma Goldman's last act before entering prison for her draft resistance work is organizing & funding the Political Prisoners' Amnesty League. During the war, thousands of dissenters were sentenced to long prison terms. At Angel Island, a concentration camp for dissidents, many are systematically tortured. At the federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, prisoners are hung by their wrists for weeks at a time.
Involved, among others, in the formation of the Political Prisoners' Amnesty League were Leonard D. Abbott, Dr. C. Andrews, Prince Hopkins, Lillian Brown, Lucy & Bob Robbins. Prince Hopkins was chosen permanent chairman, with Leonard as treasurer.
5- 2 -1918 -- Amilcare Cipriani dies. Italian anarchist involved in the Paris Commune, a friend of Lissagaray. Also did 7 years in prison for "conspiracies" in Italy, was wounded fighting against the Turks, sent to prison again for 3 years. Wrote for "Le Plébéien" & other libertarian papers. [Details, click here]
5- 16 -1918 -- US: Congress passes Sedition Act against radicals, penalizing anyone judged to be hindering the war effort by making false statements, obstructing enlistment, or speaking against production of war materials, the American government, its constitution, or flag. Signed into law by Beloved & Respected Comrade Liberal President Wilson on May 21.
anarchist feminist
6- 15 -1918 -- France: The anarchist Jules Durand, sentenced to death in November 1910, is found innocent in a new trial, a victim of corrupt witnesses & vilification by the local press for a crime he did not commit.
[Details, click here]
6- 21 -1918 -- Poland: Edward Abramowski (1868-1918) dies. Libertarian socialist & cooperativist, psychologist & ethician, author of Socialism & State; The Republic of Friends; General Collusion Against the Government, founder of the biggest contrywide consumer cooperative "Spolem" (Together), founder of Polish Socialist Party.anarchist
6- 27 -1918 -- US: Emma Goldman spends her birthday in agonizing pain, induced by strain from her prison work.anarchist feminist
6- 29 -1918 -- US: Because of Emma Goldman's anti-war activities, Federal agents raid the apartment of Emma Goldman's associate M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, seizing mailing lists & other relevant material. Goldman's associates, Carl Newlander & William Bales, are arrested for draft evasion following the raid.anarchist
7- 12 -1918 -- Luigi Molinari dies. Molinari was a militant, active with Errico Malatesta & Camillo Berneri in the Italian anarchist movement.
[Details, click here]
7- 15 -1918 -- US: Intelligence agencies begin to circulate the names & addresses of over 8,000 "Mother Earth" subscribers, targeting them for investigation. Emma Goldman reluctantly concurs with Stella Ballantine's decision to close the Mother Earth Bookshop. BleedMeister starts a small bookstore of the same name in Seattle, Washington, on or about 1971, shortly after the Id Bookstore closes in the University District. Anarchist Stan Iverson worked at the Id, was a co-founder of Mother Earth Books, & Red & Black Books. Other participants included Paula Silverman, Joy Cameron Knox. This Mother Earth was superceded eventually by Red & Black Books & Left Bank Books & aka Used Books, all collective efforts in which BleedMeister was involved. Red & Black closed its doors this year after 25 years, but Left Bank continues. Recollection Books has more or less taken up where aka Books left off.
7- 22 -1918 -- Peru: Manuel Gonzalez Prada (1844-1918) dies. Writer of some reknown, a poet & anarchist thinker. By 1902 Gonzalez Prada was committed to anarchist ideals & published numerous works on the social question & emancipation of the individual. Briefly head of the National Library of Peru, he resigned following a coup d'etat in 1914. Several of his collections of poetry were published or translated during his lifetime & well after. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/GonzalezPradaManuel.htm
7- 23 -1918 -- US: Roger Baldwin visits Emma Goldman in prison.
7- 24 -1918 -- France: Anarchist songster Jean-Roger Caussimon lives (1918-1985). I do not want to be a poet...
I try to write songs!
Et quant à nous autres, les "chansonniers" qu'on traîne hors des chaussées poétiques, nous sommes assez à l'aise, dans nos propres caniveaux, pour que nous n'aimions pas à être éclaboussés par d'illustres passants. La boue, c'est la boue, et que les passants passent. Caussimon, dans son caniveau se tient debout, tout seul. Ca valait la peine d'être dit.
— Léo Ferré
Jean-Roger Caussimon est un très grand poète.
Léo Ferré a bien de la chance de l'avoir rencontré !
— Charles Trenet
I spent a lot of my time in Paris exploring my biggest musical enthusiasm of the last few years, vintage French popular songs — scouring the flea markets & used record stores for old albums, taping my friends’ collections, & trying to decipher the more obscure, slangy lyrics. It’s a rich, fascinating world, from 19th-century cabaret singers like Aristide Bruant (the guy with red scarf & black cape pictured on the well-known Toulouse-Lautrec poster, which was commissioned to advertise the café where Bruant performed his own songs), through the tragic-sordid chansons réalistes (Fréhel, Damia, early Piaf) & upbeat music hall artists (especially the delightfully zany Charles Trenet) of the 1930s, to the postWorld War II renaissance of great poet-singers: Georges Brassens (the greatest, ranging from worldly-wise elegies to outrageous satirical humor), Anne Sylvestre (a lovely lyricist, somewhat reminiscent of early Leonard Cohen or Joni Mitchell), Léo Ferré, Jean-Roger Caussimon, Jacques Brel, Guy Béart, Félix Leclerc; along with many excellent interpreters of earlier material, of whom my favorite is Germaine Montero.
— Ken Knabb, Confessions of a Mild-Mannered Enemy of the State
http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/autobio3.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/leoferre/caussimon.html
http://perso.magic.fr/swproduction/
8- 8 -1918 -- France: Michel Zevaco (1860-1918) dies, Eaubonne (Seine-et-Oise). Novelist, professor, film director, anticleric, publisher, anarchist. Zevaco wrote many historical swashbuckling novels which are still being printed & made into films. The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre called him a great writer who influenced him greatly. Michel Zevaco founded the anarchist weekly magazine "Gueux". He also wrote for Sébastien Faure journal, "Libertaire", & the anarchist newspaper "La Renaissance", edited "l'Anticlérical", & in 1900 Zevaco's famous cloak & dagger novels Les Pardaillanof, began to be serialized in the daily newspapers to great popular success.
[Details, click here]
8- 15 -1918 -- US: Librado Rivera et Ricardo Flores Magón sont condamnés à quinze et vingt ans de prison pour avoir publié le 16 mars 1918, dans le journal "Regeneración" le manifeste "Aux anarchistes du monde et aux travailleurs en général". Ils seront conduits au pénitencier de Mc Neil Island near Seattle.
8- 23 -1918 -- US: Mollie Steimer arrested for distributing leaflets against the landing of American troops in Soviet Russia, along with several other members of her group.
The Abrams case as it became known, constitutes a landmark in the repression of civil liberties in the US. It was the first important prosecution under the Espionage Act. It is cited in all standard histories, as one of the most flagrant violations of constitutional rights during the Red Scare hysteria following WWI. The trial of three anarchists & a socialist, lasting two weeks, opened October, 1918, at the Federal Court House in NY. The defendants were Jacob Abrams (legendary anarchist, & cousin of historian Ronald Radosh's* mother), Mollie Steimer, Jacob Schwartz, Hyman Lachowsky, & Samuel Lipman.
Jacob Schwartz, however, never appeared in court. Having been severely beaten by the police, he was removed to hospital, where he died on October 14.
On appeal, despite their convictions, the dissenting opinion of two Supreme Court Justices, Oliver Wendell Holmes & Louis Brandeis, set the foundation for future protection of First Amendment rights.
anarchist See Richard Polenberg, Fighting Faiths: The Abrams Case, the Supreme Court, & Free Speech (NY: Viking, 1987)
http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/brundage/20thcentury_grad_course/polenberg_review.htm
* Abrams was deported from the US for distributing subversive literature. He ended up in Mexico, where he became a fixture in the émigré intellectual community & attempted to help Trotsky defend himself against the conspiracy that would ultimately kill him. After Abrams gave the Radosh family a set of plates that had belonged to Trotsky, Ronald Radosh used them to serve snacks to his pals in the Stalinist youth movement, who came to include the arch-provocateur David Horowitz — & whose faces paled in horror when they realized which "renegade" hands had once touched them.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://jacc.collegepublisher.com/main.cfm/include/detail/storyid/58398.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm
9- 14 -1918 -- US: Anarchist Dr. Ben Reitman is released from prison.
10- 20 -1918 -- US: With the spread of a deathly strain of influenza, a quarantine is established at the penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo., during this month, where Emma Goldmanis imprisoned; all outside visits are suspended. Also during the month: Anti-Anarchist Act passed by Congress, granting the government authority to deport aliens living in the US, & this will be applied by renegade law enforcement officers under Mitchell Palmer.
Roger Baldwin is tried before US District Judge Julius Mayer for failure to register for the draft; sentenced to a year in prison. Emma congratulates her lawyer Harry Weinberger for his brave defense in the Abrams case; Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, & Hyman Lachowsky are convicted on charges of violating the Espionage Act & sentenced to 20 years in federal prison; anarchist Mollie Steimer sentenced to 15 years.
Also, Emma Goldman's nephew, the talented violinist David Hochstein, dies in battle; news about his death does not reach family members until Jan. 1919.
10- 29 -1918 -- Germany: Wilhelmshaven Revolt. Sailors mutiny, take over naval base, garrison & city of Kiehl; Soldiers, Sailors & Workers Councils elected. The German government falls on November 10.
See "The Wilhelmshaven Revolt," by 'Ikarus,' (Jan Appel, who co-wrote Memoirs of Revolutionarieswith Otto Ruhle.) See also "Jan Appel's Story", where he provides an important link, in this at times humourous account, between the proletarian revolutions of 1917-1919 & the modern day. anarchist http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/ger_int.htm
On Council Communism, see,
http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/9973/council.html The German Revolution of 1918, see,
http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/18rev1918.html On Left Communism & Council Communism, see also the links at the bottom of Robert Barsky's Reading Room,
http://www.arts.uwo.ca/chomsky/mit/
|
11- 6 -1918 -- Germany: Revolt in shipyards in Kiel & Hamburg & the creation of Workers' Councils. In three days, Berlin follows suit, then all Germany, marking the beginning of the Sparticist Revolution, involving anarchists, socialists, communists & people in all walks of life.
http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/9973/council.html
11- 7 -1918 -- Germany: Kiel Mutiny, following the imprisonment of 600 sailors, sparks a general uprising. The provisional government declared by Independent Social Democrats will be overtaken by the Bavarian Raterepublik - the Workers', Soldiers', and Farmers' Councils - within five months. "Red Bavaria" Revolution. Workers revolt. The Bavarian monarchy is overthrown & a Republic is declared by the Socialist Kurt Eisner, who becomes its president.
Eisner proposes a ministry position to the anarchist Erich Mühsam. Muhsam refused, preferring to fight, along with Gustav Landauer, Ernst Toller, Ret Marut (B. Traven), & others, for the development of Workers' Councils & self-managed co-operatives.
B. Traven (The Death Ship; The Treasure of the Sierra Madres, etc): http://www.torget.se/users/c/Chilli/BTintro.htm
http://lib-www.ucr.edu/spec_coll/traven.html
http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.htm
Erich Muhsam, see the Anarchist Encyclopedia page:
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/MuhsamErich.htm
http://www.plusloin.org/textes/erich_muhsam.htm
Landauer : 
Denn in der Poesie sind
Worte und Begriffe das
Instrument, das uns zur
Musik führt, -zum
Rhythmus, zum
Unsagbaren, das in uns
einschwingt und uns
mitschwingen läßt.
|
http://www.bdp.de/utopie.htm
http://www.plusloin.org/textes/gustav_landauer.htm Ernst Toller, playwright, became chairman of the Central Council of the farmer & soldier, & leader of a Red Army:
http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/modlang/german380/toller.html
The Munich Soviet (or "Council Republic") of 1919 exhibited certain features of the TAZ, even though — like most revolutions — its stated goals were not exactly "temporary." Gustav Landauer's participation as Minister of Culture along with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics & other anti-authoritarian & extreme libertarian socialists such as the poet/playwrights Erich Mühsam & Ernst Toller, & Ret Marut (the novelist B. Traven), gave the Soviet a distinct anarchist flavor. Landauer, who had spent years of isolation working on his grand synthesis of Nietzsche, Proudhon, Kropotkin, Stirner, Meister Eckhardt, the radical mystics, & the Romantic volk-philosophers, knew from the start that the Soviet was doomed; he hoped only that it would last long enough to be understood. — Peter Lamborn Wilson
http://www.cia.com.au/vic/taz/index5.html
11- 12 -1918 -- Russia: Du 12 au 16 novembre 1918, à Koursk, se tient la première conférence générale de la Confédération d'organisations anarchistes d'Ukraine "Nabat" "L'Alarme"(du nom du journal). Importante à Kharkov mais aussi dans les grandes villes d'Ukraine cette organisation comptera dans ses rangs, outre Voline, des militants importants de l'anarchisme russe dont Pietr Archinov, Aron et Fania Baron, Senia Flechine, Mark Mratchnyi (Klavanski), Grigori Gorelik (Anatoli), Nikolaï Dolenko (Tchekeres), Efim Iartchouk, Olga Taratouta, etc. Voline est chargé de rédiger une déclaration commune pour toutes les tendances de l'anarchisme (syndicaliste, collectiviste et individualiste), afin d'unir le mouvement dans une grande organisation. La confédération, "Se fixe pour but d'organiser toutes les forces vives de l'anarchisme; d'unir les différents courants anarchistes; d'unir par un travail commun tous les anarchistes qui veulent prendre sérieusement une part active à la Révolution Sociale." Voir aussi le premier congrès du 2 au 7 avril 1919.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html
11- 15 -1918 -- US: Gabriella Segata Antolini, a 19-year-old anarchist arrested & convicted for transporting dynamite in Chicago, is imprisoned in the Jefferson City, Mo., penitentiary; she & fellow prisoner Emma Goldman become good friends.
11- 18 -1918 -- First Conference of the Anarchistic Organizations of Ukraine (N.A.B.A.T), organized by Voline, "sets for itself the goal to organize all the critical forces of anarchism; to link the various anarchistic currents; to link by a common work all the anarchists who want to seriously take an active part in shaping the Social Revolution."
12- 23 -1918 -- US: Randolph Bourne (1886-1918) dies. American literary radical, anarchist. It is in literature itself that Randolph Bourne appears most unforgettably, in a haunting stanza from 1919 (1932), centerpiece of the U.S.A. trilogy by John Dos Passos:
This little sparrowlike man,
tiny twisted bit of flesh in a black cape,
always in pain and ailing,
put a pebble in his sling,
and hit Goliath squarely in the forehead with it.
. . . If any man has a ghost,
Bourne has a ghost,
a tiny twisted unscared ghost in a black cloak
hopping along the grimy old brick and brownstone streets
still left in downtown New York,
crying out in a shrill soundless giggle: War is the health of the State.
[More, click here]
12- 31 -1918 -- US: Dr. Marie Equi (1872-1952) is found guilty of sedition (as were countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act. The law "forbade criticism of the U.S. government, the constitution, the military, the flag, navy or uniform." At her trial, Special Agent William Bryon of the Dept. of Justice, called her "an anarchist, a degenerate, & an abortionist." During the next year & a half, her attorneys fought vainly to have her conviction overturned.
Mary Equi, a lesbian anarchist (known to investigators from the U.S. Dept of Justice (now the F.B.I.) who spied on Equi's personal life) & labor organizer, in her later years recalled how she & her mother were spat upon in the streets of Portland during this period.
In October 1920 she entered San Quentin prison to serve a three year term which was later commuted to a year & a half.
[Details, click here]
1- 1 -1919 -- Spain: Sara Berenguer Lahosa lives, Barcelona. Poet, militant feminist & anarchist. Militante anarchiste féminine, et poétesse. Elle est née dans une modeste famille ouvrière, son père est maçon et militant libertaire. [Details, click here]
1- 7 -1919 -- Argentina: Beginning of "Bloody Week" ("Semaine Sanglante") in Buenos Aires. The Argentine police invent the electric prod to convince those in doubt & straighten out those who buckle...Discepolin's last tango sings that the world was & will continue to be a dirty joke... |
Workers, demonstrating for the 8-hour work day, are fired on, leaving four dead & about 30 wounded. Clashes with authorities the day of the funerals left another 50 dead. Workers seeking refuge in the Vasena factory were driven out as 30,000 infantrymen were called out. A General Strike shut down the trade unions, printing works, libraries, etc. The anarchists involved were attacked by trade union reformists & paramilitary groups ("Les défenseurs de l'Ordre") acting in concert with the police.
By January 16 the strike was crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. Argentinean anarchism was decimated by repression, & the reformist trade unions were in control.
1- 10 -1919 -- Germany: Arrest of the author, publisher, anarchist Erich Muhsam [Muehsam] & 11 other radicals.
1- 10 -1919 -- US: Prison quarantine lifted during this month; influenza outbreak under control. Emma Goldman visited by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, who brings her a smuggled communication from Alexander Berkman.
Emma reads & responds to Louise Bryant's book Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer's Account of Russia before and during the Proletarian Dictatorship; Emma is critical of Louise's portrayal of the Russian anarchists.
1- 14 -1919 -- Russia: Voline, Russian revolutionary & anarchist historian, arrested & dragged from one prison to another.
Trotsky already had ordered his execution, & Voline escaped death only by sheer accident: In 1921 the Red Trade Union International held a Congress in Moscow, which included delegates from the massive anarcho-syndicalist organizations in Spain, France, & elsewhere. They arrived just as anarchists in the Taganka prison went on a hunger strike. This caused a scandal at the Congress, forcing the Bolsheviks to release the hunger-strikers (on condition they leave Russia); the anarchists were the first political prisoners deported from the vaunted Red Fatherland of the Proletariat.
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html
1- 16 -1919 -- Argentina: End of the "Sanglante" ("Bloody Week") in Buenos Aires. The General Strike begun a week ago is crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. Argentinean anarchism is decimated by the following repression, & the trade unions reformists are left fully in control.
1- 23 -1919 -- Ukraine: First Regional Conference of Peasants, Workers & Insurgents (anarchist Makhnovists), held in Bolché-Mikhailovska. See Alexander Skirda's Makhno, le cosaque de l'anarchie.
anarchist http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre4.html#27
http://people.nirvanet.net/m/makhno/public_html/
2- 8 -1919 -- Spain: "La Canadienne" strike in Barcelona, taking its name from the principle electrical company involved, begins. Lasts 44 days, & extends to other companies, & becomes a General Strike -- paralyzing the whole city & industry. The government responds by imprisoning 3000 strikers of the anarchist CNT, & declares martial law. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier2.html#8
2- 19 -1919 -- The 23-year-old anarchist, Louis-Emile Cottin fires on the car of Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Clemenceau, who is wounded. Cottin was tried & sentenced to death, a sentence commuted to 10 years imprisonment following a protest campaign organized in the pages of "Libertaire". See 8 October 1936. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars2.html#cottin
2- 21 -1919 -- In Munich, the socialist Kurt Eisner, principal in the Bavarian revolution & president of the Republic of Councils, is assassinated by extremists. The Central Council of the Republic, composed of 11 members, including the anarchist Erich Muhsam, declare a general strike & state of siege. http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm
B. Traven (The Death Ship; The Treasure of the Sierra Madres, etc): http://www.torget.se/users/c/Chilli/BTintro.htm
http://www.oneworld.org/ni/issue263/reviews.htm
http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.htm
http://www.geocities.com/jhbadbad/traven.html
Erich Muhsam:
http://www.american.edu/academic.depts/cas/lfs/bohemia.html
Landauer:
http://www.weltkreis.com/mauthner/fm/land4.html
http://www.bdp.de/utopie.htm
http://www.swan.ac.uk/german/1900-33.htm
2- 23 -1919 -- Portugal: "A Batalha", the second daily newspaper in the country begins, published by the anarcho-syndicalist CGT (the General Confederation of Workers in Portugal comprised of 150,000 workers). It prints 25,000 copies a day before being suppressed after the military coup d'etat in 1926.
http://flag.blackened.net/agony/syndical.html
2- 25 -1919 -- US: During this month “Go-Head!” — a circular attributed to “The American Anarchists” — appears throughout New England. In it, the American Anarchists, presumably the Italian-American Anarchists, threaten to “dynamite” officials in retaliation for the ongoing deportations & repression the anarchists are enduring. See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
3- 1 -1919 -- US: Man Ray, artist & photographer, publishes the only issue of "TNT", an anarchist magazine, this month. He illustrated for anumber of anarchist publications, including Emma Goldman's "Mother Earth". A recent PBS documentary on Man Ray, as one person put it, "elected to completely ignore this important intellectual context of his work since they would have to use the "A" word."
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/man_ray.html
3- 3 -1919 -- US: Ruling on the conviction of anarchists Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, the Supreme Court upholds the Espionage Act. Goldman & Berkman were arrested during World War I for a so-called 'conspiracy' against the draft. Today's court ruling thus puts draft resistance outside First Amendment protection.
3- 11 -1919 -- US: Mollie Steimer, free on appeal for her 15-year sentence for handing out leaflets, is arrested at the Russian People's House on the East 15th Street during a raid by US federal & local police which netted 164 radicals.
Charged with inciting to riot, Mollie was held for eight days in the notorious Tombs prison before being released on $1000 bail, only to be arrested again & taken to Ellis Island for deportation. Locked up for 20 hours a day in the Land of Freedom, denied exercise & fresh air & the right to mingle with other political prisoners, she went on a hunger strike until authorities met her demands.
"The entire machinery of the United States government was being employed to crush this slip of a girl weighing no less than eighty pounds," Emma Goldman complained.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/f/10748542.html
3- 14 -1919 -- The 23-year-old Louis-Emile Cottin sentenced to death. Commuted to 10 years in prison following a protest campaign organized in the pages of the anarchist "Libertaire". See 2 February 1919.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars2.html#cottin
3- 21 -1919 -- Hungary: Insurrection of the Councils with the participation of anarchists in the Commune of Budapest. The Communists, however, seize power from the new Republic & repress the revolutionists before being swept, in their turn, at the beginning of August, by the reactionary armies of Czechoslovakia & Rumania. The latter occupy Budapest. The Hungarian communist revolution of 1919 has been long considered by the students of history as an important episode in the genesis of national communism. The birth of the Bela Kun regime today & its 133 day existence jolted the world.
3- 31 -1919 -- US: Emma Goldman interviewed by Winthrop Lane for an independent investigation of federal prisons slated for publication in the research magazine Survey.anarchist feminist
4- 6 -1919 -- Bavarian Raterepublik declared in opposition to the provisional government [1919]. The Central Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Farmers' Councils includes Ernst Toller, anarchists Erich Muhsam, Gustav Landauer & one 'Richard Maurhut' -- the man who was B. Traven. "What is fame after all? It stinks to hell and heaven. Today I am famous. Tomorrow perhaps fifty people can still spell my name correctly. Day after tomorrow I may starve to death and nobody cares. That's what you call fame".
4- 7 -1919 -- Workers' Councils declare a Republic in Bavaria, in spite of the opposition of the Communists. The anarchists are the principal actors: Erich Muhsam, Gustav Landauer, Ret Marut (B. Traven), Ernst Toller, etc. But the troops sent in by the socialists will crush the revolutionaries between April 30 & May 2, 1919, killing over 700 victims.
http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~roehrigw/schmitt/text4.htm
4- 10 -1919 -- Mexico: Anarchist revolutionary hero Emiliano Zapata ambushed & assassinated by Mexican troops, age 29, Chinameca, Mexico. One of the main -- & best known -- participants in the peasant uprisings against the central government's authority from 1910 until his death. http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
In Spanish, http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/19190410.htm
http://www.ingeb.org/songs/emiliano.html
4- 12 -1919 -- Italy: Founding congress of the l'Union Anarchiste Communiste held, 12-14 April.
4- 12 -1919 -- US: Benefit concert at Carnegie Hall for the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners organized by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Stella Ballantine, & Harry Weinberger. Eugene Debs is incarcerated this month. Also an Immigration officer interrogates Emma Goldman in prison. Following the visit, the Bureau of Immigration determines there are no legal barriers to Goldman's deportation. Anthony Caminetti, Commissioner General of the Bureau of Immigration, pursues policy for allowing her deportation.
Socialist Kate Richards O'Hare joins Goldman in prison, getting her very own cell at the Jefferson City, Mo., penitentiary.
4- 13 -1919 -- Bavaria: A military attempt at a putsch against the Republic of the Workers Councils is repelled by the workers, led by the anarchists. Unfortunately the Communists of the KPD capitalize on the event to increase their power. It is the second phase of the Council Republic.
4- 19 -1919 -- Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea (19 to 21 April).
Several French warships around Sébastopol (brought in to aid in stopping the advances of the Red Army) are subject to mutiny. Begins with the sailors on the battleship "France," & spreads. A delegation, made up partly of anarchist sailors, demands suspension of the war against Russia, the return of the ships to France, & no disciplining for their actions. In Sébastopol, French officers massacre participants in a demonstration to prevent them from fraternizing with the mutineers. Despite the promises of the officers, the mutineers (such as Alphonse Sauveur Cannone; see 15 February) are treacherously arrested & receive from 10 to 20 years of prison.
4- 28 -1919 -- US: Bomb plot is discovered. The plot involved sending over 30 dynamite bombs to people "on the anarchists' enemies list", including A. Mitchell Palmer, the U.S. Attorney General, J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, & Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis (who becomes the first commissioner of baseball next year, which is more than reason enough!).
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
4- 28 -1919 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Seattle mayor Hanson gets a bomb in the mail. He declares the government should "buck up & hang or incarcerate for life all the anarchists." This was one of 36 aforesaid bombs which turn up in the mails across the nation.
4- 29 -1919 -- Germany: From April 29 to May 2, government forces in Munich crush in blood the Republic of the Councils of Bavaria. Resistance results in many hard-fought street battles. Many resistors (workers, socialists, anarchists, sympathizers) are summarily executed, leaving over 700 dead.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril1.html#baviere
5- 1 -1919 -- Germany: "Red Bavaria" suppressed, 600 die. German anarchist Gustav Landauer is killed following his arrest by a unit of the anti-revolutionary Freikorps.
5- 2 -1919 -- Gustav Landauer murdered by soldiers. Called a "mystical" anarchist, Landauer was involved in the "Red Bavaria" uprising & murdered by soldiers. Landauer was a signatory to the Ernst Joël Petition (1915), among other leading cultural figures of the day, including Walter Benjamin, Martin Buber, Kurt Eisner, S. Fischer, Alfred Kerr, Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann, Fritz Mauthner & Frank Wedekind. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/LandauerGustav.htm
5- 4 -1919 -- Roger Paon, lives, Maritime Seine. French socialist, then an anarchist & pacifist. Paon joined the Socialist Youth for a brief period in 1933, before turning to the libertarians, particularly the group l'Union Anarchiste de Rouen. He was also a member of the Ligue Internationale des Combattants de la paix, which aided in the resistance to the occupation during WWII. Paon lived in Nice following the war, collaborating on libertarian publications, & publishing his own newspaper, "L'ordre Social" (1950-1953). He also agitated, with Louis Lecoin, for the recognition of rights of conscientious objection. Roger Paon is the author of Marine de Rivière, a work on shipping.
5- 8 -1919 -- Vera Zassoulitch (1849-1919) dies. Russian anarchist, then a Menshevik. Left a family of nobility for revolutionary activities. Arrested May 1869, for her correspondence with the nihilist Netchaiev & imprisoned at the Peter & Paul fortress until March 1871. In 1878 she shot & wounded General Trepov, who was responsible for torturing the radical A.S Emelianov (Bogolioubov). A jury refused to convict her, dismissing the charges, & the secret police, without success, attempted to prevent her from leaving the country. Zassoulitch went to Switzerland, then returned & joined an anarchist group. By 1883, however, she moved away from anarchism, increasingly adopting Marxist positions, & eventually joined the Mensheviks.
http://www.terravista.pt/IlhadoMel/1188/a_ideologia_marxista_na_r%C3%BAssia.htm
http://www.revue-experts.com/html/articles/article39a.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html
5- 9 -1919 -- US: Socialist Ella Reeve (Mother) Bloor visits Emma Goldman in prison. During this month Goldman emphatically rejects Dr. Ben Reitman's request to visit her in prison. During this month & next, mail bombs purportedly sent to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer & other prominent officials gain media attention. Government agents wrongly implicate Goldman & Alexander Berkman in the 'conspiracy'. anarchist feminist
6- 2 -1919 -- US: Explosion damages homes of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer & Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt; the bomber is killed in the process. In another round of bombings, Carlo Valdinoci (who had been in Mexico with Sacco & Vanzetti two years earlier), blew himself up outside the home of Attorney General Palmer. Sacco & Vanzetti are rumored to have taken part in the bombing. (See June 5).
anarchist
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
6- 2 -1919 -- US: Galleanist anarchists carry out a series of coordinated bombings across the Eastern United States. Includes Squirrel Hill house...
"I grew up in Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, & I never dreamed that anarchists had blown up a house there many years before..."
http://www.eclipse.net/~basket42/blowup.html
6- 4 -1919 -- Ukraine: Marxism vs. the working classes: the 4th (Ukrainian) Congress of Free Soviets, to which rank & file members of the Red Army have been invited to send representatives, is banned by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Leon Trotsky. Bolshevist troops are sent to destroy the Rosa Luxemburg Commune near Provkovski & Ukrainian anarchist insurgent Nestor Makhno is declared an outlaw.
alt; Nestor Machno
6- 5 -1919 -- US: 67 anarchists are arrested & face deportation in the wake of a bomb explosion marking the beginning of the famous "Palmer raids." (See June 2).
6- 14 -1919 -- Russia: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Trotsky, chief of the Red Army, (aka The "Red Butcher" of Kronstadt) drafts an order banning the Makhnovist (anarchist) Congress, accusing them of opposing Soviet power in the Ukraine. Trotsky calls for the arrest of the delegates.
[Details, click here]
6- 24 -1919 -- US: Following an attack on the house of Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Attorney General Palmer on June 2, 1919, the Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani & collaborators on the newspaper "Cronaca Sovversiva" are expelled from the country.
6- 27 -1919 -- Emma Goldman celebrates her 50th birthday in prison. Especially touched that William Shatoff sends her a bouquet of flowers from Russia.anarchist feminist
7- 2 -1919 -- US: An amnesty conference scheduled to take place in Chicago July 2-4 is canceled, much to the disappointment of Emma Goldman, who remains in prison for her anti-war activities. During this month Kate Richards O'Hare begins to type Goldman's weekly dictated letters.
7- 12 -1919 -- Germany: Erich Muhsam, on trial in Munich since July 7 for High Treason, is sentenced to 15 years in prison for his involvement in Bavarian Workers' Councils uprising. Also involved in the uprising were Gustav Landauer (murdered by soldiers), the novelist B. Traven, & Ernst Toller.
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/MuhsamErich.htm
8- 1 -1919 -- Alexandre Metodiev Nakov lives, Kosatcha, Bulgaria. Anarchist militant & Bulgarian esperantist. alt sp; Alexander Nakov Engages in militant actions in 1937 & takes part in the formation of an anarchist group. In 1941, Nakov & five others were arrested & received prison sentences of 6 to 8 years. Released after 3 years, in 1944 he resumed activity, founding the "Elisee Reclus" group. L'Union Anarchiste du sud-ouest bulgare named him to head their organization, but the anarchist movement was outlawed & repressed after the Communists siezed power.
In December 1948, Nakov & over 600 anarchists were arrested & sent to a work & re-education camp. Released on August 10, 1953, & still the recalcitrant anarchist despite his ill-treatment, Nakov immediately resumed his anarchist & esperantist activities, opposing the existing powers, & demonstrating solidarity with his companions despite constant police surveillance.
A small biography published by the review "l'Arc" in 1984 reads like the digest of a rap sheet from the Bulgarian political police.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#1
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#ReclusElisee
8- 4 -1919 -- Laurent Tailhade (1854-1919), French poet, writer, anarchist polemist, opium addict (La noire idole), translator (Satyricon de Pétrone), dies. His first poems were published in 1880, but it was his polemical writings which gained the most attention, being lambasted by the press & a costing him a year in jail for "provoking murder". See also the Daily Bleed, April 16, 1854. http://www.gatzke.org/tiplta.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#16
8- 16 -1919 -- Spain: Conchita Guillen Bertolin lives (1919-), Alfondseguilla, Valencia. Militant anarchist & member of "Mujeres Libres".
Forced into refuge in France with the rout of the Republican forces in 1939. In 1999 she participated in the collected work Mujeres Libres, will luchadoras libertarias, translated into French by the Ascaso-Durruti Center of Montpellier in 2000 & published by "Los Solidarios".
"(...) des femmes qui avaient des connaissances idéologiques solides, qui s'y connaissaient en pédagogie, et autres sciences s'offrirent bénévolement pour instruire le groupe de jeunes qui n'avaient rien d'autres que leur bonne volonté."
[Details, click here]
8- 28 -1919 -- US: Seattle mayor demands, "hang or incarcerate all anarchists for life."
9- 12 -1919 -- US: Still in prison for opposing the war once opposed by Beloved & Respected Comrade Liberal Leader Woodrow Wilson, the anarchist Emma Goldman is served a warrant for her arrest & deportation; bond set at $15,000.
9- 24 -1919 -- The Ukrainian Anarchists, seeing themselves about to be caught in Denikin's vise, wheeled, turning suddenly east.
They saw only one hope, to break through his lines. Denikin thought the move was a feint or reconnaissance. His principle forces continued chasing Makhno westward, thinking the Anarchists still in retreat.
Never did Denikin's staff dream that Makhno would turn to attack the bulk of the White army...
| Suddenly they found the town occupied by the concentrated Anarchist forces. They were taken completely by surprise. The Anarchists had stolen a march on them. The Peregonovkans welcomed the Anarchists with open arms. They opened their cupboards, their homes, & their hearts. They rolled up their sleeves. They threw in their arms. What else could they do? Better to die on your feet. The battle commenced at 3 AM, on September 26, 1919. Peregonovka awoke to the rattle of Lewis & Vickers. Nestor Makhno himself, with his cavalry escort of 150-200 men, had disappeared at nightfall, seeking to turn the enemy's flank. During the whole battle that ensued there was no further news of them. The battle reached it's peak at 8:00am. By 9:00am the outnumbered & exhausted Anarchists had begun to lose ground. "The staff of the insurrectionary army as well as everyone in the village who could handle a rifle, armed themselves & joined in the fighting. This was the critical moment when it seemed that the battle & with it the whole cause of the insurgents was lost." — Peter Arshinov  Photo: Nestor Makhno, anarchist guerilla, led Ukrainian forces against both the Bolshevik Reds & the counter-revolutionary Whites
|
9- 25 -1919 -- Russian Revolution: After brutal repression at the hands of the Bolsheviks, Cheka raids on anarchist groups & the banning of the Anarchist Congress by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Trotsky in June, underground anarchists retaliate by bombing the Communist headquarters in Moscow. A number of Left Social Revolutionaries and Underground Anarchists bombed the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed & 45 others were wounded.
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/ChernyiLev.htm
9- 26 -1919 -- Ukraine: After months of retreat, the anarchist Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army, headed by Nestor Makhno, turns on its pursuers & Denikin's forces are routed.
The rightwing White Army was taken
completely by surprise.
The anarchists had stolen a march on them.
The Peregonovkans had welcomed
the Anarchists with open arms.
They opened their cupboards, their homes,
& their hearts. As a result of this defeat, Denikin is forced to abandon his march on Moscow & the Bolshevik government is saved. In November 1920, the Bolsheviks return the favor by unleashing unprecedented Red Terror throughout the Ukraine: "The Denikin repression pales beside that of the Bolsheviks." — Voline
|
9- 27 -1919 -- US: Emma Goldman's term of imprisonment at Jefferson City penitentiary expires; released on bail with orders for deportation pending. Greeted in Jefferson City by mobs of reporters, friends, & niece Stella Ballantine, who accompanies her to Rochester. Stops in Chicago to visit Ben Reitman; meets his wife & child. Alexander Berkman's release from the Atlanta penitentiary follows in a few days, on Oct. 1.anarchist
10- 5 -1919 -- Italy: Giliana Berneri lives (1919-1998), Florence. Second child of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. Giliana studied medicine in Paris, & specialized in pediatrics. Militant involved with the French anarchists with her companion Serge Senninger. Invovled in efforts to save Sacco & Vanzetti from state execution, she also participated in numerous initiatives & conferences with many intellectuals, such as Albert Camus, & collaborated on the newspaper "Le Libertaire". Giliana Berneri was also involved in various campaigns, such as the laborious & complicated liberation of a companion, Ernesto Bonomini, from the concentration camp of Toulouse & his exile to the US.
Giliana dropped out of the movement in 1950s, & eventually donated all the papers, documents, & books from her father & her family, to Aurelio Chessa. Giliana died in July 1998
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/gilberneri.htm
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/caleffi.htm
10- 7 -1919 -- Nicolas Thomassin (1849-1919) dies. French weaver, socialist, anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Pierre Leroux, Paulin Mailfait, etc. Nicolas Thomassin supported Jean Baptiste Clement for legislative election in 1884, lost his job & became a news vendor for "Le père Peinard" & "La révolte." He founded the anarchist groups "Les sans Patrie" & "Les deshérités de Nouzon" in 1891 — which resulted in police harassment & numerous arrests. In 1916, Thomassin was still listed as a subscriber to "Cubilot", published by the libertarian colony of Aiglemont.
10- 8 -1919 -- US: General Strike called to demand Tom Mooney's release & amnesty for all political prisoners. American labor agitator Tom Mooney was falsely convicted of a fatal bombing. He is not released until 1939. Meanwhile, Bureau of Investigation Director & famed cross-dresser J. Edgar Hoover, in NY to review evidence collected for Emma Goldman's deportation, monitors a protest rally this same night. In search of further evidence, Hoover personally pokes around in a storage room leased by the anarchists M. Eleanor Fitzgerald & Ben Reitman.
http://www.shapingsf.org/ezine/labor/mooney/index.html
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Nov1989/LB-N89-VClose2.html
10- 16 -1919 -- US: Deportation Act to rid US of anarchist aliens. Thousands, including Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, jailed, sent packing. Harbinger of US government anti-labor & anti-Red attacks in the 1920's when Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Attorney General Mitchell Palmer & his pal J. Edgar go after American citizens audaciously believing they live in the land of the free. See Aliens & Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 by William Preston, Jr.
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Accounts/NYT61617.html
"& you, are you so forgetful of your past, is there no echo in your soul of your poets' songs, your dreamers' dreams, your rebels' calls?" — Emma Goldman
|
10- 16 -1919 -- Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman spend a few days in the country to recuperate from harsh prison conditions before they begin work to oppose their deportations. Goldman is to appear before immigration authorities at Ellis Island on the 27th & 28th to appeal her deportation order. Goldman claims US citizenship from her marriage to Jacob A. Kersner. On the 31st a benefit theater performance in New York City raises $500 for Goldman & Berkman's deportation fight.anarchist
10- 27 -1919 -- US: Emma Goldman appears before immigration authorities at Ellis Island to appeal her deportation order from the land of the free. She & Alexander Berkman have just recently been freed from prison. Dinner in honor of Goldman & Berkman is sponsored by the Ferrer School & a committee of supporters at the Hotel Brevoort in New York City. Margaret Scully, who holds a job as Emma's secretary for a week, acts as a spy for the Lusk Committee, submitting her first report detailing events at the Hotel Brevoort celebration, eg, a good time was had by all!)
10- 28 -1919 -- US: "Reds" of Various Hue Light Up
Emma Goldman's Cheery 'Coming Out' Party. In [New York] Evening World (Oct. 28, 1919) Reel 63.
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/titleindex.html
11- 1 -1919 -- 
US: Violent raids of the homes of hundreds of "suspected radicals" take place in NY City.
Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman send out a 3,000-piece solicitation to raise support for political prisoners, the fight against deportation of aliens, & to announce their proposed lecture tour scheduled to begin at the end of the month.
11- 7 -1919 -- US: "Palmer's Reign of Terror" begins: 3,000 anarchists imprisoned without bail, Ellis Island in NY harbor, in a "Freedom-loving" nation (just don't try to practice it!).
11- 17 -1919 -- US: Emma Goldman speaks at a New York dinner organized by friends of Kate Richards O'Hare.
11- 17 -1919 -- US: Violent raids of the homes of hundreds of "suspected radicals" take place in NY City. Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman send out a 3,000-piece solicitation to raise support for political prisoners, the fight against deportation of aliens, & to announce their proposed lecture tour scheduled to begin at the end of the month.
11- 18 -1919 -- Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis dies. Elected to office in Amsterdam, as a socialist, in 1891 before giving up politics to adopt the anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin. Published Le socialisme en danger (1894) (preface by Elisée Reclus); "Socialisme libertaire et socialisme autoritaire (1895).alt; Elisee Recluse; Reclus, Elisée, Michael Bakunin Domela Nieuwenhuis was an ardent proponent of the General Strike & an organizer of the congresses of antimilitarists in Amsterdam (June 1904 & August 1907). In 1914, faithful to the libertarian ideal, he opposed the "Manifeste des Seize" (Manifesto of the Sixteen; anarchists favoring the Allies in WWI), & signed, with Emma Goldman, Malatesta, etc, a proclamation opposing the war:
"Il n'y a pas de distinction possible entre les guerres offensives et les guerres défensives" Constatant qu'il serait "naïf et puéril (...) de chercher à établir les responsabilités de tel ou tel gouvernement". "Nous devons profiter de tous les mouvements de révolte, de tous les mécontentements, pour fomenter l'insurrection, pour organiser la révolution, de laquelle nous attendons la fin de toutes les iniquités sociales". — excerpt, "L'internationale et la guerre".
We determined to repudiate Peter's [Kropotkin] stand, & fortunately we were not alone in this. Many others felt as we did, distressing as it was to turn against the man who had so long been our inspiration. Enrico Malatesta showed far greater understanding & consistency than Peter, & with him were Rudolf Rocker, Alexander Schapiro, Thomas H. Keell, & other native & Jewish-speaking anarchists in Great Britain. In France Sébastien Faure, A. Armand (E. Armand? -- ed.), & members of the anarchist & syndicalist movements, in Holland Domela Nieuwenhuis & his co-workers maintained a firm attitude against the wholesale murder. In Germany Gustav Landauer, Erich Mühsam, Fritz Oerter, Fritz Kater, & scores of other comrades retained their senses. To be sure, we were but a handful in comparison with the war-drunk millions, but we succeeded in circulating throughout the world the manifesto issued by our International Bureau, & we increased our energies at home to expose the true nature of militarism. — Emma Goldman, Living My Life
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/d/10749151.html
http://www.antenna.nl/~assata/activist26/klein.html
http://www.geschiedeniswinkel.nl/gedane/project6.html
11- 19 -1919 -- Brazil: In Sao Paulo, João Penteado, a teacher & anarchist militant, is ordered to close the Modern School n°1 -- open since May 13, 1912 (founded by Neno Vasco, Edgard Leuenroth, Oreste Ristori & Gigi Damiani) -- when a bomb explodes (accidental?) in a house & killed four anarchists, including José Alvés, the principal of l'Ecole moderne de São Caetano (a school in the suburbs). alt; Jose Alves; Joao Penteado; Sao Caetano
Colaboraram para tornar possível a trajetória anarquista no Brasil: Fábio Luz, João Gonçalves da Silva, Avelino Foscolo, Ricardo Gonçalves, Benjamim Mota, José Martins Fontes, Ricardo Cipola, Rozendo dos Santos, Reinaldo Frederico Greyer, Pedro Augusto Mota, Moacir Caminha, José Ramón, Domingos Passos, João Perdigão Gutierrez, Florentino de Carvalho, Domingos Ribeiro Filho, Lima Barreto, Orlando Corrêa Lopes, Manuel Marques Bastos, José Puicegur, Diamantino Augusto, José Oiticica, José Romero, Edgard Leuenroth, Felipe Gil Sousa Passos, Pedro Catalo, João Penteado, Neno Vasco, Adelino Pinho, Giovani Rossi, Gigi Damiani, Artur Campagnoli, José Marques da Costa, Rodolfo Felipe, Isabel Cerrutti, João Perez, Antonino Dominguez, Manuel Perez, Romualdo de Figueiredo, Juan Puig Elias, Maria Lacerda de Moura, Rafael Fernandes, Angelina Soares, Paula Soares, Elias Iltchenco, Frederico Kniestedt, Jesus Ribas, Cecílio Vilar, Oresti Ristori, Maria Lopes, Manuel Moscoso, Polidoro Santos, Amilcar dos Santos, Pedro Carneiro, Atílio Peçagna, Rudosindo Colmenero, Maria Silva, Maria Rodrigues, Pietro Ferrua, Pedro Ferreira da Silva, Câmara Pires, Ramiro de Nóbrega, Maria Valverde, José Simões, Manuel Lopes, Vitorino Trigo, Mariano Ferrer, Luisi Magrassi, Sofia Garrido, Joaquim Leal Junior, Lírio de Resende, Jaime Cubero e tantos outros intelectuais e operários a quem se homenageia, mesmo ausentes...
http://www.ceca.org.br/edgar/BrasilAn.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3471/
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#19
11- 20 -1919 -- Liu Shih-p'ei dies, at the early age of 36. Chinese anarchist, involved in the Chinese anarchist movement which emerged in Tokyo about the same time as another important group emerged in Paris, France.
Liu Shih-p'ei, his wife Ho Chen, Chang Ping-lin & Chang Chi were leading members of the group in Japan & were in touch with the Japanese anarchist movement & activists such as Kotoku Sh-usui & Osugi Sakae. Liu helped found the "Society for the Study of Socialism". Liu & Ho Chen began publishing the anarchist journal, "T'ien-i Pao," in June of 1907. When all anarchist journals were ordered to cease publication in 1908, Liu & his wife returned to Shanghai where it became known that they were serving as informers for the police. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/scalapino.html
11- 23 -1919 -- US: The anti-war activists & anarchists Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman begin a short lecture tour in Detroit; today's event is attended by 1,500 people & Emma says 2,000 people had to be turned away for lack of space. Large Jewish audience attends a meeting on Nov. 25.
11- 25 -1919 -- US: Amid a strike for union recognition by 395,000 steelworkers (ultimately unsuccessful), approximately 250 "anarchists," "communists," & "labor agitators" were deported to Russia yesterday, marking the onset of the so-called "Red Scare." http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology2040.html
The United States:
"a country where truth is tarred & feathered, lynched, imprisoned, clubbed, & expatriated as undesirable... — George Bernard Shaw (1925)
11- 25 -1919 -- US: Department of Labor orders antiwar activist & anarchist Alexander Berkman's deportation to Russia. Emma Goldman's deportation order follows on Nov. 29. Their lawyer Weinberger meets in Washington, D.C., with immigration officials, including Anthony Caminetti & Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post.
11- 29 -1919 -- US: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman address an audience of 4,500 people in Chicago about their prison experiences. Tomorrow they address another large crowd. Then, on December 21, a large benefit banquet is held at the Hotel Morrison in Chicago. Emma describes the Detroit & Chicago meetings as "among the most inspiring in our public career." Berkman received his deportation orders from the Land of the Free on the 25th, & Emma receives hers today.
12- 1 -1919 -- US: Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman & 200+ anarchists, labor militants, & radicals are forced to leave the "Land of the Free", deported to Russia on the rust-bucket Buford. Shades of B. Traven's The Death Ship. In America it is axiomatic that we have free speech only if no one practices it.
12- 5 -1919 -- US: Representative Isaac Siegel, after a trip to Ellis Island yesterday, declares he has discovered
how anarchists are made.
12- 5 -1919 -- US: "Made Anarchists" — Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman — detained at Ellis Island. Goldman & Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, December 8th, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island & are be kicked out of the "Land of the Free" before month's end, sent to Red Russia on a leaking scow that is in danger of sinking with them & 247 other radicals & labor organizers who are also deported to protect American free speech. "THE "Red Ark" will loom big in American history. It is the first picturesque incident of the beginning effort of the War Millionaires to crush the soul of America & insure the safety of the dollars they have looted over the graves of Europe & through the deaths of the quarter million soldier boys whom American mothers now mourn..."
— Robert Minor, excerpt from the introduction, Deportation, Its Meaning & Menace: Last Message to the People of America by Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman, Ellis Island, New York, U.S.A., December, 1919.
12- 8 -1919 -- US: Jailed at Ellis Island on the 5th, "Made Anarchists" Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island.
12- 24 -1919 --
Coming from exile England, from Cardiff, Wales, the anarchist Errico Malatesta slips clandestinely back into Tarente (southern Italy) & takes the train for Gènes, where an immense crowd greets his return. Malatesta was a wealthy man who put his entire fortune at the disposal of the cause. He won the militant support of broad sections of his countrymen whose demonstrations & strikes on his behalf saved him from death & imprisonment many times. His writing & speeches on anarchist organization influenced the shape of the anarchist movement.
Kropotkin left us a picture of Malatesta's life in exile: "Without even so much as a room that he could call his own, he would sell sherbet in the streets of London to get his living, & in the evening write brilliant articles for the Italian papers. Imprisoned in France, released, expelled, re-condemned in Italy, confined to an island, escaped, & again in Italy in disguise; always in the hottest of the struggle...."
| Through the systematic destruction of its finest radical leadership by big business & royalists, Italy eventually succumbed to fascism. Malatesta remained in Italy, under house arrest, until he died. Authorities ordered his body thrown into a common grave.
| |
[More about Malatesta, click here]
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/errico48.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
12- 24 -1919 -- US: Four men attempt to rob the payroll of the L.Q. White Shoe Company in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. One, later known as the “shotgun bandit,” fires at the moving payroll truck. They are unsuccessful & no one is hurt. The would-be bandits escaped. Part of a series of robberies in the area, which includes the Braintree robbery for which the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti are tried & executed.
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
12- 30 -1919 -- Germany: On the initiative of Rudolf Rocker, the founding Congress of F.A.U.D. (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland), free union of the German workers, is held in Berlin, from the 27th-30th. The union declares itself anarchist-syndicalist — opposed to both the State & to parliamentarism.
It eventually counts 125,000 members.
http://www.fau.org/
1- 2 -1920 -- US: The Red Scare goes into full swing, until the 6th. Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, who has Presidential ambitions, unleashes a nationwide reign of terrorism, raids on suspected anarchist, communist, unionist & radical Americans, arresting at least 2,700 (possibly as many as 8,000) after issuing orders for the arrest (without warrants), & illegal detention of 10,000 Americans, many of them trade union members & officials. Federal agents seized labor leaders & literature in the hopes of discouraging labor activity. A number of citizens were turned over to state officials for prosecution under various anti-anarchy statutes.
Thugs with badges break down doors, destroy personal property, printing presses, books, etc. Palmer orders Justice Department raids on meeting halls & homes in 30 cities nationwide.
None of the 2,700 people arrested are charged with any explicit crime. In all, more than 6,000 are arrested.
1- 6 -1920 -- José Lluis Facerias lives, Spanish anarchist guerilla.
Member of the Ascaso column during the Spanish Revolution, freed from a Francoist jail in 1945, lived illegally in Carrara after 1952. In August 1957, Facerias bicycled across the Pyrenees with Goliardo Fiaschi to join the guerrilla struggle against Francoism. They were detected within a fort night; Fiaschi was arrested in a forest hideout & Facerias murdered in a guardia civile ambush in the Barcelona suburbs. (Following an international campaign, Fiaschi was released from prison in 1974. He ran a bookshop & a cultural circle in Carrara, & was a key figure in the local anarchist movement.) Jose Lluis Facerias http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
1- 17 -1920 -- Italy: Luigi Galleani & Raffaele Schiavina begin publishing their anarchist paper, N°1 of "Cronaca Sovversiva," in Turin. He began the paper in the US in 1903, but Galleani & other "Cronaca Sovversiva" supporters were deported on June 24, 1919. "When we talk about property, State, masters, government, laws, courts, & police, we say only that we don't want any of them." — Luigi Galleani, The End of Anarchism?
Further Reading
Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Portraits, Princeton University Press, 1988.
__________ Sacco & Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background, Princeton University Press, 1991.
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA4.html
http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/galleani.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1884/ana-links.htm
1- 17 -1920 -- Finland: S.S. Buford, full of labor activists, anarchists & radicals kicked out of the Land of the Free, lands at Hangö. On Jan. 19 the deportees are met at the Russo-Finnish border by Russian representatives & received warmly at a mass meeting of soldiers & peasants in Belo-Ostrov.
http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/HTMLCODE/SUBJECTS/SUBJECTS.HTM
2- 1 -1920 -- Russia: During this month Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman settle in Petrograd where they renew their friendships with William Shatoff, now working as Commissar of Railroads, & John Reed. They also meet with Grigory Zinoviev, director of the Soviet Executive Committee, & briefly with Maxim Gorki at his home in Petrograd. They attend a conference of anarchists, including Baltic factory workers & Kronstadt sailors, who echo criticisms of the Bolsheviks voiced by Left Social Revolutionaries & others who have paid visits to Goldman & Berkman in this period.
Emma Goldman Papers
2- 10 -1920 -- Alex Comfort lives. British anarchist, poet, & author of the ever-popular Joy of Sex. "You have only to speak for once -- they will melt like the dust:
you have only to spit in their faces -- they will go
howling like devils to seindle somebody else but if you choose to obey, we shall not blame you
for every lesson is new. We will make room for you
in the cold hall were every cause is just.
Perhaps you'll go with us to frosty windows
putting the same choice as the years go round
or sit debating 'When will they disobey?'
wrapped in our coats against the imaprtial cold."
All this I think the buried me would say,
clutching their white ribs & their rusted helmets
nationless bones, under the still ground.
— Alex Comfort (2/10/1920-3/26/2000),
excerpt from The Soldiers http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/ComfortAlex.htm
2- 19 -1920 -- John Creaghe dies in Washington DC. Doctor & Irish anarchist. Active in the US, England, & Argentina. Creaghe collaborated on Regeneracion, among many other journals, & participated in the Mexican Revolution. Joint founder, with Fred Charles, of 'The Sheffield Anarchist'. He took part in the "no rent" agitation before leaving leaving Sheffield in 1891. He went on to become the founding editor in Argentina of the anarchist paper, 'El Oprimido', which was one of the first to support the 'organisers' current (as opposed to refusal to organise large scale organisations).
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#19
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/history_anr_irl.html
2- 25 -1920 -- US: Arrest of Andrea Salsedo & Roberto Elia (or March 8?), editors, for "interrogation" about the anarchist attacks of the previous year. Andrea Salsedo was suicided 3 May 1920, defenestrated from the 14th floor of the "Department of Justice" where he was being questioned. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer's reign of terror was going full steam against immigrant radicals. To Palmer & his zealous band of immigrant pursuers, they were on a mission to rid the country of "red Satans" or anarchists who seemed bent on dismantling America's free enterprise system. Roberto Elia & Andrea Salsedo, anarchists who worked for the Cronaca Sovversiva, are taken into custody by the Department of Justice without a warrant or being arrested. They are held & beaten for 8 weeks, not allowed to contact family or friends or lawyers, in an effort to get them to inform on their fellow anarchists.
Salsedo was a member of the Galleani group & a comrade of Sacco & Vanzetti.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#25
http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/saccvanz.html
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Zinn/WarHealth_PeoplesHx.html
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/chronology.html
2- 26 -1920 -- Italy: Last appearance of Umanita Nova, anarchist daily paper published in Milan & Rome (circulation 50,000). Founded by Errico Malatesta, with many contributors, including Luigi (Gigi) Damiani, Luigi Fabbri, Camillo Berneri, Nella Giacometti, etc.
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/malatesta/bio.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/MalatestaErrico.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/errico48.html
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/b/10729154.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/Malatestaarchive.html
http://www.radio4all.org/redblack/books/a_violent.html
3- 5 -1920 -- France: Victor Pengam (1883-1920), dies. The government's "Notebook B" (listing radicals & antimilitarists), notes of him:
"Anarchist propagandist & most militant of antimilitarists (...) Measure to be taken in the event of mobilization: arrest. " http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PengamVictor.htm
3- 8 -1920 -- US: Roberto Elia & Andrea Salsedo, anarchists who worked for the Cronaca Sovversiva, are taken into custody by the Department of Justice without a warrant or being arrested. They are beaten until they agree to inform on their fellow anarchists.
3- 8 -1920 -- Russia: After attending a conference of Moscow anarchists Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman are granted a meeting today with Lenin. Goldman & Berkman express concern about the suppression of dissent & the lack of press freedom & propose the establishment of a Russian society for American freedom independent of the Third International. Protests of the arrest & Trotsky's threatened execution of anarchist V. M. Eikhenbaum (Volin) lead to his transfer to Butyrki prison in Moscow & later his release. they then travel to Dmitrov to meet with Peter Kropotkin.
3- 15 -1920 -- Italy: The council movement in Turin begins a strike combined with occupation of the factories & resumes production under their own control. By April 14 the strike is general in Piedmont; in the following days it spread through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers & railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin. While the councilist program was later approved by the Congress of the Italian Anarchist Union when it met at Bologna on July 1, the Socialist Party & the unions succeeded in sabotaging the strike by keeping it isolated: when Turin was besieged by 20,000 soldiers & police, the party newspaper Avanti refused to print the appeal of the Turin socialist section.
The strike, which would clearly have made possible a victorious insurrection in the whole country, was vanquished on April 24.
http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts/italy.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5602/italfasc.html
4- 1 -1920 -- US: T-Bone Slim's The Popular Wobbly published in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) One Big Union Monthly.anarchist
4- 13 -1920 -- Russia: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, frustrated with the Bolshevik leaders' pettiness & gross mismanagement, during this month express dissatisfaction with their work assignments. Goldman tours Soviet factories in Petrograd with journalist John Clayton of the Chicago Tribune, who previously interviewed her upon her arrival in Finland. Learns firsthand of the poor conditions & dissatisfaction among the workers.
4- 14 -1920 -- Italy: Today the strike & Councilist factory occupations begun on 15 March, has spread, is now general in Piedmont; in the following days it spreads through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers & railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin. The councils began a strike combined with occupation of the factories & resumed production under their own control. By September an upsurge again engulfed most of Northern Italy: the occupation of more than 200 factories by 600,000 workers revitalized the sagging council movement. It was supported by a small Socialist section in Turin & by the anarchists in Piedmont, but the unions & the Socialist Party opposed the movement & sabotaged the strikes. [Details, click here]
4- 15 -1920 -- US: In South Braintree, Massachusetts, two men armed with handguns shoot & kill Frederick Parmenter & Alessandro Berardelli, employees of the Slater & Morrill Shoe Company. The thieves rob the men of the $15,776.51 payroll they were carrying. The thieves are picked up by a car carrying other men. The anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti will ultimately be blamed & railroaded to their deaths. See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
4- 16 -1920 -- US: Italian-American anarchist Feruccio Coacci is arrested in Bridgewater, Ma. for his activities supporting "Cronaca Sovversiva" & deported on the 18th.
This is during a period of a second series of "Palmer" raids which swept 33 cities throughout the US in January to suppress radicals, labor agitators, & in this case, is related also to the South Braintree hold-ups & the crime for which Sacco & Vanzetti were ultimately executed for.[Details, click here]
4- 20 -1920 -- US: Man Ray, surrealist, anarchist & photographer, signs the constitution of "Société Anonyme Inc". (Museum of Modern Art) with Marcel Duchamp & Katherine Dreier.
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
4- 25 -1920 -- Poland "invades" Russia. Most of the WWI allied countries have done the same (including the US & Britain) in an effort to overthrow the Bolsheviks. (It depends how you define Russia. Pilsudski forces entered Ucraina with Ucrainian nationalists' forces to support them. Before WWI, Ucraine (& huge part of Pole populated territory) formed part of Tsarist imperial Russia. — Bleedster Piero)
anarchist Ukraine
5- 3 -1920 -- US: Police toss the anarchist typographer / printer Andrea Salsedo out the 14th floor of the "Department of Justice" where he was being questioned. Salsedo, an anarchist editor, had been arrested with Roberto Elia, & held for two months without charges (February 25) for "questioning" regards a pamphlet (called the "Plain Words" document). Police deny the charges, but whatever the case, his death testifies to the torture & brutal repression of anarchist, radicals & those who dare think freely or question. [Details, click here]
flash intro Sacco and Vanzetti
5- 5 -1920 -- Massachusetts: Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-American anarchists, are arrested for murder & payroll robbery & eventually they are executed for a crime they quite possibly did not commit. Climaxes postwar anti-radical, anti-labor & anti-immigrant hysteria of the Wilson-Mitchell period. http://home.earthlink.net/~dwgsht/sacco.html
5- 5 -1920 -- Charles Ange Laisant dies. French Conseiller Général in Nantes, Député in Paris (18ème) who later became an anarchist. Wrote educational texts for children, in mathematics, physics, etc, as well as radical (La barbarie moderne (1912)). Friend & correspondent with Francisco Ferrer. http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findaids/historical/ferrer
5- 5 -1920 -- US: May 5. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists are arrested for the killing of a paymaster near Brockton, Massachusetts. Although most people are convinced they are innocent and have been arrested as part of a "Red scare", they are sentenced to death in 1927. May 5. The raids on "communist organization" ends after government ruling that mere membership in the party is not in itself a crime. Most arrested are released; few real anarchist criminals are found. Hysterical propaganda by Palmer and others set the tone for the rest of the twenties, spurring a spate of anti-immigration laws.
6- 3 -1920 -- Russia: During this month, Emma Goldman nurses John Reed, in poor health following his release from a two-month prison term in Finland for unauthorized travel. Goldman tours two legendary Czarist prisons & is shocked to discover many members of the intelligentsia were routinely executed following the October Revolution. John Clayton's interview with Emma Goldman is published in several American newspapers, attributing to her a blunt criticism of the Bolshevik regime & a longing to return to the US. To refute the claim she & Alexander Berkman oppose the Soviet government, Stella Ballantine releases a letter written by Goldman last month to demonstrate their support for the Bolsheviks. The support will not last much longer however.
6- 11 -1920 -- US: Bartolemo Vanzetti — despite having no previous criminal record — is indicted for the Bridgewater hold-up. He is quickly brought to trial, convicted, & sentenced to the maximum sentence of 12 - 15 years by Beloved & Respected Comrade Judge Thayer, a rather stupid & prejudiced example of justice in America. anarchist
[Sacco Vanzetti sources: click here]
6- 26 -1920 -- Italy: Soldiers mutiny in Ancône, refusing orders to fight in Albania. Armed insurgents & sympathizers occupy the city hall & new troops are ordered in to suppress the revolt.anarchist http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#26
6- 30 -1920 -- Russia: Emma Goldman & anarchist sidekick Alexander Berkman travel to Moscow to collect permits necessary for their museum expedition through Russia to gather historical material.
7- 1 -1920 -- Italy: Second Congress of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, Bologna, July 1-4.
Here Errico Malatesta argues for "continuous struggle, pacific or violent, according to circumstances, against the government & the possessors to conquer as much possible of freedom & well-being for all." See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/UAI2ndCongress.htm
A General Strike was raging across Italy, with Workers Councils appearing, & the councilist program was approved by the Congress. The strike & the councilist movement, under attack by the Italian government & military, would be sabotaged by the Socialist party & the mainstream unions.
[More Details, click here]
7- 3 -1920 -- Italy: 2nd congress of "Unione Communista Anarchica d' Italia", begun on the 1st , concludes. Under the influence of Errico Malatesta it drops the reference to Communism (so badly distorted by the Bolsheviks) & takes the name "Unione Anarchica Italiana" (U.A.I.).
[Background, details, click here]
7- 9 -1920 -- André Devriendt, anarchist, lives. alt; Andre DEVRIENDT
7- 12 -1920 -- Italy: Shortly after the second congress of the Unione Anarchica Italiana was held at Bologna, July 1-4, 1920, under false pretext, the offices of the paper, Malatesta's rooms & the premises of the Unione Anarchica Milanese, of which he is a member, are searched.
7- 15 -1920 -- Russia: July 15-August 6, Eight-member expedition for Petrograd Museum of the Revolution, including Henry Alsberg, travels through the Ukraine. Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman given responsibility for collecting materials from education, health, social welfare, & labor bureaus. They discover alarming poverty & overt criticism of the Bolshevik regime, but are hesitant to condemn publicly the Soviet experiment until they have more evidence. Travel to Kursk, a large industrial center. In Kharkov they meet anarchists they worked with in the US, including Aaron & Fanya Baron, Mark Mratchny, & Senya Fleshin. Tour factories, a concentration camp, & a prison, where they meet an anarchist political prisoner. Receive plea to aid Nestor Makhno's movement, but are reluctant to discontinue their museum work.
As they learned more & more of Bolshevik misdeeds, they had become reluctant to obtain any position directly accountable to the Bolshevik regime, agreeing to work for the museum because the extensive travel allowed them to study Russian conditions with the least interference from the Bolsheviks.
alt; Nestor Machno http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/Russia.html
7- 20 -1920 -- Italy: Arrest papers issued in Milan for Armando Borghi, the general secretary of the Unione Sindicale Italiana. The arrest is not executed until October 12, in an effort by the rightwing to destroy the USI. The Unione Sindicale Italiana (USI) is a strictly syndicalist body of about 300,000 workers, rather than an anarchist organization. Moderate political leaders, having stabbed in the back the wonderful metal workers' movement arresting that advance towards collective property of the means of production, have implicitly given full power to the reaction (Mussolini, et al) to try to crush the advanced parties. Over the next few months, every day is marked by some act which but a few weeks ago they would not have dared to do.
(See---"Umanita Nova" Oct. 14, 23, Nov. 28 & Feb. 5. 1921; "Vie Ouvriere," Nov. 28. 1919.)
8- 25 -1920 -- Russia: Late August, Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman visit Kiev. The majority of the population is Jewish. Here they fine valuable material on the rightwing Denikin pogroms; interview local Jews whose views on Bolshevik anti-Semitism differ. Goldman tours local health facilities, including the Jewish hospital & the hospital for disabled children; also visits the local anarchist center.
With other members of the museum expedition, Goldman attends lavish functions held in honor of a visiting Italian & French delegation; meets two French anarcho-syndicalists one of whom is preparing a manuscript exposing Bolshevik wrong-doings. Later they are reported to have drowned off the coast of Finland; manuscript never published.
Goldman & Berkman visited by two women representing the Ukranian guerilla Nestor Makhno, who requests again that they aid him by circulating his call to the international community. They determine it is too risky to meet with him in person as he has proposed.
8- 28 -1920 -- Italy: Bologna conference, Errico Malatesta & Bonazzi being present as before. This time moderate leaders participate & a manifesto is signed by the Partito Socialista Italiano along with the Unione Anarchica Italiana, the moderate Confederazione Generale del Lavoro, & the Unione Syndicale Italiana, the Socialist "Avanti" & "Umanita Nova" etc. The metal workers had then already begun obstructionist tactics (ostrazionismo operaio) in the factories, about Aug. 20, & at the close of August & during the first days of September that wonderful & hitherto unique phenomenon, the occupation of the factories by the workers began, a grim, determined, efficient & complete occupation, ready for armed defense, if necessary, & meanwhile carrying on the usual work in a competent way, as if capitalism had never existed.
--- Max Nettlau
8- 30 -1920 -- Russia: Henry Alsberg is arrested traveling from Kiev to Odessa with the Museum Expedition; authorities claim he is traveling without permission. Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman, also members of the expedition, protest the arrest, immediately sending telegrams to Lenin & Chicherin; no response is received. Alsberg is temporarily detained while the expedition travels on.anarchist
9- 1 -1920 -- Italy: Between the 1st & 4th of September metal workers occupy factories throughout the Italian peninsula... With the mass factory occupations in September 1920 a defining moment was reached. Things had gone so far that turning back was not a real option. As the anarchist n Errico Malatesta predicted: "If we do not carry on to the end, we will pay with tears of blood for the fear we now instill in the bourgeoisie".
[Details, click here]
9- 3 -1920 -- Joseph Lane (1851-1920), British anarchist, dies. One of the little-known founders of the libertarian socialist movement in Britain. Author of An Antistatist, Communist Manifesto (1887). A decade after Lane's death Max Nettlau, who had known him in the Socialist League, wrote in his history of anarchism :
I consider him to be the best head English socialism possessed in the years from 1879 to 1889, & I regret that his activity came to an end — not through his fault — in the first months of 1889; a man like him has been lacking from that time to this.
9- 11 -1920 -- US: The anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti indicted for South Braintree crimes.
9- 16 -1920 -- US: Bomb explosion outside the J.P. Morgan Company on NY's Wall Street kills 30, injures over 100, & does $2 million worth of damage in the ensuing fire which destroyed Morgan's offices. Authorities blame "anarchists," many who subsequently flee to Russia. In revenge for the prosecution of Sacco & Vanzetti, Mario Buda, anarchist & Galleanist (practitioners of "propaganda by the deed"), detonates a horse-&-buggy bomb at the corner of Wall & Broad streets in Manhattan.
See Paul Avrich for discussion of this bomb manual & also social context for the judicial murders of Sacco & Vanzetti.
Avrich, in his book "Sacco & Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background," believes Mario Buda, an Italian immigrant, was the culprit.
[Details, click here]
9- 19 -1920 -- France: Founding congress of Fédération communiste libertaire du Nord, in Amiens.
Among those attending was the teacher Eugènie Trébuquet, who with her husband Francois Segond Casteu wrote for "Germinal" & "Libertaire". Eugènie Casteu was killed in a bombardment while visiting her wounded brother at the anarchist front during the Spanish Revolution.
9- 20 -1920 -- Russian Expedition stops in Odessa; advancement of Polish troops prevents them from traveling further. In Odessa, Emma Goldman meets with local officials & again polls members of the Jewish community about their experience with & views about anti-Semitism. She meets the famous Jewish poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik. Attends a gathering of anarchists in Odessa. Later in the month, on the way to Kiev, Alexander Berkman is robbed of a large amount of his & Goldman's savings. The Expedition spends a few days in panic-stricken Kiev as residents brace for a potential attack by Polish forces.
10- 3 -1920 -- Dr. Marie Equi (1872-1952) is imprisoned at San Quentin, California this month (exact date unknown) to serve a three year term which was later commuted to a year & a half. Dr. Equi is convicted of sedition (like countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act.
The law "forbade criticism of the U.S. government, the constitution, the military, the flag, navy or uniform."
At her trial A Special Agent of the Dept. of Justice, called her "an anarchist, a degenerate, & an abortionist."
Of prime interest to the Department of Justice (sic) were efforts made by Equi's friends to secure a pardon on her behalf. J. Edgar Hoover noted Equi was "associated with Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Anita Whitney & Emma Goldman...& was a professional abortionist."
[Details, click here]
10- 3 -1920 -- Italy: The re-opening of the Modern School at Clivio, later closed by a government official (See "Umanita Nova", Feb. 17, 1921).
anarchist
10- 10 -1920 -- Italy: Errico Malatesta meets his comrades of the General Council of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, 22 out of 30, at their first six-monthly meeting at Bologna, where he responded on the action for the political prisoners & where it was resolved to enter in contact with the Socialist-Anarchist Federation of Holland, which proposed to organize an International Anarchist Congress.
Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist
10- 12 -1920 -- Italy: Armando Borghi, general secretary of the Unione Sindicale Italiana (USI) & militant anarchist, arrested in Milan by some order dating from July 20, but which had not been executed before. Armando Borghi's arrest was meant to strike at the organization; his wife, Virgilia d'Andrea, who continued his work, was arrested also, & on the 21st about 25 delegates of the society, meeting at Bologna, were all arrested in a body. The USI is not an anarchist organization, but a strictly syndicalist body of about 300,000 workers. On October 14 meetings were held all over Italy to demand the release of the political prisoners & to express solidarity with Revolutionary Russia, to prevent the government from lending a hand to all that is constantly done by all capitalist States to restore capitalist rule in Russia. Two hours cessation of work (from 3 to 5 p.m.) formed part of this demonstration.
On the 15th the office of "Umanita Nova" was raided, the editorial staff arrested, everything searched, also the rooms of Errico Malatesta who was absent at Bologna ("U. N" Oct. 16). More than 80 arrests were made at Milan, & Oct. 17 in the morning Malatesta was arrested also.
10- 14 -1920 -- Italy: Demonstrations held in support of the Russian Revolution & to demand the release of the political prisoners. In Bologna, where the anarchist Errico Malatesta appears, police open fire on demonstrators, killing several.
10- 15 -1920 -- Italy: Errico Malatesta, anarchist militant/writer, is arrested. He is held responsible, along with Armando Borghi, for the worker occupations of the factories in Milan during the summer. Contents : Reports, letters & telegrams of the police concerning Malatesta's activities & whereabouts, with translations & explanatory notes of Borghi ca.1913-1914, 1917-1920/21, 1927, 1930 & n.d.; a few documents on the attempt to assassinate Mussolini 1926; miscellanea. Supplement: Photocopies of letters & other documents from & relating to Armando Borghi, including letters from Borghi, Luigi Fabbri, Luce Fabbri, Luciano Farinelli & John Sallustio. NB. Originals in the Biblioteca Libertaria Armando Borghi, Castelbolognese, Italy.
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/b/10729154.html
Fabbri, Luce
10- 17 -1920 -- Italy: The Unione Anarchica offices at Bologna are raided. Errico Malatesta, anarchist militant/writer, is arrested (along with 80 others), held responsible, along with Armando Borghi & Corrado Quaglino, the local editor of "Umanita Nova," & Virgilia d'Andrea, for the worker occupations of the factories in Milan during the summer.
Their demand for provisional liberation is refused early in January, & the manufacture of the "criminal" plot fiction leads their lawyer, Merlino, to tear to shreds in the "Scintilla," the accusing documents.
When Malatesta returned to Italy in October, 1919, after being smuggled out of England on a coal boat by the head of the Italian Seamen's Federation, all the ships in the port of Genoa saluted his arrival, the city stopped work & turned out to greet him.
— Hippolyte Havel
10- 21 -1920 -- Italy: About 25 delegates of the Unione Sindicale Italiana (USI, a syndicalist union 300,000 strong), meeting at Bologna, are all arrested in a body. With the tide of fascism on the rise, this is part of a government crackdown against the union & numerous anarchist organizations & publications, which results in the jailings of hundreds of activists, among them Armando Borghi (General Secretary of the USI, his wife Virgilia d'Andrea, Errico Malatesta, & the editorial staff of newspaper "Umanita Nova".
[Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta.]
10- 23 -1920 -- Russia: Emma Goldman postpones her return trip to Petrograd to attend John Reed's funeral in Moscow today.
[Details, click here]
11- 7 -1920 -- Russia: Emma Goldman attends the third anniversary of the October Revolution in Petrograd, in her estimation "more like the funeral than the birth of the Revolution." Also during this month, following the Red Army's killing of Nestor Makhno's commanders in the Crimea while negotiating under a white flag, Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Leon Trotsky orders an attack on Makhno's headquarters; Makhno manages to escape, eventually reaching Paris where he lives in exile. Trotsky orders the arrest & imprisonment of Russian anarchist Voline . Sowing what he will one day reap, "The Red Butcher" creates a fine legacy.
11- 14 -1920 -- France: Congrès of Paris (l'Union Anarchiste).
11- 26 -1920 -- Russia: Red Army led by "Snowball" (Trotsky's name in Orwell's Animal Farm) & Kamenov murders Makhnovist anarchist delegation under a flag of truce & attacks agrarian commune federation.
11- 27 -1920 -- Russia: Leon Trotsky (aka "The Red Butcher") orders an attack on Nestor Makhno's headquarters. Yesterday Makhno's anarchist commanders were executed after being lured to a meeting with Trotsky under a flag of truce. The Cheka simultaneously arrests members of the Nabat Confederation in Kharkov & raids anarchist clubs & organizations throughout Russia.
http://www.geocities.com/nestor_mcnab/makhno.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSmakhno.htm
http://www.spunk.org/library/quotes/sp000092.txt
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/inter.html
12- 18 -1920 -- Russia: In Archangel, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman & others in a Museum expedition collect leftist & anarchist underground publications produced during the rule of the Czar. The Expedition also obtains letters written by Nicholas Chaikovsky from the period of his provisional government leadership. Goldman, at this point, is favorably impressed with the efficiency & integrity of Bolshevik operations in Archangel. Late in the month they return to Petrograd.
1- 14 -1921 -- Murray Bookchin, American anarchist, lives. Prolific author, philosopher, ecologist (under the pseudonym Lewis Herber during the 50s Red Scare & blacklist), historian, advocate of 'Libertarian Municipalism', head of the Institute for Social Ecology in Vermont. Bookchin was a young communist, expelled in the 40s. He became a labor organizer & a libertarian socialist working with dissident German exile Marxists in New York city, then an anarchist. During the 50s he pioneered writing on ecological issues. During the 60s he founded the Anarchos Collective & his writings, particularly his critiques of Marxism & Leninism (Listen, Marxist!), profoundly influenced the American New Left. http://www.social-ecology.org/harbinger/vol2no1/bookchin.html
2- 8 -1921 -- The "Anarchist Prince," geographer Pete Kropotkin dies, Dmitrov, USSR. Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Lenin offers a state funeral & burial in Kremlin Wall, which is refused. His funeral procession on 13 February, organized by Alexandre Atabekian & others, was attended by 100,000 people & was the last non-state-sponsored mass assembly in Russia for 70 years.
http://www.ecn.org/freedom/kropot.html
http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/kropotkin/kropotkin.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/Kropotkinarchive.html http://www.ecn.org/freedom/Raven/nettlau.html
2- 8 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman arrives in Dmitrov shortly after Kropotkin's death. On Feb. 13, Emma, among others, delivers a public remembrance at Kropotkin's funeral in Moscow. Soviet leaders release only a handful of anarchist political prisoners following an appeal to allow all incarcerated anarchists to attend the ceremony.
She & Alexander Berkman later decide to discontinue their work with the Petrograd Museum of the Revolution in order to accept an invitation to participate in the organizing committee of a museum honoring Kropotkin, independent of Soviet financing & oversight.
In mid-February Emma prepares articles about Kropotkin's death for the "Nation" & the "Manchester Guardian", & rejects an offer to write about Soviet Russia for the "New York World."
Within a month both she & Alex decide to leave Russia & alert the world to what they have witnessed & their disillusionment with the Bolshevik counter-revolution.
2- 13 -1921 -- Russia: Peter Kropotkin's funeral held in Moscow — the last public anarchist gathering & the last non-state-sponsored mass assembly in Russia for 70 years, as Lenin, Trotsky & the Bolsheviks begin crackdown. On passing Butyrki jail, incarcerated political prisoners strike up an anarchist hymn to the dead. http://www.ecn.org/freedom/kropot.html
http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/kropotkin/kropotkin.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/Kropotkinarchive.html
2- 13 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman, among others, delivers a public remembrance at Kropotkin's funeral in Moscow. Soviet leaders release only a handful of anarchist political prisoners following an appeal to allow all incarcerated anarchists to attend the ceremony.
Later, Goldman and Alex Berkman decide to discontinue their work with the Petrograd Museum of the Revolution in order to accept an invitation to participate in the organizing committee of a museum honoring Kropotkin, independent of Soviet financing & oversight.
In mid-February Emma receives permission to visit anarchist prisoners at Butyrki prison; among others, sees Fanya & Aaron Baron & Voline. Goldman & Berkman return to Petrograd & she prepares articles about Kropotkin's death for the Nation & the Manchester Guardian; rejects offer to write about Soviet Russia for the New York World.
2- 28 -1921 -- Russia: Kronstadt Revolt. It is here Trotsky utters his famous line, "Shoot them down like partridges."
alt. sp., Cronstadt Revolt; anarchist
2- 28 -1921 -- Kronstadt Revolt begins, in sympathy with the resistance in Petrograd & critical of Bolshevism. As opposed to the Bolshevik Party dictatorship they demand workers' rule. alt. sp., Cronstadt Revolt; anarchist
Poet Kenneth Rexroth (“From the Paris Commune to the Kronstadt Rebellion”), was one of those few Americans who, for example, saw through Bolshevik pretenses as early as 1921, when Trotsky & Lenin crushed the libertarian revolt of the Kronstadt soviet. While clearly opposing all forms of “Communism” he did not, like so many others of his generation, react into supporting Western capitalism or becoming a "Cold War Warrior".
The Kronstadt Revolt was a topic at meetings he helped organize with the San Francisco Anarchist Circle in the 1940s.
I am far better aware of
The evils of Stalinism
Than you are, you ex-Trotskyite
Warmonger. But it won’t get you
Anywhere to tell me I should
Welcome the beast who devours me
Just because a bigger lion
Is eating somebody else on
The other side of the arena. http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/rexroth3.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet14.htm#Maximoff
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia.html
3- 4 -1921 -- Russia: During Krondstadt uprising (March 1-17) in support of striking Petrograd factory workers; sailors demand democratic election of Soviet representatives. Emma Goldman attends March 4 meeting of the Petrograd Soviet, which votes to accept Zinoviev's proposal to force the surrender of Krondstadt sailors upon penalty of death. anarchist feminist
3- 5 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, & several others send a letter of protest to Zinoviev, proposing a commission to settle the dispute with the Krondstadt sailors peacefully; no response received. In two days Leon Trotsky orders the artillery bombardment of Krondstadt, counter-revolutionary vs. revolutionaries. anarchist
3- 7 -1921 -- Russia: Specially selected forces of the Red Army (commanded by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Field Marshal Leon Trotsky) opens fire on the forts of Kronstadt; the sailors, soldiers, workers & populace of Kronstadt counter-fire & reduce Trotsky's batteries to silence. alt: Cronstadt In a discussion Voline (known as the "dynamiter of the Bolshevik myth) had with Trotsky in 1919, at the height of the Russian Civil war, they had the following exchange:
Trotsky: "One can't make an omelette without breaking eggs" Voline: "I see the broken eggs now where's this omelette of yours?"
Reminiscences of Voline by his son Leo at Kate Sharpley Library, http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet12.htm#Voline
Short bio of Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin in French, in the Anarchist Black Book, http://www.morgane.org/blackbook/black.htm
"Kronstadt, Leninists & the Truth", http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001839.html
More on Voline at http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/biography.html
A number of articles on the Russian Revolution at Workers Solidarity Page, http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia.html
3- 7 -1921 -- US: Man Ray (1890-1976), artist, chess player/designer, anarchist & photographer, between today & the 26th, while in Philadelphia, wins $10 for Portrait of a Sculptor Berenice Abbott in John Wanamaker's competition "15th Annual Exhibition of Photographs". Man Ray also makes a movie with Marcel Duchamp; Elsa, Baroness von Freytag-Loringhoven, shaves her pubic hair.
http://www.manray-photo.com/
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5422/manray.html
3- 7 -1921 -- Russia: As Trotsky orders the artillery bombardment of Krondstadt, Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, feeling that their last tie to the Bolsheviks has been broken, decide to leave Russia & alert the world to what they have witnessed. Berkman writes The Bolshevik Myth & help Emma with her book, My Disillusionment in Russia (1923). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/bmyth/bmtoc.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/disillusion/toc.html
3- 8 -1921 -- Grigori Petrovitch Maximov, Russian anarcho-syndicalist, is imprisoned, along with the other members of the NABAT. Not released until autumn, following a hunger strike, when he is expelled from Russia with Voline.
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/GPMaximov.htm
alt. sp., Gregory Maximov, G.P. Maximov, G.P. Maximoff, Grigori Maximoff, Grigori Petrovitch Maximoff
3- 9 -1921 -- Russia: "Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman [part of an anarchist mediation group who had the ear of the Kronstadt Soviet] had an interview with Zinoviev...Their mediation scheme was a complete failure...Most of the Russian members of the mediation groups were arrested. I was not — an indulgence which I owed to the good opinion that Zinoviev, Zorin & a few others had of me..." — Victor Serge, "Kronstadt 1921" (An anarchist sympathizer, believed the Kronstadt rebels right, but went over to the Bolsheviks) alt: Cronstadt http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/rbr4_serge.html
3- 18 -1921 -- Russia: Kronstadt fell yesterday. Thousands of sailors & workers lie dead in the streets. Summary execution of prisoners & hostages continues.
Today the victorious Bolsheviks are celebrating the anniversary of the Paris Commune of 1871. Trotsky & Zinoviev, without shame, denounce Thiers & Gallifet for the slaughter of the Paris rebels.
From the Paris Commune to the Kronstadt Rebellion They shall rise up heroes, there will be many,
None will prevail against them at last.
They go saying each: "I am one of many";
Their hands empty save for history.
They die at bridges, bridge gates, and drawbridges. Remember now there were others before;
The sepulchres are full at ford and bridgehead.
There will be children with flowers there,
And lambs and golden-eyed lions there,
And people remembering in the future.
-- excerpt, Kenneth Rexroth, (1936)
Originally titled "March 18, 1871-1921"
From Paul Avrich's Kronstadt 1921 (p. 213): The next morning [after the final crushing of Kronstadt], March 18, the Petrograd newspapers carried banner headlines commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the Paris Commune. Bands played military tunes & Communists paraded in the streets, singing the "Internationale."
"Its strains," noted Goldman, "once jubilant to my ears, now sounded like a funeral dirge for humanity's flaming hope."
Berkman made a bitter entry in his diary: "The victors are celebrating the anniversary of the Commune of 1871. Trotsky & Zinoviev denounce Thiers & Gallifet for the slaughter of the Paris rebels."
The Berkman quote is from The Bolshevik Myth, p. 303. A fuller passage from it is in Avrich's The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, p. 163alt: Cronstadt http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html
3- 23 -1921 -- Italy: A bomb explodes at the Theatre Diana in Milan, killing & wounding many. The work of an individualist anarchist group believed manipulated & set up by the Chief of Police Gasti, the bombing serves as a pretext for a general repression against all anarchists & also serves the interests of the fascists, who attack the offices of the trade unions & leftist organizations. They also destroyed the office of the anarchist paper "Umanita Nova."
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/fedeli.htm
4- 5 -1921 -- 
Russia: Early this month Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman return to Moscow determined to cut off all relations with the Bolshevik government. Also during the month, they plan to request permission to leave the country; prepared to exit secretly if necessary. Agree to appeal to anarchists in the US for funds to support the Kropotkin Museum. Goldman accompanies Louise Bryant to meet Stanislavsky, "the father of the modern Russian theater."
See Goldman's My Disillusionment in Russia — Ch 28
Alexander Atabekian was one of the veteran anarchists who founded the Museum; arrested in the 30s & presumably died in a labour camp in 1940. Vera Figner was director of the Museum until she was herself banished from the country on Feb. 3, 1930.
Kropotkin, see
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/KropotkinPeter.htm
4- 17 -1921 -- US: New York Times publishes excerpts from a letter from Emma Goldman to her niece Stella Ballantine disclaiming Dec. 1920 reports by American businessman Washington B. Vanderlip that Goldman had requested he use his influence to gain her return to the US (from which she was deported & banned).
4- 27 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman alerted about the April 25 Soviet night raid of the Butyrki prison intended to break prisoner solidarity. Fanya Baron is among those relocated. Soviets attempt to repress all political protests of the raid. Goldman helps collect food provisions for the starving anarchist prisoners. In light of Soviet constraints on independent political expression, Goldman & Berkman postpone efforts to organize support for the Kropotkin Museum.
5- 2 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman begin to receive visits from many foreign delegates, during this month, for the International Congress of the Third International. Visitors include Americans "Big" Bill Haywood, Agnes Smedley, Bob Robins, Mary Heaton Vorse, Ella Reeve Bloor, William Z. Foster, & Robert Minor. Emma is disparaging of Haywood's flight from the US, comparing his action to a "captain leaving the ship," for abandoning fellow IWW members who remain imprisoned.
5- 4 -1921 -- US: The libertarian & utopian "Home Colony" in Washington State ends. See the article in the Stan Iverson Memorial Library,anarchist http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/index.html
5- 5 -1921 -- Italy: Fascists in Pisa attack & set fire to the printing works of the newspaper "Avvenire anarchico".
5- 8 -1921 -- Nathalie Lemel (1827-1921) dies, blind & miserable in an old people's home in Ivry. French revolutionist & feminist. Founded a bookshop in Quimper, then moved to Paris & became a bookbinder. Lemel joined the International in 1866 & also helped Eugene Varlin ("La marmite"; also a book binder) establish a food co-operative. During the Paris Commune, they provided food & meals for hundreds of the most destitute & she & the Russian noble/socialist Elisabeth Dmitrieff (Dmitrieva), organized "L'union des femmes pour la Défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés" (Women's Union for the Defence of Paris). Lemel was found too, with red flag in hand, on the barricades of the place Pigalle before she was arrested June 21, 1871. Despondent over the failure of the Commune, she attempted suicide (by drinking wormwood). Friends intervened to get charges against her dropped, but she wrote the police, rejecting all such efforts in her behalf. Thus she was then sent to prison in New Caledonia (on August 24) with the anarchist Louise Michel.
Pardoned in 1879, she returned to Paris, working with "the intransigent". Nathalie Lemel eventually went blind & died in miserable conditions.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#8
http://www.library.northwestern.edu/spec/siege/docs/PAR00649.html
http://w1.xrefer.com/entry/360162
http://www.leksikon.org/html/dk/lemel_nathalie.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/lacomune/pages/ph15.html
http://www.antjeschrupp.de/pariser_kommune.htm
5- 24 -1921 -- US: Beginning of the trial of Sacco & Vanzetti, anarchist labor organizers, in Massachusetts. Their execution was the culmination of a five-year government campaign to crush political dissidents (particularly socialist & anarchist workers) in the U.S. (see April 9 & 22; May 5; Aug 21). The prosecution left a trail of doctored eyewitness accounts, altered testimony and false ballistics reports. That trail appears to exonerate the victims while convicting the executioners.
Here's to you, Nicola & Bart
Rest forever here in our hearts
The last & final moment is yours
That agony is your triumph "Here's To You"
(Lyrics by Joan Baez, Music by Ennio Morricone)
http://www.msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sacco-Vanzetti/
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/SaccoVan/saccovanlinks.htm
5- 31 -1921 -- Sacco & Vanzetti trial begins. "Both Nick [Sacco] & I are anarchists — the radical of the radical — the black cats, the terrors of many, of all the bigots, exploitators, charlatans, fakers & oppressors. Consequently we are also the more slandered, misrepresented, misunderstood, & persecuted of all. After all we are socialists, as the social democrats, the socialists, the communists, & the IWW are all Socialists. The difference — the fundamental one — between us & all the other is that they are authoritarian while we are libertarian; they believe in a State or Government of their own; we believe in no State or Government."
— Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1927) http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/SaccoVan/SaccoVan.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/sacco_vanzetti.html
6- 3 -1921 -- Russia: Alexander Berkman sustains a foot injury, delaying his departure with Emma Goldman from Workers' Paradise. The veteran anarchists are now being thoroughly disillusioned with the Bolshevik "counter" revolution. The Cheka use the opportunity to raid Goldman's Moscow apartment. Goldman & Berkman meet regularly with the European & Scandinavian anarcho-syndicalists, delegates to the international congresses, & they renew their friendship with Vera Figner, a leader of the Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will") movement. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html
6- 3 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, after several days of voir dire, only seven jurors have been selected & the entire panel of 500 people exhausted. The Court directs the Sheriff to bring in 200 more potential jurors.
anarchist See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn. http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
6- 4 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the defense challenges the way in which the additional potential jurors (200 of 'em) were arbitrarily rounded up. Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Judge Thayer denies the challenge.
anarchist
6- 9 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, eyewitnesses Carrigan, Bostock, & Wade testify they are unable to identify any of the bandits they had seen at the crime.
[Details, click here]anarchist
6- 10 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vazetti trial, Mr. Pelser testifies Sacco was the “dead image” of the man in the getaway car. He admits in cross-examination that he earlier told the police that he had not witnessed the robbery & had run away because he was scared.anarchist http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
6- 11 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, Lola Andrews testifies she had spoken to a man working under a car in front of the shoe factory the day of the robbery & identifies Sacco as the man. She denies stating during an interview that a picture of Sacco did not resemble the man she had seen.anarchist
6- 15 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, The final identification witness, Goodridge, testifies he had seen Sacco shooting from the car. The defense tries to impeach his testimony by implying a larceny charge had gone unpunished in return for his testimony. Judge Thayer refuses to allow the defense to introduce its impeaching evidence. anarchist http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
6- 17 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, Connolly, the officer who arrested Sacco and Vanzetti on the train, testifies that Sacco & Vanzetti reached for their guns when they were arrested. anarchist
6- 21 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, a ballistics expert testifies shells found at the scene & taken from the bodies of the decedents were “consistent with” having been fired by Sacco’s pistol.anarchist [Details, click here]
6- 28 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, the defense began to present their case on June 22. Today Mr. Kurlansky testifies that Mrs. Andrews had told him she could not identify the defendants but a government agent was forcing her to do so. Defense expert witnesses testify that Sacco’s gun did not fire the bullet that killed Berardelli. anarchist
7- 5 -1921 -- US: Bartolomeo Vanzetti takes the stand. He is questioned at length about his political views during cross- examination. anarchist http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/vanzettipoem.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/SaccoVan/SaccoVan.html
7- 6 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti trial, during cross-examination, Sacco, too, is questioned at length concerning his political views. anarchist
7- 9 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman persuade some of the foreign delegates, including Tom Mann, to protest the imprisonment of Voline, G. P. Maximov, & other anarchists who have begun a hunger strike. A delegation meets with Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Lenin today; Lenin is only willing to deport the anarchists, upon penalty of death if they return to Russia. Offer is accepted [Details, click here]
7- 14 -1921 -- US: Sacco & Vanzetti case goes to the jury. At 7:30 in the evening the jury returns its verdict: both are both found guilty of murder in the first degree. Their long years of appeals & massive protests world-wide, begins.
The emotional & highly publicized case of Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti became a touchstone & rallying cry for American radicals. The two were accused of murder & although the evidence against them was flimsy, they were readily convicted, in large part because they were immigrants & anarchists. They were executed, despite international protests, on August 23, 1927.
[Details + audio interview with Aldino Felicani, click here]
7- 14 -1921 -- France: Man Ray, artist, anarchist & photographer, arrives in Paris where Marcel Duchamp intoduces him to Dadaists.
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
7- 25 -1921 -- Mécislas Charrier, French anarchist individualist & illégaliste, attempt to rob the Paris-Marseilles train. Mécislas Charrier & two accomplices attempted to rob the First Class travellers on the Paris-Marseilles train, but things went badly & one person was killed. Charrier was later arrested, & his accomplices killed. While not the killer, Charrier defended his anarchist illegalism at his trial (April 28, 1922) & defies the court to take his head. It did exactly that, sending him to the guillotine on August 22, 1922, as he sang "l'Internationale", "L'hymne au 17e" & "La Carmagnole".
"Je ne puis me défendre de la sympathie que j'éprouve pour vos conceptions ; j'en reconnais toute la valeur, mais que voulez-vous, j'ai trop souffert pour ne pas vouloir me venger, et j'ai été trop écoeuré par les inégalités sociales pour vous suivre dans l'âpre voie du travail (...)"
— "Le Libertaire," May 26, 1922
7- 29 -1921 -- Maria Occhipinti lives (1921-1996). Italian pacifist & anarchist. In 1945, in Raguse, Sicily, Maria Occhipinti, lies down in front of army trucks which came to find new young conscripts to incorporate into the new Italian army. Within minutes, a crowd surrounds the soldiers, forcing them to release their recruits, but they kill a demonstrator & set off a major revolt. The city falls to the insurgents & resists government troops for three days. The revolt is subdued only at the cost of many deaths. Leaders in the revolt, including Maria & the young anarchist Erasmo Santangelo, were imprisoned until the end of 1946, (except Santangelo, who was sentenced to 23 years & later found hung in his cell).
The Communist Party, seeking to help restore the capitalist state & the national army in a bid for a piece of the power pie, condemned this revolt as a "soulèvement fasciste".
Maria Occhipinti tells her own story of the uprising in A Woman of Sicily (Italy, 1957; translated into French, 1980.)
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet4.html#29
8- 11 -1921 -- France: Léon Prouvost dies, St-Raphaël. called "the libertarian Philanthropist".
Anarchist militant, antimilitarist & anticlerical. Businessman who made his fortune & settled in St-Raphaël in 1904 & discovered anarchist ideas. Published journals (La Revue sociale, L'Idée Libre) & sponsored a mobile library. He also collaborates in "La Feuille" of Jules Vignes, in the "Réveil de l'esclave" & "La Mêlée" of Pierre Chardon. Harrassed on several occasions for antimilitarist propaganda & inciting soldiers to desertion or disobedience (sent to prison for a year in 1915), Prouvost was raided on July 27, 1921. A few days later, he put an end to his life after having bequeathed part of his fortune to André Lorulot.
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]
8- 12 -1921 -- Anarchist Abel PAZ lives, (born de Diego CAMACHO ESCAMEZ).
8- 19 -1921 -- Georges Darien dies. French novelist & anarchist. " . . .the grandfather catches the boy plowing, unenlightened, through the Code's articles on contracts, dowries & diving walls & demoralizes him by saying it is not what is written down in black & white which matters but the blank spaces, the margins: the unwritten laws, the loopholes." --- W.D. Redfern in "Georges Darien" Theft & Private Enterprise" (p. 134)
Between 1886 & 1890, Darien moves among the young literary generation, first appearing on the literary stage with Bas les coeurs! & Biribi, & his play Les Chapons, which is found scandalizing. He is seen as a subversive, antimilitarist & naturalistic writer. Darien also denounces socialism because of his hatred of parliamentary government & legal political action.
After his defence of terrorism in "L'endehors" & the publishing of his review L'Escarmouche, he leaves France in July 1894. After 1898, he became more aloof from the anarchist movement, & more extremist, an individualist preferring personal & violent action rather than submission to collective action.
Biribi Biribi is the name given in France to the punishment battalions in Algeria...
Scores of the most terrible facts became known lately, since Georges Darien published his book "Biribi" (Paris, 1890, Savine publisher) based on actual experience, & full of the most horrible revelations. One of my Clairvaux companions had to spend two years of military service in such a battalion - his condemnation at Lyons, as the editor of an Anarchist paper, being already a reason to be transported to Algeria.
--- Peter Kropotkin Anarchism: Its Philosophy & ldeal.
Louis Malle directed the film The Thief of Paris, after the novel by Darien, with Jean-Paul Belmondo as a gentleman-thief in fin-de-siècle France, impressed by the anarchist thief Canonnier, a recent escapee from Devil 's Island. [Source for this date: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]
http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/theses/frtm/greau_v.html
http://nef-louismalle.com/thethief.htm
8- 25 -1921 -- "The slave is always in a state of legitimate defence & consequently, his violence against the Boss, against the oppressor, is always justifiable, & must be controlled only by such considerations as that the best & most economical use is being made of human effort & human sufferings."
— Errico Malatesta (Umanita Nova, August 25th, 1921)anarchist
9- 3 -1921 --
It seems unbelievable that even today, after everything that has happened & is happening in Russia, there are people who still imagine that the difference between socialists & anarchists is only that of wanting revolution gradually or quickly. — Errico Malatesta, Umanita Nova, September 3, 1921 |
9- 16 -1921 -- Emma Goldman visits briefly with the "millionaire American hobo" James Eads How, who, she believes, does not have the ability to make a worthwhile assessment of the situation in Russia. She was also disappointed by most published accounts of events in Russia, including reports by Louise Bryant.
9- 21 -1921 -- Russia: The anarchist poet Lev Chernyi is shot by the Cheka. In 1921 a new wave of arrests swept the countryThe anarchists were scattered to the prison camps, where they died of illness, hard labor or Cheka executioners. Those who evaded the net fled their homeland to a life of exile. Among them were Emma Goldman, & Alexander Berkman, who wrote:
'Grey are the passing days. One by one the embers of hope have died out. Terror & despotism have crushed the life born on October. The slogans of the revolution are foresworn, its ideals stifled in the blood of the people. The breath of yesterday is dooming millions to death; the shadow of today hangs like a black pall over the country.
Dictatorship is trampling the masses underfoot. The revolution is dead; its spirit cries in the wilderness . . . I have decided to leave Russia.'
9- 29 -1921 -- Russia: The Cheka (Bolshevik Secret Police) execute Fanya Baron & nine other anarchist prisoners. This follows the execution of the anarchist & poet Lev Chernyi on the 21st.
Emma Goldman, a friend & fellow anarchist, was so outraged that friends had to dissuade her from chaining herself to a bench in the hall where the Third International was meeting to shout her protests to the delegates.
It seems unbelievable that even today, after everything that has happened & is happening in Russia, there are people who still imagine that the difference between socialists & anarchists is only that of wanting revolution gradually or quickly. — Errico Malatesta, Umanita Nova, September 3, 1921 |
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html
10- 21 -1921 -- Massive demonstrations all over Europe in support of the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti. In Paris 10,000 police & 18,000 soldiers attempt to control the crowds.
'The prosecution left a trail' of doctored eyewitness accounts, altered testimony & false ballistics reports. That trail appears to exonerate the victims while convicting the executioners.
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/sacco_vanzetti.html
10- 22 -1921 --
10- 28 -1921 -- Argentina: In response to an employers' & government offensive, workers revolt & the anarchist flag of red & black flies. Isolated, the groups are encircled & destroyed by the army. Over 1,500 workers die, including all the leaders of the revolt. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/argenhis.html
11- 4 -1921 -- Switzerland: Victorine Brocher-Rouchy, French militant anarchist, dies (1838-1921), in Lausanne. Participant in Paris Commune, married Gustave Brocher (who wrote reminiscences published by Jean Grave).
[Details, click here]
11- 5 -1921 -- France: Jeanne & Eugene Humbert, militant anarchists, pacifists, néo-malthusians & naturists are sentenced to prison. Under the terms of the new laws (voted in 1920) to repress anti-natalist propaganda, Jeanne & Eugene are each condemned one to two years of prison & fined 3000 francs. Jeanne is released on July 30, 1922. Eugene is not released until February 1924.
11- 7 -1921 -- Dancer Isadora Duncan, sympathetic to the Soviets, attempts to meet with Emma Goldman.
11- 8 -1921 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the Ripley motion for a new trial is made. The defendants argued that it was reversible error for the the jury foreman, Ripley, to have had brought into the juryroom 38 caliber cartridges, presumably to show the other jurors what they looked like. The defense also produces an affidavit stating that Ripley had responded to a comment that the defendants might not be guilty by saying,
| “They ought to hang anyway.” |
anarchist See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
11- 26 -1921 -- France: Second congress of l'Union Anarchiste meets for two days, in Lyon.
12- 1 -1921 -- Russia: Under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, & Alexander Schapiro are authorized to leave Russia. Early this month Goldman & Berkman settle in Riga, Latvia. Write to Harry Weinberger about chances of getting back into the US. Allowed only a temporary visa in Latvia, they seek entry to either Germany or Sweden. They are granted Swedish visas on the 14th & enroute to Germany on a train on the 22nd, they are arrested by the Latvian secret service; accused of being Bolshevik agents.
12- 3 -1921 -- Anti-authoritarian educator A.S. Neill establishes his school, Summerhill, with Lyme Regis, in England. Moves it three years later to Leiston (Suffolk). Proponent of children sharing in running schools, Neill told of this anarchist experiment in numerous books. http://www.s-hill.demon.co.uk/index.htm
12- 22 -1921 -- Latvia: Having left Russia disillusioned with the Bolshevik counter-revolution, on the train to Reval, Estonia, Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman are arrested by the Latvian secret service & accused of being Bolshevik agents. They were detained for several days, preventing them from attending the anarchist congress in Berlin.
On December 1, under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin, Goldman, Berkman, & Alexander Schapiro were authorized to leave Russia. Goldman & Berkman briefly settled in Riga, Latvia, writing US lawyer Harry Weinberger about chances of getting back into the US. Allowed only a temporary visa in Latvia, they sought entry to either Germany or Sweden.
Goldman was distressed that she & Berkman depart Russia just before the arrival of Mollie Steimer, Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, & Hyman Lachowsky, deported from the US on Nov. 24.
On December 14, Goldman & Berkman were granted Swedish visas.
When we can't dream any longer we die. — Emma Goldman
1- 2 -1922 -- US: Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, & Alexander Schapiro, having left Russia disillusioned with the Bolshevik Paradise, arrive in Stockholm, Sweden, & are met by birth-control advocates Albert & Elise Jensen; Emma becomes lover with 30-year old Swedish anarchist Arthur Svensson shortly after arrival.
Voline, G. P. Maksimov (alternate spellings Maximoff; Maximov), & other hunger strikers are deported from Russia; resettle in Berlin.
3- 26 -1922 -- US: The New York World publishes a series of controversial articles (March 26-April 4) by Emma Goldman exposing the harsh political & economic conditions in Russia.
anarchist
4- 4 -1922 -- Finally obtaining temporary German visas, Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman travel to Berlin.
4- 28 -1922 -- Mécislas Charrier, French anarchist illégaliste, goes on trial for his attempt, along with two others, to rob the Paris-Marseilles train, in which one person was killed. Charrier was arrested & his accomplices killed by police. Charrier was not the killer, but he defended his illegalist activities & defied the court to take his head. It did exactly that, sending him to the guillotine, singing "l'Internationale", "L'hymne au 17e" & "La Carmagnole", at 4 a.m., August 2, 1922.
"Je ne puis me défendre de la sympathie que j'éprouve pour vos conceptions ; j'en reconnais toute la valeur, mais que voulez-vous, j'ai trop souffert pour ne pas vouloir me venger, et j'ai été trop écoeuré par les inégalités sociales pour vous suivre dans l'âpre voie du travail (...)"
— "Le Libertaire," May 26, 1922 http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/0802.htm#Charrier
5- 4 -1922 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the Gould & Pelser motions are made. anarchist [Details, click here]
5- 5 -1922 -- May-June Arthur Svensson joins Goldman and Berkman in Berlin. Later, her niece Stella Ballantine visits with six-year-old son Ian. Develops friendship with anarchist theorist Rudolf Rocker and his wife, Milly, with whom she had begun to correspond while in Russia. Goldman begins work on book-length manuscript with the intended title My Two Years in Russia. anarchist feminist
5- 9 -1922 -- Italy: Milan trial begins for the anarchists responsible for an attack on the Theater Diana. Giuseppe Mariani & Giuseppe Boldrini get life sentences, & Ettore Aguggini is only released after many years.
7- 22 -1922 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, following the trial, the Goodridge motion for a new trial is made. It is based on the lack of credibility of prosecution witness Goodridge, a known felon who testified under a false name. Other motions for similar reasons have previously been filed & others follow in the next year.anarchist
7- 30 -1922 -- Jeanne Humbert released from S.t Lazare prison. Militant anarchist, pacifist, néo-malthusian & naturist, she & Eugene Humbert were sent to prison on November 5, 1921, under 1920 laws designed to repress anti-nataliste propaganda. They were sentenced one to two years of prison & fined 3000 francs. Eugene is not released until 1924, & they then continue their actions for free maternity & in the naturist movement.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#1
8- 2 -1922 -- Mécislas Charrier (1895-1922) dies, guillotined in Paris. French anarchist individualist & illégaliste. Raised until the age of five by the anarchist Mécislas Golberg (or Goldberg). On July 25, 1921, Charrier & two accomplices attempted to rob the First Class travellers on the Paris-Marseilles train, but things went badly & a person was killed. Afterwards in Paris, he was arrested, & his accomplices were killed by the police. Charrier went on trial on April 28, 1922. Mécislas, while not the killer, argues before the court his anarchist illegalism & defies it to take his head. The court did exactly that, sending to the guillotine a simple idealistic robber. At four o'clock in the morning, he approaches death in song, singing "l'Internationale", "L'hymne au 17e" et "La Carmagnole".
"Je ne puis me défendre de la sympathie que j'éprouve pour vos conceptions ; j'en reconnais toute la valeur, mais que voulez-vous, j'ai trop souffert pour ne pas vouloir me venger, et j'ai été trop écoeuré par les inégalités sociales pour vous suivre dans l'âpre voie du travail (...)"
— "Le Libertaire," May 26, 1922 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#2
9- 11 -1922 -- US: In the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, the Andrews motion for a new trial is made. It is based upon Mrs. Lola Andrews’ retraction. anarchist See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
9- 12 -1922 -- US: Jackson Mac Low lives (1922-). American poet & anarchist pacifist involved (1944-54) with "Why?" & edited(?) "Resistance".
Also writes performance pieces, essays, plays, & radio works. Mac Low has always been a political activist, a self-proclaimed pacifist-anarchist. This political stance is evident in the content of the verse written before 1954, as it is also in the Mac Low's activity as an editor of an anarchist publication.
After 1954 & Mac Low's increasing use of non-intentional strategies, the politcal stance is shifted to the poem's form & becomes actualized in the transaction between the text & the reader. As Bruce Campbell has explained, Mac Low has no desire "to be a dictator....Instead Mac Low wants to 'empower' the reader.... The reader is not someone who simply gazes upon the work or arrives at a prefabricated meaning; the reader helps to make the meaning." In short, using non-intentional strategies allows Mac Low to alter radically the power relationship of conventional author / reader transactions.
The Jackson Mac Low Papers:
Political Subjects consists largely of newspaper & magazine clippings, brochures & flyers. Many of these materials date to the 1940s, 1950s & 1960s, with an emphasis on anarchist movements of the period.
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/testing/html/mss0180e.html
http://www.spunk.org/library/copyrite/poetry/light_du/sp000056.html
9- 30 -1922 -- Japan: Founding conference of the All-Japan General Federation of Labor Unions (Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Sôrengô) begins in Ôsaka. This is the last attempt to form an all-encompassing federation of unions, attended by 106 delegates, representing 59 organisations with a combined membership of over 27,000. The unions represented were split three ways between anarchists, reformists & Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks & reformists fought for control of a centralised leadership with powers to enforce decisions, leading to the Federation collapse in 1925.
Significantly, 20 unions revealed strong preference for anarchist organisational principles, signing in November 1922 the "Announcement to Workers Throughout the Country". Four years later this core was the nucleus for the first nationwide federation of anarchist-inclined unions, the All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labor Unions (Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Jiyû Rengôkai).
See John Crump, The Anarchist Movement in Japan, Anarchist Communist Editions § ACE Pamphlet No. 8
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/ace/japchap2.html
10- 31 -1922 -- Italy: Head office of the anarchist paper "Umanita Nova" is again ransacked by Mussolini's fascists.
11- 1 -1922 -- Russia: Mollie Steimer & photographer Senya Fleshin arrested & imprisoned for propagating anarchism — that is, "aiding criminal elements"; released & deported in 1923 only after they begin a hunger strike. See Paul Avrich's Anarchist Portraits.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm
11- 20 -1922 -- US: Muere Ricardo Flores Magón, anarchiste, en la prisión de Leavenworth.
11- 21 -1922 -- US: Ricardo Flores Magón, Mexican anarchist militant & author, dies at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas, USA. Possibly murdered by prison guards. His remains were returned to Mexico, where they rest at the "Rotunda of Illustrious Men" in Mexico City; he also now has a city named after him in Mexico. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_magon.html
Ward S. Albro. Always a Rebel: Ricardo Flores Magon & the Mexican Revolution. Texas Christian University Press, 1992
Ward S. Albro, To Die on Your Feet The Life, Times & Writing of Práxedis Guerrero. Carlos M. Rama y A. Cappelletti, El Anarquismo en America Latina, Caracas, Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1990. 490pp., http://www.ainfos.ca/A-Infos96/1/0046.html
Flores Magon, Ricardo. Epistolario y textos, M: FCE, 1964.
Semilla libertaria, tomo I, M: Liga de Economistas Revolucionarios, 1975.
Flores Magon, Ricardo y Jesus. Batalla a la dictadura, M: Empresas Editoriales, 1967.
Flores Magon, Ricardo, et al. Regeneracion: 1900-1918, M: Era, 1977.
Cetina, Humberto Escobedo. Ricardo Flores Magon: semblanza biografica.Oaxaca, Mexico : H. Ayuntamiento, 1997.
In Espanol, http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/19221120.htm
"¡Paz! ¡Paz!", http://members.tripod.com/~monje/magon/paz.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/mexicobiblio.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/magon/home.html
11- 21 -1922 --
Muere Ricardo Flores Magón en la prisión de Leavenworth. Es asesinado Ricardo Flores Magón. A los 49 años de edad, casi ciego y enfermo de los pulmones... Ricardo Flores Magón amaneció muerto el 21 de noviembre de 1922 en su celda del penal de Leavenworth, Kansas, E.U. Ricardo, talented & most dangerous of the brothers Flores Magón, is unable to participate in the revolution he so much helped to unleash. While the destiny of Mexico is gambled in the battlefields, Ricardo breaks stones, engrillado, in a North American jail. A US court condemned him to 20 years forced labor for signing & publishing an anarchist manifesto against private property. Several times he has been offered a pardon by federal authorities, who insist he must only request it. Ricardo Flores Magon, a man of principle, will never do so. — Cuando muera, mis amigos quizás escriban en mi tumba: "Aquí yace un soñador", y mis enemigos "Aquí yace un loco". Pero no habrá nadie que se atreva a estampar esta inscripción: "Aquí yace un cobarde y traidor a sus ideas". |
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html
12- 18 -1922 --  |
Nelly Roussel dies. Free thinker, anarchist, feminist. Partner of the sculptor Henri Godet. Roussel worked with Paul Robin to spread néo-Malthusian ideas, opposing the prevalent ideology & laws which repressed contraception & its propaganda. Also closely associated with Marguerite Durand. A beautiful & talented speaker, Roussel agitated throughout France, demanding complete freedom for women, founded on new relationships between the sexes. Among her writings: Paroles de combat et d'espoir (1919); Quelques lances rompues pour vos libertés; Trois conférences.
Women, she insisted, had far more in common than did men of different classes, because whatever their class, they shared a common oppression. Women were, in her view, still the “eternal victims.”
http://www.unige.ch/lettres/istge/memoires/allegra/Allintro.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#18
12- 18 -1922 -- Italy: In Turin, the fascists attack the "Chambre du Travail", set fire to the Circle of the Railwaymen, the Circle Karl Marx & the seat of Ordine Nuova. 22 workmen, socialists, Communists & anarchists are assassinated. The anarchist Pietro Ferrero, secretary of the trade union of metallurgists (F.I.O.M.) & organizer of the Councilist movement in the factories, is assassinated in atrocious manner -- attached to a truck & dragged in the street.
Scontri a Torino fra fascisti e socialisti-comunisti. Il capo delle squadre fasciste afferma con orgoglio di aver provocato la morte di 22 persone.
12- 22 -1922 -- Germany: Founding of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers Association (AIT or IWA), Berlin, on the initiative of Rudolf Rocker. Rudolf Rocker was responsible for putting together the anti-authoritarian A.I.T.; it is an umbrella organization of various anarchist-syndicalist trade unionists from 12 countries (FORA, USI, SAC, FAUD, CNT, etc.) which numbered several million members over the years. The first secretaries are Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy & Alexander Schapiro.
[Details & links, click here]
1- 3 -1923 -- Czechoslovakian writer Jaroslav Hasek dies of drunkenness at 39, having finished only four volumes of his projected six-volume anarchist novel "The Good Soldier Schweik". For the first edition Hasek's friend Karel Vanek provides a spurious ending.
1- 20 -1923 -- Varban Kilifarski (1879-1923), Bulgarian anarchist & libertarian teacher, dies. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/KilifarskiVarban.htm
1- 23 -1923 -- France: The young individualist Germaine Berton attempts to kill Leon Daudet, the extreme rightwing propagandist of l'Action Française. A solidarity campaign by "Libertaire" rallied Severine (Caroline Remy), Louis Lecoin, & other anarchists & militants to her defense; she was acquitted.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#7
2- 5 -1923 -- Italy: Mass arrests of socialists, anarchists & communists.
2- 14 -1923 -- US: American-Italian anarchist Nicola Sacco goes on prison hunger strike. | Long ago a British judge was quoted as saying he refused clemency at popular demand to uphold the principle of capital punishment & to prove he was not to be intimidated by public protest. During Hitler's time, Himmler remarked that for the good of the state, popular complaints should be ignored, & if they persisted, the complainers should be punished. Judge Webster Thayer, during the Sacco-Vanzetti episode, was heard to boast while playing golf, "Did you see what I did to those anarchistic bastards?" The Never-Ending Wrong Katherine Anne Porter
http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/oj/porterf.htm | http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/sacco_vanzetti.html
2- 27 -1923 -- US: Formation in New York of the Mohegan Colony Association, based on anarchist principles. Mohegan Colony was established at the South end of Mohegan Lake in 1930 as a utopian attempt to provide an egalitarian way of living & raising one’s family. Part of the Modern School movement, Mohegan Colony was a hotbed of new thinking. The Colony established its own school, & had some 300 families. A number of publications were issued by the Mohegan Modern School in Peekskill. The homeowner association survives, & strives to retain some of the history... http://www.yorktownhistory.org/homepages/may00.htm
3- 10 -1923 -- Spain: Salvador Segui Rubinat, "El noi del sucre", assassinated with another trade unionist, Francesc Comes (murders financed by the governor of Catalonia). Born in 1890, Salvador Segui was an anarcho-syndicalist in the very active & popular CNT in Catalonia. Fundacion Salvador Segui now exist in Barcelona, Valencia & Madrid.
http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/cira/anarchives.htm
3- 26 -1923 -- Bulgaria: In Yambol, during an anarchist protest against the governments decision to disarm the people, the army shoots into the crowd, wounding the speaker Atanas Stoitchev & massacre others. About 30 are murdered here, including others executed at the Yambol barracks tomorrow. Among them: - Todor Darzev, born in 1880, great figure of the revolutionary movement, speaker & anarchist propagandist, enjoying a prestigious figure among the working class.
- Pani Botchkov, shoe-maker, secretary of the local anarchist group.
- Dimitar Vassilev, born in 1897, underground, anti-military activist.
- Cyrille Kehaiov, Spiro Obretenov, Pétar Kassapina, Rousko Nanine, Pétar Glavtchev, etc.
With the military coup d'etat on 9 June 1923, other activists will be forced underground.
On April 24, 1923 in Sliven (Bulgaria), the anarchists Nicolai Dragnev, the brothers Panayot & Ilia Kratounkov are all shot by the army under the pretext of an "escape attempt." Nicolai Dragnev, born in Yambol, was one of the significant figures of Bulgarian anarchism. Propagandist & esteemed popular speaker, he was not a part in the March 26 protest, & failed to hide after the repression. This costs him his life.
4- 24 -1923 -- Bulgaria: In Sliven, the anarchists Nicolai Dragnev, the brothers Panayot & Ilia Kratounkov are shot by soldiers under the pretext of "attempting to escape".
They are the final victims of the tragedy of Yambol, of March 26, when the army opened fire into a crowd attending an anarchist meeting, leaving 30 dead. Nicolai Dragnev was an important figure in the Bulgarian anarchist movement, a propagandist & esteemed popular speaker. As it happened, he was not at the meeting of March 26, & thus failed to hide during the repression following the massacre. That failure cost him his life.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril4.html#24
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#bulgares
4- 30 -1923 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the Hamilton motion for a new trial for the anarchists is filed. It is based upon criminologist & gun case expert Hamilton who signed an affidavit stating that said the bullets at the scene & in Berardelli did not come from Sacco’s gun. Similarly, on Nov 5, 1923, the Proctor motion for a new trial is made. Prosecution expert witness Proctor admitted that the use of the ambiguous phrase “consistent with” was prearranged by the District Attorny to allow the jury to believe he was testifying that Sacco’s gun was the gun that killed Berardelli.
See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
6- 16 -1923 -- Argentina: In Buenos-Aires the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens is shot in his cell by a prison guard, a rightwing fanatic. He dies tomorrow & despite government attempts to cover up the crime, a nation-wide General Strike will be called in protest.
See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923.
In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#17
6- 17 -1923 -- Argentina: Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) dies after being murdered in his prison cell yesterday by a rightwing guard. | German anarchist, member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), pacifist, responsible for the attack on Varela (known as the "Killer of Patagonia"). A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina. |
| 
Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923. In French see Ephéméride anarchiste. |
6- 18 -1923 -- Argentina: A nationwide General Strike, protesting the assassination of the anarchist Kurt Wilckens in his prison cell, paralyzes the country. In Buenos-Aires a protest demonstration turns into a shoot-out when police attempt to raid the local offices of the anarchist union, FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine). Two workers killed, 17 wounded (including the Spanish anarchist Enrique Gombas) & 163 arrested; one policeman is killed & three wounded. See Daily Bleed,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/0125.htm
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/5166/7tirano.html
6- 20 -1923 -- Mexico: Mayhaps revolutionary Pancho Villa (1878-1923) dies (or July 20), ambushed in Parral, Mexico. Teamed up with the anarchist Emiliano Zapata to overthrow the corrupt conservative government, then retired. Daily Bleed Saint, June 5. PANCHO VILLA
Inspired hero of the Mexican Revolution, or "social bandit," depending on your point of view.
"Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something."
— last words of Pancho Villa (1877-1923)
[Details, click here]
7- 9 -1923 -- Russia: Mollie Steimer & photographer Senya Fleshin deported; arrested November 1922 for propagating anarchism — that is, "aiding criminal elements" (Mollie Steimer had earlier been arrested & booted out of the US for such dastardly activities); they were released soon after they begin a hunger strike to publicize their situation. See Paul Avrich's Anarchist Portraits. http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/10748542.html
7- 20 -1923 -- Mayhaps Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa (1878-1923) dies (or June 20), Parral, Mexico. Teamed up with the anarchist Emiliano Zapata to overthrow the corrupt conservative government of Mexico, then retired. Daily Bleed Saint, June 5. PANCHO VILLA
Inspired hero of the Mexican Revolution, or "social bandit," depending on your point of view.
"Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something."
— last words of Pancho Villa (1877-1923)
[Details, click here]
7- 21 -1923 -- US: Prince Caetani was naturally called upon to make a speech. He made one bitterly denouncing the opponents of Fascismo among the American Italians, & argued "a certain Italian paper in New York ought to be suppressed."
The assembled apostles of Human Liberty knew that he meant Il Martello, & applauded him heartily. That there was no law in the US forbidding a newspaper to criticize a foreign government did not trouble them; they had been through the late war, & knew what could be done. So did the Department of Justice, then still in command of the eminent Daugherty, & the Postoffice Department. Word was conveyed to Washington, & then back to NY. [Today] the whole issue of Il Martello was held up in the mails. The anarchist Carlo Tresca demanded to know why. The Postoffice gave him no answer. He kept on denouncing the Fascisti.— H. L. Mencken
7- 23 -1923 -- Mexico: Mayhaps revolutionary Pancho Villa (1878-1923) dies, Parral. Teamed up with the anarchist Emiliano Zapata to overthrow the corrupt conservative government of Mexico, then retired. Having put down his arms for land & amnesty, Pancho Villa is ambushed by political enemies. His death is variously listed as June 20th (New York Times & Compton's), July 20th & the July 23rd. Most internet sites list July 20. With his death, however, the legend of Pancho Villa did not fade but grew to mythic proportions. Pancho Villa was seen by the people as a Mexican Robin Hood of those times.Always supporting vague ideas of land and educational reform, Villa represented for the people a regional patriotism which found expression for years to come in corridos (songs) & cries of "Viva Villa."
Daily Bleed Saint, June 5. PANCHO VILLA
Inspired hero of the Mexican Revolution, or "social bandit," depending on your point of view.
http://members.tripod.com/wyntre/CVP.html
http://www.lib.msu.edu/diversity/villa.htm
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9061/mexico/mexico.html
8- 10 -1923 -- US: Carlo Tresca, Italian-American anarchist, suddenly arrested. The charge was that he had printed an article, three months before, attacking the Italian monarchy & the the Fascists. No such crime, of course, is known to American law, but Tresca was nevertheless arrested. "On August 18 the whole issue of Il Martello was held up because it contained an account of a raffle; two other Italian papers, containing precisely the same account, went through the mails unmolested. On September 8 it was held up because it contained a two-line advertisement of a book on birth control. On October 27 it was held up because it printed an account of how the Fascisti had forced an Italian woman to swallow an immense dose of castor oil; all the American newspapers printed the same story, but were not molested. On November 10 it was held up because it printed a letter from a reader predicting that Mussolini would come to the same end as Rienzi; other papers had made the same prediction without challenge. On November 24 it was held up for charging Mussolini with misappropriating funds. September 8, announcing a book in Italian on birth control, showed the way. Experienced witch-hunters from the Department of Justice were rushed to New York, Tresca was indicted for advertising a means of preventing conception, & his trial was called in hot haste. He appeared before Goddard, J., in the United States District Court, on November. So far, indeed, but eight persons in all the United States have gone to Tresca's aid. Four are Italian-American politicians. One is a Liberal pastor. Two are old and battle-scarred libertarians, already marked with the scars of a hundred defeats. The eighth is La Sanger, the birth control agitator, herself an experienced goat of the New Jurisprudence. No one else will take any interest in the case."
— H. L. Mencken http://www.freedomsnest.com/fn/mencken_free.html
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture9.html
8- 13 -1923 -- 1923
Carlos Cortez Koyokuikatl lives, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Graphic artist, poet, anarchist & Wobbly. Researcher Archie Green tells us that Industrial Workers of the World artists "have been modest in telling their life-stories," & "within this laconic tradition, Carlos Cortez reports key facts." — Archie Green, "Carlos Cortez & Wobbly Artistry," in Carlos Cortez, Where are the Voices & Other Wobbly Poems? Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1997, p. 5. http://www.satya.com/images/before.htm | Carlos Cortez, son of Alfredo Cortez, a Mexican partisan of the Industrial Workers of the World (acronym, IWW, popularly known as "Wobblies"), & a German socialist-pacifist mother, Augusta Cortez. Cortez spent two years in federal prison (Sandstone, Minnesota) during World War II as a conscientious objector "because he did not want to kill living things." — Eugene Nelson, "Introduction" to Carlos Cortez, Crystal-Gazing the Amber Fluid & Other Wobbly Poems, Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 1997, p. 6. Upon his release from federal detention in 1947 he joined the IWW & has remained active for five decades as a graphic artist, poet, & advisor within that organization. In 1985 at the Gato Negro Press [transl. Black Cat Press] he printed a catalog for a touring exhibition of cartoons, Wobbly: 80 Years of Rebel Art. |
9- 16 -1923 -- Japan: Anarchist Osugi Sakae, his companion Ito Noe, & a six-year-old nephew, are murdered by military police.
Anarchism in Japan was dealt a blow as hard as the execution of Kôtoku & his comrades twelve years earlier. Ôsugi was the most talented thinker & writer in the anarchists' ranks. Their battered bodies are discovered four days later where they had been dumped in a well.
[Details, click here]
9- 20 -1923 -- http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/SpivakJoseph.htm
9- 21 -1923 -- Russia: Following their deportation from Russia, where they were imprisoned for anarchist activities, Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin join Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman in Berlin.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm
10- 5 -1923 -- Sweden: Stig Dagerman (1923-1954) lives. Playwright, novelist, anarcho-trade unionist. Created the review "40-tal ", & wrote for the libertarian newspaper "Arbetaren". Wrote The Snake (1945), & Island of the Condemned. (see 4 November 1954). http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/sac.html
10- 20 -1923 -- Beat poet & anarchist Philip Whalen lives, Portland, Oregon.
TRUE CONFESSIONS
My real trouble is
People keep mistaking me
for a human being.
Olson (being a great poet) says
"Whalen!—that Whalen is a—a—
That Whalen is a great big vegetable!"
He's guessing exactly in the right direction.
6:xi:64
It is interesting to note that upon publication of Overtime the following luminaries came out to praise and celebrate this wise and good-hearted "Zen Falstaff": Gary Snyder Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Michael McClure, Diane diPrima, David Meltzer, Clark Coolidge, Joanne Kyger, Bill Berkson, Lewis MacAdams, Phoebe MacAdams, Jackson Mac Low, Ron Padgett, Anne Waldman, Anselm Hollo, Jack Collom, Mei-Mei Bersenbrugge, Charles Bernstein, Lewis Warsh, Anne Tardos, Eileen Myles, and many others. The spirit of honor and admiration for Philip Whalen extends beyond the Beat Generation. He is honored by some as one of the progenitors of the Language School movement of poetry. And by others he said to be the progenitor of Zen poetry in America.
One thing for certain, he spread an "ecology of permission" that enabled poets of every style and taste to go beyond the limits of the known to explore their new creative selves.
— Michael Rothenberg
10- 24 -1923 -- Poet Denise Levertov, lives, Ilford, Essex, England. Socially committed writer, moved to the US in the 40s. Levertov's poetry displays “a kind of animal grace of the word, a pulse like the footfalls of a cat or the wingbeats of a gull. It is the intense aliveness of an alert domestic love — the wedding of form & content in poems which themselves celebrate a kind of perpetual wedding of two persons always realized as two responsible sensibilities.” — Kenneth Rexroth , "Poets Old & New", in Assays
In the 40s emerged as one of the best of the British Neo-Romantics (included the anarchists Alex Comfort, George Woodcock, Herbert Read). With her move to America her verse changed abruptly. Influenced by Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan, William Carlos Williams, her poetry was "like" Parker Tyler, Kenneth Patchen , Kenneth Rexroth & With Eyes at the Back of our Heads (1959), established her as one of the great American poets. Rexroth considered her "superior to all but a handful of American poets born in this century." In the early 60s she was poetry editor of The Nation magazine. During the 1960's of the Vietnam War era, activism & feminism became prominent in her poetry. She produced one of her most memorable works of rage & sadness, The Sorrow Dance (1967), encompassing her feelings toward the war & the death of her older sister. From 1975 to 1978, she was poetry editor of Mother Jones magazine. She spent the last decade of her life in Seattle, Washington.
http://www.rooknet.com/beatpage/writers/levertov.html
http://www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?prmID=42
http://www.palace.net/~llama/poetry/poems.html
11- 5 -1923 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the Proctor motion for a new trial is made. Prosecution expert witness Proctor admitted the use of the ambiguous phrase “consistent with” was prearranged by the District Attorny to allow the jury to believe he was testifying that Sacco’s gun was the gun that killed Berardelli. Previously, on April 30, 1923, the Hamilton motion for a new trial was filed, based upon criminologist & gun case expert Hamilton who signed an affidavit stating stating the bullets at the scene & in Berardelli did not come from Sacco’s gun.
anarchistSee Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
11- 12 -1923 -- 
Emma Goldman's manuscript published this month under the title My Disillusionment in Russia; the last twelve chapters have been cut without her permission. Emma's lawyer Harry Weinberger wins agreement from the publisher to print the remaining chapters in a separate volume with the stipulation that she pay for the printing costs, for which she secures a loan from Michael Cohn. They are published in November 1924 with a new preface as My Further Disillusionment in Russia.
11- 24 -1923 -- Philippe Daudet, French anarchist, son of Léon Daudet (leader of fascist "Ligue de l'Action Française"), dies under mysterious circumstances.
Saint-Pol-Roux, Raymond Roussel, Philippe Daudet, Germaine Berton, Saint-John Perse, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio di Chirico, Pierre Reverdy, Jacques Vachè, Leon-Paul Fargue, Sigmund Freud, your portraits hang on dream's bedroom walls, you are the presidents of the Republic of Dream. — Louis Aragon, A WAVE OF DREAMS
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre4.html#24
1- 22 -1924 --
| Joseph Spivak (1882-1971) is being watched, we think... | [Agent Report In re:] Neie Geselshaft, Free Workers Forum, Joseph Spivak — Russian (Jewish) Anarchist Activities, Los Angeles [19]24 Jan. 22; Reel 66: Informant report on Spivak at http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/titleindex.html
|
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/saints/JosephSpivak.htm
1- 26 -1924 -- Armand Gatti lives, in Monaco. Libertarian playwright, author of more than 40 plays. His father Gino Gatti, a Piedmontese anarchist, was a comrade of Carlo Cafiero, & involved in many struggles in Argentina. A Resistance member during WWII, Armand Gatti was captured in 1943, condemned to death & shipped to Germany, near Hamburg, from which he escaped to England.
After the war he became a prize-winning journalist, then devoted himself to the theatre.
For the anarchist that Gatti still is, the theatre is "a perpetual medium for freedom". Resistance & exile are themes in his works, which include The Time of the Physicists, La Deuxième Existence du camp de Tatenberg, & La Journée d’une infirmière. His La passion du général Franco (1968) was banned in France, under pressure from Franco's Spain.
http://www.fashionfinds.com/july/pages/roy-dupuis-3.htm
http://www.editions-verdier.fr/france/auteurs/gatti.htm
1- 31 -1924 -- George Simeonov Popov (1900-1924) dies.
George Popov was a Bulgarian teacher, poet, speaker & anarchist organizer. Popov initiated an insurrectionary movement against the coup d'etat of June 1923, which was quelled after a week of fighting against the army. Popov took refuge in the mountains, forming guerilla anarchist groups. When his hiding place was discovered, he committed suicide rather than fall into the hands of the army.
4- 3 -1924 -- Emma Goldman, this month, is unable to solicit writing contracts with European & American magazines; she finds mainstream magazines are interested only in her experiences in Russia, thus thwarting her attempts to earn a living.anarchist feminist
4- 24 -1924 -- Germany: Emma Goldman is howled down during a meeting of 5,000 workers in Berlin when she criticizes the Soviet government. The anarchist Goldman is warned about the "consequences" of expressing further criticism of the Soviet Republic.
6- 2 -1924 -- Russia: This month, following her expulsion from Moscow, Angelica Balabanoff (who played a leading role in the internationalist movement & for many years was Lenin's collaborator) initiates correspondence with Emma Goldman.
6- 3 -1924 -- Dystopian allegorist & anarchist sympathizer Franz Kafka dies, Kierling, Austria, leaving a plea to his friend Max Brod to destroy all his unpublished manuscripts -- including The Trial, The Castle, & Amerika.
http://www.levity.com/corduroy/kafka.htm
6- 24 -1924 -- | Anarchitecte
Michel Ragon lives, Marseille, France. After meeting Henry Poulaille & being introduced to the libertarian movement he discovered his vocation as writer & anarchist critic. A veritable autodidact, he collaborated on various publications like "Les cahiers du peuple". Ragon's thirst for knowledge lead him into the milieu of painters & he became member of the Cobra group in 1949... [Details, click here] | -
Michel Ragon
Proletarian writer, poet, critic & historian of art & architecture, fellow traveller of anarchy.
|
7- 26 -1924 -- Germany: Leaving Alexander Berkman in Berlin, Emma Goldman travels to the Netherlands; speaks at the celebration organized by Dutch anti-militarist & anarchist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis for the 20th anniversary of the International Anti-Militarist Association.
8- 3 -1924 -- Joseph Conrad, 66, dies suddenly of a heart attack in Bishopsbourne, near Canterbury. His tombstone reflects his wife's uncertain grasp of the Polish language as his name is misspelled. Conrad was 66 years, eight months old when he died: exactly two-thirds of a century, to the very day. His epitaph comes from Spenser's "Faerie Queene": "Sleepe after toyle, port after stormie seas, Ease after warre death after life, does greatly please."
Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent … [constructs] anarchism as a form of fraudulent self-deception symptomatic of a widespread social degeneracy in British society. The...novel's ambivalent engagement with Nietzsche, showing how through a dialogue with Nietzschean intertexts anarchism is constructed as a form of religious fanaticism that is connected with the dangers of both foreign imperialism & the lower classes.
http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/conrad/index.html
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jconrad.htm
8- 7 -1924 -- Emma Goldman enters France from Germany under the name E. G. Kersner; visits a number of friends in Paris, including Harry Weinberger & Frank & Nellie Harris. Meets Arthur Leonard Ross who she later hires as her attorney. Meets Ernest Hemingway at a party given by English novelist Ford Madox Ford.
8- 14 -1924 -- England: Colin Ward lives. British architect & planner, teacher, anarchist & social critic.
An editor of Freedom newspaper from 1947-1960 & editor of the monthly "Anarchy" from 1961 to 1970. Ward has written widely on town planning & related subjects, author of a dozen works dealing with the social environment. These include Housing: An Anarchist Approach, Tenants Take Over, Art & the Built Environment. Anarchy in Action is probably his most important book.
http://www.ecn.org/freedom/writers.html
10- 1 -1924 -- US: In the case of the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti case the highly prejudiced Judge Thayer ("Did you see what I did to those anarchist bastards?") denies all motions for a new trial. "Give flowers to the rebels who failed." — Bartolomeo Vanzetti |
See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
10- 6 -1924 -- India: Gandhi ends 21-day fast for Hindu-Moslem unity. Pacifist inspired by the christian mystical anarchist & novelist Leo Tolstoy.
10- 24 -1924 -- Italy: Anarchist Ernesto Bonomini gets eight years in prison for killing, with the blow of a revolver, Nicola Bonservizi, correspondent of Mussolini's fascist newspaper, "Popolo d' Italia", & secretary of the Parisian "Faisceau".
11- 6 -1924 -- Spain: Revolt in Vera de Bidassoa. Anarchists & civil guards clash for two days. A guard is killed, two militants die, four wounded, 19 taken prisoner. Pablo Martin, Enrique Gil, & Santillan are condemned & executed. http://www.arts.adelaide.edu.au/personal/DHart/ResponsesToWar/Art/
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
11- 10 -1924 -- Spain: Llacer & Montejo, members of the anarcho-syndicalist union C.N.T, executed for their role in the Spanish uprisings sparked by the revolt in Vera de Bidassoa.
http://www.uncanny.net/~wsa/spain.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap6.html
11- 12 -1924 -- England: Among Emma Goldman's speaking engagements this month is a talk before the American Students Club at Oxford University.
Today, in London, a reception for Goldman is sponsored by Bertrand Russell, Rebecca West, & socialist & sexual theorist Edward Carpenter; presided over by Col. Josiah Wedgewood, M.P. Her views on Russia are met with vocal protests.
12- 21 -1924 -- Germany: After five years of prison for his participation in the Republic of the Workers Councils, anarchist Erich Muhsam is amnestied. Thousands of workers turn out for his release.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/MuhsamErich.htm
1- 3 -1925 -- Italy: Mussolini puts an end to the parliamentary system & issues a decree ordering the dissolution of the USI (Unione Sindacala Italiana) anarcho-syndicalist union. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4737/
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture9.html
1- 18 -1925 -- Libertarian anti-capitalist philosopher Gilles Deleuze lives, Paris, France.anarchist http://www.uta.edu/english/apt/d%26g/d%26gweb.html
http://www.webdeleuze.com/deleuze/index2.html
http://www.spunk.org/library/misc/sp000962.txt
http://www.du.edu/~jegoldst/html/ctheorists.html
1- 29 -1925 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures on "The Bolshevik Myth & the Condition of the Political Prisoners" at South Place Institute, London, her first public meeting in England at which she denounces the Bolsheviks, prompting vocal protests from some members of the audience. In London, Goldman continues her efforts to expose the Bolsheviks as betrayers of the revolution & violators of civil liberties, a task made more difficult & more urgent by the return of a British trade union delegation that reports favorably on conditions in the Soviet Union.
anarchist
2- 14 -1925 -- A close-up of a lottery list shows the winning numbers drawn in the Mexican National Lottery, dated February 14, 1925. The camera pulls back to the hands of a man holding a lottery ticket.
The scraggly-looking bum, a dirty, ragged scrounger [later identified as Fred C. Dobbs "Dobbsie" (Humphrey Bogart)], tears his losing ticket to pieces.
--- From John Huston's film script of the anarchist B. Traven's book, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.
http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.htm
http://www.dreamgarden.com/forthcoming.html
4- 16 -1925 -- US: During this month Boni & Liveright publishes Berkman's The Bolshevik Myth, critical of the Bolshevik counterrevolution in Russia.
In an attempt to refute the report of the British trade union delegation, Emma Goldman & her comrades--as the British Committee for the Defence of Political Prisoners in Russia--publish a pamphlet, Russia & the British Labour Delegation's Report: A Reply. Emma continues speaking on conditions in the Soviet Union with a lecture at South Place Institute today, "An Exposure of the Trade Union Delegation's Report on Russia"; she delivers a second lecture in London on April 27.
4- 19 -1925 -- England: April 19-29, Emma Goldman fills speaking engagements in Norwich, Leeds, & Manchester with lectures on Soviet Russia.
5- 31 -1925 -- | Julian Beck lives, New York. Cofounder of the famed Living Theatre, along with his partner Judith Malina. |
Beck wrote & directed plays many plays throughout the course of his life. Julian led massive political demonstrations in NY in the 60s. All were involving peace. Julian Beck was a lifelong poet & anarchist.
|
| "I CALL FOR A THEATRE IN WHICH THE ACTORS ARE LIKE VICTIMS BURNING AT THE STAKE, SIGNALLING THROUGH THE FLAMES." — Antonin Artaud |
Julian published several books including: Poetry: Songs of the revolution 1-35 (1963); 21 Songs of the Revolution (1969); Songs of the Revolution 36-89 (1974). See also his book, The Life of the Theatre (City Lights Books, 1972). http://www.livingtheatre.org/abou/history.html
http://www.levity.com/aciddreams/samples/livingtheater.html
http://www.txt.de/spress/beatland/homes_of/the_beat/margin/livingthe/info.htm
6- 2 -1925 -- George Cheitanov dies.
Bulgarian anarchist captured & executed after an attack in Sofia.
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/CheitanovGeorge.htm
6- 20 -1925 -- Bulgaria: Vassil Ikonomov dies. Tracked down by the army & paramilitary groups, the anarchist revolutionary guerilla Ikonomov is killed under mysterious circumstances today while bathing in a river close to the village of Bélitsa. A significant figure in the Bulgarian anarchist movement & an anti-fascist partisan against the dictatorship of Stambolijski, Ikonomov organized groups which included anarchists, Communists, & members of the peasants' party.
[Details, click here]
6- 27 -1925 -- Emma Goldman, on her birthday, marries James Colton, an elderly anarchist friend & trade unionist from Wales, in order to obtain British citizenship & the right to travel & speak more widely. Emma had been deported from the "Land of the Free", & was having difficulty travelling, working & finding places to live.anarchist feminist
8- 5 -1925 -- Georges Palante (1862-1925) dies, Yffiniac, (Côtes d'Armor). Philosopher preaching an aristocratic & libertarian individualism. Victim of a rare hormonal & disfiguring disease, Palante became a professor of philosophy. Influenced by the work of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche & the anarchist
Max Stirner, he developed a radical individualist philosophy & "une morale désespérée, mais élégante, de la résistance". Pessimism taking the upper hand in his struggles, he put an end to his life today. His epitaph reads,
"L'individu est la seule source d'énergie, la seule mesure de l'idéal."
"The individual is the sole source of energy, the only measure of the ideal."
[Details, click here]
8- 7 -1925 -- Ricardo Mella (1861-1925), Spanish anarchist, dies. Segarra, Agusti Cuadernos, FEDERICO URALES Y RICARDO MELLA, Anagrama, 1977. 128p.
... "El socialismo anarquista" de Ricardo Mella. es tracta d alguns capítols del seu llibre "IDEARIO" que ens semblen molt interessants i actuals per el seu ... pages
http://www.galeon.com/ateneosant/Ateneo/Biografias/Mella.html
http://membres.lycos.fr/artnono/french/anarchie/espagne/
http://www.cesga.es/ciug/grupostraballo/03/pxs_03.html
http://www.blues.uab.es/fac.com/periodisme/periodis/trebrecer/puialto.htm
8- 18 -1925 -- England: Warlaam Tcherkesoff (or Tcherkezov) dies, London. Georgian Prince, anarchist militant & collaborator of that other Prince, Peter Kropotkin. "Ambassador of Georgian patriots". Incisive early critic of Marxism.
Last name is also spelled Cerkezov, Cerkesov, Cherkesov, Cherkezov; first name is also written as Varlaam, Warlam
[Details, click here]
8- 25 -1925 -- England: Emma Goldman spends most of this month in the British Museum reading Russian dramatists in preparation for her upcoming lectures. M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Goldman's close associate from NY, visits at the end of the month & through her Goldman meets African-American singer & actor Paul Robeson, who is starring in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones in London. Prompted by a publisher's fleeting interest in a book of reminiscences, Red Emma begins asking correspondents to send her letters she had written them over the years.
anarchist
9- 9 -1925 -- England: Emma Goldman's one-volume English edition of My Disillusionment in Russia, with an introduction by Rebecca West, is published early this month, by C. W. Daniel of London. The anarchist feminist Goldman borrowed $250 from Michael Cohn to underwrite its publication. Also, during this time, through the British Drama League, she solicits lecture dates from 250 affiliated local playgoers societies while she continues her reading of Russian dramatists in the British Museum.
10- 13 -1925 -- Lenny Bruce, standup comic, social rebel, hounded to death by cops for using such words as fuck & cocksucker on stage, lives. Of course the "Jackie Hauling Ass bit" wasn't funny to the all-Catholic jury he faced in Chicago. http://home.aol.com/dcspohr/lenny/lenny1.htm
11- 1 -1925 -- England: November 1-9, Emma Goldman lectures on drama in Birmingham, Bath, & Birkenhead, & in Manchester delivers her first lecture on Eugene O'Neill. November 12-December 17, Goldman repeats her lecture series on Russian drama at Keats House, Hampstead, London. Despite excellent publicity, Emma's lectures draw a small audience & receipts barely cover expenses. Publisher C. W. Daniel, however, considers issuing a book of her lectures on Russian dramatists & supplies a stenographer to record them. In East London, Emma repeats the lecture series on Russian drama in Yiddish.
November 21-22, she speaks twice — once on birth control — under the auspices of the Trades & Labour Council in Neath, South Wales.
11- 9 -1925 -- Argentina: Perez Millan (rightwing nationalist who killed the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens in his prison cell), is killed in an asylum in Buenos Aires. Boris Vladimirovitch, a doctor & biologist doing time for an "expropriation", feigned madness so as to be transferred to Millan's asylum. Vladimirovitch was unable to get close enough (Millan was "protected"), so another internee killed him. See Daily Bleed,
12- 1 -1925 -- Joseph Tortelier dies. A carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent & speaker for the General Strike, Tortelier organized "The League of Antipatriots" (with Emile Bidault), to fight militarism, the wars it leads to, along with its corollary, patriotism. Also organized the "League of Antipropriétaires". Along with Peter Kropotkin & Elise Reclus, Tortelier was instrumental in influencing the socialist Sebastien Faure to become an anarchist. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#1
http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~louise/faure.html
12- 20 -1925 -- 
After finishing up a lecture series, Emma Goldman leaves for France where she spends the holidays in Nice at the home of author Frank & Nellie Harris.
1- 12 -1926 -- Pedro Augusto Mota (189?-1926) dies. Brazilian graphics worker, journalist & militant anarchist & labor activist. In 1924 he was arrested, with hundreds of other militant laborers, anarchists & Communists, & sent to a concentration camp in Oiapoque (NE Brazil). In 1926 he managed to escape to French Guyana, but died today from deteriorating health due to his maltreatment in the forced-labor camp.
The labor camp of Oiapoque meant the death of some of the most well-known labor militants: José Alves do Nascimento, Nicolau Parada, Biófilo Panclasta, Pedro Augusto Mota e Nino Martins,among others. http://www.otite.hpg.ig.com.br/cultura/filosofos/mota.html
http://www.nodo50.org/insurgentes/dp10.htm
1- 25 -1926 -- France: Emma Goldman in Nice for most of the month, finishing a prospectus for "Foremost Russian Dramatists," a book based on her lectures, for which she hopes to receive an advance from Doubleday, Page & Company, leaves for Paris. Alexander Berkman is also in Nice, helping Isadora Duncan edit her autobiography.
anarchist
2- 2 -1926 -- France: Jules Leroux (1860-1926) dies. Militant anarchist cooperativist. Founded a working coop of shoe makers in Amiens. Began manufacturing in 1902 & in 1906, becomes the "Société coopérative de production à bases socialistes". Forced to close in 1914, they resumed activity with the end of the war, animated by Jules Leroux.
2- 20 -1926 -- Jules Gustave Durand (1880-1926) dies. Anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the trade union of the coalmen of Le Havre. Initiator of the general strike of August 1910, Durand fell victim to a politico-legal machination following the death of a "jaune" in a brawl, for which he was wrongly blamed. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#20
http://jupiter.worldonline.fr/~pau28534/personnage/jdurand.html
2- 26 -1926 -- France: Georges Butaud (1868-1926) dies, in Ermont. Partisan of the "Milieux libres", publisher of "Flambeau" ("an enemy of authority") in 1901 in Vienna (Isère), most of his energies were devoted to creating anarchist colonies in which he participated in several: In 1898 founded a radical colony in the Parisian suburbs; another in 1899 in Saint Symphorien d' Ozon, in Isère, then in the "Milieu libre de Vaux" near Chateau-Thierry (1902 to 1906); in 1913 in Saint Maur (the Seine) a community farm devoted to agriculture & breeding.
Butaud, sensitive to various issues of food consumption, became an advocate of vegetarianism, which he practised, after the war, in the colony of Bascon (Aisne).
Source: ’Ephéméride Anarchiste’
http://www.multimania.com/lanarcho/7peaev.htm
3- 24 -1926 -- Italian playwright, manager-director-actor-mime Dario Fo lives, Leggiuno-Sangiamo, Italy.
In 1997, the Nobel committee awarded Dario Fo the Literature Prize, noting he "emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority & upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." Dario Fo´s career started in small cabarets, theatres. In 1959 he founded the Compagnia Dario Fo -- Franca Rame, producing satirical dramas such as Archangels Don´t Play Pinnball & He Had Two Pistols with White & Black Eyes.
In 1968 Dario founded the acting group Nuova Scena, which had ties to the Italian Communist Party, but his satirical views aroused much criticism from the Communist Press -- like earlier from the Catholic Church.
In 1970 Fo started Colletivo Teatrale La Comune. Among Fo´s most famous works are Accidental Death of an Anarchist & We Can´t Pay? We Won´t Pay!
http://www.alphacomm.it/cucca/dariofo/
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/dariofo.htm
3- 25 -1926 -- England: Emma Goldman returns to London for a series of six lectures ( March 25-April 29) on dramatists, including O'Neill, Ibsen, Susan Glaspell, & the German expressionists; she also delivers the same lectures in Yiddish as well as lecturing on Yiddish drama. [Details, click here]anarchist
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#g
4- 1 -1926 -- Charles Angrand (1854-1926) dies, Rouen. French Impressionist, Pointillist painter & anarchist illustrator. Friends with Seurat, Cross, Luce & Signac & other libertarian illustrators. Designed a now-famous black cat & provided illustrations to Jean Grave's "Les temps nouveaux" as well as helping to finance it with the sale of his paintings. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/CharlesAngrand.htm
4- 8 -1926 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures in Norwich (part of a series on dramatists begun on March 25th). [Details, click here]
4- 14 -1926 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures on "The Menace of Dictatorship: Bolshevist or Fascist," with British feminist Sylvia Pankhurst & William C. Owen at Essex Hall. Goldman is in London until the end of the month, for a series of six lectures on dramatists, including O'Neill, Ibsen, Susan Glaspell, & the German expressionists; she also delivers the same lectures in Yiddish as well as lecturing on Yiddish drama. Goldman continues her work for political prisoners in Russia, focusing her efforts on imprisoned women; enlists the support of influential women politicians like Lady Astor. Dr. Ben Reitman & his family visit Goldman.
anarchist feminist
5- 3 -1926 -- England: The British general strike is called off by the Trades Union Congress after nine days, though the coal miners remain out through the summer.anarchist
5- 12 -1926 -- US: Massachusetts Supreme Court upholds the death sentences of "those anarchist bastards" Sacco & Vanzetti & denies their motion for a new trial. The prosecution left a trail of doctored eyewitness accounts, altered testimony & false ballistics reports. That trail appears to exonerate the victims while convicting the executioners.
[Sacco Vanzetti sources: click here]
5- 25 -1926 -- France: Times Up? Simon Petliura (Petlyura) assassinated in Paris by Samuel Schwartzbard, a young Jewish anarchist poet & watchmaker, to avenge pogroms against Jews (directed by Petliura, a rightwing nationalist & former Hetman of Ukrainian armies) & the murder of his own family members. Schwartzbard was set free by a sympathetic jury. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/SchwartzbardSamuel.htm
5- 26 -1926 -- US: A motion is filed for a new trial Sacco & Vanzetti case based upon Medeiros’ confession & information about the Morelli gang, an Italian gang that robbed freight cars in Providence, R.I. & New Bedford, Mass.
Also, late in this month, some anarchists issue a new call for bombings as a result of the Massachusetts’ Supreme Court decision. (In 1977 Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis proclaims "Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti Day" on the fiftieth anniversary of their executions). http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
5- 28 -1926 -- Portugal: A military coup today forces Portuguese anarchists to move their planned congress & relocate it to Valencia, Spain, where it proceeds surreptitiously on 25 July 1927. http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#FAI
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
7- 19 -1926 -- France: Henri Gauche (known as Chaughi), anarchist, dies.
8- 4 -1926 -- Italy: Gaetano Salvemini escapes to France after his arrest (while out on bail?). A socialist & leading anti-Fascist critic, he was in exile for over 20 years, teaching at Harvard University (1930-48) before returning to Italy.
Camillo Berneri attended his univeersity lectures before he was forced to flee fascist persecution. Salvemini (1873-1957), Enzo Tagliacozzo, Davide Jona, & many other anti-Fascist refugees were contributors to the anarchist Aldino Felicani's Italian & English language anti-Fascist journal, Controcorrente/ Countercurrent.
http://www.polyarchy.org/basta/crimini/sette.html
8- 8 -1926 -- US: Sarah Elizabeth Holmes (1850-1926) dies, Santa-Fé, New Mexico. American anarchist, feminist, & journalist. She & her husband William H. Holmes joined with Albert & Lucy Parsons in publishing "The Alarm", inciting women in the labor movement & agitating for the 8-hour work day. She also contributed to Benjamin Tucker's periodical "Liberty". She translated & published Sophie Kropotkin, Michael Bakunin, etc.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout2.html#8
http://www.zetetics.com/mac/articles/holmes.html
10- 15 -1926 -- Canada: Emma Goldman arrives by ship, to lecture; proximity rekindles her hope for readmission to the US, where she grew up. Shortly after Goldman's arrival, Leon Malmed, her longtime friend from Albany, N.Y., visits & they become lovers.anarchist
10- 23 -1926 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, Judge Thayer denies the Medeiros motion, presented before him on Sept 13-17. Jan. 27-28, 1927 Appeal from the denial of Medeiros motion is argued before the Supreme Judicial Court, but on April 7, 1927 the denial of the Medeiros motion is affirmed. See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
anarchist http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
10- 31 -1926 -- Italy: Mussolini (a former anarchist-syndicalist) escapes an assassination attempt by the 15-year-old anarchist Anteo Zamboni (son of anarchist Mammolo Zamboni). Lynched by the black-shirted fascistes. His parents were then sentenced to 30-year terms of imprisonment.
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture9.html
10- 31 -1926 -- Canada: Emma Goldman gives her first lecture in Montreal before an audience of 700 at His Majesty's Theatre on "The Present Crisis in Russia."
11- 8 -1926 -- Italy: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Dictator Mussolini issues the laws of exceptions. It sets up special tribunals for the "defense" of the state, allowing the arrests & imprisonment of many anarchists without trials.
11- 15 -1926 -- Italy: During this month Mussolini issues the "laws of exceptions", instituting special "tribunals of state defense", with many anarchists arrested & deported.
http://www.radio4all.org/redblack/books/a_violent.html
11- 29 -1926 -- Canada: Emma Goldman lectures on Ibsen to an audience of 500 at Hygeia Hall; the interest shown persuades her to initiate a series on drama. Emma has been doing a series of lectures during the month. Most of lectures in Montreal are in Yiddish. She focuses on raising funds for political prisoners in Russia, an impassioned appeal at one banquet yields $300. She also spoke in Toronto on Nov. 26, where she finds the anarchists more numerous & better organized than in Montreal.
12- 12 -1926 -- Emma Goldman's lectures on Russian drama this month cover Griboyedev, Gogol, & Ostrovsky, though the attendance is disappointing.
More successful are Emma's three lectures to the Arbeiter Ring: 600 attend her Dec. 12 lecture in Yiddish on Gorki. In addition, she lectures twice at Hygeia Hall, on modern education on Dec. 3 & on the dictatorships of Bolshevik Russia & Fascist Italy on Dec. 5. Among her visitors are her brother Morris, her sister Lena, & Lena's children, Saxe Commins & Stella Ballantine.
12- 13 -1926 -- Theo van Rysselberghe (1862-1926) Belgian painter (pointillisme), dies. Contributor, along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Aristide Delannoy, Alexandre Steinlen, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux". http://www.worldzone.net/ss/awg/visualart/awgartrysselberghe.htm
http://www.gent.be/gent/ndl/cultuur/musea/sk/musschk.htm
1- 27 -1927 -- Canada: Emma Goldman's first two lectures, January 27-30, in Winnipeg draw large audiences: a Yiddish lecture attracts 400 & 1,000 attend an English lecture on "The Labor Situation in Europe."
anarchist
1- 29 -1927 -- US: Cactus Ed Abbey, American xenophobic anarchist / ecologist / writer lives, Home, Pennsylvania. His uncompromising works include The Monkey Wrench Gang; Desert Solitaire; Hayduke Lives. http://www.abbeyweb.net/abbey.html
2- 5 -1927 -- France: The Dielo Trouda, a publishing group founded by Nestor Makhno, Peter Arshinov & other exiled Russian & Ukrainian anarchists in Paris, issues an invitation to an 'international conference', based on their 'Organisational Platform'. Before this conference a preliminary meeting is held on the 12th. Present, apart from the Dielo Trouda group, was a delegate from the French Anarchist Youth, Odeon; a Bulgarian, Pavel, in an individual capacity; a delegate of the Polish anarchist group, Ranko, & another Pole in an individual capacity; several Spanish militants, among them Orobon Fernandez, Carbo, & Gibanel; an Italian, Ugo Fedeli; a Chinese, Chen; & a Frenchman, Dauphlin-Meunier; all in individual capacities. This first meeting was held in the small backroom of a Parisian cafe. A provisional Commission was set up, composed of Makhno, Chen and Ranko. A circular was sent out to all anarchist groups on 22 February. An international conference was called & took place on 20 April 1927, at Hay-les-Roses near Paris, in the cinema Les Roses.
As well as those who attended the first meeting was one Italian delegate who supported the 'Platform', Bifolchi, and another Italian delegation from the magazine 'Pensiero e Volonta', Luigi Fabbri, Camillo Berneri, & Ugo Fedeli. The French had two delegations, one of Odeon, favourable to the 'Platform' & another with Severin Ferandel.
The, publication of the 'Platform' was met with ferocity & indignation by many in the international anarchist movement. First to attack it was the Russian anarchist Voline, now also in France, & founder with Sebastian Faure of the 'Synthesis' which sought to justify a mish-mash of anarchist-communism, anarcho-syndicalism & individualist anarchism. Together with Molly Steimer, Fleshin, & others, he wrote a reply stating that to "maintain that anarchism is only a theory of classes is to limit it to a single viewpoint".
http://www.nefac.org/theory/platform.html
2- 12 -1927 -- France: Preliminary meeting is held for 'international conference', based on the Dielo Trouda group's 'Organisational Platform'. Present, apart from the Dielo Trouda group (founded by Nestor Makhno, Peter Arshinov & other exiled Russian & Ukrainian anarchists in Paris), was a delegate from the French Anarchist Youth, Odeon; a Bulgarian, Pavel, in an individual capacity; a delegate of the Polish anarchist group, Ranko, & another Pole in an individual capacity; several Spanish militants, among them Orobon Fernandez, Carbo, & Gibanel; an Italian, Ugo Fedeli; a Chinese, Chen; & a Frenchman, Dauphlin-Meunier; all in individual capacities.
2- 22 -1927 -- NESToR MAKHNO and PIOTR ARSHINOV with other exiled Russian and Ukrainian anarchists in Paris, launched the excellent bimonthly Dielo Trouda in 1925. It was an anarchist communist theoretical review of a high quality. Years before, when they had both been imprisoned in the Butirky prison in Moscow, they had hatched the idea of such a review. Now it was to be put into practice. Makhno wrote an article for nearly every issue during the course of three years. In 1926 the group was joined by IDA METT (author of the expose of Bolshevism, "The Kronstadt Commune"), who had recently fled from Russia. That year also saw the publication of the 'Organisational Platform'. The, publication of the `Platform' was met with ferocity and indignation by many in the international anarchist movement. First to attack it was the Russian anarchist Voline, now also in France, and founder with Sebastian Faure of the `Synthesis' which sought to justify a mish- mash of anarchist-communism, anarcho-syndicalism and individualist anarchism. Together with Molly Steimer, Fleshin, and others, he wrote a reply stating that to "maintain that anarchism is only a theory of classes is to limit it to a single viewpoint".
Not to be deterred, the Dielo Trouda group issued, on 5 February 1927 an invitation to an 'international conference' before which a preliminary meeting was to be held on the 12th of the same month. Present at this meeting, apart from the Dielo Trouda group, was a delegate from the French Anarchist Youth, Odeon; a Bulgarian, Pavel, in an individual capacity; a delegate of the Polish anarchist group, Ranko, and another Pole in an individual capacity; several Spanish militants, among them Orobon Fernandez, Carbo, and Gibanel; an Italian, Ugo Fedeli; a Chinese, Chen; and a Frenchman, Dauphlin-Meunier; all in individual capacities. This first meeting was held in the small backroom of a Parisian cafe.
A provisional Commission was set up, composed of Makhno, Chen and Ranko. A circular was sent out to all anarchist groups on 22 February. An international conference was called and took place on 20 April 1927, at Hay-les-Roses near Paris, in the cinema Les Roses.
As well as those who attended the first meeting was one Italian delegate who supported the 'Platform', Bifolchi, and another Italian delegation from the magazine 'Pensiero e Volonta', Luigi Fabbri, Camillo Berneri, and Ugo Fedeli. The French had two delegations, one of Odeon, favourable to the 'Platform' and another with Severin Ferandel. http://www.nefac.org/theory/platform.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Makhno/MakhnoFromBleed.htm
3- 3 -1927 -- Canada: In Edmonton, where Emma Goldman expects to give just two lectures March 3-11, she addresses 15 meetings in a week, speaking on trends in modern education, Ibsen, birth control, women's emancipation (to the Women's Press Club); she speaks to factory girls during their lunch hour & to large Jewish audiences under the auspices of the Jewish Council of Women, the Arbeiter Ring, Hadassah, & Poale Zion, as well as to professors at the University of Alberta & a Sunday audience of 1,500.
anarchist feminist
3- 24 -1927 -- Canada: Emma Goldman's English-language lecture series in Toronto (March 24-April 26) covers social topics as well as drama, including plays of Susan Glaspell, Eugene O'Neill, & Russian drama. Red Emma also researches a new lecture on "The Awakening in China," which draws 800 people. After protests from the Catholic community, Goldman delivers the final lecture of the series, on birth control, to a packed hall.
She also lectures in Yiddish on the history of anarchism & on art & revolution.
4- 7 -1927 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case,trial, Cronologia: September 1917 Sacco and Vanzetti return to the United States. see 10-23-1926 April 7, 1927 The denial of the Medeiros motion is affirmed.
anarchistSee Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
4- 9 -1927 -- US: Massachusetts: Death sentences for "those anarchist bastards" (quote from the trial Judge Thayer during the trial) Nicolas Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti are upheld. http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
4- 20 -1927 -- France: International anarchist conference at Hay-les-Roses near Paris, in the cinema Les Roses.
Called by a provisional Commission, set up by the Dielo Trouda group, composed of Makhno, Chen & Ranko. As well as those who attended an earlier provisional meeting was one Italian delegate who supported the 'Platform', Bifolchi, & another Italian delegation from the magazine 'Pensiero e Volonta', Luigi Fabbri, Camillo Berneri, & Ugo Fedeli. The French had two delegations, one of Odeon, favourable to the 'Platform' & another with Severin Ferandel.
[Details, click here]
6- 10 -1927 -- Italy: The trial (June 8-10) of the anarchist Gino Lucetti concludes. He attempted to assassinate Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Mussolini, September 11, 1926. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison; two others receive 12 years.
http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/DOF/chron/chronmus.htm
6- 22 -1927 -- US: Stan Iverson, Seattle anarchist, lives (1927- May 1985).
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/
7- 15 -1927 -- Julien Content (1892-1927) dies. French anarchist militant, antimilitarist, revolutionary trade unionist involved with numerous libertarian papers. Crippled in a car accident in 1926, today he commits suicide.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet3.html#15
7- 21 -1927 -- France: The "Comité International de Défense Anarchiste", Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti & Grégorio Jover, meet for a banquet in a Parisian restaurant to celebrate the recent release of the French geôles (prisoners); in addition to their families, those released are joined by some 30 other militants, including Sebastien Faure, Nestor Makhno & Louis Lecoin (the true mastermind of their release).
7- 22 -1927 -- Switzerland: Albert Meister lives (1927--1982). Bâle. Writer & anarchist sociologist. Under various pseudonyms he wrote many works on the problems of labor associations, workers' self-management & development in poor countries, including, Coopération d'habitation et sociologie du voisinage (1957), Socialisme et autogestion, l'expérience yougoslave (1964), Participation, animation et développement (1969), La participation dans les associations (1974), L'inflation créatrice (1975), La soi-disant utopie du centre Beaubourg (1976)
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier1.html#meister
7- 23 -1927 -- The anarchosyndikalistische "Gegenkultur" forms a network of the most diffuse currents & unions, branched out far.
In the guild of the liberal book friends, the syndicalist women federations, the anarcho-syndicalist youth, the anti-authoritarian children's movement, the cooperative & settlement projects, as well as in the anti-fascist 'black crowds', sexual reform & free-love movements & the entire left culture movement of the Weimar Republic are documented in their contact with the FAUD, as a yardstick reflecting itself.. The FAUD(S) emerged as a principled, nonviolent organization capable of change & adaptation. It never fully integrated anarchism & syndicalism but accommodated their often opposing cultural & labor strategies for revolution. It drew support from a core of highly skilled artisans in well-defined trades, but between 1918 & 1924 also attracted industrial workers disillusioned with the Marxist parties.
http://www.free.de/dada/ask5.htm#INHALT
http://www.free.de/dada/ask5rz06.htm
7- 25 -1927 -- Spain: Portuguese anarchist conference, relocated from Portugal, meets surreptitiously today & tomorrow, in Valencia. A military coup in Portugal on May 28, forces anarchists to move this planned conference to Spain. Attendees include Francisco Nobrea do Quintal, secretary of the Portuguese Anarchist Union. Germinal de Sousa, son of the author of the draft plan to launch an Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), & a refugee in Spain, was also on hand. From the outset he was a member of the new anarchist body & a participant, along with other Portuguese delegates, in the National Plenum of Regionals held in Madrid on October 30 & 31, 1927.
The "F.A.I.", which included both Portuguese & Spanish anarchists, quickly became a significant revolutionary organization & plays an important role in the Spanish Revolution of 1936.
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#FAI
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
7- 28 -1927 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, after being interviewed for several hours by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Governor Fuller, Vanzetti writes a letter to him providing more complete answers to the Governor's questions & asking him to stop the scheduled executions. Fuller announces his refusal to intervene on Aug. 3rd.anarchistSee Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
8- 3 -1927 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Gov. Fuller announces he will not intervene to stop the scheduled executions.
anarchist http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
8- 6 -1927 --
8- 21 -1927 -- US Supreme Court Justice Brandeis refuses to hear request for stay of execution in the case of the anarchists Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti. (see August 23). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/SaccoVan/SaccoVan.html
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
8- 23 -1927 -- US: Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti , Italian-born anarchist labor militants, executed in the electric chair, Boston despite unprecedented protests worldwide. (see August 24). http://www.msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sacco-Vanzetti/index.html
The execution of Sacco & Vanzetti inspired Upton Sinclair's novel Boston & Maxwell Anderson's play Winterset, as well as songs & poems over the years.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/StBenShahn.htm
http://www.saccovanzettiproject.org/
8- 27 -1927 -- Paris: Thousands turn out in violent protests over deaths of Sacco & Vanzetti.
Aldino Felicani (1891-1967)
In 1918, Aldino Felicani, Italian-American anarchist, typographer, editor, publisher, settled in Boston & became friends with Bartolomeo Vanzetti. With the arrests of Vanzetti & Nicola Sacco, Felicaniorganized a support group with the two & created, for their defense, the newspaper "The agitazione" (1920-1925) & "The Lantern" (1927-1929). Resources for the Sacco & Vanzetti Case, see Bright Lights page, the Mid-Atlantic Info-Shop page at http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html, Al Filreis' page at http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
8- 28 -1927 -- US: Sacco-Vanzetti funeral from North End to Forest Hills Cemetery. The anarchists are cremated. In September all Hollywood newsreels on Sacco & Vanzetti are ordered destroyed by Will Hayes, movie czar.
9- 1 -1927 -- Canada: Memorial meeting for Sacco & Vanzetti (in Toronto?). Speakers include Emma Goldman, who has spent the summer trying to research & write a new lectures for her fall series despite the impending executions, & had addressed a meeting on the case in Toronto on Aug. 18, a few days before their execution on Aug. 23.
9- 3 -1927 -- Man Ray, surrealist, chess player/designer, anarchist, filmmaker & photographer, in this month signs the surrealist manifesto, "Hands Off Love", devoted to Charlie Chaplin, in "La Révolution surréaliste".
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
http://www.surrealism-usa.org/
http://www.sfu.ca/english/engl338/transition.htm
9- 7 -1927 -- François Malicet (1843-1927) killed by a burglar. French barber, lifelong anarchist, member of "Les déshérités" group in Nouzon. Malicet met Fortuné Henry at a conference & in 1903 participated in Henry's attempt to establish a libertarian communist colony at Aiglemont. Malicet left the colony over differences with André Mounier. Malicet subscribed to the notion, "Et du boyau du dernier prêtre, serrons le cou du dernier flic" until his death.
alt: Les desherites group, Francois Malicet, Fortune Henry, Andre Mournier http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai3.html#15
9- 15 -1927 -- Belgium: Herman Gorter dies, Brussels. "When Gorter became a Socialist he issued a book of poems, which no longer had nature for the theme, but class struggle. As he says in one of his poems, he "had found something much greater than Nature."
— H.Canne Meijer, from Pioneers of Anti-Parliamentarism, by the anarchist Guy Aldred.
9- 30 -1927 -- Poet W.S. Merwin lives.
In its first issue, the "Hudson Review", styling itself "a magazine of literature & the arts," published poems by e. e. cummings, Wallace Stevens & W. S. Merwin (his first published poem), an article by Mark Schorer, a story by the anarchist Alex Comfort, criticism by R. P. Blackmur, & reports by the anarchist Herbert Read & D. S. Savage. Since then, it has continued to publish many of the most distinguished writers of our times; for many, it was their publishing debut.
http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/ishikawa/amlit/21/21authors.htm
10- 7 -1927 -- R.D. Laing, British radical anti-psychiatrist, lives.anarchist http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5214/laing.html
10- 11 -1927 -- Canada: Emma Goldman's ambitious lecture series, October 11-December 8, begins at Hygeia Hall, Toronto.
The series consists of 18 lectures & covers drama as well as social & literary topics, including the plays of Shaw, Galsworthy, & Ibsen, Walt Whitman, "Crime & Punishment," "The Menace of Military Preparedness," "Evolution versus Religious Bigotry," "The Child & Its Enemies," "Sex--A Dominant Element in Life & Art," & "Has Feminism Achieved Its Aim?" Audiences for her lectures are disappointing, & the aging anarchist-feminist determines to return to Europe in the new year & begin writing her autobiography.
12- 25 -1927 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the National City Bank is bombed, killing two & wounding 23 American & Argentinean customers: it is the work of anarchist (Giovanni & the brothers Scarfo) proponents of violent action.
1- 29 -1928 -- Family members visit Canada from the US to see Emma Goldman before she departs for France; a farewell banquet is held in her honor today. As she anticipates writing her autobiography, Goldman asks a wider circle of friends to loan her her past correspondence to refresh her memory.anarchist
2- 7 -1928 -- Canada: In her final appearance in Toronto, Emma Goldman lectures on two books by Judge Ben Lindsey, The Revolt of Youth & Companionate Marriage. anarchist feminist
2- 9 -1928 -- Canada: Emma Goldman travels to Montreal, where she gives two lectures in Yiddish--on birth control & on art & revolution--& one on Walt Whitman delivered in a private home. She leaves Montreal on Feb. 18 for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she embarks for France on Feb. 20. anarchist feminist
2- 18 -1928 -- February On Feb. 9 Goldman travels to Montreal, where she gives two lectures in Yiddish--on birth control and on art and revolution--and one on Walt Whitman delivered in a private home. She leaves Montreal on Feb. 18 for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she embarks for France on Feb. 20. anarchist feminist
3- 5 -1928 -- France: During March-May, in Paris, Emma Goldman is reunited with old friends & comrades, including Alex Berkman, Mollie Steimer, & Senya Fleshin. anarchist; alt: Senya FLECHINE
4- 7 -1928 -- Marcel Wullens dies of tuberculoses. Militant anarchist & syndicalist who participated, with his brother Maurice, in the review "Les humbles," the journal "L'insurgé," & (without his brother Maurice, a novelist, who had broke with the anarchists in favor of the Bolsheviks, & later became an organizer, with Andre Breton & Leon Trotsky, of the F.I.A.R.I. ), helped found "La révolution prolétarienne". http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#wullens
5- 3 -1928 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, to protest against the Italian dictatorship, the anarchist Severino Di Giovanni bombs the Italian consulate (which was being used eliminate Italian antifascists in exiles). Nine killed, 34 wounded.
5- 13 -1928 -- Man Ray, artist, chess player/designer, anarchist, filmmaker & photographer, premiers L'Etoile de Mer (The Star of the Sea), a film by Man Ray based on a poem by Robert Desnos, at the Studio des Ursulines. It continues to be shown in the same program as The Blue Angel at least until December.
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
5- 19 -1928 -- Lucien Tronchet, anarchist & Swiss trade unionist, & Clovis-Abel Pignat & Vuattolo instigate a 15-day wildcat strike which results in a reduction of working hours, minimum wages, etc. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/TronchetLucien.htm
7- 17 -1928 -- Mexico: General Alvaro Obreg¢n Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader president, assassinated. Obregon was responsible for the crushing of Zapatistan autonomous initiatives ten years previously. His assassin is not an anarchist, but rather an activist Catholic.
9- 26 -1928 -- US: Man Ray, surrealist, chess player/designer, anarchist, filmmaker & photographer, publishes a photographic report about the big trades of lorraine in the magazine "Vu".
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
11- 23 -1928 -- Albert Laisant (1873-1928), anarchist, dies. Son of Charles Ange Laisant (1841-1920), Albert was introduced to anarchist ideas by Sebastien Faure & turns the whole family into anarchists, including his father & his own two sons, Maurice & Charles.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#1
12- 7 -1928 -- Noam Chomsky lives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Linguist, anarchist, social critic, activist. Critic in the manner of the great I.F. Stone -- & just as ignored & vilified by establishment. http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/chomsky/index.html
" While I have yet to hear him play the accordian, I have been proud to know that he is part of a family as well as a community I have identified with, a man with private moments, & good hearty laughs, of a boat that sails a Cape Cod pond, & so many friends in movements far away who take heart from his words, & passion from his pen. — Danny Schechter, one of over 1,500 birthday greetings on Chomsky's 70th birthday
http://www.zmag.org/noambirth.htm
http://www.disinfo.com/pages/article/id589/pg1/
12- 14 -1928 -- Spain: Emma Goldman, accompanied by Henry Alsberg & Otto Kleinberg, travels the country; in Barcelona, she meets anarchist intellectuals Federico Urales (Joan Montseny) & Soledad Gustavo, & their daughter Federica Montseny.
1- 11 -1929 -- After two weeks in Paris, Emma Goldman returns to St. Tropez during January-February, where she learns that friends, principally Peggy Guggenheim & Mark Dix, have contributed enough money to help her purchase the cottage & ensure her a place to live & write. She returns to working full-time on her autobiography, interrupted only by the visit in February of her nephew Saxe Commins & his wife Dorothy.
1- 20 -1929 -- Manchuria: The Korean anarchist guerilla general Kim Jwa-Jin (sometimes called the Korean Makhno) is assassinated while doing repair work on a rice mill. The Korean Anarchist Federation in China was formed in April 1924. Over 2 millon Koreans were living in Manchuria, & the Korean anarchists were active & influential among them. By 1928 the spread of libertarian politics allowed the Korean Anarchists to organise the Eastern Anarchist Federation with comrades from China, Vietnam, Taiwan & Japan -- which published a bulletin, Dong-Bang (The East).
From late 1930 on, the Japanese were attacking in waves from the South, & the Stalinists, supported by the USSR, from the North. As the anarchists grew in numbers & support the Stalinists & the pro-Japanese elements in Manchuria felt their own power bases threatened. In early 1931 the Stalinists sent assassination & kidnapping teams into the anarchist zone to murder leading activists, figuring that if they wiped out the KAFM the KAPM would wither & die.
By the summer of 1931 many leading anarchists were dead & the war on two fronts was devastating the region.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/koreahis.html
The text of a talk presented by Alan MacSimoin provides some context,
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/korea.html
4- 24 -1929 -- France: Caroline Remy, known as Severine, dies. Libertarian, feminist, pacifist, journalist of the League of Humans Rights. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/SeverineCarolineRemy.htm
5- 1 -1929 -- Germany: Liberal Book Friends (GfB) begins publishing the free monthly illustrated review 'Meditation & Departure'.
Nice mix of anarchist & contemporary & critical art-related materials. Included Max Baginski, Karl Roche, Erich Muhsam, Fritz Linow, Arthur Lehning, Rudolf Rocker among many others. Each issue included a booklet by some anarchist or sympathetic author (Emma Goldman & Theodor Plievier, for example).
http://www.free.de/dada/ask51121.htm
http://www.free.de/dada/ask5rz06.htm
5- 11 -1929 -- French anarchist propagandist Albin Cantone, aka Albin, dies of cancer, age 41. Born in Italy 1888, metal worker in Lyon. Cantone published the review, "Les Glaneurs", in 1917-18, wrote for "Les vagabonds" (1921-1922), "La brochure mensuelle", "Semeur", etc. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#albin
6- 1 -1929 -- China: At a meeting in Peking of the KAFC it is decided to divert all resources outside Korea itself to Manchuria & most KAFC members moved to the anarchist zone in northern Manchuria.
Over 2 millon Koreans were living in Manchuria, & the Korean Anarchist Federation was active & influential among them. Unfortunately, between Japanese attacks from the south & Russian supported attacks by the Stalinists from the north, coupled with assassination & kidnapping teams sent by the Stalinists into the anarchist zone in early 1931, many leading anarchists were soon dead & the war on two fronts devastated the region.
[Details, click here]
6- 16 -1929 -- Ronald Creagh (May 1968-2023) lives. French historian of the American anarchist movement. Professor at l'université de Montpellier, author of Histoire de l'anarchisme aux USA (1981), Laboratoires de l'utopie, les communautés libertaires aux Etats Unis (1983), Sacco et Vanzetti (1984). Also moderates the Internet "Research on Anarchism" discussion list.
http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/
http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/fr/creagh_r/index_f.html
6- 27 -1929 -- Emma Goldman takes time out of a busy writing schedule to celebrate her 60th birthday with Alex Berkman & visiting American friends Ben & Ida Capes.anarchist feminist
6- 28 -1929 -- Edward Carpenter (1844--1929) dies. Homosexual & early proponent of gay rights, utopian & libertarian socialist, poet, songwriter, pacifist. Influenced by William Morris. E.M. Forster described him as 'a poet, a prose writer, a mystic, a manual labourer, an anti-vivisectionist, an art critic, etcetera '.
anarchist http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcarpenter.htm
http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~pap-aja/ecc/
7- 9 -1929 -- William Charles Owen (1854-1929) dies. Anglo-American militant & anarchist individualist propagandist. Member of the International Workmen's Association. Discovers the writings of Kropotkin & becomes his translator. Under the influence of Benjamin Tucker, Owen evolved to anarchist individualism.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#OwenWilliam
9- 30 -1929 -- US: Publisher Alfred Knopf signs a book contract with Emma Goldman 's representatives, lawyer Arthur Leonard Ross & Saxe Commins; she receives an advance of $7,000. Emma Goldman began writing her autobiography, Living My Life, in March, & many American publishers express interest in it; eight made offers to the aging anarchist. Absorbed in writing her book, the departure in May of Emily Holmes Coleman, whose assistance & companionship have been invaluable, was disruptive; eventually her friend's daughter Miriam Lerner serves as secretary through the summer. As Emma writes, she contacts friends to corroborate her memory of events & furnish details of personalities; some of her former acquaintances request to be omitted from her book.
10- 7 -1929 -- France: French lettrist & situationist theorist Gil J Wolman lives.
anarchist http://www.nothingness.org/SI/index.html
http://archon.ifoer.tuwien.ac.at/notbored/films.html
http://archon.ifoer.tuwien.ac.at/notbored/wolman.html
http://archon.ifoer.tuwien.ac.at/notbored/contents.html
http://www.notbored.org/anticoncept.html
10- 21 -1929 -- Ursula Le Guin lives, Berkeley, California. Science fiction/fantasy novelist, anarchist, daughter of famed anthropologist Kroeber. Her book include "The Dispossessed," "Left Hand of Darkness". LeGuin examines contemporary problems by recasting them in imagined worlds — for example, the possibility for a perfect anarchic society, in The Dispossessed, (1974); & life in an androgynous world, in The Left Hand of Darkness, (1969). She also wrote a wonderful fantasy series for children, the Earthsea trilogy, & has received many awards, including the Boston Globe-Hornbook Award for juvenile fiction (1968) & the National Book Award (1973) for the children's book The Farthest Shore. Her other works include poetry, stories (collected in The Wind's Twelve Quarters, 1975), essays on science fiction, & the novels Malafrena (1979) & The Compass Rose (1982).
| "You cannot buy the Revolution. You cannot make the Revolution. You can only be the Revolution. It is in your spirit or it is nowhere." — Ursula K. LeGuin, The Dispossessed |
http://www.ursulakleguin.com/
http://www.levity.com/corduroy/leguin.htm
1- 11 -1930 -- France: In Paris for the winter, Emma Goldman continues writing; Alexander Berkman, who lives nearby in St. Cloud, helps edit her manuscript. She mails the first installment of her autobiography to Knopf. American journalist & editor H. L. Mencken visits Goldman.
2- 22 -1930 -- Italy: Camillo Berneri sentenced to six months in prison. The situation became more complicated when Carlo Rosselli & Emilio Dolci managed to escape from Italian prisons & reach Paris. A series of bombs exploded in Nice & in bars in Cannes. The responsibility lay with the fascist régime, who expected the anarchists to be blamed, forcing the French government to repatriate them.
In the meantime, Camillo Berneri had been preparing an 'attentat' on Alfredo Rocco &endash;the man behind the infamous Rocco Penal Code &endash; during his Brussels visit. Menapace arranged it so that Berneri would be arrested in Belgium, in possession of a pistol & some photographs of the Minister of Justice, Rocco. So, he was captured & Menapace returned to Rome. In court on 22nd February 1930, Berneri's friends were acquitted, but he himself was sentenced to six months in prison, while Menapace was sentenced 'in absentia' to two years, since it was accepted that he instigated the whole thing.
Once back on the other side of the Franco-Belgian border, Berneri went through a second trial for the same events & was sentenced to a year & two months. He was given amnesty on 14th July 1931 & expelled from the country, but, as he had already been declared undesirable ('persona non grata') in the surrounding countries, Berneri was again able to stay in Paris.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html
3- 6 -1930 -- France (?): During this month Emma Goldman is presented with an expulsion order dating from March 1901. Red Emma is taken immediately to police headquarters. She demands & receives a stay of 10 days; lawyer Henri Torres ultimately succeeds in overturning the expulsion order. Meanwhile, in the US, Mencken petitions the U.S. Department of State to revoke Goldman's deportation & grant her a visitor's visa, & requests the Department of Justice return her personal papers seized in the 1917 raid on the Mother Earth office.
anarchist
3- 6 -1930 -- US: 100,000 demonstrate for jobs in New York City. No Welfare Bums them. Welfare doesn't exist yet. Demonstrations by unemployed workers demanding unemployment insurance occur in virtually every major city in the country. Police attack a crowd of 35,000 in NY City, & 10,000 people engaged in a melee with police in Cleveland. A Communist Party-sponsored unemployment demonstration brought out more than 50,000 in Detroit, with thousands more taking to the streets in Toledo, Flint & Pontiac.
Republican congressman Hamilton Fish, with the support of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), also introduces a measure in Congress to create a committee to investigate radical activities. This is the beginning of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).
4- 3 -1930 -- April-May, Emma Goldman sends the publisher what she assumes is the last installment of her autobiography--concluding with her deportation from the United States aboard the Buford--but Knopf insists on additional chapters covering her years in Russia and Europe.anarchist feminist
4- 5 -1930 -- France: Antoine Cyvoct dies. Lyons anarchist militant. Cyvoct was wrongly suspected of & spent many years in prison, then worked then worked in the bookstore business, & gave talks on prison conditions. [Details, click here]
5- 8 -1930 -- One of the earliest of the Beat Poets, Zen anarchist Gary Snyder, lives in San Francisco, California.
http://www.bluesforpeace.com/beat-generation.htm
http://www.poetryflash.org/archive.snyder.html
6- 8 -1930 -- Antoine Antignac dies. French anarchist, speaker, bookstore manager, writer for anarchist publications. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AntignacAntoine.htm
6- 30 -1930 -- Francisco Saverio Merlino (1856-1930) dies. Lawyer, theorist, propagandist of Italian anarchism, then a socialist. He continued to defend the anarchists as needed -- which was often.
8- 21 -1930 -- Goliardo Fiaschi (1930-2000), Italian anti-fascist & anarchist guerilla in Spain, bookstore owner, lives. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/FiaschiGoliardo.htm
8- 24 -1930 -- Indochina: Two killed in riots on third anniversary of Sacco & Vanzetti execution (see August 23, 27). The Sacco & Vanzetti prosecutors left a trail of doctored eyewitness accounts, altered testimony & false ballistics reports in the judicial murder that aroused millions around the world.
anarchisthttp://www.saccovanzettiproject.org/
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
8- 26 -1930 -- Louis Eugène Jakmin (aka Jacquemin) dies. French blacksmith, anarchist propagandist, antimilitarist, militant syndicalist.
Secretary of la fédération communiste anarchiste, manager of "libertaire", participant in "Le réveil Anarchiste ouvrier". A member of the SFIO until his death today following an illness. [Details, click here]
8- 30 -1930 -- Zo D'Axa dies. French lampoonist, publisher, writer & anarchist propagandist. Published "La Feuille," & ran an ass in the elections, which caused street brawls. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/D'AxaZo.htm
11- 8 -1930 -- France: Alexander Berkman, denied renewal of his visa once again, is given 15 days to leave the country; by mid-month he receives another three-month extension.
Also during this month, Knopf publishing house postpones publication of
Emma Goldman's autobiography until the fall of 1931. Eunice M. Schuster, writing a Master's thesis on anarchism, asks Emma Goldman for information & assistance; Goldman encourages comrades — W. S. Van Valkenburgh, Hippolyte Havel, Max Nettlau, & anarchist publisher Joseph Ishill — to assist Schuster; her thesis is published in 1932 as Native American Anarchism, one of the earliest studies of American anarchism. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html
11- 21 -1930 -- US: 450 people attend a fund-raising banquet for Alexander Berkman in New York City to celebrate his 60th birthday. Berkman cannot attend because he is not allowed into the "land of the free".
http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html
1- 6 -1931 -- E. L. Doctorow (his historical novel Ragtime, includes such anarchists as Emma Goldman) lives, New York City.
1- 11 -1931 -- Emma Goldman finishes her autobiography, Living My Life, having written 100,000 words since she began the last two chapters in July 1930.
2- 1 -1931 -- Severino Di Giovanni dies in a shoot-out with the police. Typographer. He fled to Argentina in 1923 to escape Italian Fascism, where he joined the Anarchist Circle (Renzo Novatore) in Buenos Aires & printed & published the review "Culmine". He organizes a demonstration for the release of Sacco & Vanzetti, but when they are executed on August 23, 1927, Di Giovanni turned to violent actions with the Scarfo brothers (Alejandro & Paulino); many bombs were set off, especially aimed at North American interests. For example, on December 25, 1927, the National City Bank was bombed. On May 3, 1928, the Italian consulate.
This spiral of violence was condemned by the anarchists of FORA & "La Protesta." See Osvaldo Bayer Severino Di Giovanni, the idealist of violencia (1970).
2- 2 -1931 -- Argentinean anarchist Paulino Scarfo dies in a shoot out with police.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/noms3.html#s
2- 3 -1931 -- US:The Second Oldest Profession, a study of pimps, by the good anarchist & whorehouse doctor, Ben Reitman, is published.
anarchist http://www.heartland-cafe.com/journal/46books.html#hobomania
2- 10 -1931 -- US: Karl Yoneda attends a demonstration in Los Angeles, where the Red Squad severely beat him & thow him into a cell. “‘Come & pick up this goddamn Jap, he’s dying anyway’ he told me,” Black recalled in her biography “The Red Angel.” “He was a bloody mess. The bandages hadn’t been changed on his head. Everything was covered with blood.”
Whether by some stroke of compassion or just because he didn’t want Yoneda dying in custody, Red Squad chief William Hynes called Elaine Black of the International Labor Defense group, whom the cops had dubbed the “Red Angel” for her tireless work getting strikers out of jail.
As a student Yoneda read the works of Marx & the Russian anarchist Vasily Eroshenko, who was kicked out of Japan in 1921 for his politics & lived in China. Yoneda found passage to China & hitchhiked to Beijing, meeting the blind Russian in 1922. Along the way in the port of Shimonoseki he worked his first job as a longshoreman unloading coal. He studied with Eroshenko for two months & took dictation, earning his way back to Japan.
Karl Yoneda later became an organizer for the Communist Party in Los Angeles.
http://www.ilwu.org/0599/people_0599.htm
http://www.well.com/user/sfflier/heroics-aftermath.html
3- 27 -1931 -- Uruguay: Arrest of Miguel Arcangel Roscigna, anarchist Argentinean expropriator who, after being a wrought iron craftsman, went from anarcho-syndicalism to violent action. Initiated by Durruti in bank robberies to finance propaganda & to help prisoners escape. October 1, 1927, Roscigna & his gang (Andrès Vasquez Paredes, Vicente & Antonio Moretti) netted an impressive 141,000 pesos in a Buenos Aires robbery. A police officer was killed but they escaped to Uruguay. There they financed a spectacular escape from the Punta Carretas Prison in Montevideo, freeing nine men, but resulting in the arrest of Roscigna & Moretti. Sentenced to six years in prison before being delivered to the Argentinean police who then murdered them: the body of Roscigna has never been found (a now familiar "method" of torturing & disappearing the victims). See Osvaldo Bayer's Les anarchistes expropriateurs.
4- 12 -1931 -- Teresa Claramunt, 1862-1931 lives. Le 12 avril 1931, mort de Teresa CLARAMUNT, à Barcelone. Militante anarchiste, anarcho-syndicaliste et féministe catalane. Elle est née en 1862. Ouvrière dans le textile et militante anarchite, elle collabore à la revue "El Productor"( Le producteur). Dès 1905, elle revendique, dans une brochure, le droit à l'égalité des femmes dans la société, et la prise en mains par ces dernières de leurs propres destinées. Elle est, en compagnie de Soledad Gustavo (avec qui elle était très liée), une des pionnières de l'anarcho-syndicaliste féminin en Espagne, poussant Federico Urales à reprendre la parution de "La Revista Blanca". Militante acharnée, Teresa est plusieurs fois arrêtée et interrogée par la police. Elle y subit de mauvais traitements pour avoir refusée de livrer les noms de ses compagnons anarchistes recherchés, et sera condamnée à 5 ans de prison. Son enterrement, le 14 avril fut l'occasion d'une grande manifestation anarchiste dans la ville de Barcelone.
Edited La mujer en la Lucha Social y en la Guerra Civil de España, de Lola Iturbe. (Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A. México D.F., 1974). CLARAMUNT http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier1.html#iturbe
4- 14 -1931 -- Spain: A Republic is proclaimed. Alfonso XIII crosses paths on his way out of Spain with hundreds of returning exiles, among them the anarchists Buenaventura Durruti & Francisco Ascaso. [Details, click here]
A colleague of Durruti & Ascaso, Juan García Oliver, recalled in 1937 (by then a minister of the Republic) the years of struggle when many anarchist militants such as ‘Sugar Baby’ Salvador Segui perished. Juan GARCÍA OLIVER, (Archive footage): Our anarchist group was formed in 1923. The gangs of gunmen from the employer-sponsored Sindicato Libre were all but masters of the city & the police were conniving in the destruction of our organisations & our personnel. We came together & set up an anarchist group, an action group to take on the gunmen, the bosses & the government.
And we achieved our aim. We beat them.
5- 1 -1931 -- France: The pacifists, anarchists & néo-malthusians Jeanne & Eugene Humbert begin publishing the newspaper "La Grande Réforme".
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#1
5- 6 -1931 -- May Goldman learns that, despite the dreadful economic situation, Knopf intends to publish Living My Life in two volumes at what she considers an exorbitant price.
5- 17 -1931 -- US: Emma Goldman, the anarchist feminist who has been kicked out of the "land of the free", is included in John Haynes Holmes's sermon in New York on "The Ten Greatest Living Women."
5- 21 -1931 -- Italy: In Rome, 32-year-old anarchist Michele Schirru is executed (shot) by a fascist firing squad. Schirru had emigrated to the US. A committed antifascist, he then returned to Italy, where he was arrested, tried & found guilty by a "special tribunal" of one notorious thug, of wanting to make an attempt on Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Mussolini life. No judge, no jury, no witnesses & no lawyers were allowed. Schirru was shot 8 1/2 hours after sentencing. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai4.html#28
5- 31 -1931 -- US: "The Forward," a Yiddish socialist daily in New York, begins serialization of Emma Goldman's autobiography, Living My Life; Goldman is dissatisfied with both the translation & editor Abraham Cahan's introductory reminiscence of her. anarchist feminist
6- 28 -1931 -- Alexander Berkman is presented with another expulsion order, the third in 15 months; he rushes to Paris to try to get an extension of his papers.
anarchist http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html
7- 21 -1931 -- France: Emile Pouget (1860-1931) dies. Anarchist militant & propagandist. Founded "Le Père Peinard". Signatory to the "Charter of Amiens" (1906), endorsed by the CGT. Pouget wrote numerous books & pamphlets, including Direct Action (1910), & Sabotage. http://texts.anarchosyndicalism.org/sab.htm
8- 7 -1931 -- US: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) heads labor strike at the Boulder Canyon Project.
"Do not jump into your automobile next June & rush out to the canyon country ... In the first place, you can't see anything from a car; you've got to get out of the god-damned contraption & walk, better yet crawl, on hands and knees, over the sandstone & through the thornbush & cactus. When traces of blood begin to mark your trail, you'll see something, maybe. Probably not. In the second place, most of what I write about in this book is already gone or going fast.
This is not a travel guide but an elegy. A memorial. You're holding a tombstone in your hands. A bloody rock. Don't drop it on your foot — throw it at something big & glassy. What have you got to lose?"
— Edward Abbey, Desert Solitaireanarchist http://iww.org/
http://www.usbr.gov/history/hoover.htm
http://weeklywire.com/tw/01-14-99/feat.htm
anarchist
8- 26 -1931 -- Writer & editor Frank Harris dies in Nice; Emma Goldman hurries there to be with Nellie Harris, Frank's widow, & to help arrange his funeral.
[Details, click here]
10- 7 -1931 -- André Colomer (1886-1931) dies. Poet, anarchist & finally a Communist. In 1913 Colomer was involved with Devaldes & Lacaze-Duthiers in the review "L'action d'art". He fled the country during WWI, refusing military service. After the armistice he was again involved in "L'action d'art", & joined the trade union of the writers & dramatic authors. In 1922, he was an organizer with the CGTU, & creates the confederal theatre. Involved in founding "Libertaire" & managed "La revue anarchiste".
In 1927, he broke with anarchism, to become a "true Communist" (only a few years before he had denounced the Bolshevik dictatorship). Moved to the USSR & died there.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#4
11- 4 -1931 -- Luigi Galleani, Italian anarchist, dies of a heart attack, at the age of 70. http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/galleani.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA4.html
12- 31 -1931 -- US: John Haynes Holmes lectures on Emma Goldman's Living My Life to an overflow audience at Temple Emanu-El in New York City.anarchist Growing interest in dramatizing Living My Life prompts Emma to grant lawyer Arthur Leonard Ross full charge of negotiations over dramatic, radio, & cinema rights to her life.
1- 1 -1932 -- US: "The Nation" magazine includes anarchist feminist Emma Goldman's Living My Life among its list of most notable books of 1931.
1- 11 -1932 -- Spain: Rising of Casas Viejas Pueblo in Cadiz, Spain, heralds Civil War; anarchist elder "Seisdedos" fights to the death against the hated Civil Guards. See The Anarchists of Casas Viejas by Jerome Mintz. http://www.spunk.org/library/reviews/index.html
1- 15 -1932 -- US: The Rand School in New York City holds a symposium on Emma Goldman's book, Living My Life.
1- 18 -1932 -- Spain: Libertarian Communism is proclaimed in the Catalonia mine fields of High Llobregat, in Berga, Cardona, Fijols, Sallent, & Suria.
The government subdues the insurrection within the week & over 100 militants, including the anarchists Ascaso & Durruti, are sent to the Rio de Oro prison colony in Africa. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
1- 19 -1932 -- Spain: Armed miners' uprising in Barcelona region in response to anarchist uprisings in Catalonia. "Libertarian communism" declared, including the abolition of money & property, followed by general strikes & armed uprisings throughout Spain over the next five days. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersM/protestsongs.html
2- 9 -1932 -- Germany: Last issue of the Syndikalist published by the Dresden FAUD (anarcho-syndicalist Free Worker's Union - Germany), suppressed by the Nazis. http://www.free.de/dada/ask7.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bulletin.htm#FAUD
2- 10 -1932 -- Spain: Anarcho-syndicalist CNT proclaims General Strike; insurrections follow.
http://users.rcn.com/figgins/generalstrike/index.html
http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/spain.html
2- 13 -1932 -- Denmark: Emma Goldman lectures at Copenhagen University on "Dictatorship, a World Menace" to an audience of 1,000 after lectures scheduled there earlier in the month are canceled for fear of Communist demonstrations.
anarchist feminist
2- 16 -1932 -- Spain: The anarchists take the city Terrassa & proclaim libertarian communism. But their action is of short duration.
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2419/spaindx.html
2- 22 -1932 -- Germany: Emma Goldman does a series of lectures, February 22-March 10. Emma speaks to a well-attended meeting of the League for Human Rights on "Crime & Punishment in America," confining herself to political & labor cases; to the Gilde freiheitlicher Bücherfreunde on "The Drama as a Social & Educational Factor"; to the Anarcho-Syndikalistischer Frauenbund on "The Child & Its Enemy"; & to a FAUD meeting on "Is the Spirit of Destruction a Constructive Spirit?" She also speaks in Oberschoneweide & Potsdam. In addition to lecturing, in Berlin Emma is preoccupied with schemes to earn money--a CBS radio broadcast to America, for which Alexander Berkman works up themes; a German translation of her autobiography; & German translation projects for Berkman.
2- 25 -1932 -- Pierre Lariviere (1884?-1932) dies. French anarchist, painter & caricaturist who illustrated some of Jean Grave's "Temps nouveaux". Mobilized in 1914, he opposed the Manifesto of the 16 / Manifeste des sieze issued by Kropotkin. In 1916, Lariviere's poems were published in Ce qu'il faut dire, by Sebastien Faure, & began collaborating, until 1927, on "Semeur" with Alphonse Barbe.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#25
http://www.borg.com/~akoontz/tmh/index/one_t.html
3- 1 -1932 -- Librado Rivera dies from complications following a car accident. Mexican anarchist, a school principal, then a professor, & companion in the fight waged by the Magón brothers, Enrique & Ricardo Flores.
Librado Rivera's libertarian ideals landed him in jail numerous times & in May 1905 Rivera went into exile in the US with Ricardo Magon & was active in the newspaper "Regeneracion".
Several times he was jailed & threatened with expulsion. Finally both were arrested & sentenced to 15 & 20 years of forced labor (Ricardo Flores Magón died in the Leavenworth penitentiary). Rivera was released on 2 October 1923, & extradited to Mexico.
Imprisoned again in 1927, he continued writing for his paper "Sagitario" until the police banned it. After his release he started "Avante", which was shut down 1929, & the printing shop destroyed.
Librado Rivera was arrested, struck & thrown in front of a train in an attempt to kill him, but foiled the attempt, & went on to found yet another newspaper, "El paso", the year before his death.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/guerrero/biography.html
Librado Rivera, Magon Brothers, et al, in a mural by Diego Rivera,
http://www.arts-history.mx/museos/mu/s2.html#47
Librado Rivera: En la Oficina del Alcalde: http://www.angelfire.com/zine/libertad/librado.html
Los Hermanos Flores Magón,
http://meltingpot.fortunecity.com/haiti/224/ricardo.html
Radio "Ricardo Flores Magón" 104.9 FM , etc, at Regeneracion,
http://www.sindominio.net/sublevarte/regeneracion/
http://www.farmworkers.org/magon.html
http://www.radio4all.org/redblack/postersetc/jefes.pdf
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#1
3- 7 -1932 -- Germany: During this month, at its last regional Congress, held in Erfurt, the FAUD (Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands, anarchosyndicalist union) decides that, in the event of the Nazis taking power, its federal bureau in Berlin would be shut down & replaced by an underground directorate (based in Erfurt) & that there would have to be a general strike by way of reply. The latter decision proved impracticable: for one thing ' the FAUD all across Germany was decimated by a wave of arrests.
http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet5.htm#FAUD
http://www.galeon.com/ateneosant/Ateneo/Historia/SigloXX_1/sxx-faud.htm
3- 11 -1932 -- Poland: The second leg of Emma Goldman's tour begins with two successful meetings (March 11-12) in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland)--a lecture to FAUD members on the American labor movement & a public meeting of the Gilde freiheitlicher Bücherfreunde. anarchist
3- 14 -1932 -- Germany: Emma Goldman's tour continues (14-23) with two meetings in Dresden & Leipzig, & further engagements in Naumburg, Zella-Mehlis, Erfurt, & Sömmerda. anarchist
3- 24 -1932 -- Germany: Emma Goldman's lecture tour of the country finished up, she is back in Berlin, where she continues to solicit the interest of American publishing houses in translations of German & Russian works for Alexander Berkman. Red Emma lectures to the Women's International League for Peace & Freedom (WILPF) on "Woman's Achievement in the United States"; & to the women of the FAUD.
3- 28 -1932 -- Madrid: Spanish Anarchists begin burning monasteries.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
4- 11 -1932 -- Denmark: April 11-13, Emma Goldman lectures in German at the student union in Copenhagen under the auspices of the Society for the Defense of Personal Liberty on "Social Problems in a Contemporary Light"; in Odense; & in Aarhus to a large & enthusiastic audience on the effects of prohibition in the US.
4- 16 -1932 -- Norway: Emma Goldman visits Oslo, her first visit to Norway, where she has "three wonderful meetings." One lecture is canceled by the Communist-controlled student association, which objects to her criticism of the Soviet Union.
4- 20 -1932 -- Sweden: Emma Goldman lectures on the Mooney-Billings case, in Stockholm.
4- 22 -1932 -- Germany: Emma Goldman arrives back in Berlin, where she learns that CBS has canceled her planned radio broadcast, fearing that it will be interpreted as an effort on her part to reenter the "Land of the Free". Can't have that. In Nazi Germany America we call this our "Free Press".
4- 25 -1932 -- Germany: Emma Goldman is on the last leg of her German tour (April 25-May 15) — through Bavaria, Baden-Wurttemberg, & Hessen — all meetings are sponsored by the FAUD. She lectures in Schweinfurt, Furth, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Göppingen, Ulm, Offenbach, Darmstadt, Mannheim, & Ludwigshafen. Among her lecture topics are "Birth Control," "The American Labor Movement," "Art & Revolution," & "Women's Role in the Russian Revolution."
5- 11 -1932 -- Virgilia d'Andrea (1890-1932) dies, NY City, age 43. Italian poet, teacher, writer. Met Armando Borghi while a teacher & from then on was a dedicated anarchist. Her anti-fascist activities forced her to leave Italy, & she continued the struggle in Germany, Holland, France & the US. Wrote Tormento, a volume of poetry published in 1922 in Italy; L’Ora di Marmaldo, a collection of prose published in France in 1928; & Torce nella Notte, a collection of articles & treatises published in NY a few days before her death. http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet14.htm#d’Andrea
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#12
6- 17 -1932 -- Angelo Sbardellotto (1885-1966) dies. Italian anarchist & antifascist, he was executed by a fascist firing squad, having told a Tribunal Spécial (fasciste) of his intention to assassinate Mussolini.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#mualdes
7- 22 -1932 -- Italy: Errico Malatesta, (speaking of baseball) center fielder for the Armageddonia Anarchists, dies trying to hit a home run all his life. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
8- 18 -1932 -- Spain: Founding of F.I.J.L. (Fédération des Jeunesses Ibérique Libertaire), 18th to the 22nd, in Madrid.
alt; Federation des Jeunesses Iberique Libertaire; FIJL, anarchist
9- 27 -1932 -- US: Judge Thayer’s house is bombed (presumably for his role in the Sacco & Vanzetti case). anarchistSee Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
1- 8 -1933 -- Spain: "Anarchist uprisings began in Barcelona, Madrid & Valencia. The insurrection was quickly beaten back; but three days later, on January 11, fighting unexpectedly broke out in the small Andalusian town of Casas Viejas. In an exchange of shots at the barracks of the Civil Gaurds, two guards were mortally wounded ... They then exacted a terrible vengeance on the town.
The incident at Casas Viejas symbolized the fury & the martyrdom of the landless workers of Andalusia."
— Jerome Mintz, from the introduction, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago, 1982). 336 pages. http://www.hinet.hr/kosta-krauth/topics/self_management.html
1- 10 -1933 -- Spain: | Anarchist Uprising in Spain 1933 |
1- 12 -1933 -- Spain: The anarchist uprisings which began on 8 January are brutally suppressed. Their greatest successes were in Andalusia. Police & army buildings were attacked, & the anarcho-trade unionists seized public buildings & proclaimed Libertarian Communism there. In the small village of Casas Viejas, the government "Gardes d'assaut" demonstrate their cruelty by assassinating many of the the villagers, burning alive others gathered in a thatched cottage. See also 1984 below. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
1- 13 -1933 -- Having travelled from Paris (on the 10th) to the Netherlands via Reims, Brussels, & Antwerp, Emma Goldman's lecture tour of the Netherlands takes her to The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, & Hengelo (from the 13th to the 23rd); Emma speaks on "Dictatorship, the Modern Religious Hysteria."
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology2040.html
1- 24 -1933 -- England: In London, Emma Goldman begins her stay with a dizzying week of welcome meetings & dinners with political associates & old friends, including Paul Robeson & Emily Holmes Coleman; Emma prepares for her British lecture series.anarchist feminist
2- 4 -1933 -- England: Emma Goldman's vacation in Bristol (February 4-16) at the home of English friends Thomas and Nell Lavers includes informal meetings with local anarchists. During this month & next Emma also tries to interest London publishers in Alexander Berkman's proposed translations of German and Russian books.
2- 5 -1933 -- Marinus van der Lubbe crosses the Dutch/German border. Marinus van der Lubbe, born in Leiden 1909, a half blind militant of the Dutch communist party & an ultraleft partisan of workers' councils, confessed to setting fire to the Reichstag in Berlin. He was beheaded in Leipzig on 10 January 1934. Most believe van der Lubbe was framed or set up by the Nazis so they could seize full power in Germany. Some French anarchists, mostly individualists, took his defence, glorifying his action.
http://www.hull.ac.uk/php/abspjl/Dutch/vdLubbe.html
2- 16 -1933 -- Germany: "Arbeiter-Echo" (Worker Echo), the unofficial organ of the German AnarchosyndikalistInnen published by the FAUD in Dresden, is banned by the Nazis.
http://www.free.de/dada/ask7.htm
http://m2.aol.com/wellslake/bulletin.htm#FAUD
2- 16 -1933 -- February 16-22 Delivers four well-received lectures in South Wales, including "Crime and Punishment" and "The Spirit of Destruction and Construction."
anarchist feminist
2- 24 -1933 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures in London on "Constructive Revolution."
Emma Goldman Papers anarchist
3- 1 -1933 -- An Anarchist Looks At Life: Speech Before The Foyle's 29th Literary Luncheon. Mr. Chairman, Ladies & Gentlemen, the
subject this noon is, "An Anarchist Looks at
Life." I cannot speak for all my fellow
anarchists, but for myself I wish to say that I
have been so furiously busy living my life that
I had not a moment left to look at it.
— Emma Goldman, March 1, 1933 http://gos.sbc.edu/g/goldman4.html
http://www.gis.net/~scatt/anarchy.html
3- 16 -1933 -- Germany: Last appearance of FAUDs (Die Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands) newspaper for the unemployed in Dresden, which had served as the unofficial organ of the German anarcho-syndicalist movement after the Nazi's banned their two previous papers.
http://www.free.de/dada/ask7.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/rbr1_synd.html
5- 1 -1933 -- US: Christian anarchist "Catholic Worker" founded, New York City. Dorothy Day & Peter Maurin, anarchist-Catholics (!), publish the first issue of their long-running newspaper. http://www.catholicworker.org/
5- 9 -1933 -- Spain: Bombings & shooting mark a general strike. anarchist
5- 16 -1933 -- Bleed Saint, Swiss-German anarchist, gay writer John Henry Mackay dies. See our Saints Page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/stjohnmackay.htm
5- 16 -1933 -- Germany: The first blacklist of 'unacceptable' books is declared by German National Socialists of the Berlin Librarian Commission. Among the banned titles are the anarchist novelist B. Traven's 'The Carreta' & 'Government': "I wish to do my share so that authority figures & authority worship vanish".
7- 19 -1933 -- Belgium: The Council of War in Brussels condemns the two anarchist conscientious objectors:
Hem Day (anarchist, used book seller, scholar) &
Léo Campion (French anarchist, Day's assistant bookseller, a freethinker & later actor & famed songster), sentencing them, respectively, to 2 years & 18 months of prison. The two had turned in their army papers to the Minister of Defense as an act of protest against new laws outlawing pacifist propagandanda. During the trial Campion ridicules the legal & military authorities. Then they quickly began a hunger strike which, reinforced by international support, causes the Belgian government to give in & leads to their release on August 3.
8- 12 -1933 -- Cuba: Machado's tyranny is brought down by a general strike fermented & maintained by anarchist elements of the Transport Union, first, & then by the Streetcar Worker's Union, & finally by the masses of people. All of previous vicious harrassment couldn't prevent the anarchists from gathering within a new organization, created in 1924, Federacion de Grupos Anarquistas de Cuba (FGAC). It promulgated strikes, circulated propaganda & contributed to the violence & disorder of the most confused & bloody periods of Cuban history, 1930-33 & culminates in Machado's downfall.
[Details, click here]
9- 4 -1933 -- Cuba: Coup against the provisional government. Machado's tyranny fell on August 12th, 1933, brought down by a general strike fermented & maintained by anarchist elements of the Transport Union, first & then by the Streetcar Worker's Union & finally by the masses of people. 1930-33 was one of the most confused & bloody periods of Cuban history, & the Federation of Cuban Anarchist Groups, Federacion de Grupos Anarquistas de Cuba (FGAC) were fully involved.
[Details / source, click here]
10- 7 -1933 -- Joseph A. Labadie American labor activist, writer, poet, printer, anarchist, dies. Deeply influenced by Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, & Proudhon. The largest labor & radical library (The Labadie Collection) in the US is named in his honor.
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LabadieJoseph.htm
See also Carlotta Anderson's page, http://users.aol.com/labadiejo/
10- 10 -1933 -- Victor Meric (1876-1933) dies of cancer. French journalist, libertarian author & antimilitarist.
Meric went from anarchism to revolutionary socialism, wound up a Communist Party member, then devoted himself to pacifism. In 1928 he became a close friend of the anarchist journalist/lawyer Henri Jullien. Meric wrote many works, including Les bandits tragiques (1926), La der des der (1929), Les compagnons de l'escopette (1930), A travers la jungle politique et littéraire (1930/1931). See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MericVictor.htm
10- 15 -1933 -- US: American liberal Mabel Carver Crouch, during this month, begins working furiously for Emma Goldman's readmission to the US, organizing a committee & soliciting the help of lawyers & others with contacts in the new administration in Washington, D.C. In the summer, Crouch had visited with Emma in St. Tropez, as did Milly & Rudolf Rocker. Goldman began considering a tour of Canada in early 1934, following Rudolf Rocker completed his projected tour of Canada & the US. Canadians responded favorably, with Toronto anarchists pledging funds to pay for Goldman's passage to Canada.
11- 3 -1933 -- Libertarian poet Jehan Rictus dies. The only real competitor to Jean Richepin at Le Chat Noir.
| Jehan Rictus | Le revenant |
| Soliloque du pauvre Voui, qu'y z'y pionc'nt dans leur purin
Fait d'or,d'laideurs et d'arrogance:
Vrai, y manqu'nt par trop d'élégance.
Y m'dégoût'nt mes contemporains!
...
Et c'est affreux et si tell'ment
Malpropre, obscur et délétère,
Qu'on s'figurait qu'les z'éléments
Sont sous le régime parlementaire... | Extraits Si qu'y r'viendrait! Si qu'y r'viendrait,
L'Homm' bleu qui marchait su' la mer
Et qu'était la foi en balade...
L'mec qu'était gobé par les femmes
(Au point que c'en était scandaleux)
...
L'Homme aux beaux yeux, l'Homme aux beaux rêves,
Eul' l'charpentier toujours en grève,
L'artiss, le meneur, l'anarcho,
L'entrelardé d'cambrioleurs
(Ça s'rait-y paradoxal?
L'gas qu'a porté su'sa dorsale
Eune aut'croix qu'la Légion d'honneur!) |
http://agora.qc.ca/poesie/rictus.html
11- 17 -1933 -- Netherlands: Emma Goldman's lecture tour meets with mixed success: Goldman lectures in Hilversum & Amsterdam on "Living My Life", but her lecture in Rotterdam on dictatorship is prohibited. Under surveillance throughout the trip, she is arrested at Appeldorn on Nov. 23 & expelled from the country the following day.
12- 6 -1933 -- US: Dorothy Day & others start Catholic Worker newspaper, New York City; the House of Hospitality opened soon after. (or on May 1?). Day & the Catholic Workers are that anamoly of being Catholics & anarchists at the same time.
12- 13 -1933 -- Spain: From 8th-13th, some provinces (Andalusia, Aragon, Estremadure) experience uprisings, initiated by the anarchists. In several villages, they declare anarchist-communism, destroy property files, & abolish the currency. But these movements remain insulated & on December 10 the Republican government declares a State of Emergency & sends in the army. As in Casas Viejas, repression is severe: 87 dead, many arrests, tortures, & more than 700 imprisoned.
12- 15 -1933 -- Canada: Emma Goldman arrives in Toronto from France, where she applies for a visa at the U.S. consulate for a proposed three-month lecture tour. Roger Baldwin works with the U.S. immigration authorities, attempting to secure a visa for Emma Goldman, while the committee organized by Mabel Carver Crouch issues a formal invitation to Emma to visit the US. Commissioner of Immigration. Daniel W. MacCormack advises Baldwin that it is Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins who has the legal right to admit her. Emma Goldman is offered, but declines, a large sum to appear in vaudeville theaters in the United States.
1- 15 -1934 -- Canada: Emma Goldman gives a well-attended series of lectures, January 15-31, at Hygeia Hall in Toronto
Topics include "Germany's Tragedy & the Forces That Brought It About," "Hitler & His Cohorts," "The Collapse of German Culture," & "Dictatorship Right & Left — a Religious Hysteria." A talk to a Jewish meeting also raises money for anarchists forced to flee repression in Nazi Germany.
During this month US Department of Labor approves a three-month visa, effective Feb. 1, for Goldman to lecture on nonpolitical subjects, which may include Living My Life under the category of literature. Once word of her tour leaks out, many lecture agencies in the United States offer their services.
5- 28 -1934 -- Canada: Emma Goldman's recent lectures in Montreal drew audiences of 300-400: she spoke on Hitler & Nazism, "The Collapse of German Culture," & "Living My Life", as well as lecturing in Yiddish on May 21. Now back in Toronto, Goldman finds an apartment; after a disappointing lecture on the New Deal today she determines to curtail her public speaking & concentrate on writing.
anarchist
6- 27 -1934 -- Canada: Emma Goldman celebrates her 65th birthday in Toronto with a party attended by 40 friends.anarchist feminist
6- 28 -1934 -- American novelist & poet Kenneth Patchen marries Miriam Oikemus. Moves to Greenwich Village, New York. Writes reviews for New Republic. Member of the San Francisco Libertarian Circle in the 1940s along with fellow anarchists Kenneth Rexroth, Gary Snyder "Patchen has gone back to the world of Edward Lear & interpreted it in terms of the modern sensibility of the disengaged, the modern comic horrors of le monde concentrationnaire. It is as if, not a slick New Yorker correspondent, but the Owl & the Pussycat were writing up Hiroshima." — Kenneth Rexroth
http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/patchen.htm
His writings remain youth cult classics, from the Beats, to the hippies to today.
Written before widespread public awareness of modern threats such as nuclear war & environmental devastation, his writings portended today's concerns with clarity & gentle humor.
Among his most charming/eloquent works are "picture poems," intuitive free verse combined with his fanciful paintings.
| "Not long before I worked with a poet named Patchen. He was wearing his scarlet jacket & sitting on a stool on a little stage in a theatre you walk upstairs to down on 14th street. We improvised behind him while he read his poems, which I read ahead of time "It's dark out, Jack" — Patchen's a real artist, you'd dig him, doctor.  "I believe in truth" he said, "I believe that every good thought I have, all men shall have. I believe that the perfect shape of everything has been prepared."" — Charles Mingus, From Beneath the Underdog [p.330] |
|
7- 10 -1934 -- Erich Mühsam, German anarchist poet, murdered on the night of July 9/10, by the Nazis at the Orianenburg concentration camp.
| |  | Der deutsche Schriftsteller Erich Mühsam lebte in den Jahren von 1878 bis 1934. Er starb in einem national-sozialistischen KZ (Konzentrationslager).
Mühsam gilt als Vertreter eines radikalen Anarchismus. Von ihm stammen expressionistische Gedichte und Dramen. | See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page.
| | | | |
7- 18 -1934 -- US: The American Mercury accepts Emma Goldman's article, "Communism: Bolshevist & Anarchist, A Comparison," which it publishes — to Emma's disgust — in a truncated form as "There is No Communism in Russia" in April 1935, violating the spirit of the original article. Harper's rejects her article "The Individual, Society, & the State"; unwilling to revise it, she submits instead the article about her US visit that Redbook rejected. She finishes writing "The Tragedy of the Political Exiles," which the Nation accepts. Goldman hosts a gathering of young people with the aim of starting an anarchist group in Toronto & meets with them weekly throughout the summer. Among her visitors are Jeanne & Jay Levey from Chicago & her brother Herman & his son Allan.
Alexander Berkman's health & mental state decline while translating Rudolf Rocker's manuscript.
7- 24 -1934 -- Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist guerilla leader who fought reactionaries on the left & the right (both the Bolshevik Red Army & the rightwing White armies, dies, the evening of July 24-25, in exile in Paris, age 44, from tuberculosis. alt; Nestor Ivanoviè Machno; Nestor Ivanowich Machno
http://people.nirvanet.net/m/makhno/public_html/
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/2000/makhno59.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
8- 6 -1934 -- One of the few women of the Beat movement to attain prominence, author / anarchist Diane Di Prima lives, Brooklyn, NY.
Di Prima had her hand wrapped around the heart of 50's beat culture.
Diane di Prima was a second generation American of Italian descent. She began writing at the age of seven, deciding to live her life as a poet at age 14. Co-editor with Le Roi Jones (Imamu Amiri Baraka) of Floating Bear (1961-1963) & later sole editor from 1963-1969; contributing editor to Kulchur (1960-1961); associate editor of Signal Magazine (1963-1965); publisher / editor of The Poets Press (1964-1969); editor / publisher of Eidolon Editions, Point Reyes, California (1972-1976). Also associated with Wingbow Press, Berkeley, California & an instructor at the Naropa Institute (1974- ) & the New College of California (1979- ). Di Prima also a co-founder of the American Theatre for Poets. In 1965 she participated in Timothy Leary's psychedelic community at Millbrook & in 1968 she joined the "Diggers," a radical political troupe.
8- 10 -1934 -- US: Anarchist conference at Stelton, N.J., August 10-11, organized to discuss the creation of an English-language anarchist weekly; Emma Goldman contributes in writing her ideas on anarchists building alliances with other groups.
8- 20 -1934 -- Fredy Perlman, lives (1934-1985), Brno, Czechoslovakia. Printer, organizer, scholar, dramatist, musician, gardener, translator, social theorist, novelist & anti-authoritarian activist.
"This is the place to jump, the place to dance! This is the wilderness! Was there ever any other?"
A great part of his theoretical & practical struggle was an investigation of this process of alienation & fragmentation by which human beings surrender their autonomy & participate in their own suppression. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PerlmanFredy.htm
9- 25 -1934 -- Canada: Emma Goldman lectures to a Jewish women's organization in Toronto, on "The New Approach to the Child."
[Details, click here]
10- 2 -1934 -- Canada: Emma Goldman delivers a series of eight lectures at Forester's Hall, Toronto, on literary & political topics, including George Bernard Shaw, munitions manufacturers, Russian literature since the revolution, & German literature & the Nazi book-burnings. Of five other meetings during the month, only a lecture to a mostly unemployed workers' organization on "The American Labor Movement & the General Strike" today gives her much satisfaction; attendance is mostly disappointing, & even a free anarchist meeting on Oct. 31 fails to draw a good crowd. Goldman worries about financial survival if refused permission to reenter the US; she even considers the possibility of dramatizing Living My Life for theater or film. Civil libertarian Roger Baldwin discusses Goldman's application for a new U.S. visa — & Rudolf Rocker's application for an extension of his stay — with the authorities in Washington, who advise him they will deny Goldman's request; only Rocker's application is approved.
10- 5 -1934 -- France: Surrealist/anarchist filmmaker Jean Vigo dies. Son of the anarchist Eugene Vigo.
Great filmmaker, social rebel — French authorities gave him Zero for Conduct.
10- 5 -1934 -- Spain: 40,000 miners & iron workers strike, seizing towns around Gijon. 3,000 killed. The uprising in the mining districts of Asturias, Spain, October 5-18, is followed by severe repression; thousands of miners are executed, thousands more tortured, & 30-40,000 are imprisoned. http://www.hinet.hr/kosta-krauth/topics/self_management.html
10- 7 -1934 -- Ulrike Meinhof lives. German terrorist who end up commiting suicide in her jail cell in 1996. She was a member of the "Baader-Meinhof Gang," also known as the Red Army Faction (RAF), with Andreas Baader.anarchist http://www.sfbayrevolution.org/calendar.html
10- 13 -1934 -- France: First issue of the "Conquest of Bread" appears, as a libertarian review open to all the tendencies of anarchism. It was managed by Emile Bidault (1869-1938), a French anarchist & organizer of the "League of the Antipatriots," who had previously edited "Brochure Mensuelle".
11- 22 -1934 -- Nicolas Walter (1924-2000), lives. British journalist, philosopher, atheist, anarchist. His passion for accuracy & his loathing of waffle led him to fire off vast numbers of letters to the press; a few years ago, he estimated that he had had over 2,000 published. Walter was a founding member of the Committee of 100, & of the Spies for Peace. A founder of the Vietnam Action Group, he was imprisoned for two months for interrupting the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, who was reading the lesson at a Brighton church in 1966.
Nicolas Walter was active despite contracting cancer at age 30; he managed a demanding paraplegic life in central London, daring motorists to ignore his manual wheelchair as he shot across busy roads.
http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/record/nicolaspage.htm
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/joelane.htm
http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~louise/walter.html
12- 12 -1934 -- US: During this month Harper's publishes Emma Goldman's "Was My Life Worth Living?" & Roger Baldwin advises Emma that in the current atmosphere of hostility toward alien radicals she is unlikely to be granted a US visa. Today her brother Herman dies.
1- 3 -1935 -- Canada: During this month Emma Goldman is absorbed writing lectures with the hope that a new lecture series & published articles will provide a meager livelihood, as well as spread anarchist ideas. She considers writing a book of portraits of famous people she has known, an idea first suggested by Frank Heiner. Emma suggests that the sustaining fund Jeanne Levey is helping to raise might be designated to support its writing.
1- 4 -1935 -- Canada: During this month Emma Goldman is absorbed writing lectures with the hope that a new lecture series & published articles will provide a meager livelihood, as well as spread anarchist ideas. She considers writing a book of portraits of famous people she has known, an idea first suggested by Frank Heiner. She suggests that the sustaining fund Jeanne Levey is helping to raise might be designated to support its writing.
1- 7 -1935 -- Emma Goldman talks to Jewish audiences — the Temple Emanu-El adult school today, the second meeting arranged by Rabbi Harry Stern, & the women's branch of the Arbeiter Ring on Jan. 12 — which are are well received.
1- 9 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman's 10-week lecture series (January 9-March 13) on drama & literature at the Central YMCA in Montreal includes lectures on Russian & Soviet drama, German literary works destroyed by the Nazis, & American drama, especially Eugene O'Neill.
Only 50 people subscribe for the series, & few others attend. After a disappointing turnout for her Jan. 17 lecture on moral censorship of current films Goldman cancels further lectures; by contrast, talks to Jewish audiences--the Temple Emanu-El adult school on Jan. 7, & the women's branch of the Arbeiter Ring on Jan. 12--were well received & promising.
1- 17 -1935 -- Canada: After a disappointing turnout for her Jan. 17 lecture on moral censorship of current films Emma Goldman cancels further lectures.
2- 17 -1935 -- 1935 February Goldman's four lectures in Yiddish this month continue to be her most successful in Montreal, drawing an audience of two hundred when she speaks on "the element of sex in unmarried people" on Feb. 1 and raising some money for the first time in Montreal when she speaks again to the women's branch of the Arbeiter Ring on Feb. 17. Goldman decides to return to France in the spring after receiving further discouraging reports from friends who have met with Labor Department officials in Washington, D.C., about chances for readmission. As other possibilities close, Goldman looks increasingly to her proposed book venture as a means of support; she also pursues the idea of a sustaining fund as she inquires about receiving an advance from a publisher.
anarchist feminist
3- 4 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman delivers two further lectures to Jewish groups--on "Crime & Punishment" on March 4 & birth control on March 15--& the last in her drama series conclude Goldman's lectures in Montreal; she returns to Toronto on March 17. Emma speaks at two Yiddish meetings in Toronto at the end of the month, one a lecture, the other a 70th birthday celebration for Chaim Zhitlovsky, the exiled Russian revolutionary. By the end of the month a formal committee to raise a "Sustaining Fund for Emma Goldman" is organized in New York by her niece Stella Ballantine & Roger Baldwin, & 300 fund-raising letters solicit $3,000 in contributions to support Emma while she is writing a book; Jeanne Levey helps with the appeal from Chicago.
She grows increasingly concerned about Berkman's financial condition & raises emergency funds for him & Emmy Eckstein.
3- 19 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman delivers a series (March 19-April 9) of four lectures at Toronto's Hygeia Hall. The series is organized by a group of young anarchists. She speaks on "The Element of Sex in Life," "Youth in Revolt," "The Tragedy of the Modern Woman," & "Crime & Punishment."
anarchist feminist
3- 29 -1935 -- Clément Duval dies. Anarchist illegalist, member of "La panthère des Batignolles," sentenced to death by a French court for burglary (in which a policeman was wounded trying to apprehend him). Following anarchist protests his sentence was commuted to life. Duval spent 14 years in Guyana where he attempted over 20 escapes. Finally, on April 14, 1901, he made good his escape & after a two year sojourn slipped into New York City, where he lived until age 85, supported & surrounded by Italian & French anarchist comrades. His memoirs, translated by Luigi Galleani were published in Italian in 1929. In 1980 Marianne Enckell at C.I.R.A. in Lausanne recovered part of his original manuscript, which was published as Clement Duval, Convict & Anarchist.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DuvalClement.htm
4- 11 -1935 -- Canada: In her last month in this country Emma Goldman speaks in Hamilton, Ontario, under the auspices of the National Council of Jewish Women. Also during the month, Harper's magazine rejects Goldman's suggestion that she write a monthly column about the European situation. The effort to aid the ailing Alexander Berkman is formalized with the creation in New York of the Alexander Berkman Provisional Committee which plans fund-raising events to celebrate the anniversary of his release from prison & his upcoming 65th birthday.
4- 14 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman speaks twice in Toronto, on "Youth in Revolt" to a branch of the Arbeiter Ring.
4- 15 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman attends a farewell dinner in her honor in Toronto that raises $95 toward her sustaining fund. Hopefully these aren't Canadian Buckaroonies.
4- 16 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman speaks birth control at Hygeia Hall, after meeting with the head of a Toronto birth control clinic.
4- 21 -1935 -- France: Auguste Garnery (1865-1935) dies. French jeweler, anarchist militant, revolutionary trade unionist & antimilitarist. Delegate for the Federation of the Jewellers to the congresses of the C.G.T. In 1908, he replaces George Yvetot (then imprisoned) as secretary of the fédération des Bourses du travail. Jailed several times, including a 15 month sentence for his activities in the l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste. During WWI, Garnery works with the Parisian co-operative "Bellevilloise".
A close friend of Pierre Monatte, he participated in 1925 in the launching of the review "The Proletarian Revolution".
He retired to Saclas (the Seine & Oise), where he died today.
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]
4- 22 -1935 -- Canada: Emma Goldman returns to Montreal where her niece Stella Ballantine visits her on April 26.anarchist feminist
4- 26 -1935 -- Charles Plymell lives. Anarchist-leaning American mid-West poet. "Let's make history, Dorothy." http://cba.website-works.com/plymell0.html
5- 2 -1935 -- Canada: Telegrams of tribute greet Emma Goldman at a farewell event hosted by Rabbi Stern of Montreal.
On May 4-14 Goldman sails from Canada to Le Havre, France; she reaches Paris on May 15. On May 18 Goldman arrives back in St. Tropez in time to celebrate the anniversary of Alexander Berkman's release from prison in 1906; Emma finds him in better health than she expected.
5- 4 -1935 -- Canada: On May 4-14 Goldman sails from Canada to Le Havre, France; she reaches Paris on May 15. On May 18 Goldman arrives back in St. Tropez in time to celebrate the anniversary of Alexander Berkman's release from prison in 1906; Emma finds him in better health than she expected.
6- 24 -1935 -- Luigi Fabbri dies. Professor, Italian anarchist theorist. Fabbri & Pietro Gori participated in the review "Il pensiero".
In 1926 Fabbri went into exile to escape the fascist regime, taking refuge in France, Belgium, &, finally, after being expelled several times, in Uruguay.... Luigi Fabbri died prematurely in the thick of the struggle...
[Details, click here]
8- 11 -1935 -- France: Jean-Gabriel Goujon (1859-1935) dies. Militant co-operatavist & anarchist. Grew up in a middle-class family & school, much like Elisée Reclus. Began a career in military engineering, becoming a lieutenant-colonel. Following this Goujon became involved in the co-operative movement & joined several co-operative companies. A Proudhonien, & also anti-religious, Goujon was a regular contributor to the anarchist press -- Dr. Pierrot's newspaper "Plus loin", & also "Libertaire", "La Voix libertaire", & "L'Encyclopédie anarchiste" of Sébastien Faure.
8- 15 -1935 -- Paul Signac dies (of "smallpox"?). French artist, pointillist (a technique some contemporary critics described as "painted confetti" or "artistic smallpox"). Best known for his his association with his fellow anarchists Maximilien Luce, Félix Fénéon, Camille Pissarro & Georges Seurat. Close friend of Matisse, Marquet, Camoin, Valtat & Van Dongen, et al. Like many artists & writers associated with the Neo-Impressionist group he was closely linked with the anarchist movement. One of the most interesting works of his career is a large canvas entitled The Wreckers of 1897-1899. Signac's pick-axe wielding wrecker was an open reference to his political engagement & his anarchist desire to fight against the old, corrupt order of society.
Profoundly anarchist, in 1914 Signac was quite shaken by Jean Grave & Peter Kropotkin when they came out in favor of Allied intervention in WWI (see the "Manifesto of the 16" / manifeste des 16) & was unable to paint for the next three years. Signac then joined the pacifists around Romain Rolland. Toward the end of his life he joined with other artists & intellectuals to fight the fascist movement.
"For the Vultures" is a stark image of a soldier's body preyed upon by a vulture. It was his protest against the notorious murder of a young soldier by the "Biribi" military police establishment in the French colony of Algeria in 1909. It was published in a special edition of the anarchist weekly, Les Temps nouveaux. |
Signac's pen and ink drawing evokes the event with a stark sense of horror, as the young man's hands clutch at the ground, a yawning gap between him and the distant town. Algiers is delicately sketched with fine lines and dots, palm trees echoing the shapes of the ambiguous winged shapes hovering above. Signac argued that the "pure aesthetes, revolutionaries by temperament, leaving the beaten track, paint what they see, as they themselves experience it, and very often unconsciously, deliver a solid blow of the pickaxe to the old social edifice." |
9- 1 -1935 -- Henry Miller, 43, responding to a laudatory letter from Lawrence Durrell, 23, asks, "I am curious to know if you are not a writer yourself."
Miller was first published in the US by Bern Porter who published his anti-war tract, "Murder the Murderers." He was also an admirer of the anarchist novelist & poet Kenneth Patchen, & wrote Patchen: Man of Anger & Light http://www.henrymiller.org/
10- 11 -1935 -- Argentina: Founding of Fédération Anarcho-Communiste Argentine. (F.A.C.A).
11- 21 -1935 -- England: In June of this year Emma Goldman began mobilizing anarchist writers & editors of the movement's press — for example, Rudolf Rocker, Max Nettlau, & Albert de Jong — to publish articles to mark Alexander Berkman's 65th birthday today. After traveling to London, where she makes her home for the winter, Emma begins a series of lectures today with "Traders in Death" to an audience of about 100 at the National Trade Union Club. She follows this with "Mussolini, Hitler & Stalin" at a packed meeting at Workers' Circle House, where she is heckled by Communists, & "Fallacies of Political Action" at Broadway Congregational Hall, Hammersmith.
1- 5 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures to the Leicester Secular Society on "Traders in Death (The International Munitions Clique)."
Emma begins a lecture tour, hopeful she can establish a lecture base in London for six to eight months a year & spend the summers in St. Tropez. The death of King George V on Jan. 20, however, plunges the country into mourning, resulting in poor attendance at her lectures. Also during this month are the deaths of friends Louise Bryant, journalist & companion of the late John Reed, & Dr. William Robinson, an early birth control advocate in the US.
1- 16 -1936 -- Spain: Socialists / communists / anarchists form Unidad Popular.
1- 20 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman gives three lectures in London, January 20-30. The first, at the Workers Circle House on "The Two Communisms (Bolshevist & Anarchist--A Parallel)," is disrupted by Communists. She also lectures on "Russian Literature" at the National Trade Union Club, & on "Mussolini, Hitler & Stalin (How Far Do Their Common Methods Lead To Similar Results?)" in Hammersmith.
1- 31 -1936 -- Several delegates from the Portuguese Anarchist Federation & from exile attend FAI meeting on 31 January & 1 February 1936.
It is, as I see it, very important for the historical record & for
ourselves that we call to mind these true stories that sometimes
have a tendency to slip from our memories. Edgar Rodrigues, Le Monde Libertaire no. 934, 25 Nov.- 1Dec. 1993.
See also: We, The Anarchists, a study of the FAI, 1927-1931
by Stuart Christie, The Meltzer Press PO Box 35,
Hastings, East Sussex, TN34 2UX Fax: (01424) 442913
email: 100104.1406@compuserve.com
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#duval
2- 3 -1936 -- During this month Emma Goldman considers publishing a new book of essays drawn from her recent lectures, not only as a source of income but also to appease contributors to the Emma Goldman Publication Fund established to enable her to write another book.
Also during the month: Jeanne Levey organizes the publication of twelve thousand copies of "The Place of the Individual in the Society" in pamphlet form to raise additional funds.
Alexander Berkman has a prostate operation in Nice, unbeknownst to Emma. Later in the month, Emmy Eckstein enters the hospital for gastrointestinal observation. Berkman has a second prostate operation the following month. Goldman learns of their condition while completing her scheduled lectures.
anarchist feminist
2- 16 -1936 -- Spain: Election & formation of the Popular Front government against the fascist Franco. Anarchists, socialists, communists, republicans & labor groups for a republic.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html
2- 17 -1936 -- February 17-23 Goldman's three lectures in Plymouth draw enthusiastic audiences, though at the last she is heckled by local Communists. anarchist feminist
2- 28 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures again to the Workers Circle in London.
Source: 'Emma Goldman Papers'
anarchist
3- 5 -1936 -- England: During this month Emma Goldman's friendship with Eslanda & Paul Robeson deepens, as does her friendship with her new admirer & benefactor, Shloime Sutton. Also, Garden City Publishing Company prints a cheaper edition of her autobiography, Living My Life after purchasing the rights from Alfred Knopf.anarchist feminist
3- 7 -1936 -- Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland in direct contravention of the Treaty of Versailles. FROM A PEACE MUSEUM TO A HITLER BARRACKS Ernst Friedrich (1894-1967), an anarchist, founded the first international anti-war museum in Berlin (1923) as a testament to the German anti-militarist movement & to demolish nationalist lies. The horrors of the war, on the front & at home, were overwhelmingly portrayed.
When the Nazis took power, they seized the Museum, burned the exhibits & books & transformed the place into an SA-Heim (storm troopers' barracks) They could not wait for the necessary alterations to be made & overnight painted out the word "Anti" from the fascia & posted a guarded on the door.
3- 8 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures again to the Leicester Secular Society. anarchist
3- 15 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman speaks on "The Russian Theatre" to a 1,000 members of the Coventry Repertory Circle, one of the most successful meetings she has ever had in England.
anarchist
3- 19 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman's lecture in Hammersmith, London, on "Anarchism (What It Really Stands For)" is sparsely attended.anarchist
3- 25 -1936 -- Wales: Emma Goldman delivers three lectures (March 25-27) to miners in South Wales--at Mountain Ash, Ystradgynlais, & Aberdare--sponsored by the National Council of Labour Colleges. Her lectures on "Mussolini & Hitler" & on "The Two Communisms" are surprisingly well received, as it is the first time that the Labour Colleges had provided a hearing for anarchism & a critique of Soviet Russia.
3- 31 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures on Living My Life at Conway Hall, London anarchist feminist
4- 1 -1936 -- England: During this month Emma Goldman leaves London, arriving in Nice on April 6. Alexander Berkman is still hospitalized; in spite of Emmy Eckstein's worsening health, she & Emma visit him daily. Emma writes to drama organizations in Britain & places advertisements in drama publications, soliciting lecture dates for the fall: she offers to speak on Eugene O'Neill, Clifford Odets, & other contemporary playwrights, as well as on "Soviet Literature, Its Struggle & Its Promise."
anarchist feminist
5- 2 -1936 -- The "Sterilizers of Bordeaux" trial in France. In April 1935 France, lacking specific laws against voluntary vasectomies, charged Dr. Norbert Bartosek, an anarchist Austrian, & others (among them Aristide Lapeyre & both Andrée & André Prévotel) with the "crime of castration" & "aggravated assault". Bartosek received three years in prison & the others 16 months.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai1.html#2
5- 27 -1936 -- Alexander Berkman, in declining health, is released from a hospital & returns to his domestic life with companion Emmy Eckstein & his old anarchist pal Emma Goldman in Nice. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html
5- 27 -1936 -- France: Alexander Berkman is released from the hospital and returns to his domestic life with Emmy Eckstein & Emma Goldman in Nice. anarchist
6- 26 -1936 -- Death of Régis Meunier, French militant syndicalist, anarchist propagandist. Sentenced to seven years in a penal colony during the anti-anarchist hysteria (see Vaillant for a sterling example), May 30, 1894 for "criminal conspiracy". He became friends with <Clément Duval, whom he helped escape. Meunier was pardoned June 18, 1901.
6- 27 -1936 -- Emma Goldman celebrates her 67th birthday with visiting American anarchist & benefactor Michael Cohn & his family. Too ill to celebrate with her, Alexander Berkman telephones in the afternoon.anarchist feminist
6- 28 -1936 -- In the early hours of the day, unable to continue enduring the physical pain of a longstanding ailment, Alexander Berkman shoots himself; the bullet lodges in his spinal column, paralysing him. Emma Goldman rushes to Nice to be at his side. He sinks into a coma in the afternoon & dies at 10pm.anarchist http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/berkman.html
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~perl/labadie/berkman.jpg
6- 30 -1936 -- Alexander Berkman is buried in Nice. Lifelong anarchist pal Emma Goldman is in attendance.
http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html
6- 30 -1936 -- Dave Van Ronk lives. American songster. Unfortunately better known for nurturing & helping Bob Dylan get his music career off the ground than for his own music. "Of course I was aware of the folk music thing in Washington Square. I had been hanging around the village for a few years by this time, & the sight and sound of happily howling Stalinists offended my assiduously nurtured self-image as a hipster, not to mention my political sensibilities, which were at the time vehemently I.W.W.-.anarchist."
In 1959, Dick Ellington & Dave Van Ronk wrote & self-published THE BOSS'S SONGBOOK, the subtitle of which was Songs To Stifle the Flames of Discontent. It was supposed to be a humorous collection, consciously modeled on the IWW Little Red Songbook.
Dick had a Multilith 1250 & did some movement printing in New York City during the 1950s, including VIEWS AND COMMENTS, which was published by the Libertarian League. It was either a weekly or biweekly paper edited by Sam Dolgoff & Russell Blackwell.
--- Robby Barnes http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/VanRonk/VanRonkDave.htm
http://www.culcom.net/~shadow1/folkways.htm
7- 9 -1936 -- US: Alexander Berkman Memorial Meeting sponsored by the Jewish Anarchist Federation in NY City. Speaking are Harry Kelly, Sam Weiner (aka Sam Dolgoff), Julius Hochman, Philip Kapp, Carlo Tresca, Arturo Giovannitti, Harry Weinberger, Rose Pesotta, Abe Bluestein, & Mark Mratchny.
7- 16 -1936 -- Spain: In Barcelona, the anarcho-trade unionists of the powerful C.N.T (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) apply, without success, to Luis Companys, president of the "Generalitat" (self government of Catalonia), to organize a weapons distribution to the workers, to counter the imminent threat of a rightwing military coup d'etat.
"We had the clear impression that if the politicians feared Fascism, they feared even more the people armed."
7- 17 -1936 -- Spain: Military uprising against Republican government led by fascist Francisco Franco, triggering the Spanish Revolution & Civil War. Barcelona workers of the largest & most powerful trade union, the anarchist C.N.T., seize 200 rifles & distribute them. Where the workers offer armed resistance, the fascists are defeated.
Federico Arcos recalls:
I woke up to the factory sirens. & it was as if the whole of Barcelona was pulsing to a single heartbeat, the sort of thing that only happens maybe once in a century… &, if I may say so, it has left its mark on my life & I can still feel that emotion. — From the documentary film Living Utopia
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1997/04/PARDO/8109.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
7- 19 -1936 -- Spain: The fascists, under Franco, attempt to overthrow the elected government in Spain, triggering the Spanish Civil War & Revolution. Today the rebellious military officers hold most of the garrisons in Barcelona. The workers of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT & socialist POUM attack the barracks, joined by soldiers, civil guards & policemen faithful to the republic. Gráfic del moviment facciós a Barcelona. 19 de Juliol del 1939. L'esforá del poble guanyá la primera batalla en els carrers de Barcelona. La £ltima la guanyarem treballant i lluitant el máxim possible. El major esforá per a guanyar la guerra. [Diagram of the insurgent movement in Barcelona. July 19, 1936. The people's effort wins the first battle in the streets of Barcelona. The last we will win by working & fighting to the limit. The maximum effort to win the war].
Dibujantes C.N.T. Sindicato Profesiones Liberales. Edicions del Comissariat de Propaganda de la Generalitat de Catalunya - Mod. 23. Imp. Elzeviriana i Llib. Camí, E.C., Barcelona. Offset, 4 colors; 87 x 67 cm.
This poster commemorates the successful resistance of the city of Barcelona to the military insurgency that initiated the Spanish Revolution. It shows a map of the city with a diagram of the movement of forces that participated in the fighting.
Francisco CARRASQUER recalls:
The revolution proper started on 19 July. & it was started, unprompted, by the people as they defended themselves against the army; & that was the first & only time that the people saw the army off & forced it to surrender. We saw off the army. That was García Oliver’s breathtaking boast on 20 July.
We had managed what no one before us had ever pulled off.
The military uprising reached Barcelona the early morning of today, when General Fernández Burriel seized some key areas in the city for the rebellion. General Goded, one of the leading military figures in Spain at the time, was then invited to fly in from Majorca to take command of Catalonia for the insurgents.
During the next day, a bloody fight took place in the streets of Barcelona, with the resistance to the uprising led by workers from the anarchist trade union CNT, the heterodox Marxist party Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), & Loyalist assault guard companies & civil guards.
By the evening, the military rebellion had failed. The isolated pockets of resistance that remained finally surrendered in the morning of July 20. It would take the insurgent troops more than two long years of war, until January 1939, to finally be able to march triumphantly into Barcelona.
http://burn.ucsd.edu/scw.htm
http://orpheus-1.ucsd.edu/csj/posters/33.html
7- 19 -1936 --
anarchist
A text written to accompany the album of drawings Estampas de la Revolución Española, 19 de Julio de 1936 by the artist Sim reflects this correlation between the mentality of the time & the positive aura of many of the images: "The Revolution also has colors. Not all is combat to death, war, blood, pain. There is also happiness, life, youth. Our Spanish revolution is built with joy & youthfulness. That is why it will triumph. That gaiety, the juvenile & enlivening enthusiasm, has been grasped by the serene retina of a great artist."
http://orpheus-1.ucsd.edu/speccoll/posters/22.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap6.html
Estampas de la revolucion espanola, 19 julio de 1936. Durruti, Garcia Oliver & Ascaso are the true craftsmen of this day, but the Atarazanas barracks still resists in the evening ...
7- 20 -1936 -- Spain: In Barcelona, following the fascist uprising by Franco & the military against the Republic yesterday, the workers of the CNT & POUM counterattacked & today only Atarazanas barracks remains in fascist hands. During the assault the anarchist Francisco Ascaso is killed (see Daily Bleed, April 1, 1901).
| "Francisco, I'll Bring You Red Carnations," one of the finest poems in 7 Years from Somewhere, honors Francisco Ascaso, another powerful figure in the FAI who died in combat. Set in a cemetery in Barcelona, it surveys "the three stones / all in a row: Ferrer Guardia, / B. Durruti, F. Ascaso" & then focuses on the latter. The swift, clean development represents Levine at his best... | For two there are floral
displays, but Ascaso faces
eternity with only a stone.
Maybe as it should be. He was
a stone, a stone & a blade,
the first grinding & sharpening
the other. — Philip Levine |
"Francisco, I'll Bring You Red Carnations", In Search of a New World: The Anarchist Dream in the Poetry of Philip Levine http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/spain.html
7- 21 -1936 -- Spain: Establishment in Catalonia of the Central Anti-Fascist Militias Committee (CAMC). No workers' organization takes power. In Barcelona, local federations of the C.N.T. (the largest & most powerful union in Sapin) of Catalonia joined together in a plenum, refusing to speak about anarchist-communism so long as the fascist threat weighs upon Spain. In refusing to counter the power of the "Generalitat", as incarnated in Luis Companys, & in approving "democratic collaboration" because of various arguments about effectiveness & conciliation, the anarcho-syndicalist union allowed the germ of counter-revolution to develop & corrupt the future of the Spanish Revolution.
This evening the establishment of a "Central Committee of the Militia" among various left forces becomes reality.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
7- 23 -1936 -- Spain: Two militia columns leave Barcelona to liberate Zaragoza, safeguarding & extending the establishment of anarchist communism in Aragon.
7- 25 -1936 -- Spain: Camillo Berneri arrives in Catalonia with a cargo of rifles & ammunition. News of the fascist 'coup d'état' in Spain spread rapidly. With the slogan "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy" on their lips, Italian anti-fascists headed to Spain. When Berneri arrived he was immediately offered a position in the Council of the Economy, but he refused as soon as he realized he was dealing with a sort of ministry. Berneri instead hosted a rally before 100,000 people in Plaza de los Toros, in Barcelona, bringing with him the greetings of the Italian anarchists & their solidarity with the Catalan revolution.
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5602/scwar4.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
7- 25 -1936 --
Barbieri was active as an anarchist from his youth, & with the coming of Fascism, he emigrated to Argentina. Returned to Spain in October 1935. Denounced by the Italian secret police who demanded his extradition, he passed secretly into Switzerland which is where he was when the revolution in Spain began. Barbieri reached Barcelona again, arriving there on 25th July 1936. Because of illness, Barbieri found himself in Barcelona in May 1937 after having fought on the Huesca Front.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/barbieri.html
8- 5 -1936 -- James Colton, who married Emma Goldman in 1925 to provide her British citizenship, dies of cancer. Colton, an elderly anarchist from Wales, married her so she would be free of the problems of travel & speech which plagued her friend Berkman until his death.
8- 6 -1936 -- Spain: Ramón Acin is murdered by pro-Francoists, in Huesca. Militant anarcho-syndicaliste, professor, writer & avant-garde artist. Involved with the C.N.T., imprisoned for his support of political prisoners, forced into exile for his involvement in attempted uprisings, Ramón Acin contributed many articles to the libertarian press where, in addition to art & poitical critiques, he expressed interests in ecology, vegetarianism, animal rights, etc. Acin was a friend of Garcia Lorca, & also Buñuel, producing his film "Terre sans pain". He founded an art school based on the ideas of Francisco Ferrer & Célestin Freinet. When Franco's repression began, Ramón Acin & his partner Conchita Monras are among the many rounded up & shot.
8- 19 -1936 -- Spain: Camillo Berneri, after organizing an Italian anarchist column within the Francisco Ascaso Column in the Pedralbes barracks (renamed "Bakunin"), with Angeloni & de Santillán (from the CNT-FAI), leaves Barcelona for the Aragonese front. Bernerilanded in Catalonia on July 25 with a cargo of rifles & ammunition. Berneri hosted a rally before 100,000 people in Plaza de los Toros in Barcelona before departing for the front. His unit engages the attacking Nationalist army on the 23rd of this month & drove them back. Because of problems with his vision & hearing, Berneri was sent back to Barcelona. There he worked to warn people about the important implications of the imminent fascist landings in the Balearic Isles, did propaganda work, attacked the Madrid government for its politics of compromise which were damaging Catalan autonomy, & criticized the ambiguous behaviour of the French & English governments. He wrote for 'Guerra di Classe', & often visited the 'Amigos de Durruti ' (a href=http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm>Friends of Durutti) before Communist agents murdered him in 1937.
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://www.angelfire.com/nb/revhist36/
8- 23 -1936 -- Spain: Camillo Berneri, after organizing an Italian column within the Francisco Ascaso Column in the Pedralbes barracks (renamed "Bakunin"), takes part in the harsh engagements on the "bare mountain", where the anarchists Angeloni, Perrone & Centrone died, Angeloni singing the Internationale. After defeating the Nationalist troops, because of problems with his vision & hearing, Berneri was sent back from the front & returned to Barcelona to do propaganda work. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/mil_italy.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/inter_militia.html
9- 16 -1936 -- Spain: Based in Barcelona, the anarchist stronghold in Catalonia, from September 16-December 10, Emma Goldman helps write the English-language edition of the CNT-FAI's information bulletin, visits collectivized farms & factories, & travels to the Aragon front, Valencia, & Madrid. She works closely with Martin Gudell of the CNT-FAI's Foreign Propaganda Department & broadcasts two English-language radio addresses. Goldman hopes to conduct publicity from Barcelona, not wanting to leave Spain.
9- 21 -1936 -- "One group of people really get on my nerves, it is the volunteers who have come as observers (French for the most part). They come here with the airs of priests & got up like cowboys to spend half the time in cafes." — anarchist Camillo Berneri, Spain, 21st September, 1936
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/bio.html
http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/meltzer/articles/utopia.html
http://nil.fut.es/~msanroma/GUERRACIVIL/PERSONATGES/berneri.html
9- 26 -1936 -- Spain: Three anarchists -- Doménech, Fábregas & Garcia Birlan -- join the Generalidad government in Catalonia.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
10- 2 -1936 -- Spanish anarchist Buenaventura Durruti interview published in the Toronto Daily Star (or on Aug 5?), where he declares:
e have always lived in slums & holes in the wall. . . We will know how to accommodate ourselves for a time. For, you must not forget, we can also build. It is we the workers who built these palaces & cities, here in Spain & in America & everywhere. We, the workers. We can build others to take their place. & better ones. We are not in the least afraid of ruins. We are going to inherit the earth. There is not the slightest doubt about that. The bourgeoisie might blast & ruin its own world before it leaves the stage of history.e carry a new world here, in our hearts, & that world is growing in this minute.
— Buenaventura Durruti
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm
10- 2 -1936 -- Spain: The CAMC (Central Anti-Fascist Militias Committee, founded July 21, 1936 in Catalonia) is wound up. http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://www.hinet.hr/kosta-krauth/topics/self_management.html
10- 3 -1936 --
10- 8 -1936 -- Spain: Emile Cottin dies, a combatant in the international group of the anarchist Camillo Berneri. In 1936, Berneri also published the bilingual anarchist & antifascist paper "Italia Libera/Free Italy" in collaboration with Vernon Richards. His daughter Marie Louise Berneri was a member of the group that edited "Revolt," "War Commentary" & "Freedom," (still publishing today) which were issued by the Freedom Bookstore (originally co-founded by Peter Kropotkin) in London.
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/PA/zines.html
10- 17 -1936 -- Spain: In Perdiguera (Aragon), the International Group of the Durruti Column, composed of 250 anarchists, engage in a battle against the fascists. Many friends & partners are killed; Louis Berthomieu, a close friend of Charles Ridel (Louis Mercier Vega) & François-Charles Carpentier (founder of the international group), blows himself up with dynamite rather than to fall into the hands of the fascists. Four women are shot, including: Georgette (known as "Mimosa"), a militant participant in the "Revue Anarchiste", & partner of Ferdinand Félix Fortin; Gertrude, a young German militant, member of the POUM. Also shot: Giral (or Giralt), an anarcho-syndicalist of the CGT-SR, previously wounded at Sietamo; Biudeaux, & others. http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/en/berry_david/spain_french.volunteers.a.html
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm
10- 18 -1936 -- Spain: Emma Goldman addresses a mass meeting of 16,000 people organized by the FAI (Iberian Anarchist Federation), youth in Barcelona. Also during the month she visits the Aragon front for two days where she is honored to meet Buenaventura Durruti, a leading FAI activist & militia commander. From the 20th to the 26th, in Valencia, with German exiles Anita & Hanns-Erich Kaminski, Goldman tours collectivized villages & farms.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/durruti/durruti.html
10- 25 -1936 -- France: Bernard Thomas lives. Libertarian journalist for "Canard Enchaîné". Wrote Alexandre Marius Jacob (1970), Les provocations policières (1972) & Aurore ou la génération perdue (1984), Anarchism & Violence: Severino di Giovanni, etc. "…As I see things, I am not a robber. In creating man, Nature gave him the right to live & man has the duty to exercise that right in full. So if society fails to provide him with the wherewithal to survive, the human being is entitled to seize what he needs from wherever there is plenty."
— Alexandre Marius JacobSee Jacob (Alexandre Marius, alias Escande, alias Attila, alias Georges, alias Bonnet, alias Féran, alias Georges, alias the Burglar), by Bernard Thomas, (Introduction Alfredo M. Bonanno), Elephant Editions
Alexandre Jacob (1879-1954) is the original "Arsene Lupin" in the French detective novels of Maurice Leblanc, with only slight exagerations which made him a sensational "fictional" character. http://users.servicios.retecal.es/gritoprimal/jacob.htm
11- 4 -1936 -- Spain: Four leaders of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo], the largest union in the country, bag their principles during the Spanish Revolution & join the new Republican "Popular Front" government as Cabinet Ministers: Juan Garcia Oliver (Justice), Juan Peiro (Industry) Juan Lopez Sanchez (Trade), Federica Montseny (Health). Actions such as these undermine the Social Revolution, turning it into just another "Civil War". See Camillo Berneri's "Open letter to comrade Federica Montseny", http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/in_government.html & also Vernon Richards' scathing critique, Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (Freedom Press). http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/spain/index.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
11- 4 -1936 -- Spain: Juan Peiro Belis (1887-1942) appointed Minister of Industry in the Republican government under Caballero Largo.
Spanish anarcho-syndicalist theorist & militant in the CNT. Assiduous writer for the confederal & libertarian press. His government participation, of short duration, was heresy to libertarian principles. Such acts, argued as "justifiable" in a state of war, will not prevent defeat, nor the treason of the Stalinist participants. With the defeat in Spain, Peiro took refuge in France in 1939, but was turned over to Franco by Pétain's fascist government. He was shot on July 24, 1942 after refusing to collaborate with the Franco government. (His son, José Peiro, devoted a book to him; see 26 December 17.)
11- 5 -1936 -- Spain: Anarchist Buenaventura Durruti makes a radio broadcast from the Madrid front, in which he opposes the decree issued by the Generalidad militarizing the militias, & calls for greater commitment & sacrifice from the rearguard if the war is to be won. "We make war & revolution at the same time. The militiaman has to know that he fights for the conquest of the land, the factories, culture ... the pick & the shovel are as valuable as the gun." In July, 1936, Buenaventura Durruti was one of the most important leaders of the CNT masses that prevented the fascist military coup in Barcelona. After the uprising was suppressed, he inmediately lead militia columns to re-take Zaragoza, which was occupied by these nationalists. He spread his ideas about 'libertarian communism' as he marched into Aragon, as the doctrinal basis of the 'communes' recently established there.
http://www.chisholm-poster.com/chisholm/sCivil/
11- 6 -1936 -- Spain: The Republic's government (along with the four new anarcho-syndicalist ministers) flees Madrid for the safety of Valencia. The populace of Madrid's response is the cry of "Long live Madrid without government!" http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/scwgraphics.html
11- 7 -1936 -- Spain: Increasingly aware of her inability to speak Spanish hindering her work in Spain, Emma Goldman plans to shift to publicity work & fund raising in Great Britain or the United States, where she could make a greater contribution. The threat of Nationalist forces to Madrid prompts the government to relocate to Valencia, including four anarchists who have accepted major ministry posts just days ago. While recognizing the paramount need to fight the fascists, Emma Goldman is troubled by the CNT-FAI's direction, especially its decision to join the government & effectively align itself with pro-Soviet forces. In her correspondence with close friends, she is highly critical of the collaborative direction of the CNT [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo], but publicly remains supportive.
11- 15 -1936 -- Spain: Today 1,800 militiamen from the best of Durruti's anarchist column enter into combat at University City (Madrid). Buenaventura Durruti was called to the defense of Madrid, but had refused to leave the Aragon front. Later he was persuaded as his presence would lend moral support to the fighters. The combat & the bombings were terrifying. Madrid was the first civilized city in the world subjected to a fascist attack as a prelude to WWII. Franco initiated the attack he thought would be the final one. At University City combat was hand to hand.
By the 18th only 700 of the 1800 anarchist militiamen remained. On the 19th Durruti was told some militiamen were deserting positions as they had been without eating or sleeping for five days. Durruti went by car to the Clinic Hospital & on the way stopped to persuade some militiamen to return to their positions. As he got back in the car he was mortally wounded by a shot to the chest. He died at dawn on November 20.
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/images/Images/Spain1936/
11- 19 -1936 -- Spain: This afternoon, Buenaventura Durruti is mortally wounded under uncertain circumstances while helping to defend Madrid. Earlier this month he was persuaded by García Oliver & Federica Montseny to bring his anarchist column (composed of about 3,000 men) to the city to defend it against Franco's fascist army. [Durruti & his close friend Francisco Ascaso were once bookshop owners in Paris when in exile there. Both were also condemned to death by the Argintime government as anarchist agitators... Indeed, even the Stalinist hack, Ilya Ehrenburg, later remarked with pride that four capitalist States had condemned Durruti to death.]
11- 20 -1936 -- Spain: Buenaventura Durruti y Domingo, the famous & beloved Spanish anarchist, shot in the lung yesterday, dies this morning at 6a.m. See also 14 July 1896. Son of a socialist railroad worker, he began working for railroads at age 14. Later became a bookseller, briefly, in Paris, with his closest friend, Francisco Ascaso (who was also killed during the Revolution). Durruti became, & remains today, the major legendary figure of the Revolution.
http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/durruti.html
In Spanish: http://members.es.tripod.de/durruti/
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/bright.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/Spanishcivilwar.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html
11- 22 -1936 -- Spain: Over 500,000 attend the funeral of the anarchist Buenaventura Durruti in Barcelona.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html#Organisations
11- 30 -1936 -- US: "Yippie" leader Abbot (Abbie) Hoffman, aka "Free," lives, Worcester, Massachusetts. Wrote the philosophical Steal This Book, & the anarchist dance classic, Square Dancing in the Ice Age. Consummate joiner (Chicago 7, Viet Nam War protester, etc.)
"Sacred cows make the best hamburger." — Abbie Hoffman
12- 6 -1936 -- Spain: In "Solidaridad Obrera", Balius publishes an article entitled "Durruti's Testament" in which he claims: "Durruti bluntly asserted that we anarchists require that the Revolution be totalitarian in character."
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
12- 15 -1936 -- George Orwell dispatches manuscript of The Road to Wigan Pier to publishers & leaves for the revolution in Spain.anarchist http://www.levity.com/corduroy/orwell.htm
http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/
http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/
12- 17 -1936 -- USSR: In Moscow, Pravda announces that in Catalonia (Spain), the "cleaning" out of Trotskyites & the anarcho-syndicalists has already started. Stalin's agents will carry out these purges:
"As for Catalonia, the purging of Trotskyist & anarcho-syndicalist elements has begun; this work will be carried out with the same energy with which it was done in the USSR." http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/in_government.html
12- 23 -1936 -- England: Emma Goldman arrives in London & finds the propaganda bureau of the Generalitat in a shambles. Earlier in the month, while in Barcelona, Emma was named official representative in London of the CNT-FAI & of the Generalitat of Catalonia. Vernon Richards's twice-monthly Spain & the World appears to be her most reliable vehicle for communicating about the conditions & aspirations of the Spanish anarchists.
12- 29 -1936 -- Spain: Publication of issue No. 1 of the anarchist "Ideas".
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
1- 3 -1937 -- England: Emma Goldman begins organizing publicity campaign about the Spanish Revolution, including planning mass meetings in London & the provinces, but is hampered by poor communication with & lack of urgency among key anarchist leaders in Barcelona.
Aside from the London anarchists, Emma finds allies among leading members of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), including Fenner Brockway & especially writer Ethel Mannin, who becomes a close friend. The first fruit of this alliance is Emma Goldman's joining forces with a broad English coalition sympathetic to the Republican cause to mount an exhibition in February of photographs, cartoons, posters, & pamphlets from Spain. Meanwhile, The death on Jan. 1 of Commissioner of Immigration Daniel W. MacCormack threatens to weaken the confidence built up in the Department of Labor & delay any chance of Emma's return to the US.
1- 18 -1937 -- England: Emma Goldman speaks on "The Spanish Revolution & the CNT-FAI" at a large meeting chaired by novelist Ethel Mannin in London. Emma begins organizing a publicity campaign about the Spanish Revolution, including planning mass meetings in London & the provinces, but is hampered by poor communication with, & a lack of urgency among key anarchist leaders in Barcelona. Aside from the London anarchists, she finds allies among leading members of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), including Fenner Brockway & especially Ethel Mannin, who becomes a close friend.
The first fruit of this alliance is Emma Goldman's joining forces with a broad English coalition sympathetic to the Republican cause to mount an exhibition in February of photographs, cartoons, posters, & pamphlets from Spain.
1- 26 -1937 -- Spain: Jaime Balius appointed director of La Noche. Wrote the pamphlet "Towards a Fresh Revolution".
anarchist
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://www.spunk.org/library/places/spain/sp001780/chap8.html
1- 31 -1937 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures on Spain in Plymouth.anarchist feminist
2- 5 -1937 -- Spain: Plenary assembly of the confederal & anarchist militias meeting in Valencia, February 5-8, to consider the militarization issue. http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
2- 8 -1937 -- Spain: Malaga falls to Franco's forces.anarchist
2- 13 -1937 -- Scotland: In Glasgow, Emma Goldman meets with local anarchists at the home of Frank Leech, secretary of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation.
2- 14 -1937 -- Scotland: Emma Goldman speaks in Glasgow to an audience of 600 on "The Part of the CNT-FAI in the Spanish Revolution" in the afternoon; & in Paisley on "The CNT-FAI & Collectivisation" in the evening.anarchist
2- 19 -1937 -- England: Emma Goldman & Ethel Mannin speak on "The Relation of the Church in Spain with Fascism," at Friends House, London, under joint auspices of the C.N.T.-FAI London Committee & the ILP.
2- 19 -1937 -- March 11 Gudell notifies Emma Goldman of the establishment of a new committee composed of members from the C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo] & the FAI to handle all foreign propaganda matters, in order to alleviate inefficiency caused by the personal & political rivalry between Augustin Souchy & Rudiger over propaganda.
March 31 Emma Goldman lectures on Spain at a meeting in East London.
April In her correspondence with the Spanish comrades Emma Goldman criticizes the C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo] for collaborating with the Communists & accepting Soviet support; publicly she remains an unwavering supporter.
April 4 In Bristol Emma Goldman speaks in the afternoon to a conference of ILP delegates & in the evening on "The Relation of the Church in Spain with Fascism" at a meeting arranged by the local ILP.
anarchist feminist
2- 20 -1937 -- England: Spanish exhibition opens, to raise funds for Spanish refugees. (A broad English coalition sympathetic to the Republican cause mounted the exhibition of photographs, cartoons, posters, & pamphlets from Spain. It is a financial failure, & in March, & in response, Emma Goldman begins organizing a benefit in London.)
2- 28 -1937 -- England: With novelist Ethel Mannin, Emma Goldman speaks on Spain in Bristol.
3- 4 -1937 -- Spain: The newspaper "La Noche" carries an announcement introducing the aims, characteristics & membership conditions of the anarchist Friends of Durruti Group. Also, the Generalidad issues a decree winding up the Control Patrols. In La Batalla , Nin passes favorable & hopeful comment on an article by Balius carried in the March 2nd edition of La Noche.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap5.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/Durruti.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/Durruti.html
3- 7 -1937 -- England: Disappointed by the financial failure of the Spanish exhibition that opened Feb. 20, Goldman this month begins organizing a benefit performance in London for the refugee women & children in Spain
anarchist
3- 10 -1937 -- "i wanted nothing & don't want anything to do with order, rank
orders & commands. i am as i am, a peasant who learned to read
in prison, who experienced pain & death close by, who was an
anarchist without knowing it, & today, now that i know, i am even
more anarchist than yesterday, when i killed to be free"
From Nosotros, -- anarchist daily -- march 1937
http://picturebook.nothingness.org/pbook/1936/display/35
3- 11 -1937 -- Gudell notifies Emma Goldman (in England) of the establishment of a new committee composed of members from the CNT & the FAI to handle all foreign propaganda matters, in order to alleviate inefficiency caused by the personal & political rivalry between Augustin Souchy & Helmut Rudiger over propaganda
anarchist
3- 18 -1937 -- Spain: Battles in Guadalajara (March 8 through 18) end in victory for the Republican forces (the International Brigades & a division controlled by the anarchist Cipriano Mera) over the fascist nationalist camp composed of Italian, Moroccan troops & strongly armed & motorized Carlists attempting to seize Madrid.
3- 21 -1937 -- Spain: The anarchist Iron Column meets in assembly to vote on militarization or disbandment: it agrees to militarization.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
3- 28 -1937 -- Spain: Late March-early April: A flyer bearing the endorsement of the anarchist Friends of Durruti Group is issued.
3- 31 -1937 -- England: Emma Goldman lectures on Spain at a meeting in East London anarchist feminist
4- 1 -1937 -- US: Abe Bluestein & Selma Cohen head to Spain to aid the anarchists. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AbeBluestein.htm
4- 4 -1937 -- England: In Bristol Emma Goldman speaks in the afternoon to a conference of ILP delegates & in the evening on "The Relation of the Church in Spain with Fascism" at a meeting arranged by the local ILP. Also during this month in her correspondence with the Spanish comrades Emma criticizes the CNT for collaborating with the Communists & accepting Soviet support; publicly she remains an unwavering supporter.
4- 8 -1937 -- Spain: In Ideas, Balius has an article published entitled "Let's make revolution," in which he says: "if [Companys] had a larger contingent of armed forces at his disposal, he would have the working class back in the capitalist harness." Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group, ak press http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
4- 14 -1937 -- Spain: "Friends of Durruti Group," (former anarchists in the Durruti Column) issues a Manifesto opposing commemoration of the anniversary of the Republic, arguing it is merely a pretext for reinforcing bourgeois institutions & the counterrevolution.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap5.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/Durruti.html
http://www.multimania.com/artnono/french/anarchie/espagne/
http://www.chisholm-poster.com/chisholm/sCivil/
4- 18 -1937 -- Spain: "Friends of Durruti Group," (former anarchists in the Durruti Column) hold their first public meeting at a theatre with about 1000 workers present & four speakers. [Details, click here]
4- 25 -1937 -- Spain: The UGT leader Roldán Cortada is murdered in Molins del Llobregat.
Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39
[Source: Agustin Guillamón, AK Press, click here]
4- 25 -1937 -- England: The benefit concert for the Spanish refugees, which Emma Goldman has worked frantically to produce, is held at Victoria Palace. With Paul Robeson's performance, it is an artistic success but raises less money than Goldman had hoped for.
4- 27 -1937 -- Spain: Armed conflict between anarchists & Generalidad forces in Bellver de Cerdaña, April 27 & 28. Antonio Martin, the anarchist mayor of Puigcerdá, is shot dead.
[Source: Agustin Guillamón, Friends of Durruti Group]
4- 28 -1937 -- England: Manchester Guardian publishes Emma Goldman's letter criticizing its report that Catalonia had contributed little to the defense of Madrid.anarchist feminist
5- 1 -1937 -- Spain: The only meetings in Barcelona on May Day is indoors, a small meeting by the 'Those of Yesterday & Those of Today' adhering to the Friends of Durruti Group, & an Anarchist nudist group meeting on the value of music. The Friends of Durruti meeting is Sunday 2 May.
(Saturday): An ordinary working day, for the Generalidad has banned commemoration of the First of May, in an effort to avert disturbances & confrontations. The Generalidad government meets in session, congratulating its Commissar for Public Order on the successes achieved. A panel is made up of Tarradellas (Prime Councilor), Rodriguez Salas (Commissar for Public Order) & Artemi Aiguadé (Councilor for Internal Security): it promptly holds a meeting behind closed doors to tackle urgent business relating to public order & security. The Bolshevik-Leninist Section issues a leaflet.
5- 1 -1937 -- England: 60,000 people take part in a May Day demonstration & march that includes anarchists for the first time in 30 years. Under the auspices of the London Committee of the CNT-FAI, Emma Goldman speaks at the conclusion of the march in Hyde Park.
5- 2 -1937 -- Spain: Friends of Durruti rally in the Goya Theater, at which the film "19 de julio" is screened to comments from Balius: there are speeches by Liberto Callejas & Francisco Carreño as well. CNT militants interrupt a telephone conversation between Companys & Azana. Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamón
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
5- 3 -1937 -- Spain: Republican government attacks workers; beginning of open resistance to both the Republican & Communist authorities by radical workers, anarchists, & others, opposing the regional government takeover of the worker-run telephone company in Barcelona. Fighting spread to all parts of the city, lasting for four days. Stalinists denounce Trotskyite P.O.U.M. as "Franco's Fifth Column" in preparation for its own liquidation (assassinations, etc) of independent radicals & anarchists (similar to purges in Russia as well). (Monday): A little before 3:00 P.M. three truckloads of Guards commanded by Rodriguez Salas attempt to seize the Telephone Exchange, on the orders of Artemi Aiguadé. Armed resistance from the CNT workers on the upper floors thwarts this. Within a few hours, a host of armed bands has been formed & the first barricades erected. The mobilization resolves into two sides: one made up of the CNT & the POUM, the other of the Generalidad, the PSUC, the ERC & Estat Català. Businesses close down. The train service stops at 7:00 P.M. At that hour, in the Casa CNT-FAI in the Via Durruti, the CNI Regional Committee & the POUM Executive Committee meet. The maximum demand is that Rodriguez Salas & Artemi Aiguadé resign. Companys doggedly opposes this.
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/posters/2.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
5- 4 -1937 -- Spain: (Tuesday): Gun-battles throughout the night in Barcelona. Many barricades & violent clashes throughout the city. In the Sants barrio 400 Guards are stripped of their weapons. Companys asks the Valencia government for aircraft to bomb the anarchist CNT's premises & barracks. The CNT-controlled artillery on Montjuich & Tibidabo is trained on the Generalidad Palace.... Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamon [Details continue, click here]
5- 5 -1937 -- Barcelona: "May Days" erupt in Spain, as Communists attack anarchist strongholds. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
5- 5 -1937 -- Spain: This evening, in Barcelona, the Italian anarchist theorist/activist Camillo Berneri & Francesco Barbieri are seized by the Communists, presumably on Moscow's orders. Taken from their homes, their bodies are found tomorrow, riddled with bullets. Camillo's eldest daughter, Marie-Louise Berneri, who fought on the front in Aragon, returned to Barcelona for his funeral. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/spain-overview.html
5- 5 -1937 -- Spain: (Wednesday) May 5, 1937: A handbill is distributed by the Friends of Durruti. Over the radio, the CNT disowns the Friends of Durruti Group. Fighting is now confined to the city center: the rest of the city being in the hands of the confederal Defense Committees. At 1:00 P.M. the UGT leader Sesé, a recently appointed Generalidad councilor perishes in gunfire emanating from the premises of the CNT's Entertainments Union. At 3:00 P.M. the Generalidad transmitter issues a fresh appeal for calm from the leaders of the various organizations (Federica Montseny for the CNT). A brother of Ascaso is killed. Berneri & Barbieri are arrested by Guards & UGT militants from the Water Union. Their corpses show up later. Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamón, AK Press http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
5- 6 -1937 -- Spain: (Thursday): "La Batalla" reprints the Friends of Durruti handbill. In the same edition, "La Batalla" appeals for workers to back down. Solidaridad Obrera disowns the Friends of Durruti handbill. Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamón, http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
5- 7 -1937 -- Spain: Return to "normalization" in Barcelona. The Republican government had sent troops to take over the telephone exchange on May 3, pitting the anarchists & Poumists on one side against the Republican government & the Stalinist Communist Party on the other, in pitched street battles, resulting in 500 anarchists killed. Squads of Communist Party members took to the streets on May 6 to assassinate leading anarchists. Today, among those found murdered, was the Italian anarchist Camillo Berneri, an outspoken anti-communist. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
5- 7 -1937 -- Spain: (Friday): "La Batalla" reiterates its appeal, making it conditional upon withdrawal of the security forces & retention of weapons. Transport services are restored & a degree of normality returns. Assault Guards sent by the Valencia government reach Barcelona around 9:00 P.M. Companys surrenders control of public order. The Control Patrols place themselves at the disposal of the special delegate in charge of public order sent down by the Republican government.Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamon http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
5- 8 -1937 -- Spain: (Saturday): Barricades are dismantled, except for the PSUC barricades, which persist into June. The Friends of Durruti distribute a manifesto reviewing the events of May. In that manifesto there is talk of "treachery" by the CNT leadership. Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamon
5- 9 -1937 -- Spain: (Sunday): "Solidaridad Obrera" dismisses the manifesto issued yesterday by the Friends of Durruti as demagoguery and the Group's members as provocateurs. Their manifesto had spoken of "treachery" by the CNT leadership.Anarchist chronology, Friends of Durruti Group 1937-39, Agustin Guillamon
5- 20 -1937 -- Spain: Author & one-time used book seller George Orwell, sympathetic to the anarchists, & fighting for the Republic, is shot on the front lines. His Homage to Catalonia is based on his experiences during the Spanish Revolution. It is the left-wing papers, the News Chronicle & the Daily Worker, with their far subtler methods of distortion, that have prevented the British public from grasping the real nature of the struggle The fact which these papers have so carefully obscured is that the Spanish Government (including the semi-autonomous Catalan Government) is far more afraid of the revolution than of the Fascists.
--- George Orwell, "Spilling the Spanish Beans", 1937
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/
http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spunk/Spunk198.html
5- 22 -1937 -- Spain: A plenary session of the CNT's Local & Comarcal Federations hears a proposal that the Friends of Durruti be expelled. A session of the Sabadell city council agrees that councilor Bruno Lladó Roca (also the Generalidad's comarcal delegate for Economy) be stood down for having displayed a Friends of Durruti anarchist poster in his office.
5- 23 -1937 -- England: Emma Goldman speaks on the Spanish revolution in Norwich at a well-attended meeting sponsored by the Norwich Freedom Group, the ILP, & the Labour League of Youth.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html
5- 28 -1937 -- Spain: La Batalla is shut down as is the POUM's radio station. The Friends of Durruti's social premises in the Ram
