Mass meetings were held in the Great Assembly Hall in Mile End & in the Wonderland in Whitechapel, attended by thousands, sometimes five, six, seven thousand. Not Jewish & unable to read Yiddish, little did Rocker suspect that in a few short years he would be editor of "Arbeter Fraint" & immersed in the movement for the next 20 years.

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"Was that story immoral?" asks the court.

"It was much worse than immoral," Wilde replies. "It was badly written."

http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws53_wilde.html

Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent … [constructs] anarchism as a form of fraudulent self-deception symptomatic of a widespread social degeneracy in British society. The...novel's ambivalent engagement with Nietzsche, showing how through a dialogue with Nietzschean intertexts anarchism is constructed as a form of religious fanaticism that is connected with the dangers of both foreign imperialism & the lower classes.

4 mai.- Premier numéro du journal de l'anarchiste Jean Grave, "Les Temps Nouveaux".

See "A Visit to L'Anarchie" by Émile Armand in the Stan Iverson Archives.

http://increvablesanarchistes.org/articles/avan1914/tempsnouveaux.htm

"The Italian-American anarchists from Paterson, the city that the press described as ‘anarchy’s capital’ & where there was indeed a massive anarchist presence, when you think that "La Questione Sociale" was a massive weekly with a print run of 15,000 copies!"

[ Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta ]

Only anarchist geographer I know of who has a wine dedicated in his honor,
Cuvee Elisée

Henri Beylie & illustrator Emile Gravelle are its prime movers, & contributors include Henri Zisly & René Chaughi. A somewhat irregular monthly, after its 19-20th number in 1898, it merges with "Le Naturien".

Emma lectures on "Political Justice in England & America," highlighting Alexander Berkman's case & she meets Peter Kropotkin & Errico Malatesta, among others. German police authorities monitor Goldman's movements in London, prepared to arrest her if she enters Germany. Tomorrow Goldman travels to Scotland; delivers successful lectures in Glasgow, Edinburgh, & Maybole.

[9- 20 -1895] -- Italy: A successful protest movement leads to the amnesty of Luigi Molinari.

A military tribunal, on January 31, 1894, condemned Molinari to 23-years imprisonment for instigating an insurrection in Lunigiana, where anarchist bands armed themselves in support of the Sicilian victims of a "State of Siege" (a repressive attempt to put down revolts against increased flour prices).

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2ème Couplet
"Assez de républiques,
Assez de rois et d'empereurs;
Au diable envoyons cette clique
D'assassins, fourbes et voleurs. (bis)
Plus de généraux, de ministres,
De juges, de représantants,
Aux mains souillées de notre sang,
Peuples, balayez tous ces cuistres."

Refrain
"Aux armes, travailleurs,
Sus à nos exploiteurs,
Frappons, frappons,
L'autorité.
Règne l'égalité."

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In 1918 Lucia published her first poems, & joined the "Ultraïsmo" literary movement. In 1936, with Mercedes Comaposada & Amparo Poch y Gascon, she founded Mujeres Libres (Free Women) which publishes, from May 1936, a review of the same name.

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An antifascist & anarchist militant, Barbieri successively fled to Argentina, Brazil, France, Switzerland & Spain, in his fight against the fascists. During the Spanish Revolution in 1936 he joined the Italian column fighting in Huesca.

While hospitalized in Barcelona in May 1937 Barbieri is arrested by cops under command of the Communists & his body is found full of bullet holes the next day, along with that of Camillo Berneri.

Unfortunately he remains mostly unknown outside Chile. IWW member, anarcosindicalista, considered an important anarchist leader in the post-WWI period.

Manuel Rojas worked for Chilean comic books published by Zig Zag & Quimantú during the 1960s & 1970s. He cooperated on several western series for Far West, including 'Ray Hunter', 'Ronnie Lea, el Muertero' & 'Curiosidades del Oeste'. He was also present in Jungla & El Siniestro Dr. Mortis.

Father of Maria Eugenia Rojas (wife of the communist & academic leader of the University of Chile, Fernando Ortiz Letelier, detained & disappeared by the government.)

The Home Colony was a peculiar combination of communism & anarchism, organized by a group who had already been in the Glennis Co-operative Industrial Company, a Bellamy colony. It was quite as successful as the others of its time. Private homesites were limited to two acres. Members were carefully chosen. There were about 150 members. Great stress was laid on individual liberty & non-resistance. There was a high degree of mutuality, though more unorganized & undirected than in any other colony. There seems to have been less internal friction here than in most colonies. Financial troubles led to disbanding after about 10 years.

See the Stan Iverson Archives, http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/HomeColony.htm

Emma earns a meager living as a midwife & nurse, witnessing the plight of many women suffering from unwanted pregnancies....& is active on many other fronts as well.

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Emma had helped to arrange lectures for the English anarchist & labor leader, whose visit gives Goldman the opportunity to gain experience addressing English-speaking audiences.

(Turner was eventually arrested (1903) & booted out of the country for his anarchist views.)

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Three aspects made him famous in his day: his activities as a rural physician in support of the neediest, his educational work (preventive medicine, sexual education, nutrition, wholesome living etc) & his theoretical & militant contributions to anarchism.

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"We have always lived in slums & holes in the wall...

We are not in the least afraid of ruins...The bourgeoisie might blast & ruin its own world before it leaves the stage of history.

We carry a new world here, in our hearts. That world is growing this minute."

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London, England July 27

The International Socialist Workers' & Trades Union Congress (July 27-Aug. 1). The Marxists pass a motion requiring the recognition & need for "political action" (in legislative & parliamentary voting) & finishes up totally excluding anarchists, & all anti-parliamentary Socialists, from any future congresses (The latter convene their own antiauthoritarian Congress on the 29th). Among the various delegations are many anarchists, including Errico Malatesta, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Pietro Gori, Gustav Landauer, Kampffmeyer, Fernand Pelloutier, Paul Delesalle, Louise Michel, Peter Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus, & Jean Grave, etc. [Details / context]

London, England July 29-31

International Anarchist Congress convenes after the Marxists take over the 2nd International Congress (convened here on the 27th) & exclude anarchists & anti-parliamentary socialists. [Details / context]

This annual gathering of free thinkers clashes with the authorities who, over the years, try to prohibit them. During the German occupation, the statue of Etienne Dolet (as that of Chevalier De La Barre) is unbolted & melted down.

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Topics include "The Jews in America," "Anarchism in America," & "The Effect of the Recent Election on the Condition of the Workingmen." Her concluding lecture addresses the Haymarket Affair.

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1896 (4 December) Moves to Marine Rosignano near the family, resumes contacts with the anarchist movement.

[Source: Chronology by Franco Bertolucci]

In 1888 & '89 immigration into the Argentine Republic increased rapidly & unemployment & strikes made their appearance. Malatesta was active in Buenos Aires during this period.

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"I think his fate is rather like Humpty Dumpty's,
quite as tragic & quite as impossible to put right."

[4- 5 -1897] -- Spain: Benevento anarchist uprising.

[4- 22 -1897] -- Italy: In Rome the anarchist Pietro Acciarito, 26, attempts to stab the king of Italy, Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader King Umberto I. Tried & sentenced May 28, following a parody of a trial, Acciarto gets life in prison. / Aprile. Un fallito attentato alla vita del re Umberto I fornisce il pretesto per arresti arbitrari di eponenti socialisti, anarchici e repubblicani.


[4- 23 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman's lectures in Providence, Rhode Island, April 23-25, include "What Is Anarchism?" & "Is It Possible to Realize Anarchism?"

The audience at an open-air meeting is reportedly "spell-bound" by Emma's message.

When she attempts to speak at another open-air meeting, however, the police intervene on the grounds that she doesn't have a permit.

Local socialists disavow any connection to our dynamic "Red" Emma.

[5- 2 -1897] -- Italy: Demonstration in Rome after the anarchist Romeo Frezzi is found dead in a prison cell, believed murdered by his police guards.
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[5- 3 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks in Philadelphia, early May; her lecture on "The Women in the Present & Future" is "loudly applauded."

Emma is credited with the ability to relate anarchism to the working people of Philadelphia, thus helping to boost the movement there.

Returning to New York, she undergoes an operation on her foot, requiring several months of recuperation.

[5- 5 -1897] -- Italy: Giovanna Berneri lives (nee Giovannina Caleffi; 1897-1962). Teacher, anarchist propagandist, companion of Camillo Berneri (murdered by the Communists in Spain on this day in 1937; see below). Mother of Marie Louise Berneri (1918-1949) & Giliane Berneri — like their parents, also anarchists.
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[5- 19 -1897] -- Oscar Wilde is released from Reading Gaol.

[5- 28 -1897] -- US: Carl Nold & Henry Bauer, convicted & imprisoned for aiding in Alexander Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Frick, are released from the Western State Penitentiary in Pittsburgh. Berkman remained in prison for many years & his book Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, is now considered one of the masterpieces of prison literature.

[Related materials / links]

[5- 28 -1897] -- Italy: Camillo Berneri lives, in Lodé. Professor of philosophy, propagandist & anarchist militant & theorist.

Forced into exile by the Italian fascist government, Berneri organized the first column of Italian volunteers to fight in Spain (Gigi Di Lembo, the Italian section of the column "Ascaso," with approximately 500 volunteers), where he participated in the battle of Monte Pelado on August 28, 1936, &, on September 3, on the Huesca front.

Camillo Berneri is dragged from his home, as is Francesco Barbieri from a hospital, & executed by Stalinist Communist Party members, apparently under Moscow's orders.

[6- 6 -1897] -- Portugal: Arnaldo Simões Januário lives. Anarcho-syndicalist militant. Arrested & sent to various concentration camps (Angola, the Azores, Cap Verde & Timor). ... show details

Later continuing the fight against the dictatorship, he is involved in preparations of the insurrectionary general strike of January 18, 1934. Arrested, tortured, & sentenced to 20 years in prison. Arnaldo died March 27, 1938 in the camp at Tarrafal (Cap Verde).

[6- 13 -1897] -- Argentina: "La Protesta Humana" appears. Began after "El Perseguido" folded (Jan. 31, 1897; the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist presses). "Protesta Humana" is followed by the (daily) "Protesta" (April 5, 1904), which for many years weathers all the storms.
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[8- 1 -1897] -- France: André Daunis lives, à Bages, (Aude). Militant & anarchist propagandist in southern France.

Active with the group "Elisée Reclus" de Narbonne, & a proven propagandist, he organizes many meetings to spread anarchist ideas & booklets. Daunis even presented himself on several occasions in elections but, as an anarchist & an abstentionnist, he withdrew before the voting. He was arrested & interned with other anarchists in September 1939, in the camp of Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe in the Tarn, where he was kept until October 1941.

[8- 7 -1897] -- Argentina: Albert Perrier (or Perier), aka Germinal, lives (1897-1977), in Buenos Aires. Militant French revolutionary syndicalist.

Member "l'Union Anarchiste" in France. Published the newspaper "Le Combat," & in the 1930s joined "La Ruche."

In 1936, he went to Spain with a first French convoy of food & weapons for the C.N.T.- F.A.I., & for the next two years helped supply the Spanish anarchists in spite of a French blockade. During the last months of the revolution Perrier facilitated the passage of those escaping from Spain. An anti-Nazi Resistance member, Perrier was captured & sent to a prison camp (from which he escaped).
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[8- 8 -1897] -- Anarchist Michele Angiolillo assassinates Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, premier of Spain, who in May had ordered the execution of five anarchists held responsible for a bombing in Barcelona the year before. Quickly tried & executed on the 20th.

The torture & inhumane treatment of several hundred others imprisoned in connection with the bombing were widely protested throughout Europe. In NY, Emma Goldman & others — including Italian & Spanish anarchists, & Harry Kelly, John Edelmann, Justus Schwab, & Edward Brady — had organized a demonstration in front of the Spanish consulate.

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[8- 10 -1897] -- France: Fernando Tarrida del Marmol expelled. An anarchist theoretician & militant, he had been jailed in 1896 & just barely able to gain release before escaping the terrorism of the Catholic clerics & the state authorities exacted against workers & militants.

In France Tarrida denounced the atrocities in Barcelona & published the book Un mois dans les prisons d'Espagne, & also articles supporting the insurgents of Philippines & Cuba in their fight against Spanish colonialism, & thus Spain pressed for his expulsion. Tarrida went Belgium & then to England where he lodged with Kropotkin & Louise Michel.

See the Fernando Tarrida del Marmol Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/tarrida/index.htm

[8- 16 -1897] -- US: A meeting of 1,000 people in NY celebrate Cánovas's assassination by Michele Angiolillo. Emma Goldman is among several speakers.
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[8- 19 -1897] -- Italy: Anarchist Cesare Zaccaria lives, Genova. Died Napoli October 1961.


[8- 20 -1897] -- Spain: Michele Angiolillo refuses the last sacraments & is garrotted in the prison yard. His execution, photographed by the press, is one of the first visual testimonies of this official brand of cruelty.

"That smile of his, full of light, life & dawn, expired there on the horrifying garrotte:
GERMINAL!"

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[8- 22 -1897] -- US: In response to criticism from anarchists that she had glorified Cánovas's murder (by Michele Angiolillo), Emma Goldman defends her position at a small meeting in New York.


[9- 3 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman begins lecture tour, September through December. September 3-8, she lectures in Providence, R.I.; speaks at two open-air meetings — attended by thousands — when the mayor warns Goldman that she will be arrested if she speaks in the open-air again.

Despite the prohibition, Emma Goldman continues to lecture.
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[9- 5 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks in Boston on "Must We Become Angels to Live in an Anarchist Society?" & collects money for the victims of the Spanish authorities in the aftermath of the assassination of the premier.


[9- 7 -1897] -- US: Anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman is arrested & jailed for trying to speak at another open-air meeting in Providence, Rhode Island. Tomorrow she is given 24-hours to leave town or face three months imprisonment. Freedom of speech in the Land of the Free can be Fickle.


[9- 12 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman returns to Boston, where she speaks on the September 10 killings of immigrant miners striking in Hazleton, Pa. (known as the Lattimer Massacre). She travels to New Haven & New York to speak again on the Hazleton killings.

After passing through Crystal Ridge & Cranberry, the marchers, numbering 400, proceeded out of the patch towns toward the West Hazleton limits on their way to Lattimer to drum up support for their strike.

‘‘You dare not go ahead. This is against the law.’’ Sheriff Martin said, warning the marchers not to proceed into West Hazleton. ‘‘Me no care, me go to Lattimer.’’

— Steve Yusko, a Polish miner who would pay dearly for his stand against the coal barons.

‘‘Men were mowed down like grass. They lay on the ground crying & helpless.’’ The attack was brief, but its toll was huge. By the time it ended, 19 people had died & at least twice as many were seriously wounded. Six more men would die of gunshot wounds.

http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/lattimer/page1.asp?secid=31

[9- 15 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman delivers the first of four lectures in Philadelphia before several English-speaking organizations, including the Ladies' Liberal League & the Single Tax Society. Her lectures include "Free Love." Before the largest free-thought organization of Philadelphia, the Friendship Liberal League, the anarchist feminist critiques the freethinkers' "partial application of the principles of freedom."


[9- 16 -1897] --

Louise Michel est arrêtée à Bruxelles et expulsée de Belgique.

No matter where she goes, that rascal Louise just can't stay out of trouble.
No importa dónde ella va, ese rascal Louise del anarquista apenas no puede permanecer fuera de apuro!
Egal wo sie geht, kann dieser anarchist Gauner Louise nicht aus Mühe heraus gerade bleiben! Non importa dove va, quel rascal Louise dell'anarchico non può rimanere appena da difficoltà! Não importa onde vai, esse rascal Louise do anarquista apenas não pode permanecer fora do problema!
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[9- 17 -1897] -- US: Portland editor A. J. Pope arrested & jailed for sending "obscene" material in the anarchist Firebrand through the mail. Abe Isaak & Henry Addis, the other Firebrand editors, are arrested within the next few days on the same charge.

[9- 25 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman travels to Washington, D.C., speaking before a German free-thought society, then to Pittsburgh to meet Carl Nold & Henry Bauer; they advise if Alexander Berkman's appeal for pardon is denied, he plans to attempt an escape from prison.

Goldman speaks before the Turnerverein in Monaca, Pa., complying with their request not to speak on her proposed topic, "Woman, Marriage, & Prostitution."

[9- 27 -1897] -- US: Labor congress organized by Eugene Debs in Chicago, addressed by Emma Goldman.



[10- 3 -1897] -- France: Emile Pouget's journal Le Père Peinard" (Cool Daddy) summarizes the end of the Congress of Toulouse in these terms:

"...C'est surtout quand le "boycottage" et le "sabotage" sont venus sur le tapis que l'entente s'est faite franchement et carrément. Au lieu de perdre son temps et ses forces à nous foutre en bisbille, on foncerait tous en coeur contre les capitalos et les gouvernants. Et, nom de dieu, ça ne traînerait pas. On aurait vivement fait d'écheniller le vieux monde."

[10- 11 -1897] -- Spain: Antonio Soto Canalejo lives (1897-1963), Ferrol, Galice. Militant anarchist & anarcho-syndicalist.


[10- 13 -1897] -- US: A well-attended event to raise money for the imprisoned editors of the anarchist "Firebrand" is held in Chicago. Speakers include Max Baginski, Lucy Parsons, Moses Harmon, & Emma Goldman, who is on a speaking tour. Emma speaks to the Lucifer Circle on the theme of "Prostitution: Its Causes & Cure" & on "Free Love."


[10- 19 -1897] -- US: The St. Louis House of Delegates passes a resolution supporting the mayor's prohibition of Emma Goldman's open-air meetings. Goldman's lectures — including "Revolution" & "Why I Am an Anarchist & Communist" — are held in private halls under police surveillance. In St. Louis, she began speaking to German & English-speaking audiences on the 16th while continuing to raise money for Alexander Berkman's prison fund.


[10- 25 -1897] -- US: Traveling for hours by train & wagon to learn about the plight of farmers, Emma Goldman speaks to well-attended meetings in Caplinger Mills, Mo., home of rural anarchist Kate Austin. Her lecture topics include "The Aim of Humanity," "Religion," "Anarchy," & "Free Love."


[11- 4 -1897] -- Cipriano Mera lives (1897-1975). French anarcho-syndicalist.

Militia leader & army commander in the Spanish Revolution & militant activist.

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[11- 4 -1897] -- Italy: Giuseppe Ciancabilla today publically declares himself an anarchist, in Malatesta’s paper, "L’Agitazione."

In October 1897, Ciancabilla met Malatesta to do interview for Avanti!. This meeting & the response of the PSI (Italian Socialist Party) leadership to the discussion led Ciancabilla to leave the socialist party in disgust & declare himself an anarchist. Ciancabilla was one of the important Italian figures of the anarchist movement who immigrated to the US in the late 1800s.

[11- 8 -1897] -- US: Dorothy Day, pacifist anarchist, Catholic Worker founder, lives.

DOROTHY DAY
Catholic Worker founder, anarchist. Oddly, Roman Catholic church will never name her a saint. Daily Bleed's Saint for the Day, 1997. Repeat offender 1999.

Haymarket Martyrs held in Chicago. Emma Goldman, on a heavy lecture campaign throughout the midwest, addresses the assembly in German.

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[11- 14 -1897] -- En-tête du numéro du 30 mars 1902 Le 14 novembre 1897, à San Francicso (Californie), sortie du premier numéro de "Free Society" journal anarchiste en langue anglaise, il succède à "The Firebrand." Il est édité par Ade Isaak, qui arrêtera la publication en 1904.

[11- 16 -1897] -- England: Released from Reading Gaol, Oscar Wilde writes his friend Robert Ross:

"It is curious how vanity helps keep the successful man & wrecks the failure. In old days half of my strength was my vanity."

"The form of government which is most suitable to the artist is no government at all."

"I think I am rather more than a Socialist. I am something of an Anarchist, I believe..."

http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws53_wilde.html

Having completed lectures in Kansas City & Topeka, Kansas, in mid-November Goldman lectures four times in Detroit, aided by Robert Reitzel & his paper, Der arme Teufel.

Today Emma speaks at the People's Tabernacle despite opposition from the congregation; the event is sensationalized in the press. In response to Goldman's talk, the deacons & members of the church request the pastor's resignation.

Late November-December, Emma lectures in Cleveland before several liberal societies, including the Franklin Club. On Nov. 21 she lectures on "What Anarchy Means" & collects donations for the Firebrand editors.

On her return east she delivers several successful lectures in Buffalo — where she speaks at the Trade & Labor Council Hall, the Spiritualist Temple, & before German anarchists — & Rochester, where she visits her family for the first time since 1894. Considers her meetings in Rochester, Buffalo, & Detroit to be the best of her 1897 tour.

[11- 21 -1897] -- Russia: Mollie Steimer lives. Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist & labor agitator. Her militant activities got her deported from both the US in 1921 (after getting 15 years of prison for publishing a leaflet opposing the landing of US troops in Russia), & by Lenin in Russia (1923). Arrested as a German Jew in France, then escaped a Nazi internment camp & fled to Mexico, where she died in 1980.
[Photo: Senya Fléchine, Voline et Mollie Steimer en 1927]
courtesy L'Ephéméride Anarchiste
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[11- 21 -1897] -- US: Emma Goldman, continues her heavy lecture campaign throughout the midwest.

Having completed lectures in Kansas & Michigan, late November-December, Emma lectures in Cleveland before several liberal societies, including the Franklin Club. She lectures today, November 21, on "What Anarchy Means" & collects donations for the Firebrand editors.

[1- 1 -1898] -- Brazil: First Rio Grande do Sul State Congress, January 1-2.

This congress brings together delgates from 10 associations, a periodical & an anarchist group. It is the first formal meeting of workers to take up social ideas in Brazil. Source: [ Arquivo de História Social ]

During this period, Emma is in contact with Filipino rebels & helps to support their attempts to gain independence from Spain.

During this period, the anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman is in contact with Filipino rebels & helps to support their attempts to gain independence from Spain.

Emma also announces her lecture topics for the year: "Charity," "Patriotism," "Authority," "Majority Rule," "The New Woman," "The Woman Question," & "The Inquisition of Our Postal Service."

[1- 17 -1898] -- Italy: Two day General Strike & riots in Ancône following an increase in bread prices. The army occupies the city. Errico Malatesta (publishing the newspaper L'agitazione), Luigi Fabbri & several other anarchists are charged (tried on April 21-28, 1898), with a "criminal conspiracy" against public security & property.

Bread riots had occurred in about 50 Italian towns, providing a pretext for arresting Malatesta & other anarchists.

When the trial was held, 3,000 anarchists signed a declaration confessing to be guilty of the same "crime," being malfattori...

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Not wanting to take party in the Dreyfus Affair,
Louise Michel splits, once again, for London.

[2- 16 -1898] -- US: Emma Goldman begins a speaking tour, February 16-20.

Emma's tour begins in Philadelphia where she lectures before several well-attended gatherings sponsored by the Ladies' Liberal League, the Single Tax Society, the Society of Ethical Research, & the German Anarchist Society.

Emma notes an increasing interest in anarchism among younger members of the Friendship Liberal League, to which she lectures twice. Topics include "The Absurdity of Non-resistance to Evil," "The Basis of Morality," & "Freedom."

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revendiquant l'indépendance absolue par le retour à la nature (et non à l'état primitif). Les principaux collaborateurs en sont illustrator Emile Gravelle &Henri Zisly. Seulement quatre numéros parurent. [Details / context]

"Red" Emma also visits Max Baginski, Moses Harman, & visits Michael Schwab (one of the pardoned anarchists imprisoned for charges relating to the Haymarket affair.

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Brady complains about their separation; she responds by asserting her need for freedom.

The anarchists are accused of criminal conspiracy against "the public safety of people & property." The defendants are represented by the anarchist lawyers Francisco Saviero Merlino, Pietro Gori & Errico Ferri. Errico Malatesta will be sent to prison for seven months.
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Red Emma opens with a lecture on "Patriotism," which, following the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, becomes her most important & successful lecture.

Other speeches are well attended. Emma meets Abe Isaak, former editor of the "Firebrand" & current editor of "Free Society"& also Anna Strunsky (Walling), who becomes a lifelong friend & associate, & through her, Jack London....

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Elle revient à Paris pour s'occuper de l'édition de ses oeuvres (notamment la Commune) puis regagne l'Angleterre.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

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Editor of the newspaper "Le Réfractaire." Picqueray was sent to Moscow by her union, where she opposed the tightening Bolshevik grip & protested the repression (helping get anarchists, such as Senya Fleshin, out of prison).

She also received the famed anarchist guerrilla Nestor Makhno as a refugee in Paris, fought to save Sacco & Vanzetti, & founded the journal "Le Réfractaire."

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[More on colonies founded by Butaud]

Abbott got her start as a assistant to the anarchist / surrealist Man Ray & is credited with teaching him to dance & also rediscovering the French photographer Eugene Atget.

She played bit parts in Eugene O’Neill plays & was adopted as "the daughter" of the legendary anarchist Hippolyte Havel.

1929-1939, Berenice Abbott spent 10 years photographing New York City as it changed. She received funding from the WPA from 1935 to 1939 & selected 305 photos for the New Deal project. The complete work was compiled by Bonnie Yochelson & published in 1997: Berenice Abbott: Changing New York.

Moved to Lyons in 1890. Here he is active in numerous anarchist groups: "Jeunesse antipatriote," "Les Ennemis de toute candidature,""Ni dieu ni maître" (which earn him several police searches). Particpates in the 1896 conferences of Sebastien Faure & tries to create a new revue, "Jeuness " (producing only 2 or 3 numbers). Seriously ill, Desgranges dies at age 33.

Italian anarchist involved in the Paris Commune, & a friend of Lissagaray, Cipriani was condemned to death for his role in the Paris Commune, but sent to a prison colony at New Caledonia. He returned to France with the amnesty of 1880, but was expelled.

Arrested in Italy, January 1881 for "conspiracy," he was sent to prison for 20 years, but a campaign to secure his release freed him 1888. Cipriani returned to France & wrote for the anarchist press, with "Le Plébéien" & other libertarian papers. In 1897, he went to Greece to fight against the Turks (he was wounded).

Today he is sent to prison for three years.

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"Distinctly foreign events & concerns, such as the plight of Russian nihilists or of Irish tenants, often received more attention from Liberty than American concerns. Tucker was outraged by the imprisonment of the Italian Amilcare Cipriani, the trial of Louise Michel, & the plight of Russian refugees in Paris."

"Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, & Individualist Anarchism," Wendy McElroy

[7- 30 -1898] -- Juan Puig Elias lives (1898-1972), Sallent (Barcelone). Spanish teacher & militant anarcho-syndicalist.

Founder of "l'Escola Natura" based on the educational ideas of Francisco Ferrer.

A C.N.T. activist, invovled with C.E.N.U. (Council of the New School Unified) during the Spanish Revolution. Following Franco's victory, Juan Puig fled to France where he was interned in concentration camps, then fought against the Nazis with the Resistance. In 1946, he joined the C.N.T. E (in Exile) & became secretary for culture & propaganda. In 1952 he moved to Oporto Alegre, Brazil. Participated in a Spanish mutal aid group to help those suffering from the Franco repression.

Anti-fascist anarchist guerrilla fighter & an important figure in the Bulgarian movement. Fighting the dictatorship of Stambolijski, Ikonomov organized partisan groups which included anarchists, Communists, & members of the peasants' party.

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As a youth Henri Willems worked as a sculptor, & in 1893 ran the Belgian "Libertaire" newspaper, which was prohibited by the police on February 20, 1894, following publication of articles inciting civil disobedience in memory of Auguste Vaillant.

In 1895 Willems was sentenced to 2 -1/2 years in prison for his articles in "Libertaire" & the newspaper "Antipatriote."

In 1898 Willems got into a shootout with the cops when they tried to arrest him.

[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]

Jean Brault today attends the founding meeting for the group "Les Cravacheurs" in La Salle, Illinois. The group met two Saturdays per month at its residence at 334 Channel Street. Brault, a French miner, born in Courrières (Pas-de-Calais), emigrated to the US & was involved in militant activities in Spring Valley, Pennsylvania & La Salle in the 1890s. Brault moved to socialism & joined the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) in 1910. Source: Dictionnaire international des militants anarchistes, http://militants-anarchistes.info/

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En juillet 1882, un arrêté donne à la région Tampon-Plaine des Cafres le statut de section particulière avec adjoint spécial. Les premiers adjoints nommés sont Henri Ursulin Lauret et Pierre Bertaut. Puis suivront Ariste Badre en 1890, Jules Bertaut en 1904, Alexandre Lebon en 1905, Jean-Baptiste Lorion en 1907, Alfred Robert en 1910, Léon Avril en 1912, Charles Roussel en 1915, Frédéric Badré en 1920 et Octave Vallon Hoarau en 1922.

"Discontent: Mother of Progress" was the second in a sequence of publications edited by members of the anarchist colony at Home, Washington, near Tacoma.

The May 22, 1901 issue notes "80 people living at Home City; 23 men, 22 women & 36 children-girls over 15 year 4, & boys 3."

On March 23, 1902 it cites "94 colonists living at Home City; 28 men, 25 women, & 41 children-girls over 15 years 4, & boys 5."

http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/vipers.htm

Cannone was one of the French anarchist sailors who rebelled during the 1919 Black Sea Mutiny, refusing to fight the Russian revolutionaries during the Allied intervention.

"Marins français, ouvriers et paysans russes, femmes et enfants, se tenant par les bras, montaient vers la ville hurlant leur joie et leur espérance en des temps qui permettraient de connaître enfin le bien-être et la liberté."

[1- 23 -1899] -- Film tough-guy Humphrey Bogart lives for first time. Humphrey Bogart was an expert chess player & played for stakes. Also known for Bogarting the Joint.

Stars in John Huston's film of the anarchist B. Traven's novel, Treasure of the Sierra Madre & other excellent films such as The African Queen, Casablanca, The Big Sleep & The Maltese Falcon.

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While in Barre, Emma meets Luigi Galleani, editor of the journal Cronaca Sovversiva.


[1- 31 -1899] -- Aristide Lapeyre (1899-1974) lives. Hairdresser, anarchist, militant pacifist & néo-Malthusian.

With his brothers, Laurent & Paul, Aristide Lapeyre a founder of the CGT-SR. A participant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936-39, during WWII he helped many comrades escape the Gestapo, & himself was taken hostage by the Nazis. A provider for abortions, on June 19, 1973 he was sentenced to five years in prison following the accidental death of a patient.

Louvet was involved in the production of many anarchist publications. Free thought, anticlericalism & neomalthusianism were seminal to his activities.

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Supported by Jean Grave & Pierre Quillard, the school is intended for children; unable to realize this plan, it provides evening courses for adults. Participation in their courses by the Dutch anarchist Domela Nieuwenhuis is announced on November 3, 1899, in "Le Journal du Peuple", & in the following year it launches the review "L'Education Libertaire".

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Near by, Emma speaks before two large gatherings in the mining town of Mount Olive. Her lecture on "The Eight-Hour Struggle & the Condition of the Miners of the Whole World" is especially well received.

Emma is also offered financial support for her future medical studies by Herman Miller, a friend of Robert Reitzel & president of the Cleveland Brewing Company.

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Emma's efforts to speak before a wide variety of trade unions, philosophical & social societies, & women's clubs, are aided by Max Baginski & other German comrades; the International Workingmen's Association (IWA) helps her organize English lectures.

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A group of spiritualists lend her use of their temple free of charge for a series of lectures, but when she proposes to lecture on "Free Love," they deny her the use of the hall. She delivers two well-attended lectures in Seattle.

From here Emma visits the anarchist colony at Lakebay, Washington, before going to Oregon to lecture.



[6- 4 -1899] --

France June 1899 I nauguration de la statue de Charles Fourier sur le terre-plein central du boulevard de Clichy à Paris, oeuvre du sculpteur anarchiste Emile Derré. http://ytak.club.fr/juin04.html#statue_fourier

[6- 9 -1899] -- Robert Jospin lives. French socialist, a pacifist, & one-time libertarian. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/JospinRobert.htm


[6- 10 -1899] -- US: Emma Goldman is scheduled to hold a series of meetings in Portland, Oregon, followed by lectures in the farming community of Scio, where use of the city hall is donated to Goldman by the marshal of Scio.

[6- 22 -1899] -- US: Emma Goldman arrives in San Francisco, where she begins a seven-week series of lectures in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, & Stockton.

"Why I Am an Anarchist Communist," "The Aim of Humanity," "The Development of Trades-Unionism," & "Charity" number among Emma Goldman's lectures.

The socialists are antagonistic to her on several occasions. Her lecture on "Sex Problems" continues to stir debate; some applaud her courage to speak about this taboo issue.

Socialists & cops weren't the only people Emma Goldman had problems with....

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Costa (1851-1910) was a former anarchist militant, aligned with Bakunin, before giving up on anarchism & becoming a socialist deputy in the Italian parliament.
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This was a massive Italian-American weekly with a print run of 15,000 copies. Errico Malatesta temporarily edited a new series. His connection with the paper lasted only a few months, but the paper continued through 1908.

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She delivers several lectures in Barre, including "The New Woman" & "The Corrupting Influence of Politics on Man" — the first anarchist lectures in English ever presented there.

Prevented from delivering her lecture, "Authority versus Liberty," on Jan. 31, Goldman's comrades print & distribute 5,000 copies of a manifesto containing the text of her barred speech.

While in Barre, Emma Goldman meets Luigi Galleani, editor of the anarchist journal Cronaca Sovversiva.

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The State, then is the most flagrant negation, the most cynical & complete negation of humanity. It rends apart the universal solidarity of all men upon the earth, & it unites some of them only in order to destroy, conquer, & enslave all the rest...

— Mikhail Bakunin, "Federalism, Socialism & Anti-Teologism," 1867

http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/anarchQuotes.htm


[11- 9 -1899] -- Portugal: Acácio Tomás de Aquino lives (1899-1998), Lisbon. Militant anarcho-trade unionist & life-long anarchist. Wrote O Segredo das Prisões Atlânticas, (Lisboa: Regra do Jogo, 1982; The Secret of the Atlantic Prisons), a personal testimony (he was imprisoned 1933-1949 in the Tarrafal concentration camp) which is also very much a history of the Portuguese anarchist movement. Lifelong companion of Luísa Adão, a nurse & also a militant anarchist.


[11- 13 -1899] -- England: Emma Goldman arrives in London, on her way to attend the 1900 International Anti-Parliamentary Congress in Paris & with the intention of studying medicine in Zurich, Switzerland. Emma stays with Harry Kelly & his family & lectures in English & German.

Among Emma Goldman's topics are "America: The Land of the Free & the Home of the Brave."

While visiting Peter Kropotkin at his home, she meets the Russian populist Nicholas Chaikovsky, whom she greatly admires. Emma argues heatedly with Kropotkin about the political significance of "the sex problem." Following one of her German lectures, she meets the Czechoslovakian anarchist refugee Hippolyte Havel, with whom she later falls in love.

[11- 29 -1899] -- Hanns-Erich Kaminski lives, Labiau (Eastern Prussia). Doctor in Economic Science, political editor for a social democratic paper. He went into exile February 1933 with the rise of Nazism.

Kaminski became an anarchist & wrote Ceux de Barcelone & Bakounine, la vie d'un révolutionnaire (1938). He met Voline in 1940, before taking refuge in Portugal. His book El Nazismo como problema sexual, ensayo of psicopatologia (1940) was published in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he died in 1963.

[12- 5 -1899] -- England: The anarchist historian & collector Max Nettlau reads "Responsibility & Solidarity in the Labour Struggle" to the Freedom Discussion Group. This became one of his favorite works.

[12- 9 -1899] -- England: "Grand Meeting & Concert for the Benefit of the Agitation in Favour of the Political Victims in Italy" staged in London. Among a cast of international anarchist speakers are Emma Goldman, Louise Michel, &Peter Kropotkin .


[12- 23 -1899] -- France: Louise Michel

Fin 1899: Elle s'installe à nouveau à Paris et y donne une série de conférences.

23 décembre 1899: Louise Michel repart pour Londres.

[12- 25 -1899] -- Film tough-guy Humphrey Bogart lives again. Stars in John Huston's film of anarchist B. Traven's novel, Treasure of the Sierra Madre & other excellent films such as The African Queen, Casablanca, The Big Sleep & The Maltese Falcon. Humphrey Bogart was an expert chess player & played for stakes.

[1- 1 -1900] -- England: Emma Goldman attends a Russian New Year party in London where she meets notable Russian revolutionary exiles, including L.B. Goldenberg & V.N. Cherkezov.

During the month Emma travels to Glasgow, Dundee, & Edinburgh, Scotland to lecture. On Jan. 21 in Dundee she lectures on "Authority versus Liberty" & "The Aim of Humanity." In Edinburgh, she meets anarchist Thomas Bell.

[1- 1 -1900] -- Japan: Daijiro Furuta lives Japanese anarchist, member of the Guillotine Society (Girochin Sha), an anarchist terrorist group. Captured on September 10, 1924 in Tôkyô, tried on September 10, 1925 & condemned to death. Refusing to appeal his sentence, he was hanged on October 15, 1925.


[1- 7 -1900] -- France: Ludovic Masse lives (1900-1982), in Roussillon. Proletarian & libertarian writer.

A teacher & friend of Henry Poulaille, to whom he sent his first writings. In 1940, his pacifist & anarchist ideas forced him to quit teaching & he devoted himself to writing fiction: Le Refus (apology for pacifism) (1946), Le vin pur (the vigneronnes revolts) (1945), & many others such as Le mas des Oubells (1932), Les trabucayres (1955), La terre du liège (1953).

[1- 21 -1900] -- England: Emma Goldman travels to Glasgow, Dundee, & Edinburgh, Scotland to lecture. Today in Dundee she speaks on "Authority versus Liberty" & "The Aim of Humanity." In Edinburgh, she meets the anarchist Thomas Bell.

[2- 1 -1900] -- England: Emma Goldman spends this month in London before traveling to Paris. On Feb. 20, Emma speaks out against the Anglo-Boer War at a meeting of the Freedom Discussion Group; lectures on "The Effect of War on the Workers." Her activities are credited for providing impetus to the London anarchist movement.

[2- 4 -1900] -- Jacques Prévert lives (1900-1977). Poet, surrealist, libertarian. Worshiped freedom & glorified the spirit of rebellion & revolt. Participated with the surrealists, but refused to join the Communist Party with André Breton, whom he made fun of in "Mort d'un monsieur." Also a talented screen writer, whose credits include The Children of Paradise.


[2- 12 -1900] -- Fernand Planche (1900-1974) lives, Auvergne. French writer/activist of "Anarchist Synthesis" (establishing links between all the various tendencies).

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[2- 20 -1900] -- England: Emma Goldman speaks out against the Anglo-Boer War at a meeting of the Freedom Discussion Group; lectures on "The Effect of War on the Workers."


[2- 25 -1900] -- Emma Goldman is scheduled to deliver her lecture "The Basis of Morality" in German. On Feb. 26, she is honored at a farewell concert & ball where she speaks about the striking Bohemian miners; other speakers include fellow anarchists Peter Kropotkin & Louise Michel.


[2- 26 -1900] -- Emma Goldman is honored at a farewell concert & ball where she speaks about the striking Bohemian miners; other speakers include fellow anarchists Peter Kropotkin & Louise Michel. (Location not indicated, probably England or France.)

[3- 1 -1900] -- Bulgaria: Nikolas Tchorbadieff lives (1900-1994). Militant & anarchist propagandist. Forced into exile, helped found the "International Bookshop" in Paris & a founder of the French-Bulgarian review "Iztok" in 1979.


[3- 6 -1900] -- France: Henri Jeanson lives (d.1970).

Journaliste, pamphlétaire, dialoguiste de cinéma et pacifiste libertaire. Part of a young group of an anarchist bent, drawn together by their passion for art & literature, which includes Robert Desnos, Rirette Maitrejean, Armand Salacrou, & George Limbour. Wrote for "Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste," signatory to Louis Lecoin's "Paix immédiate." [Background] http://anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/page/37 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Jeanson http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-Ja-Kr/Jeanson-Henri.html

[3- 30 -1900] -- Nicolas Faucier lives, in Orleans. French anarchist, trade unionist & pacifist. Ran the bookshop "La librairie sociale," & with Louis Lecoin formed the "Comité pour l'Espagne libre," (later the SIA [solidarité internationale antifasciste]) & did a many stints in prison for his anti-war activities & only an escape during WWII saved him from the German camps. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/FaucierNicolas.htm


[4- 4 -1900] -- Belgium: Near miss: Prince of Wales escapes anarchist assassination attempt. 16-year-old Jean-Baptiste Sipido takes two shots at the Prince in a Brussels railway station in protest against the Boer War. Apprehended, but acquitted 5 July.

[5- 29 -1900] -- Anarchist René Michaud lives.

[5- 30 -1900] -- Italy: Pio Turroni lives (1900-1982), Cesena-Forli. Fled to Belgium in 1923, to escape the repression of the Italian fascist government, then to France in 1925. Publisher of the long running anarchist review "Volonta".
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[6- 12 -1900] -- Jules Regis (aka Siger) (1858-1900) dies. Turkish-born revolutionary socialist & anarchist.

[6- 14 -1900] -- France: French intelligence notes the presence of Hippolyte Havel & Emma Goldman at a women's congress in Paris.
For Havel, see the Daily Bleed, March 13, 1950

French police files reveal that Emma's movements were closely followed when she visited Paris at the turn of the century in part because the French authorities mistakenly suspected that as a prominent anarchist she played a role in Gaetano Bresci's assassination of King Umberto of Italy.

[6- 15 -1900] -- Belgium: Premiere issue of "Le Réveil des Travailleurs" (The Worker's Alarm Clock; semi-monthly, then weekly until April 1903) in Liège. Among those who ran the paper was the Belgian anarchist George Thonar.

[7- 7 -1900] -- Switzerland: In Genève, Luigi Bertoni publishes the premier issue of "Il Risveglio anarchico, Le Réveil socialiste anarchiste". In 1913, the name is modified to "Le Réveil communiste anarchiste" & then from May 1, 1926 on, simply "Le Reveil anarchiste" (The Anarchist Alarm Clock). The bilingual (Italian-French) newspaper printed different articles depending on the language. Bertoni was implicated in the trumped-up "Plot of Zurich" for his antiwar activities during the Great War That Ended All Wars, & with Italian comrades, fought in the Spanish Revolution in the 1930s. He edited the paper until his death in 1947.


[7- 8 -1900] -- Italy: Ettore Cropalti lives (1900-1955). Shoemaker, anarchist, anti-fascist militant.

[7- 9 -1900] -- Louis Simon lives (1900-1980). French militant pacifist & individualist anarchist, mathematician, as well as a writer & poet. Organized the "Ligue d'Action Pacifiste" with Pierre Martin, & a propagandist for the ideas of Han Ryner.


[7- 16 -1900] -- US: The tunnel being dug for Alexander Berkman's prison escape is discovered. Although prison officials cannot verify who is responsible or the tunnel for, Berkman is placed in solitary confinement. The tunnel rat, Eric Morton, sick from the physical hardship of digging the tunnel, soon sails to France & is nursed back to health by Emma Goldman.
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[7- 29 -1900] -- Working-class novelist Eyvind Johnson lives.

Brings new themes & points of view to Swedish literature while experimenting with new forms & techniques. Shares the 1974 Nobel Prize with fellow Swede Harry Edmund Martinson.

To the Eyvind Johnson particulars it could be noted that EJ from early years on considered himself an anarchist. In his teens he was very active as an agitator for the youth anarchist movement & the anarchosyndicalist organisation, contributed vividly to their press in the twenties & in his own works consequently threw light on the corruption of power.

Although disillusioned by the defeat of anarchism in Spain 1937 he maintained a lifelong contact with the Swedish anarchist movement. Since his Berlin days in the 20's he was a close friend of Max Nettlau, Rudolf Rocker & Augustin Souchy.

— Bleedster Ingemar Johansson

[7- 29 -1900] -- Italy: King Umberto of Italy is assassinated by Gaetano Bresci, an Italian anarchist Emma Goldman had met in Paterson, N.J. This was in revenge for the army's crushing of the worker's insurrection in Milan, May 1898, which left hundreds of workers dead. The insolent Humbert had callously decorated the General Bava Beccaris (responsible for the slaughter in Milan).

As he left a gymnastic display organised by the society of "Fort e Liberi" Umberto was hit by two revolver shots fired by Gaetano Bresci, who had come from Patterson, New Jersey, in the US, with the express purpose of avenging the Milan massacres of 1898.

Wounded in the neck & shoulder blades, the king died shortly after.

Bresci was found strangled in circumstances which remain obscure, in cell no. 515 of Santo Stefano Prison, on May 22nd, 1901.

Umberto I viene ucciso a Monza dall'anarchico Gaetano Bresci che vuole vendicare le violente repressioni operate dallo stato in Sicilia e a Milano e la responsabilità del re nella svolta autoritaria di fine secolo.

Illustrations by Flavio Costantini

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[8- 7 -1900] -- México: The anarchist periodical "Regeneración", makes its debut. Published by the Flores Magón brothers (Jesus & Ricardo), along with Licenciado Antonio Horcasitas; edited by Jesus Flores Magón & Eugene L. Arnoux.
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[8- 29 -1900] -- Italy: Exactly one month after assassinating King Umberto, the anarchist Gaetano Bresci, appears in court, defended by Francesco Saverio Merlino. He is convicted & sentenced to seven years in a one day trial. In May 1901 he is found dead in his prison cell, likely killed by his guards.

The attentat was in retribution for the Milan massacres of 1898.

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[8- 30 -1900] -- México: Camilo Arriaga publishes the "Invitacion al Partido Liberal" manifesto, in San Luis Potosi.

This document sparks a movement leading to formation of the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) five years later — & Ricardo Flores Magón's main vehicle for organizing the anti-Diaz struggle & for spreading the ideals of anarchism throughout Mexico. (Ricardo formally joined the emerging Liberal movement at the Congreso Liberal on February 5, 1901.)
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[8- 31 -1900] -- Italy: Anarchist Gino Lucetti lives (1900-1943). Attempted to assassinate Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Mussolini, September 1926. He got 30 years in prison. Antifascist partisan formations during WWII took group names, & two in the Carrara area adopted the names ‘G. Lucetti’ (60-80 guerrillas) & ‘Lucetti bis’ (58 strong).
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[9- 18 -1900] -- France: The International Anti-Parliamentary Congress, scheduled to begin tomorrow, is prohibited by the French Council of Ministers. A protest meeting called for that evening is prevented by the police. Though some of the scheduled meetings are canceled, others take place in secret locations.

US anarchists, selecting American-born delegates for the Paris Congress settle on Emma Goldman, among others, although she is an immigrant. Emma was asked by several, including Lizzie & William Holmes, Abe Isaak, & Susan Patton, to present papers at the Congress.

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[9- 24 -1900] -- Anarchist Congress begins, Holland.

[10- 6 -1900] -- England: Author & anarchist Ethel Mannin lives, London.


[10- 10 -1900] -- Italy: Umberto Marzocchi lives (1900-1986). Marzocchi fought Mussolini's fascists in Italy, Franco's in Spain & Hitler's in France.

---

A shipyard worker in La Spezia, he became an anarchist at a very early age & by 1917 was secretary of the metalworkers’ union affiliated to the USI (Italian Syndicalist Union), thanks to his youth which precluded his being mobilised for front-line service as a reprisal....

En 1975, il participe à Vendôme au 30e Congrès de la Fédération anarchiste française. participants include d'Umberto MARZOCCHI (En 1968, il est un des organisateurs du Congrès de "l'Internationale des Fédérations anarchistes" (I.F.A) qui a lieu à Carrare. Il assurera alors durant une douzaine d'années le secrétariat de l'I.F.A.).

A lifelong militant, in 1977, by then almost 80, he was arrested in Spain during an international anarchist gathering.

Sources: http://libcom.org/history/marzocchi-umberto-1900-1986
http://ytak.club.fr/octobre2.html

[10- 17 -1900] -- France: Louise Michel

17 octobre 1900: Elle revient à Paris.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]


[11- 13 -1900] -- France: Anarchist Louise Michel, elle retourne à Londres.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[11- 30 -1900] -- Irish wit, playwright, anarchist & gay pioneer Oscar Wilde 46, dies in Paris, France. Dying in an apartment, Oscar takes one last look at the world he is leaving behind & declares,

"This wallpaper is killing me; one of us has got to go."

A witty death is as sublime as a birth.

Wilde had been charged three times with indecency, specifically "the seduction & corruption of young men." Evidence admitted against him included testimony about the fecal stains on his sheets.

"I was a man who stood in symbolic relations to the art & culture of my age...The gods had given me almost everything. I had genius, a distinguished name, high social position, brilliancy, intellectual daring; I made art a philosophy, & philosophy an art: I altered the minds of men & the colour of things: there was nothing I said or did that did not make people wonder...I treated Art as the supreme reality, & life as a mere mode of fiction: I awoke the imagination of my century so that it created myth & legend around me: I summed up all systems in a phrase, & all existence in an epigram."

[12- 22 -1900] -- US: Valerio Isca lives (d.1996). Italian-American anarchist, cofounder of the Libertarian Book Club. Paul Berman wrote a short piece about his friend, which appeared in "Slate" magazine in Sept 1996.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SpivakJoseph.htm

[12- 23 -1900] -- US: Today Emma Goldman speaks to the Italian group of New London, Conn.

Emma Goldman had returned to New York earlier this month with Hippolyte Havel & Eric Morton. Newspaper reports claim Emma had, under an assumed name, rented a hall on Dec. 11 for a mass meeting of the Social Science Club. Emma was the principal speaker & the paper attributed to her a statement favoring the assassination of Italy's King Umberto.

[1- 6 -1901] -- US: Emma Goldman supports herself (January-March) by working as a nurse in New York City; helps to arrange a US tour for Peter Kropotkin in March & April. Goldman reestablishes friendship with her former lover Edward Brady.


[1- 25 -1901] --

Hippolyte Prosper Olivier Lissagaray (1838-1901) dies. A socialist who sided with no party, whose sympathies lay with Blanquistes, anticlericals, anarchists & his friend Amilcare Cipriani. He joined the Paris Commune in 1871, & fought on the barricades during the "Bloody Week." Lissagaray wrote Huit journées de mai derrière les barricades, published in Brussels where he had taken refuge, before being exiled in England. He returned to Paris in the amnesty of 1880, & founded the newspaper "La bataille." He is best known as author of the remarkable Histoire de la Commune de 1871, published in 1876, & immediately banned in France. "La dernière barricade des journées de mai est rue Ramponneau. Pendant un quart d'heure, un seul fédéré la défend. Trois fois il casse la hampe du drapeau versaillais arboré sur la barricade de la rue de Paris. Pour prix de son courage, le dernier soldat de la Commune réussit à s'échapper." http://durru.chez.com/lmichel/lacommune.htm#Plan de la commune http://www.ephemanar.net/janvier4.html#25

[2- 5 -1901] -- México: Congreso Liberal, San Luis Potosí.

In 1900 Camilo Arriaga publishes the "Invitacion al Partido Liberal" manifesto, sparking a movement resulting in the formation of Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) five years hence. Ricardo Flores Magón formally joins the emerging movement today, & it is the main vehicle for organizing the anti-Diaz struggle & spreading the ideals of anarchism throughout Mexico.
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[2- 19 -1901] -- Aristide Rey (1834-1901) dies. Militant Blanquist, internationalist, Bakuninist, Communard.

[3- 9 -1901] -- Russia: Author, pacifist & anarchist Leo Tolstoï is excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church (February 24 for the Julien calendar).

Because he propagates,

"with the ardor of a fanatic, the inversion of all the dogmas of the Orthodox Church & the very essence of Christian faith....”

— extract from the decree of excommunication

[3- 13 -1901] --

Fernand Pelloutier (1867-1901) dies. Pelloutier in the words of Pierre Monatte, can be "justly regarded as the father of revolutionary syndicalism." He rejected parliamentary reformism & anarchist revolutionary violence, favoring instead the General Strike.

[3- 14 -1901] -- Argentina: Horacio Badaraco lives (1901-1946), Buenos Aires, y vivía en el barrio de Congreso dentro del seno de una familia que, de constructores de barcos, pasaron a formar parte del status de banqueros.

Interested in anarchist culture from an early age: at 11-years old his parents find him in the Perlado bookstore, leafing through anarchist literature.

... show details

In the 1920s, with the names of Sacco & Vanzetti everywhere in the wind, Argentine workers begin a series of general strikes & take to the streets: the American Embassy is attacked & an American flag is burned at a Congressional building.

Badaraco & Alberto Bianchi, members of "The Torch," are blamed & imprisoned. Horacio begins a hunger strike &, for two weeks, all the prisoners held by the Central Department of Police unite in support. The judges order the release of both anarchists.

In 1936, Badaraco went to Spain to fight against Franco's fascist coup. He helped also with the newspapers "Working Solidarity" & "Libertaria Youth."

[3- 17 -1901] -- Severino di Giovanni lives, Chieti, Italy. Anarchist/typographer.

His enemies say he wears white silk shirts & a black hat.

On June 6, 1925, a group of anarchists bursts in into Theater Columbus during an evening in tribute to the king of Italy, shouting "ladri" & "assassini." Di Giovanni is sought, unsuccessfully, by the police.

In South America Di Giovanni is violently active in the fight to save Sacco & Vanzetti.

He is killed in 1931, age 29, in Buenos Aires, on the orders of Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Jose Uriburu to kill him & Paulino Scarfò. (See 1 February 1931).

Severino di Giovanni's life is recounted in the novel Un caffè molto dolce by Maria Luisa Magagnoli, which draws upon letters sent to Giuseppina America Scarfò who, after 68 years, had her letters returned by the government in a moving public ceremony.

See also Osvaldo Bayer, Severino Di Giovanni, l’idealista della violenza (Ed. Planeta).

http://isole.ecn.org/elpaso/distro/libri/gratis/digiovanni.htm
http://www.topolin.it/topo/il_topo_special/topo_xene_articoli/saveri.html
http://www.margen.org/desdeelmargen/poesia.html

[3- 23 -1901] -- France: Pierre Fauvet (b.1859) dies. Militant member of anarchist groups in Saint-Etienne & organizer of tours in the region for Sébastien Faure.


[4- 1 -1901] -- Francisco Ascaso lives, Almudevar, Spain. Anarchist militant/CNT member. Member of "Los Justicieros" & "Los Solidarios."

Several members of Nosotros, an FAI action group. Those pictured include the three most well-known figures, Garcia Oliver, Francisco Ascaso, & Buenaventura Durruti.
Image source, Anarchy Archives

Francisco Ascaso Abadia was part of "Los Solidarios" with Durruti, Gregorio Jover, Juan García Oliver, Antonio Ortiz, Ricardo Sanz, etc. They fought against the "Pistoleros" (hired by cleric employers to assassinate trade unionists).

Ascaso died on July 20, 1936 in the famed assault against the Atarazanas barracks...

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[4- 7 -1901] -- Switzerland: Violent confrontations with the police & the army during demonstrations against the extradition of an Italian anarchist suspected of participation in the attack on King Umberto I on July 29, 1900.

[4- 13 -1901] -- French anarchist Clément Duval, with eight other prisoners, puts to sea in a fragile canoe & silently makes for the open sea.
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[4- 14 -1901] -- US: Emma Goldman begins a lecture tour (April-July) with a free-speech battle in Philadelphia where she is prevented from speaking before the Shirt Makers Union. Emma & the organizations sponsoring her talks, including the Single Tax Society, defy police orders; she speaks in public here on at least two occasions.

Today Emma speaks at an event sponsored by the Social Science Club; other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre.

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[4- 28 -1901] -- France: Paule Mink (Paulina Mekaraska) dies; friend of Louise Michel & Marie Ferré.

Daughter of Polish nobles, Communard, socialist, prominent feminist & the mother of the anarchist Henri Jullien.

[5- 16 -1901] -- Gustave Lefrancais (1826-1901) dies.

French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, & a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation. Lefrancais helped Elisée Reclus in producing Géographie Universelle. Wrote Souvenirs d'un Révolutionnaire (Préface de Lucien Descaves) & Le mouvement Communaliste a Paris en 1871. Eugene Pottier, who wrote the text of "The Internationale" while hiding out in Paris in June 1871, dedicated the song to Gustave Lefrancais.

Lefrancais adamantly declared that he was "a Communalist, not an anarchist," & probably (according to Murray Bookchin) coined the term.

[5- 22 -1901] -- Italy: Gaetano Bresci found hanging in his prison cell at Santo Stefano, believed "suicided" by his guards. An Italian-American anarchist who assassinated Umberto I, King of Italy in revenge for the army's crushing of the 1898 worker's insurrection in Milan. / L'anarchico Gaetano Bresci viene 'suicidato' in carcere da alcune guardie carcerarie.

Illustration by Flavio Costantini

[Details / context]

[5- 25 -1901] -- Argentina: Buenos Aires: On the initiative of the Italian Pietro Gori (1865-1911; see January 8, 1911), the founding congress of the Federación Obrera Argentine (FOA) is held (-26th).

Fifty workers, socialists & anarchists, participate, representing 30 different groups; the congress concludes with an address: "salut au prolétariat universel qui lutte pour son émancipation, il se solidarise avec ses luttes et fait un voeux pour le salut du genre humain au moyen de la révolution sociale."

[Details / context]

[5- 30 -1901] -- Russia: Maxim Gorky, arrested on charges of printing revolutionary literature, is released from prison after the anarchist/novelist Count Leo Tolstoy intercedes on his behalf. Gorky later served a similar role by interceding on the behalf of many writers victimized by Stalin's regime.

When work is a pleasure, life is a joy! When work is a duty, life is slavery.

— Maxim Gorky

http://www.trussel.com/hf/gorky.htm

[6- 15 -1901] -- México: Jesus & Ricardo Flores Magón, anarchists, are arrested for subversive articles.

[6- 24 -1901] -- Pablo Picasso's first exhibition, Paris.

"Give me a museum & I'll fill it."

In his youthful, formative years, Picasso was politically linked with the international anarchist movement, & his art often betrayed this. French police kept him under surveillance for nearly 40 years — & when the Spanish-born painter applied for citizenship the authorities could not decide whether he was an anarchist or a communist so they ruled him undesirable just in case. He later became a Communist Party member, though never particularly an enthusiastic one.

http://community.novacaster.com/showarticle.pl?id=746&n=506

[7- 20 -1901] -- Russia: Ida Mett lives. Member of the Dielo Truda group from 1925 to 1928.

Mett, a Russian anarchist, was married to Nicolas Lazarevitch, who helped her gather documentation for her book, The Kronstadt Uprising 1921.

• Ida Mett, The Kronstadt Uprising 1921, http://struggle.ws/russia/mett.html

• Ida Mett, Souvenirs sur Nestor Makhno, Paris 1983, pp. 25-26.

• The Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists, by "Dielo Trouda" (Workers' Cause), is a classic text initiating the "Platformist" current in the revolutionary anarchist movement. Authors included Nestor Makhno, Ida Mett & Peter Arshinov (all participants of the Makhnovist movement during the Russian Revolution).
  http://struggle.ws/platform/plat_preface.html

  http://struggle.ws/talks/platform.html

  Source: http://ytak.club.fr/juillet3.html#20
  See also http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/02ref.htm#12/1927

[7- 31 -1901] -- Jean Dubuffet lives (1901-1985), French anarchiste.


[8- 14 -1901] -- Mercedes Comaposada Guillen lives (1901-1994), Barcelona, Spain. Teacher, translator, militant, & an anarchist.

---

One of the founders of Mujeres Libres (MM.LL), companion of the sculptor Baltasar Lobo, wrote for the libertarian press, & in France was protected from authorities by Pablo Picasso & became his secretary.

[Details / context]

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[9- 6 -1901] -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President William McKinley shot by professed anarchist Leon Czolgosz who previously had been repudiated by numerous anarchist groups.

Police claim that Czolgosz was inspired by one of Emma Goldman's lectures & she is arrested in Chicago in a few days; eventually the case against her is dropped.

[Details / context]

[9- 8 -1901] -- US: Kansas anarchists, proving they are not quite easy in their minds, hold jubilation meeting in Chicopee coal mine.

Anarchist are reported celebrating the assassanation of McKinley, at both Chicopee & Frontenac, small towns 100 miles east of Witchita.

Another celebration is also reportly held at Guffey's Hollow near McKeesport, Pa.: "While all the world is waiting with bowed head & heaving breast for the latest news from the bedside of the beloved President...

"Guffey's Hollow is the home of one of the largest, if not the largest, regularly organized groups, of anarchists in the United States. More than 200 Italian coal miners are drinking in the doctrines of anarchy here..."

[More Gruesome Details]

[9- 8 -1901] -- Francisco Ferrer, Spanish anarchist educator & bane of the ruling powers (who had him murdered in 1909), opens the libertarian Escuela Moderna in Barcelona, Spain.

Other Modern Schools are founded in the US, whose alumni include Man Ray & Alfred Levitt.

Modern Schools were also founded in Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, China, Japan &, on the greatest scale, in the USA.

Image: Flavio Costantini, "Murder of Ferrer" [Details / context]

[9- 10 -1901] -- US: Emma Goldman arrested in alleged link to McKinley assassin.

In an atmosphere of intense anti-anarchist hysteria, Emma Goldman goes into temporary hiding (September 9-23) at the home of American-born anarchist sympathizers.

Today she is arrested by Chicago police & subjected to intensive interrogation. Though initially denied, bail is set at $20,000.

[9- 15 -1901] -- US: Citizens of Norman, Oklahoma demand resignation of Police Judge A. Overstreet because he is reported to have said that it was a shame to arrest Emma Goldman & that it would have been better for the poor people if Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President McKinley had been killed long ago.
[Details / context]

[9- 16 -1901] -- US: Capitol Offense? Chicago newspaper reports there are anarchists in Washington D.C.

---

"Police of the city have been considering ever since the assault on President McKinley the chances of anarchists being here, & have so laid their lines that if any are here they will not be able to escape..."

[Details / context]

[9- 17 -1901] -- US: Twenty-five anarchists & their families terrorized & run out of town by some of the fine outstanding citizen patriots near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Thirty armed men, imitating the Ku Klux Klan, raided anarchist homes in Guffey Hollow in the dark of night, surrounding their houses & terrorizing the families by firing Winchesters, & revolvers & "yelling like Indians."

During a lull in the fusillade "the foreigners" agreed to leave with their wives, children & all their belongings before daybreak....before the sun rose every house in the settlement was deserted.

[Details / context]

[9- 24 -1901] -- Emma Goldman released from jail. Authorities had tried to make a case linking her to the assassination of Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President McKinley. Dropped for lack of evidence.


[10- 4 -1901] -- Renee Lamberet lives, Paris. Professor, militant anarchist & historian.

Lamberet collaborated with Max Nettlau. Went to Spain during the Revolution of 1936, helping to produce libertarian propaganda & here met her companion Bernardo Pou-Riera.

After the fascist victory, Lamberet supported clandestine anarchist activity in France & Spain during the occupation. Wrote Mouvements ouvriers et socialistes (1953) & La première Internationale en Espagne de 1868 à 1888. Died in 1980 before completing an anarchist biographical dictionary.

http://projekte.free.de/dada/btip002.htm

[10- 10 -1901] -- France: Laurent Tailhade is sent to jail for a year, following an article written in the "Libertarian" at the time of the visit of the Tsar, for "provoking murder."

Laurent Tailhade (1854-1919), a French poet & author, best known as an anarchist polemist, had previously written a provocative defense of Valiant's bomb attack in 1893.Tailhade was a chance victim of a bomb explosion at a restaurant on April 4, 1894, but far from disavowing his words, he became even more militant.

See also the Daily Bleed, April 16, 1854.

[10- 29 -1901] -- US: Leon Czolgosz, self-proclaimed anarchist, electrocuted for the assassination of US President McKinley. Emma Goldman, while repudiating Czolgosz's act, & harrassed because of a tenuous link to him, is one of the few anarchists who refuses to disown him.

Emma Goldman expresses her sympathy for Czolgosz in an article, "The Tragedy at Buffalo," published in "Free Society" (Chicago), prompting many of her close anarchist associates to distance themselves from her.

For the next two months, with ill-feeling running high, she avoids public appearances. Finding much difficulty in securing an apartment & job, Emma adopts the pseudonym "E. G. Smith."

[Details / context]

[11- 15 -1901] -- Spain: Barcelona, the libertarian educator Francisco Ferrer begins publishing "Huelga General" (General Strike).

La Grève Générale

Appearing thrice-monthly, "Huelga General" promotes revolutionary syndicalism & popularizes the General Strike as a major weapon in workers' struggles.

Source & Graphic, La Huelga General; courtesy Ephéméride Anarchiste

[11- 29 -1901] -- Spain: Francisco Pi y Margall (1824-1901) dies. Catalan federalist, statesman & important early figure in Spanish anarchism. President of the first Republic in 1873, with the fall of King Amédée (hastened by Andalusian anarchist agitation of workers & peasants). Translated the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, & wrote La reación y la revolución. Sought a federal republic, separate from the church & redistribution of land to the peasants. In Andalusia & in several cities in the Southeast, a libertarian federalism emerged, but the Monarchist reactionaries defeated all revolutionary aspirations & Pi i Margall resigned. http://struggle.ws/spain/pam_intro.html

[12- 14 -1901] -- US: Giuseppe Ciancabilla's L'Aurora published at West Hoboken & Yohoghany, Pa., discontinues publication today; local persecution drove him to San Francisco, where he publishes "La Protesta Umana" (beginning February 1902) until his death in 1904.
[Details / context]


[2- 2 -1902] -- Argentinian anarchist Mika Etchebehere lives (1902-1992, née Michèle Feldman). Militant Marxist & then an anarchist. Mika fought in the Spanish Revolution with the P.O.U.M. & also with Cipriano Mera.

"Ce qui peut me rester de l'anarchisme, c'est mon incapacité à respecter les hiérarchies imposées et ma foi dans le cercle de l'égalité..."

[2- 3 -1902] -- Helene Patou (1902-1975) lives, Liévin (Pas-de-Calais). French writer, militant anarchist & néo-Malthusian. Worked in weaving factories, lived in a libertarian colony (Le Milieu Libre de Vaux), & pioneered the colony of Bascon. Model for numerous artists (Matisse, Picabia & others). Supporter of the Spanish revolutionists in 1936. Wrote Le domaine du hameau perdu (1972), prefaced by d'Henry Poulaille.


[2- 3 -1902] -- Author Ramón J. Sender lives, Spain.

Sender's Seven Red Sundays was written in 1932, just prior to the Spanish Revolution of 1936.

The novel is about group of revolutionaries in Madrid affiliated with the anarchist FAI. An upheaval begins with the murder of a comrade at a syndicalist meeting, followed by a General Strike throwing the country into a chaos — a situation in which it is unclear as to whether or not there will be a revolution or if things will return to normal.... [Review link]:

[5- 30 -1902] --

Belgium: Hem Day lives (1902-1969). Belgian scholar, secondhand bookseller, pacifist, anarchist, & writer (aka Marcel &/or Henri Dieu).

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DayHem.htm

[6- 7 -1902] -- France: Germaine Berton lives, in Puteaux. A trade union militant & anarchist, she attempted to kill Leon Daudet (January 1923), a notorious rightwing extremist/propagandist of l'Action Française.

Louis Lecoin & others came to her defense & she was acquitted.

[Details / context]

[8- 16 -1902] -- France: Jean Barrue lives (1902-1989), Bordeaux. Professor of mathematics, militant communist then a revolutionary anarchist syndicalist.

Seminal figure in the "Groupe Sébastien Faure."

"Si nos idées ont une valeur pour l'avenir, elle doivent en avoir une aussi pour le présent et nous devons favoriser ou créer tout groupement d'individus décidés à produire ou à consommer en dehors du cycle capitaliste."

[Details / context]

[8- 16 -1902] -- Spain: Paquita Jolis Puig lives (1902-1982). Militant anarchist, member of "Mujeres Libres."

With a score of others, including her sister Asunción, she belonged to one of the 50 groups of anarchist women of the Catalan area. They were active in the town council & founders of the Musée de Physique et Sciences Naturelles.

A refugee in France, she died in Marseilles in 1982, on her birthday.

[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]

[10- 4 -1902] -- Switzerland: Lucien Tronchet lives (1902-1981), Geneva. Anarchist & Swiss trade unionist. Antifascist activities led to prison.

Tronchet went to Spain in 1936, with Luigi Bertoni, fighting with the anarchists against Franco. Following WWII he was an active militant trade unionist, & fought for abortion rights, antimilitarism, & creation of co-operatives. Supported the squatters movement in Geneva. Tronchet wrote the biography of his friend, Clovis Pignat, une vocation syndicale internationale (Lausanne, 1971).

[10- 15 -1902] -- France: André Prudhommeaux lives, at the phalanstery known as Prunier (founded by Jean-Baptiste Godin). An early communist who became an anarchist & founded a bookshop in Paris specializing in social history — & the scene of many lively debates.

In the 30s Prudhommeaux wrote, along with Voline, for the newspaper "Terre libre", published by the Fédération Anarchist. He went to Barcelona in 1936, publishing, with Aristide Lapeyre, "l'Espagne antifasciste." Critic of the CNT-FAI & anarchist ministers & participants in the Republican government. In the 1950s he wrote for "Libertaire" & "Monde Libertaire." Author, with his partner Dora Ris, of Spartacus & the Berlin Commune, The Libertarian Effort , & Libertarian Catalonia.

"Plusieurs fois, il y eut des révoltes ouvertes contre l'Etat, avec comme but immédiat la réalisation du communisme libertaire. Cette orientation débuta par le soulèvement de Fijols en Catalogne, qui fut brisé. Par mesure de répression, le gouvernement républicano-socialiste fit déporter 120 anarchistes catalans dans les terres de fièvre africaines, où plusieurs camarades succombèrent."

— Andre & Dori Prudhommeaux, on the revolutionary uprisings in Catalonia, 1932.

[10- 15 -1902] -- Amparo Poch y Gascon lives (1902-1968), Saragossa (Aragon). Spanish anarchist feminist, propagandist for sexual freedom.

Studied sociology & medicine. Worked with women's education & in 1936, with Mercedes Comaposada & Lucia Sanchez, she founded Mujeres Libres (Free Women) which publishes, from May 1936, a review of the same name. Wrote for many libertarian publications, & after the revolution in Spain worked with Spanish refugees in the French concentration camps.

See Antonina Rodrigo, Amparo Poch y Gascon: Testos de una medi

http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws54_mujeres_libres.html
http://www.geocities.com/Paris/2159/womspain.html
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/libertaire/archive/2000/233-nov/mujeres.htm

[10- 28 -1902] -- Kate Austin (1864-1902) dies, Kingman, Kansas. Working woman, Universalist, feminist, anarchist, writer.

[11- 15 -1902] -- Belgium: In Brussels, Gennaro Rubino, an Italian individualist anarchist, attempts to kill King Léopold II.

Gennaro Rubino

Rubino fired three shots, but Léopold was only scratched. Rubino barely escaped with his life thanks to the police(!).

Rubino was previously denounced in the anarchist press as a spy & for many years (wrongly) considered an agent provocateur...

[Details / context]

[12- 19 -1902] -- US: Voltairine de Cleyre is shot by an insane former student named Herman Helcher.

One of Philadelphia's best-known anarchist orators (George Brown the other) Cleyre was a Philadelphia teacher, an atheist & free-thinker, feminist & anarchist. She made many lecture tours, including in Europe, & was known in the international movement for her many essays & poems.

Hit by three bullets while awaiting a trolley, she was treated at Hahnemann Hospital by Daniel Modell, a general practitioner who was an anarchist.

Voltairine earned the lasting respect of both her anarchist friends & the general public by her refusal to testify against her assailant, who was a familiar face in the anarchist scene.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Decleyre/quoteDeCleyre.htm

[12- 20 -1902] -- Miura Seiichi lives. Japanese Christian socialist who gave up religion in 1930, & became an anarcho-syndicalist after meeting Sanshiro Ishikawa.

[12- 25 -1902] -- England: Dec 25/26, founding Congress of the Federation of the Anarchist Groups of Yiddish language of the United Kingdom & Paris, held in London.

A federation of Jewish anarchist groups was formed in 1902, the circulation of the papers & other publications increased, & a thriving social club was opened in Jubilee Street in East London in 1906.

Rudolf Rocker was the most influential figure in the movement...

[Details / context]

[1- 3 -1903] -- Ukraine: Anarchist Jack (Yankel) Frager lives (1903-1998), Ismeryuka. He was last arrested at age 88 during a Hiroshima Day protest, for painting the shadows of bomb victims on sidewalks in New York City. The rain washed away the evidence, so the charges were dropped (no pun intended!).


[1- 27 -1903] -- US: Police arrest Emma Goldman & Max Baginski in New York City for being "suspicious persons"; released after questioning.

Why upstanding anarchists would be considered "suspicious" is beyond us.

What is to suspect!?


[2- 13 -1903] -- Georges Simenon (1903-1989), Belgian-born French author, creator of Inspector Maigret novels, lives, Liege.

Though not an activist, & not reflected in his crime novels, during an interview he states he has considered himself an anarchist since the age of 16, adding,

[2- 23 -1903] -- France: Jean-Baptiste Clément (b.1836) dies, Paris. Communard, poet, singer & author of the famous song "The Time of Cherries."

Clement was several times sent to prison for his writings & lampoons. During the Paris Commune he ended up as one of the last on the barricades, along with Varlin & Ferré. He was forced into hiding, taking refuge in England.

Condemned to death in absentia, he returned to France following the Amnesty of 1879. Clement became a socialist & trade union militant, active particularly in the Ardennes.

Clement's "The Time of Cherries," written in 1866, became the song of the Paris Commune & was dedicated to Louise Michel, who shared the last barricade with him.

Now has schools & a street in Paris named for him.

[3- 5 -1903] -- France: Paul Roussenq (the "anarchist convict") throws a crouton at the head prosecutor during a trial, & this dastardly terrorist act leads to his being sent the disciplinary battalions of Biribi in Africa for five years...& this in turn spirals ridiculously out of control. Only after a press campaign, publication of Albert Londres' expose on the prisons, & mobilization of the "S.R.I." (International Red Help) on his behalf does Roussenq finally get released from prison — in 1932!
[Details / context]

[3- 20 -1903] -- England: Arbeter Fraint begins republishing under the administration of the Arbeter Fraint group & editorship of Rudolf Rocker, but now as the organ of the "Federation of Yiddish-Speaking Anarchist Groups in Great Britain & Paris."
[Details / context]

[3- 26 -1903] -- Algeria: Albert Guigui-Theral lives (1903-1982), Algiers. French militant anarchist, syndicalist & WWII partisan.

[4- 2 -1903] -- México: A demonstration of 10,000, in Monterrey, Nuero Leon, protesting the re-election of General Bernardo Reyes as state governor, are fired on by federales under the command of Reyes himself. 15 protesters are killed & many more wounded.



[4- 16 -1903] -- México: The buildings of the anarchist newspaper "El hijo del Ahuizote" are seized by the police for the second time. The staff, Ricardo & Enrique Flores Magon & Librado Rivera are arrested for having "ridiculed public authorities."

[4- 30 -1903] -- France: Simone Larcher lives (true name Rachel Willissek) (1903-1969), in Oise. Proofreader, antimilitarist & anarchist. With her companion, Louis Louvet, she publishes the newspaper "L'anarchie," which continues until 1929.

[5- 5 -1903] -- Pierre Odeon (aka Pierre Perrin) lives, in Morbihan. French anarchist, anti-militarist, aided the Spanish Revolution, member of the Resistance.
[Details / context]

[6- 1 -1903] --


[6- 6 -1903] -- US: Luigi Galleani's journal "Cronaca Sovversiva" founded, in Vermont. It is widely read by Italian anarchists in many countries including those in North Africa. He publishes it until he is kicked out of the US in 1919 for his radicalism during the "Red Scare," & continues to publish it in Italy.

[6- 8 -1903] -- France: Vittorio Pini (1860-1903 ) dies. Italian shoemaker & illegalist, Pini got 20 years in prison in 1889 for his political "expropriations" supporting "Intransigenti" groups & anarchist propaganda. He also aided the "Cloche de bois," discreetly helping those unable to pay their landlords; "Nous, anarchistes, c'est avec l'entière conscience d'accomplir un devoir, que nous attaquons la propriété."

[6- 14 -1903] -- France: Anarchiste Fortuné Henry, en costume de ville, des outils sur l’épaule et accompagné de sa chienne Néra, arrive à Aiglemont. De là, celui qu’on appellera dans la région "l’houme libre," gagne les bois du Gesly et s’installe sur une parcelle qu’il vient d’acheter.

[6- 21 -1903] -- England: In London, anarchists organize a massive demonstration among the Jewish labor movement to protest the Russian pogrom in Kishineff.

Held on a Sunday, it was the largest demonstration by Jewish workers London had ever seen.

Thousands marched from Miles End to Hyde Park. Thousands of others went straight to the park. London's daily papers estimated 25,000 had turned out, despite the opposition of two Yiddish dailies, & calls by East End Rabbis for workers to boycott the demonstration.

Besides East End speakers, there were Herbert Burrows, John Turner, Ted Leggatt, Harry Kelly, N. Tchikovsky, Warlaam TcherkesoffW. Tcherkesov & Peter Kropotkin.

Source, see Rudolf Rocker, The London Years

[6- 26 -1903] -- France: Paul Louis Joseph Esteve lives, Montels, Hérault. French trade unionist, anarchist & bricklayer's mate. Secretary of the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc (1926); after 1930, Esteve was a member of the minority "Platformists" within the Union Anarchiste Communiste.

[7- 16 -1903] -- Italy: Premier issue of "Il Libertario", an anarchist weekly magazine directed by Pasquale Binazzi & Petroni Carlotta Zelmira, in Spezia.

"Il Libertario" is a vital part of the Italian trade union movement & agitation at the beginning of the century, in the debates over WWI & during the upheavals of 1919-1921.

Over the years "Il Libertario" survives numerous repressive efforts by authorities until finally destroyed by the fascists. Number 886 appeared on October 26, 1922; on the 27/28th La Spezia is occupied militarily & on the 29th the government is handed over to Mussolini.

• See Raccolta periodici, http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/periodici.htm


• See "Umanità Nova",
  http://isole.ecn.org/uenne/archivio/archivio1999/un13/art488.html


• http://ytak.club.fr/mars1.html#binazzi

[8- 2 -1903] -- Macedonia: Insurrection breaks out in the area of Bitola, two other areas of Skplié & Salonique. In Thrace, revolutionists also intervene. But the Turkish troops react & crush the revolutionists.

[10- 5 -1903] -- Spain: Germinal Esgleas lives, Barcelona. Anarchist militant & companion of Federica Montseny. Collaborator on "Revista Blanca," with Joan Montseny (Federico Urales). Secretary-general of the AIT, 1958-1963). During exile (in France) he was imprisoned by the fascist Vichy government.


[10- 6 -1903] -- France: Serge Gregoire lives, (aka Jean Souvenance), in Brittany. Writer, pacifist militant, free thinker & anarchist.
[Details / context]

[10- 22 -1903] -- Louise Michel interrompt son périple; elle est de nouveau malade.

[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[10- 23 -1903] -- US: First attempt to test anti-anarchist immigration act: At an event at Murray Hill Lyceum, where Emma Goldman is scheduled to speak, English anarchist John Turner is arrested & charged with promoting anarchism & violating alien labor laws. Turner was "detained" on Ellis Island until his deportation, with the words "Let freedom ring" burning in his ears.
(Turner was eventually booted out of the country for his anarchist views.)
[Details / context]


[11- 6 -1903] -- US: In an effort to mobilize broad support from American citizens for John Turner, Emma Goldman acts under the pseudonym E. G. Smith to form a permanent New York City chapter of the newly formed Free Speech League (founded in 1902 by Theodore Schroeder).

Most American historians & legal scholars incorrectly assume that controversies & litigation about free speech began abruptly during World War I. However, there was substantial debate about free speech issues between the Civil War & WWI.

Important free speech controversies, often involving the activities of sex reformers, anarchists & labor unions, preceded the Espionage Act of 1917.

Scores of legal cases presented free speech issues. A significant organization, the Free Speech League, became a principled defender of free expression two decades before the establishment of the ACLU in 1920.

WWI produced a major transformation in American liberalism. Progressives who had viewed constitutional rights as barriers to needed social reforms came to appreciate the value of political dissent during its wartime repression. They subsequently misrepresented the prewar judicial hostility to free speech claims & obscured prior libertarian defenses of free speech based on commitments to individual autonomy.

[More on John Turner]

[11- 13 -1903] -- Camille Pissarro dies. French impressionist painter / anarchist, contributor to the magazine "Temps Nouveaux."

In the 1880s, Pissarro joined a younger generation of artists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, & his own son Lucien, in adopting the Neo-Impressionist technique, which used the claims of science to support a new style of painting.

In common with many artists & writers of his day, he became a fervent anarchist. He produced a powerful attack on French bourgeois society in his album of anarchist drawings, Turpitudes Sociales, (1889).

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PissarroCamille.htm

[1- 3 -1904] -- US: During this month Emma Goldman, on behalf of the
Free Speech League, undertakes a brief lecture tour to gain support for English anarchist John Turner; Emma speaks before garment workers in Rochester & miners in Pennsylvania.

[Details, John Turner's arrest]

[1- 17 -1904] -- Italy: Milan: Piazza Scala · Attentat contre le sous-lieutenant Cesare SIVELLI par Giovanni MANFREDI Lien avec la campagne antimilitariste largement animée par les libertaires. MANFREDI condamné à 7 ans et demi.

· Attentat on second lieutenant Cesare Sivelli by Giovanni MANFREDI. Manfredi is condemned to 7-1/2 years. Italy's antimilitarist campaign was largely animated by the libertarians.

[1- 18 -1904] -- Italy: Angelo Galli (?-1904) was an Italian anarchist killed by police during a general strike in Milan in 1904. His funeral, which became a heated political confrontation between anarchist mourners & Italian police, was immortalized in Carlo Carrà's 1911 work, "The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli".

(Carlo Carrà (February 11, 1881—April 13, 1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the Futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to his many paintings, he wrote a number of books concerning art. He was long a teacher in the city of Milan. He is best known for "Funerali dell’anarchico Galli". Carrà was an anarchist as a young man but, along with many other Futurists, later held more reactionary political views, becoming ultra-nationalist & irredentist before & during the war, influenced by fascism after 1918 (in the 1930s, Carrà signed a manifesto in which called for support of the state ideology through art). The Strapaese group he joined, founded by Giorgio Morandi, was strongly influenced by fascism & responded to the neo-classical guidelines which had been set by the regime after 1937 (but was opposed to the ideological drive towards strong centralism).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0

"A basic change took place among the anarchists after 1900 with the introduction of revolutionary syndicalism. This new form provided for direct elections of workers to councils governing production & distribution. Armed with this non-authoritarian structure, & the mass general strike as their tactic, the anarchists & some revolutionary socialist allies focused on the mass strike that they hoped would topple the state. The anarchists pursued their revolutionary syndicalism, especially in the South. On September 4, 1904, they were able to call a general strike which paralyzed the country for four days." The Italian State feared that the funeral would become a de facto political demonstration & refused the mourning anarchists entrance into the cemetery itself. The anarchists resisted; the police responded with force & a violent scuffle ensued. Carlo Carrà was present. His work embodies the tension & chaos of the scene: the movement of the bodies, the clashing of anarchists & police, the black flags flying in the air. He reflects in a later memoir: I saw before me the bier, covered with red carnations, wavering dangerously on the shoulders of the pallbearers. I saw the horses becoming restive, & clubs & lances clashing, so that it seemed to me that at any moment the corpse would fall to the ground & be trampled by the horses...

[2- 29 -1904] -- Gerhart Hauptmann play "Hannelle" is performed privately in England.

"Last night the most rigidly law-abiding people in the city of New York — we refer, of course, to the Anarchists — got together in Cooper Union to express their indignation over the action of the police in suppressing Emma Goldman every time she tried to talk...

The fuss was over the fact that some time ago, when Emma Goldman went to Harlem & tried to tell an audience that Ibsen had Hauptmann beaten as a dramatist & that Eugene Walter was the hope of the American stage, a lot of policemen chased her off the stage on the theory that Hauptmann was probably an Anarchist because he was Dutch.

This outrage had rankled in the minds of the Anarchists, & they had hired Cooper Union for $75 to show that they didn't like it."

— Excerpt from "The New York Times" article, "Goldman Champions Win the East Side," July 1, 1909

http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Drama/

[3- 2 -1904] -- US: Kid's anarchist Dr. Seuss lives, Springfield, Massachusetts.

[3- 3 -1904] --

1904-1905  

"Martín Fierro"

"Martín Fierro" — Argentine literary & political magazine, founded to propagate anarchist ideas. Named after José Hernández's gauchesque poem Martín Fierro, a touchstone of Argentine national identity, whose title character is a renegade gaucho.

Directed & published in Buenos Aires— from 3 March 1904 to 6 February 1905— by Alberto Ghiraldo, a playwright & poet & one of the most notable intellectuals active in anarchist circles at the time. Ghiraldo became active in anarchist circles in 1900, & took up editing the anarchist literary magazines "Martín Fierro" & "El Sol" as well as "La Protesta" & "Ideas y Figuras".

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"No hay país donde el anarquismo haya tenido tanta influencia en la literatura como en la Argentina, si exceptuamos un cierto período en Francia... Se puede decir que la gran mayoría de los jóvenes escritores en la Argentina se han ensayado dede 1900... como simpatizantes del anarquismo, como colaboradores de la prensa anarquista y algunos como militantes..."

See Yaacov Oved, "The Uniqueness of Anarchism in Argentina"

http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VIII_1/oved.htm

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[3- 8 -1904] -- France: Clément Fournier lives (1904-1969). Militant anarchiste & pacifiste.


[3- 24 -1904] -- US: Russell Blackwell lives (d.1969). Cartographer, community activist, Wobbly, anarchist & co-founder of the Libertarian League.

A lifelong hatred of artichokes

Russell Blackwell (aka Rosario Negrete) was a one-time Communist Party member (1924-27) & the national secretary for the Mexican Young Communist League.

photo courtesy of Alison Blackwell

During the Spanish Revolution Russell became an anarchist. When the Stalinists began attacking the anarchists in a power grab, he was wounded on the barricades of Barcelona, & later imprisoned by the Stalinist wing of the Loyalist government.

Blackwell was freed only by intercession of the US Secretary of State, on behalf of the Blackwell Defense Committee, an act which probably saved his life.

[Details / context]

[4- 5 -1904] -- Argentina: The (daily) "Protesta" begins publishing, which for so many years weathers all storms.

"Protesta" was preceded by "El Perseguido" (1890-1897), the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist publications, & the "La Protesta Humana" (begun June 13, 1897), followed by the daily "Protesta"

[4- 5 -1904] -- [April 5] Argentina: "La Protesta" first appears today.

Successor to "La Protesta Humana" (1897-1904, founded & directed by Gregorio Inglán), the daily newspaper "La Protesta") was edited early on by Alberto Ghiraldo, & despite the many repressive storms it faces over the years, this important anarchist paper weathers them into the 1930s[?].

Source:
Background on Latin American anarchism

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[4- 6 -1904] -- US: Deportation of the British anarchist John Turner is argued before the US Supreme Court, in Turner v. Williams; Rules May 16, that Congress has unlimited power to exclude aliens & deport those who have entered in violation of the laws, including philosophical anarchists.

[Details / context]

[4- 12 -1904] -- Spain: Joaquín Miguel Artal, a 19-year old anarchist, tries to stab to Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Maura. También había sido atentado por el anarquista Joaquín Miguel Artal.

[4- 12 -1904] --    US: During this month Emma Goldman seeks to extend her influence beyond the immigrant community by exposing a broader American audience to anarchism. She lectures in Philadelphia on "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation." Her first attempts to deliver her lecture is stalled by Officer Friendlies, but public support for free speech gains her eventual success in delivering the lecture.


[5- 16 -1904] -- US: Supreme Court upholds the deportation of British anarchist John Turner. The court rules, based on arguments presented on April 6th & 7th, that Congress has unlimited power to exclude aliens & deport those who have entered in violation of the laws, including philosophical anarchists.

Turner was arrested in New York on October 23, 1903, under a warrant issued by the Secretary of the Department of Commerce & Labor.

[Details / context]

[5- 19 -1904] -- Daniel Guérin lives (1904-1988). One of France's best known revolutionary activists & thinkers, libertarian communist, anti-colonialist, Gay Rights activist, anti-militarist. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GuerinDaniel.htm

[7- 24 -1904] -- Portugal: Virginia Dantas lives (1904-1990; maiden name Soares Teixeira) lives, in Porto. Dressmaker, militant anarcho-syndicalist, anarchist & feminist. Member “Juventudes Sindicalitas”, involved in the strikes of 1923; in 1924 joins “Grupo Anarchista Luísa Michel” to fight political repression & the deportations of militants & União Anarquista Portuguesa; meets her companion anarchist Anibal Dantas. With the military dictatorship in 1926 & for the next 48 years, the anarchists undergo repression. She helps rebuild the movement when the dictatorship falls in 1974.


[8- 28 -1904] -- Spain: Agustín Remiro Manero lives (1904-1942).

Joined the Durruti Column in July 1936, commanding a battalion of machine-guns.

Interned like thousands of other Spanish anarchist refugees in the camps in southern France, Agustín Remiro returned to Spain to continue fighting as a guerrillero against the fascists. He was captured, then killed during an attempted prison escape.

[9- 11 -1904] -- US: One of the largest reported New York City anarchist meetings in support of the Russian anarchist movement.

Emma Goldman is among a cast of speakers. This fall she hosts two members of the Russian Social Revolutionary party seeking to organize support for political freedom in Russia. With the assistance of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Emma manages a successful tour of Catherine Breshkovskaya (the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution"), recently freed from Siberian exile.

[9- 16 -1904] -- US: Giuseppe Ciancabilla dies.

Ciancabilla was one of the important figures of the anarchist movement who immigrated to the US in the late 1800s, along with F. Saverio Merlino, Pietro Gori, Errico Malatesta, Carlo Tresca, & Luigi Galleani.

According to historian Paul Avrich, Ciancabilla was one of the most impressive (now one of the least well known) of the anarchist speakers & writers.

[Details / context]

[9- 19 -1904] -- Octave Mirbeau play "Business Is Business" opens in NY. Mirbeau, a French author & anarchist, well-known for his novel The Torture Garden.


[10- 15 -1904] -- Italy: Oreste Lucchesi dies. He has been in prison since 1895 for assassinating the editor of "Il Telegrafo," whose articles resulted in the repression & arrest of numerous anarchists.
http://ytak.club.fr/mai4.html#lucchesi

[10- 21 -1904] -- Egypt: Isabelle Eberhardt dies in a flash flood in the desert at the age of 27. Swiss explorer & writer who lived & travelled extensively in North Africa dressed as man, using the name "Si Mahmoud Essadi." Daughter of the Armenian-born Alexandre Trophimowsky, an anarchist, ex-priest, & convert to Islam, Isabelle was an extremely liberated individual, she rejecting conventional European morality in favor of her own path & that of Islam.

Daily Bleed Saint, February 17
Feminist adventurer, traveled Islamic world dressed as a man.

She died in 1904, in a flash flood in the Egyptian desert at the age of 27. Among her books, see The Oblivion Seeker & Departures: Selected Stories.

[10- 28 -1904] -- François-Charles Carpentier lives. French anarchist, friend of Louis Mercier Vega & fighter with the Durruti Column.
alt; Francois-Charles Carpentier

[10- 30 -1904] -- France: George Navel lives. Self-educated author, anarchist. Fighter with C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo] during the Spanish Revolution of 1936. Lived for a time in a community of anarcho-naturists. Describes his life & odd jobs in such books as Travaux (Work, 1945), Sable et limon (Sand & Silt, 1952), etc. Died November 1, 1993.

[11- 22 -1904] -- Spain: Cenetista David Antona Domínguez (1904-1945) lives. Secretariado del Comité Nacional CNT. Militant anarcho-syndicalist, freed from prison in July 1936.

«No es hora de palabras. La mejor propaganda, la única, es la de los fusiles y ametralladoras, es la del plomo justiciero que hace inexpugnable la capital de nuestra revolución. En esta lucha titánica, en estas jornadas de sangre, se está ventilando el porvenir no sólo de España, sino del mundo entero. Compañeros: en nuestras balas está la decisión! ¡O el fascismo que es la muerte o nosotros que somos la vida!».

See España 1936: La revolución perdida (Chapter 5, El Frente Popular) by Pierre Broué.

[11- 25 -1904] -- France: Jehan Mayoux lives, Charente. Teacher, pacifist, antimilitarist, anarchist, poet.

Mayoux refused mobilization in 1939, costing him his teaching papers & five years in prison. He escaped but was recaptured by the Germans & sent to a camp in the Ukraine. Reinstated as a teacher after the war, & he became a friend of Surrealist poet Benjamin Péret.
[Details / context]

[11- 25 -1904] -- Ba Jin (aka Pa Chin [pseud. of Li Feigan]) lives (1904-2005). Chinese novelist, discovered anarchism with the reading of Peter Kropotkin & Emma Goldman & created his pseudonym Ba (from Bakunin ) & Jin (from Kropotkin). Cruelly persecuted, but finally, in the decade of Deng Xiao-ping's reforms, he was elected honorary chairman of Chinese Writers' Association. Elected a contender for the 2001 Nobel Prize.

Ba Jin was constantly harrassed by the Communists, & in 1949, was forced by them to rewrite his stories, removing or replacing all anarchist references with Communist ones.

& in 1966 he was again in disgrace, branded,

"A great poisonous weed"

& his writings were condemned as seditious.

[12- 10 -1904] -- US: The first & single number of "L'Effort" appears in San Francisco, California. Published by the French anarchist group Germinal, intended to replace the French language supplement to "Protesta Umana" which folded with the death of its publisher, Giuseppe Ciancabilla.

"L'Effort combat les grands mots creux, tels que Dieu, Religion, Patrie, Drapeau, Gouvernement, Honneur, etc. qui ont maintenu depuis des siècles, les hommes à l'état d'enfants en tutelle et les fit toujours se dévorer mutuellement."

— Extrait

Masthead: premier number, Acratie, le 5 décembre 1908
courtesy Ephéméride Anarchiste

[1- 2 -1905] -- Louis Dorlet lives (1905-1989), Nievre. French anarchist & pacifist.

Sent to prison in 1925 for desertion. Member of l'Union Anarchiste, organizer among the unemployed & for a consumer co-op.

Dorlet wrote for many libertarian publications (such as "Le Semeur", "Terre libre", "La Conquête du pain", "Combat syndicaliste") & was a co-editor of "Libertaire." Mobilized in 1939, sent to prison during WWII until 1945, & again participates in "Libertaire" & Louis Lecoin's "Défense de l'homme." In addition to writing numerous brochures, Louis Dorlet wrote the book Au fil de mes souvenirs, propos libertaires.

[1- 9 -1905] -- France: Popular French anarchist Louise Michel dies. A leader in the Paris Commune & co-founder of the Women's Battalion. Founder of the journal "Le libertaire" with Sébastien Faure. Her funeral was a huge occasion, with red flags & 100,000 mourners. Memorial services were held for her throughout France, & in London.
http://struggle.ws/talks/paris.html


[1- 9 -1905] -- Russia: "Bloody Sunday;" revolution breaks out in St. Petersburg, Russia. This year sees the spread of the anarchist movement. (Date is old style, January 22 new.)
[Details / context]

[1- 10 -1905] -- Russia: First revolutionary strike of workers in St. Petersburg.

[1- 22 -1905] -- Russia: Bloody Sunday, a massacre of demonstrators in St. Petersburg: Troops open fire on 100,000 workers, women & children, leaving over 1,000 demonstrators dead & 3,000 wounded. It is the beginning of the first Russian Revolution. Tomorrow, the anarchist Voline forms part of the first Soviet, created to assist the victims of repression. This year sees the spread of the anarchist movement.
[Details / context]

[1- 22 -1905] -- France: Burial of Louise Michel.

At 10 am, an imposing procession of over 100,000 people accompany Louise's coffin to the Levallois-Perret cemetery where she is buried. The Lepine prefect, who tries to follow the procession, is driven off by the anarchists. Benoît Broutchoux & Charles Malato spoke at the massive gathering in the final graveside ceremony. In 1946 her remains are exhumed & buried, in the same cemetery, au rond-point des Victimes du devoir.

The little girl who used to sit by the fire & listen to her grandfather's stories of the heroes of old, had now herself become a legend.

— Jayacintha Danaswamy

[2- 12 -1905] -- Spain: Federica Montseny, major figure of Spanish anarchism, lives, in Madrid.
See Camillo Berneri's "Open letter to comrade Federica Montseny", http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/in_government.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm


[2- 27 -1905] -- US: "Regeneración" begins republishing in St. Louis, Missouri. This anarchist publication, issued by the brothers Ricardo & Enrique Flores Magón & their Partido Liberal Mexicano, is soon repressed by the American government (on October 12).
[Details / context]

[3- 8 -1905] -- Spain: Dolores Prat Coll lives (1905-2001).

Militant anarchist-trade unionist of the CNT from the age of 15, she appears in Lisa Berger's film "Chemin de Liberté" (Way of Freedom; 1997) & is the subject of Dolores: Une Vie Pour La liberté (A Life for Freedom; 2002) by Progreso Marin, her son.
[Details / context]

[3- 22 -1905] -- France: the trial of Alexandre Marius Jacob & his gang, begun on March 8th, concludes in Amiens. Alexandre Jacob was a burglar, & member of anarchist "Les travailleurs de la nuit" (Workers of the Night) gang, credited with 150 burglings.

The gang was formed with his companion Rose Roux, his mother Marie Berthou, & others. For three years during their spree, they methodically planned their jobs, based on railway networks & schedules, targeting rich homes, hotels, castles & churches — not for personal gain, but with the intent to attack the powerful & rich while creating a form of disruption in their social world.

Jacob & Félix Bour received life in prison, 14 others got sentences ranging from 5 to 20 years, while another seven were freed.

[Details / context]

[3- 24 -1905] -- Léo Campion lives (1905-1992). French anarchiste, free thinker, pacifist. Friend of Hem Day), for whom he worked, in Brussels. Used the occasion of his arrest for pacifist activities to ridicule the legal & military authorities in court. Befriended the Spanish anarchists Durruti & Ascaso. Leo Campion wrote works of humor, such as Le petit Campion illustré, as well as works on freemasonry: Le drapeau noir, l'équerre et le compas (The Black Flag, the Square & the Compass), etc.


[4- 26 -1905] -- France: Surrealist / anarchist filmmaker Jean Vigo lives, Paris. Son of the anarchist Eugene Vigo. Great filmmaker, social rebel — French authorities gave him Zero for Conduct.

[5- 7 -1905] -- Spain: Helios Gómez lives (1905-1956). Anarchist artist, poet & militant activist; adhiere a la Aliança d´Intellectuals Antifeixistes de Catalunya; contributed to "El Frente" así como de la organización de la mostra homenaje a Durruti en Barcelona.

[5- 31 -1905] -- France: In Paris a bomb is tossed into a procession headed by French President Loubet & the king of Spain, Alphonse XIII. They were not hurt, but several people were wounded. The Spanish anarchist Alexander Farras (or Avino) was responsible, but never caught. Four anarchists, including Charles Malato, were arrested November 27, tried & acquitted of complicity in the attack.

[6- 23 -1905] --

Amsterdam, Netherlands June 23-24, 1905

Fourth conference leading to the founding of the FIS (Federació Sindical Internacional). [Source: Congressos Obrers]

[7- 4 -1905] -- Radical geographer, anarchist, Elisée Reclus (1830-1905) dies. Daily Bleed Saint, March 15.
The Legacy of Elisée Reclus, Conference, October 27-30, 2006 Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Only anarchist geographer known to have a wine dedicated in his honor, Cuvée Elisée (two vintages, 1991 [no longer available] & 1999)...

[8- 11 -1905] -- Argentina: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Quintana escapes an attentat when the weapon used by the young Catalán anarchist Salvador Planas y Virella fails.

The attack on Quintana by the young lithographer & typographer occurs in response to the ferocious repression of the workers' movement during this period, exemplified when police force & army fired on demonstrators on May 21, 1905.

The workers' movement reduced to impotence, calls for individual violence flowers in some of the anarchist press, much like this extract from the daily "La Protesta" (edited by Alberto Ghiraldo): "How is it possible that such an amount of accumulated pain [...] does not find its logical answer, its daring avenger?”

Tried on September 10, 1905, his defense attorney unsuccesfully argues his client is mentally unstable, & Salvador y Planas is sent to prison.

See Francisco de Veyga: "Delito político. El anarquista Planas y Virella," en Archivos de Psiquiatría y Criminología (Buenos Aires, 1896) & Roberto G. Bunge: Informe in voce ante la Cámara de lo Criminal en defensa de Salvador Planas y Virella (Buenos Aires: edición del Centro Anarquista, 1917).

[8- 29 -1905] -- Jean-Marie Deguignet dies. French anarchist.


[9- 28 -1905] -- US: The directorate of the Mexican Liberal Party is formed, St. Louis, Mo. It is this party in which the Flores Magon brothers (Jesus, Enrique & Ricardo & other anarchists play such a prominent part, staging numerous military battles in an effort to overthrow the Mexican government.

[10- 12 -1905] -- ( Octubre 12 ) Represión a Regeneración; destrucción de la imprenta. Se interrumpe su publicación.
[Further details]

[10- 22 -1905] -- Chile: Today, during "Semana Roja" (Red Week), a crucial event in early Chilean workers' history, 30,000 people join the uprising in Santiago, inspired by the revolutionary ideas sweeping working class public opinion.

Among them are butchers, shoe makers, tanners, cigar makers, truckmen, tapestry makers, typographers, telegraphers, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, bakers & the brave FFCCE workers who blew up the railways.

Despite some 200 victims, the movement continues to grow steadily.

[Details / context]

[10- 22 -1905] -- Argentina: Police massacre some 200 demonstrators opposing a tax on cattle, called by the Comité Pro Abolición. Popular outrage sweeps the country & workers call a General Strike. The government declares a "state of siege." Despite heavy military protection of the cowards who hide in the palace, insurreccionadas attempt to take the building.

[Details / context]

[11- 9 -1905] -- Russia: Renewed pogroms of Jews. In the US the Orleneff troupe arranges benefit performances on behalf of Jewish victims. Emma Goldman accompanies Orleneff troupe on tour to Boston.


[11- 18 -1905] --

"We’ve become human machines," she cried. "We stay locked in the immense industrial prisons where we lose our strength, our youth, where our rights are shattered before the greed of the bourgeois. & we don't rebel against these injustices for a right to our lives? & we don’t shake with rage before the pompous & contemptuous lady who wears a silk shirt from our humble labor? We must rise up against our oppressors, all of us, & in us will shine the faith of a better future." — Maria Barbieri, "La Questione Sociale", Nov 18, 1905

[12- 1 -1905] -- 1 December 1905.  

"TIEMPOS NUEVOS"

The anarchist publication "Tiempos Nuevos" first appears today in Gijón, Spain. Director, Suárez Duque. Contributors included Quintanilla, Anselmo Lorenzo, Valle.

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Renée Lamberet insists that publication dates from 1901 ("Tiempos Nuevos" has been used as the title of several anarchist publications over the years, & perhaps Lamberet has confused the date of this publication with that of "LOS Tiempos Nuevos," an anarchist publication which did begin in 1901, in Seville).

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http://www.christiebooks.com/PDFs/Encyclopedia1.pdf.

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[12- 22 -1905] -- Poet/essayist/critic/translator/anarchist Kenneth Rexroth lives. Influence on the spread of Beat poetry. Translated many Chinese & Japanese poets into English.

"Rexroth loved jazz & knew the guys who played it, & translated poetry & drama from several languages, including classical Greek, Provençal French, & Japanese.

He prided himself on reading the Encyclopedia Britannica cover to cover each year, & published more than a dozen books in his lifetime, including an autobiographical novel, & books of criticism on subjects ranging from contemporary poetry, to Hasidism, to Anarchism, to Zen.

Rexroth's earliest poems sound remarkably like the work of the '80s "Language Poetry" school, abandoning photographic realism in an attempt to shed cliché & sentimentality.

His mature poems, however, speak in language that is colloquial, sensual without being sentimental, calling forth the High Sierra granitescapes that Rexroth liked to make love in, with a crispness of image, a classical sense of balance, & elegiac gravity.

Rexroth's apartment on Page Street was a library, its shelves lined with the heartwood of the classical literatures of East & West; & Rexroth had a caustic wit, & an ego, to match his erudition."

http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/Rexroth.htm
http://www.litkicks.com/KennethRexroth

At the Cellar Bar, Rexroth was crooning "Thou Shalt Not Kill" & "Married Blues," while a band riffed on "Things Ain't What They Used to Be." Jack Spicer hosted "Blabbermouth Nights" at a North Beach hangout called The Place, featuring performances by Richard Brautigan & John Wieners, with few prepared texts — the idea, as in jazz, was to burn — with the poets competing for door prizes & free drinks.

[2- 3 -1906] -- England: Acquisition of a house at 165 Jubilee Street, which becomes the "Workers' Friend Club & Institute," a place for meetings, a print shop, & an anarchist school.

[3- 1 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman publishes the first issue of her anarchist paper, Mother Earth.


[3- 5 -1906] -- US: During this month Ricardo & Enrique Flores Magón head for Canada with Juan Sarabia. Se hacen cargo de "Regeneración" Librado Rivera y Manuel Sarabia. Huelga y represión en Cananea. Aparece el Programa y manifiesto del Partido Liberal Mexicano.
[Details / context]

[3- 17 -1906] -- US: Johann Most (1846-1906) dies, Cincinnati, Ohio. German-American anarchist, propagandist, bookbinder, publisher of "Freiheit".

[3- 24 -1906] -- US: Dwight Macdonald lives (1906-82). American social critic, philosopher, combative journalist & anarchist.

Deserted Trotskyism & moved on cheerfully & with characteristic insouciance to pacificism & anarchism. In the 1950s, he was a fierce anti-Communist cold warrior &, later still, an even fiercer opponent of the Vietnam War & a great enthusiast of the student radicals of the 1960s.
http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/macdonald-great-books.html

[4- 12 -1906] -- Spain: Francisco Ferrer, Spanish anarchist educational theorist & teacher, continues to test the tolerance of Spanish authorities & clerics by organizing a massive demonstration today, Good Friday, in support of secular education. The government & Catholic Church are quite exercised & leap at the chance to jail him on false charges in June (for over a year).


[4- 15 -1906] -- Spain: Ricardo Mestre lives (1906-1997), Cataluña.

Bio/hist.note: Ricardo Mestre Ventura. Born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Catalonia; anarcho-syndicalist; construction worker; CNT & the FAI member; one of the founders of the Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL); exile in México City after the Revolution of 1936; cofounder of the Unión Distribuidora de Ediciones. “Anarchy is an art, a beautiful pink elephant; consequently, the anarchist is an artist, capable of taming his impatience, annihilating his fears & overcome his ambitions.” Maintained broad working friendships in & oustside the anarchist movement, which included Octavio Paz & Gabriel Zaid. Mestre sold books & material for painters, & founded the Editions Minerva imprint, publishing important anarchist texts like those of Rudolf Rocker. ______________________________________ Sigues pues Mestre navegando, navegando y sembrando la semilla de la libertad; alentando lecturas, cultivando ediciones, cosechando rebeldes, reconciliando pasiones. Sigues Ricardo poniendo el ejemplo; con tu voz, tu risa y tu aliento, enseñando el amor a la libertad y señalando que a la libertad se llega por los senderos del amor, por el amor y no por la fuerza, por la fuerza del amor. Sigues en la lucha pacífica, maestro y amigo, por lograr el sueño infinito de un mundo mejor. Sigues Ricardo alumbrando, con tu querida presencia, la sombra espesa de tu ausencia. —  Braulio Hornedo, Semilla Libertaria http://www.libertad.org.mx/ ______________________________________

[4- 15 -1906] -- Brazil: First National Labor Congress, Rio de Janeiro, April 15-20th.

Delegates from 23 organizations representing five states converge at the Centro Galego. Twelve sessions are held, with 23 items (previously argued) are quickly considered. Also present is the Italian Giovanni Rossi, founder of the anarchist Colônia Cecília (Cecilia Colony). Source: [ Arquivo de História Social ]

[5- 22 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman travel to Chicago, where the two anarchists are followed by the press. Newspaper falsely reports that Emma & Alex have married.

[5- 23 -1906] -- Dramatist, radical critic, Henrik Ibsen dies in Oslo.

"The State is the curse of the individual. . . The State must go! That will be a revolution which will find me on its side. Undermine the idea of the State, set up in its place spontaneous action, & the idea that spiritual relationship is the only thing that makes for unity, & you will start the elements of a liberty which will be something worth possessing."

[5- 31 -1906] -- Spain: An anarchist's bomb, a belated wedding gift, explodes following King Alfonso's wedding.
In Madrid the young anarchist Mateo Morral tosses a bomb (hidden in a bunch of flowers) at King Alphonso XIII's royal wedding party.

¡Tú fuiste en mi vida una llamarada
Por tu negro verbo de Mateo Morral!
¡Por su dolor negro! ¡Por su alma enconada,
Que estalló en las ruedas del Carro Real!...

— excerpt, Rosa de Llamas by Valle-Inclán

[Details / context]

[6- 1 -1906] -- México: A bloody copper miners' strike begins, Cananea, Sonora. The miners demand "Cinco pesos y ocho horas de trabajo!"

In the end, between 30 & 100 Mexicans were killed. The results were severe & immediate, including a concerted drive to break the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) by the governments of México & United States began because a contingent of PLM supporters had helped to agitate the striking workers.

[Details / context]

[6- 2 -1906] -- Spain: Mateo Morral dies.

On the 31st of May Morral tried to assassinate King Alphonse XIII. Today he is spotted by police & shoots himself. The government used Morral's attempt as a pretext to imprison Francisco Ferrer & shut down The Modern School.

[Details / context]

[6- 5 -1906] -- México: Leaders of the copper miners' strike at Cananea, Sonora, are arrested.

[Details / context]

[6- 10 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks, in Yiddish & English, in Pittsburgh (June 10-12) on the following topics: "The Constitution," "The Idaho Outrage" (addressing the arrests of Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, & George A. Pettibone of the Western Federation of Miners), "The General Strike," & "The False & True Conception of Anarchism."


[6- 10 -1906] -- Andre Mournier ("The Agronomist") joins the newspaper, "Le Cubilot," which, after 1907, was printed at Colonie d'Aiglemont. Two anti-militarist articles by Mounier got him in hot water with the government for "insulting the army" & he was forced to flee to Switzerland on January 25, 1908. The charges were later dropped.alt; André Mounier

[6- 17 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman & others address a crowd of 2,000 people who gather to greet the anarchist Alexander Berkman upon his release from prison, in NY City. Alex was doing time for attempting to kill Henry Clay Frick during the Homestead Strike in Pittsburg.


[6- 26 -1906] -- Spain: Francisco Ferrer, jailed on the 4th in the Modelo Jail, begins writing to fellow anarchist Charles Malato. ... show details

His correspondence (June 26, 1906 — June 7, 1907), provides a weekly account of Ferrer's experiences & thoughts including: strategies for freeing him legally; the closure of La Escuela Moderna; discussion of articles & books he was reading; his persecution by the Jesuits; & his treatment by the guards.

[Details / context]

[6- 28 -1906] -- Japan: Shusui Denjiro Kôtoku speaks at a large public meeting in Tokyo.

Kotoku was a journalist, writer, & one of the most outstanding figures of Japanese anarchism.

[Details / context]

[7- 1 -1906] -- México: The Manifesto & Program sent by the Organizing Meeting of the Mexican Liberal Party got to constitute themselves in one of more important political documents of the history of Mexico.

Its elaboration needed a prolonged & painful process of six long years during which the participation of thousands of Mexican was structuring little by little, almost imperceptibly, the spine of this document. Perhaps it seems exaggerated indicating to thousands of Mexican in his formation, but it is not it.

Indeed, even though personages of the stature of Ricardo y Enrique Flores Magón, Juan Sarabia, Camilo Arriaga, Librado Rivera, Antonio I. Villarreal, Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, Rosalio Bustamante, appear like signers in the diverse documents that constitute the process of elaboration of the Manifesto & Program of 1906, we must consider that they were not single; that its work represented feeling of an extremely ample conglomerate of the Mexican town, as well as the collaboration of thousands of Mexican in an immense range of activities that included from the economic cooperation happening through the work of connection in the interin favor correspondence to the participation in activities of open propaganda.

Therefore, it can affirm that the Manifesto & Program of 1906 are the synthesis of a collective work, until certain anonymous point & of here its greatness.

[Source: Antorcha]

[7- 4 -1906] -- Portugal: Emidio Santana lives (1906-1988), Lisbon. Militant anarcho-syndicalist with the CGT.

---

Santana, on his birthday in 1937 (see below), attempts to assassinate Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Dictator Salazar, which lands him in prison for 14 years.

With the overthrow of the dictatorship in 1974, he began publishing the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper "A Batalha".

Author of Historia de un atentado & Memorias de un militante anarco-sindicalista.

---

[7- 7 -1906] -- "Titi" (possibly Maria Roda) began a series of essays in 1906, titled Alle Donne, Emancipiamoci! (To the Women: Let’s Emancipate Ourselves!), in which she declared:

"I have the right to uphold my individuality & submit only to myself. But I write this because we have still not put this to the test . . . There is a beautiful saying: I am an anarchist, I am free in my house, I benefit from my freedom & don’t believe that a father, brother, or husband should exercise physical or moral coercion over me. All of this would be true to say, but in the end, when we can’t have bread without the say of men with whom we live, if we can’t have a roof, a bed, clothes without the money of our comrades necessary to buy them, we are slaves & we must suffer for better or for worse to the will of those who keep us . . . We should take a glance not only at the bourgeois society but at ourselves, workers who are part of the anarchist family."

— "La Questione Sociale", July 7, 1896.

Often it was Italian-American women radicals who applied the anarchist-syndicalist doctrines calling for the rejection of governmental structures & coercive authority in their families & communities.

http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/DonneSovversive.htm

[7- 9 -1906] -- Gabriel-Constant Martin (1839-1906) dies. Teacher, elected a member of the Paris Commune & First International, Blanquist, anarchist. Martin wrote for Sebastien Faure's paper, "Le journal du peuple" until his death. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,


[7- 15 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman, on or about this day, vacations at Ossining farm with fellow anarcho-sunbathers Alex Berkman & Max Baginski.


[9- 5 -1906] -- México: Followers of the three anarchist Flores Magon brothers, from Douglas, Arizona, try to take Agua Prieta, Sonora, to begin a revolt against Diaz (US police later arrest them). Meanwhile, campesinos of Acayucan, Veracruz form a mutual-defense pact against Diaz.

[9- 15 -1906] -- México: (September 15-October 1) Fin de la segunda época de "Regeneración" [anarquista publication]. Represión general ala Junta Organizadora del Partido Liberal, con motivo de las insurrecciones frustradas de 1906 Insurrecciones del Partido Liberal Mexicano en Jiménez, Coahuila; Acayucan, Veracruz y Camargo, Tamaulipas. Lucha de los obreros textiles.
// End of the second publishing period of "Regeneración," with the repression of the anarchist Partido Liberal following failed uprisings.
[Context / details]

[10- 6 -1906] -- Avec son camarade Victor Griffuelhes, il rédige la Charte d’Amiens. Le Congrès Fédéral d’Amiens (6-18 octobre) confirme l’article 2: La CGT groupe, en dehors de toute école politique, tous les travailleurs conscients de la lutte à mener pour disparition du salariat et du patronat. Comme ses potes Dellesalle, Monatte, Yvetot, il doit combattre bien des vacheries que ses tendances anarcho-syndicalistes et sa personnalité d’homme libre lui valent.

[10- 8 -1906] -- France: Congress of the C.G.T. held. "Charte d’Amiens" is adopted. Influenced by the anarchists, an overwhelming union majority calls for total independence of the trade unions from the political parties of the State. Written by Emile Pouget, the text is approved by 830 votes against 48.

[10- 30 -1906] -- US: Scheduled to speak at a meeting to protest the Oct. 27 arrests of several anarchists for debating in the "Land of Free Speech" whether the assassin Leon Czolgosz was an anarchist,Emma Goldman is arrested for articles published in Mother Earth & for inciting to riot. Nine others also arrested. Goldman also devoted the October issue of Mother Earth to the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of Leon Czolgosz's death, despite the objection of many of her political associates. Released tomorrow on $1,000 bail, a NY City grand jury will dismiss the case on January 9.
[Details / context]


[11- 2 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman pleads not guilty to criminal anarchy charges before the NY City magistrate. We cannot imagine how anyone might think the young lass an anarchist...


[11- 11 -1906] -- US: 19th anniversary commemoration of the Chicago Haymarket anarchist martyrs, organized by the Freiheit Publishing Association. Emma Goldman is one of the speakers.

[11- 23 -1906] -- US: Mother Earth Masquerade Ball at Webster Hall in New York City disrupted by police; owner is forced to close the hall.


[12- 6 -1906] -- Brazil: First São Paulo State Congress, at Salão Excelsior, December 6- 8th.
[Details / context]

[12- 16 -1906] -- US: Emma Goldman lectures on "False & True Conceptions of Anarchism" before the Brooklyn Philosophical Association.


[12- 29 -1906] -- England:

Thomas Cantwell (b.1864) dies. Militant anarchist expositor. Published the "The Commonweal" with David J. Nicoll, & also managed "Freedom."

Bulgaria: "Free Society" premiers, the first anarchist periodical in the country.

Published on the initiative of Mikhael Guerdjikov, the intended semi-monthly is subject to repression.
[Details / context]

Best-known for "The Saint” stories, depicting adventures of Simon Templar, hero outside the law. First screen adaptation was made in 1938, TV series started 1963. The Saint preceded Ian Fleming's James Bond, but as an outlaw — & thus a relative of Robin Hood, Maurice Leblanc's gentleman thief Arsené Lupin, or Mickey Spillane's fascist Mike Hammer.

Alexandre Marius Jacob (1879-1954), the anarchist bandit credited with over 150 burglaries, is the original "Arsene Lupin" in the French detective novels of Maurice Leblanc, with only slight exaggerations which made him a sensational "fictional" character.

"On doit supprimer les gouvernements pour vivre dans un monde où le crime disparaître et où l'homme deviendra fort, dans le monde de l'Anarchie"

[Details / context]

Morral left about 15 dead & more than 70 wounded, but failed to kill the king. Journalist Don José Nakens aided his initial effort to hide out & escape, but he was spotted on June 2nd & killed himself to prevent capture.

Francisco Ferrer y Guardia, a suspect in two previous political assassinations, was arrested on June 4, 1906, & held in the Carcelo Modelo in Madrid. Ferrer was finally released June 12, 1907, due to insufficient evidence.

¡Tú fuiste en mi vida una llamarada
Por tu negro verbo de Mateo Morral!
¡Por su dolor negro! ¡Por su alma enconada,
Que estalló en las ruedas del Carro Real!...

— excerpt, Rosa de Llamas by Valle-Inclán

[Details / context]

The Brotherhood of the Co-operative Commonwealth, Equality, Washington, 1895-1906.

This community was founded by Socialists who hoped to "capture the state of Washington for socialism." The leader was J. E. Pelton. It had a resident membership of 160 & 3000 dues-paying non-resident members. On the whole its members were high class educated people, who for ten years worked hard to build up a self-sustaining community. Rivalry for position & authority marred their peace, however, & in 1904 they changed from communism to a group system of limited cooperation advocated by Theodore Hertzka. At this time the name was changed to Freeland. Two years later the company dissolved & the 40 remaining members returned to the individualistic system."'

http://www.seattlehistory.org/photo_database/photo_preview.cfm?photoid=7489

Among his associates, those whom I met & can recall now, were ... Gino Balestri, Primo Proni (my grandfather), Emilio Predieri (an uncle of mine), Castagnoli & there were others whose names I cannot call to mind. There was an uprising in Bazano (I cannot recall the exact year) in which my father was an active participant, holding rallies in several towns around the province in Bologna.

— Luce Fabbri (daughter of Luigi Fabbri)

[Details / context]

Helped form the "Los Solidarios" group. A combatant in Barcelona on July 19, 1936, in the street battles. Active in exile in Venezuela until his death.

[Details / context]

Ravachol had been pointed out to police by a waiter (the boy Jules Lhérot) in the restaurant Very, & on the 24th, the restaurant was bombed, killing its owner & a customer.

Lhérot fled the country, & a long cycle of vendetta between government repression & "illegalist" anarchists follows. Ravachol's trial resulted in a sentence of life at forced labor. The author of the present attack, the anarchist Théodule Miller, was arrested in London in June 1894. Tried & sentenced in July, he was sent to prison, where he died July 25, 1907. An article by Octave Mirbeau appears a week after the bombing, in "L'Endehors" 52 (May 1, 1892), giving one of the most balanced anarchist views of Ravachol's terrorist activity.

[7- 28 -1907] -- US: Labor honcho & IWW activist Big Bill Haywood acquitted; Emma Goldman & associates send telegram to Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Teddy Roosevelt to express their joy.

[Details / context]

In June metallurgical workers, typesetters, bakers, painters, & store clerks gathered to lay plans for a municipal federation. Although the new organization grew slowly, it managed to take hold among workers outside the city. A year later it expands into a regional federation, embracing 112 labor syndicates throughout Catalonia with a membership of 25,000 workers.

Radical "leaders" were disconcerted by the emergence of this new rival for working-class support. After an exchange of suspicious cordialities, they began to move against the union, intending to either dominate or destroy it.

See Murray Bookchin's The Spanish Anarchists,

[Details / context]

The anarchist Rene de Marmande gives an outline of the situation in France & reads an approved motion from this morning's session of the Anarchist Congress.

[12- 1 -1907] -- France: sortie à Limoges (France) du premier numéro du bimensuel "Le Combat Social," sous-titré "Organe révolutionnaire des Syndicalistes, Socialistes antiparlementaires et Libertaires." Le journal, dirigé par Jean Peyroux s'arrêtera (pour raisons financières) le 21 avril 1909, après 35 numéros. Il sera remplacé par "L'Insurgé" qui paraîtra en 1910.


[12- 21 -1907] -- Chile: Massacre of workers, women & children in Santa María, Iquique, during a strike headed by anarchists. (2000 & 3600 dead)

Santa María School slaughter A strike headquarters was established at the Santa Maria School. Overall there were around 4,500 strikers & supporters in the school & another 1,500 or so camping in tents around the square. The army was called in by the bosses, martial law declared, & at 3.45 pm the slaughter began... [Details / context]

Fermin Rocker's paintings convey the memory of his father, the famed anarchist Rudolf Rocker (see 1922, below, for example).

Too modest to be called a working-class hero, Rudolf & his life-long companion Milly Witkop Rocker fought against the Nazis in Germany & militated with the workers in England & later in the United States.

Fermin's powerful characters convey a sense of the conflicts & sufferings of the age, carrying their grief with dignity.

[Biographical Details & links to some of Rocker's artwork]

[1- 4 -1908] -- US: During this month Emma Goldman lectures in German, English, & Yiddish on "Trade Unionism," "The Woman in the Future," & "The Child & its Enemies," among other topics, in cities throughout New York State. Large crowd turns out to hear Emma in Baltimore.

But in a melodrama, the cops prevent Goldman from delivering her lecture on "The Revolutionary Spirit in Modern Drama" in Washington, D.C. Also lectures in Pittsburgh.

Claimed they didn't like her act?

[1- 15 -1908] -- France: Colony Aiglemont issues the first number of "Le Communiste."

The semi-monthly, organ for "Communist-Libertarian Propaganda, Workers Education & Social Achievements," is founded & managed by Fortuné Henry, the founder of the community, is designed as the successor to "Cubilot", but the paper folds after only two numbers. "Les politiciens sont usés, c'est pourquoi nous apparaissons." — Emile Henry

[1- 16 -1908] -- France: Jean Bourguer lives. Textile worker, militant anarchist, antimilitarist, anticlérical & revolutionary syndicalist.

[1- 19 -1908] -- US: Fire burns down the building housing an office, printing plant, & book stock at Benjamin Tucker's Unique Bookshop (a hotbed of individualist anarchism). In addition to books Tucker also published the journal, Liberty (1891-1907).

[1- 25 -1908] -- Andre Mournier ("The Agronomist") flees to Switzerland. Two anti-militarist articles by the French anarchist & member of the Colony of Aiglemont (founded by Fortuné Henry), got him in hot water with the government for "insulting the army." Sentenced in absentia, he returned to France in 1910 & the charges were dropped in 1911.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MournierAndre.htm

alt; André Mounier

[2- 9 -1908] -- "Proclamation to the American People," written by the leaders of the Mexican Liberal Party (including Ricardo Flores Magón), appears in Emma Goldman's anarchist Mother Earth & the American socialist press. Denounces the repression they are victims of, in both México & the US, & explains the reasons for their military actions.



[2- 25 -1908] -- US: Today the "Washington Post" proposes that ALL anarchists be put to death (whether culpable or not of any crime or offense). Charming journalistic legacy to warm the cockles of Rupert Murdoch, Fox News, et al.

[2- 27 -1908] --

US: Today's edition of the "San Francisco Chronicle" declares that proclaiming oneself an anarchist is “a decisive proof of incurable madness.”

[3- 9 -1908] -- Henri Jullien lives, Hanoi, son of Paule Mink. A socialist, trade unionist, then mutualist & anarchist.

In 1928 Jullien became close friends with Victor Meric. A journalist, then a lawyer, Jullien was a founder of the first confederated trade union of journalists in 1935. He joined the resistance in WWII. An active anarchist in Marseilles after the war, he became president of S.I.A. (Solidarité internationale antifasciste) in 1949, & a supporter of the C.I.R.A. in Marseilles (Centre International de Recherche sur l'Anarchisme).

http://ytak.club.fr/mars09.html

[3- 15 -1908] -- Spain: José Peirats lives (1908-1989), Vall d'Uxó, Castellón. Wrote Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution & other books on Spain.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Peirats
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm


[3- 29 -1908] -- Antonio Pereira lives, Naples. Italian anarchist, member of the Ortiz column in the Spanish Revolution, & the underground movement after the fascist Franco became dictator.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PereiraAntonio.htm


[4- 2 -1908] -- Italy: In Rome, during a funeral for a worker who died in an industrial accident, confrontations occur with the police, who oppose the procession. Police draw their guns & open fire, killing four & wounding 17.

Among the dead is the anarchist militant Paolo Chiarelli. A General Strike is declared, & subsequently, several anarchists are arrested, tried & condemned to heavy prison sentences.

[4- 2 -1908] -- Spain: Ramón Vila Capdevila lives (1908-1963; aka "Caraquemada," aka "Jabalí"(le Sanglier), aka "Commandant Raymond"), near Berga. Militant Spanish anarcho-syndicalist & guerrilla fighter.
[Details / context] alt; Ramon Rivas

[4- 6 -1908] --    Canada: Emma Goldman leaves Winnipeg; she is temporarily detained & interrogated at the border by US immigration officials.


[4- 7 -1908] --    Canada: Emma Goldman enters the US following detainment by US authorities yesterday. Her itinerary includes lectures in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, & Sacramento.


[4- 7 -1908] -- Brazil: Second São Paulo State Congress convenes. Segundo Congresso Estadual de São Paulo, realizado nos dias 7 e 8 de abril de 1908. Dele participaram 22 organizações operárias comprometidas com o anarco-sindicalismo.

22 labor organizations participating in the two-day meeting (April 7 & 8th) are comprised of anarcho-syndicalists. Source: História Do Movimento Anarquista No Brasil, at [ Arquivo de História Social ] http://www.mauc.ufc.br/expo/2002/02/

[4- 9 -1908] -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade leader President Teddy Roosevelt investigates legality of not only barring anarchist propaganda that advocates political violence, but also prosecuting those who produce the material.

“...When compared with the suppression of anarchy every other question sinks into insignificance. The anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of all mankind, & his is a deeper degree of criminality than any other. No immigrant is allowed to come to our shores if he is an anarchist; & no paper published here or abroad should be permitted circulation in this country if it propagates anarchist opinions.” — Beloved & Respected Comrade Moose President Theodore Roosevelt, Message To the Senate Committee on the Judiciary Regarding Transmission Through the Mails of Anarchistic Publications April 9, 1908

[4- 11 -1908] -- Poland: Jean Malaquais, left communist literary radical lives (1908-1998), Warsaw. Literary pseudonym of Vladimir (or Wladimir) Malacki.

His family perished in the Nazi concentration camps. Private secretary to André Gide, fought in Spain in 1936. During & after WWII he fell in with Victor Serge & the surrealists André Breton & Benjamin Péret & still later associated with Maximilien Rubel, Anton Pannekoek, Albert Camus, Paul Mattick, Raya Dunayevskaya . His political journey led from the left of Trotskyism to an anti-authoritarian council communist position not far from that of class struggle anarchist communism.

An important theme in his novels was his affirmation of life, that despite everything life was worth living.

‘The best thing about life is life!’

Wrote War Diary (Doubleday 1944), World Without Visa (Doubleday 1948), Men From Nowhere ( L. B. Fischer, 1943), The Joker (Doubleday, 1954; Warner Paperback, 1974 [ Intro by Norman Mailer]), among books.

libcom.org/history/articles/1908-1998-malaquais-jean/index.php
http://www.left-dis.nl/f/malacki.htm

[4- 15 -1908] -- France: The pacifist, anarchist & néo-malthusian Eugene Humbert begins publishing the neo-Malthusian newspaper "Génération consciente", which Jeanne Humbert also collaborates on.


[4- 17 -1908] --    US: Accompanied by Dr. Ben Reitman, Emma Goldman arrives in Frisco, where police notify her that anarchist propaganda cannot be circulated in the "Land of the Free."

[4- 18 -1908] -- US: Objecting to the notoriety caused by Emma Goldman's presence, the management of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco forces her to leave; Emma encounters an escalated level of surveillance.

[4- 19 -1908] -- US: Despite warnings, police do not interfere with Emma Goldman's lecture at Walton's Pavilion in San Francisco, which is attended by 5,000 people.


[4- 26 -1908] -- US: Emma Goldman ends her San Francisco lecture series with a speech on patriotism.

In attendance, out of boredom & curiousity, is US soldier William Buwalda, stationed at the Presidio, who is witnessed shaking hands with Emma following her speech.

Buwalda is subsequently court-martialed for this dastardly action.

[4- 28 -1908] -- US: Emma Goldman lectures in Los Angeles (April 28-May 2); she debates socialist Kaspar Bauer on the question of "Socialism vs Anarchism." While in Los Angeles, Red Emma visits George A. Pettibone.

[5- 1 -1908] -- US: The anarchist Alexander Berkman addresses a crowd in Union Square on May Day, 1908.


[5- 25 -1908] -- US: Mid-to-late May, Emma Goldman delivers five lectures in Portland — including "Why Emancipation Has Failed to Free Women" & "Direct Action a Logical Method of Anarchism" — following an initial free-speech battle.

Emma's success is attributed in part to support received from Charles Erskine Scott Wood, Portland attorney & author. Local Portland anarchists organize protest against the court-martial & imprisonment of William Buwalda.

[Details / context]

[5- 31 -1908] -- US: Mid-to-late May, Emma Goldman presents two lectures in Spokane: "What Anarchism Really Stands For" & "The Menace of Patriotism."


[6- 9 -1908] -- France: Eugène Thennevin (or Tennivin) (1848-1908), anarchiste, dies.

[6- 22 -1908] -- Japan: Tokyo anarchists, after meeting a friend being released from jail, mount a demonstration & are attacked by police.

"The Red Flag Incident"

Demonstrators carry three red flags with slogans written on them. Fourteen arrests result from the battle, including Sakae Osugi, Kanson Arahata & Suga Kanno. Some of the arrested carve on a prison wall a poem about beheading the Emperor, creating a further scandal & an extension of everyone's sentences. It was while in prison Suga Kanno began to think seriously about assassinating the Emperor & after her release made contacts to this end. On May 25, 1910 police began arresting suspects in the "Great Treason Plot," 26 in all; 24 were sentenced to death, but 12 had their sentences reduced to life imprisonment. On January 24, 1911, Kotoku, Kanno, Miyashita & nine others are hanged. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Treason_Incident [Details / context re: Kotoku]

[6- 23 -1908] -- México: Anti-Diaz Magonista rebels (anarchists) attack Viesca, Coah.

[7- 19 -1908] -- US: New York World publishes Emma Goldman's article, "What I Believe."

Author many books, including La Libertad entre la Historia y la Utopia: Tres Ensayos y Otros Textos del Siglo XX (Freedom in History & Utopia: Three Essays & Other Texts of the 20th Century (REA, 1998, 145 pages). Luce died in Montevideo, Uruguay at the age of 92. Her life will be documented in a forthcoming biography by Margareth Rago.

http://ytak.club.fr/juillet4.html#25

[8- 22 -1908] -- France: Famed photographer & anarchist Henri Cartier-Bresson lives (1908-2004). Member of the photographer-owned outfit (Magnum) founded by Robert Capa & others.

Like Capa he photographed during the Spanish Revolution (1937) , his "Victoire de la vie" documenting the hospitalized. On May 1, 2000, he provided a photo collection, "Vers un autre futur, un regard libertaire" (Towards another future, a libertarian glance) sponsored by the anarcho-syndicalist French CNT.

Anarchist photographer:

"L'anarchie c'est une éthique avant tout. Une éthique d'homme libre. Relisez Bakounine."

"Dans un monde qui s'écroule sous le poids de la rentabilité, envahi par les sirènes ravageuses de la Techno-science, la voracité du pouvoir, par la mondialisation -nouvel esclavage- au delà de tout celà, l'Amitié, l'Amour existent."

— Henri Cartier-Bresson

[9- 7 -1908] -- US: Ben Reitman delivers a speech on the meaning of Labor Day at Cooper Union.

---

Emma Goldman, there is a tremendous uproar; Alexander Berkman & a young anarchist, Becky Edelsohn, are arrested.
Reitman, a champion of women's rights, who became a noted physician, was also referred to as the "clap doctor."

See Roger A. Bruns, The Damndest Radical: The Life & World of Ben Reitman, Chicago's Celebrated Social Reformer, Hobo King , & Whorehouse Physician. (1987).

---

[9- 7 -1908] -- US: Esperanto Association of North America is organized, Chautauqua Lake, NY. Anarchists around the world have long been ardent proponents of the movement. Early groups were founded in Stockholm (1905) & Paris (1906). Among better-known adherents are Pa Chin, Paco-Libereco Group, etc.


[10- 9 -1908] -- Australia: Harry Hooton (1908-1961) lives to waste paper. Poet & anarchist. Hooten's last book was It Is Great To Be Alive, published by Margaret Elliot just before he died.

Language is not eternal. It will be replaced. We are not going to talk for ever.

[10- 17 -1908] -- US: Emma Goldman begins national lecture tour while the country is immersed in presidential campaigning; hopes to wind up her tour on the West Coast & depart for Australia in the new year.
[Details / context]


[10- 26 -1908] -- England: Sometime in October & November 1908 [I don't have an exact date — db.] British anarcho-syndicalist E.J.B. Allen speaks in London along with Errico Malatesta & Rudolf Rocker at the Haymarket commemoration held at the Charlotte Street Club (presumably this is the Socialist Club then located on this street).

[11- 7 -1908] -- US: Omaha chief of police prevents Emma Goldman from lecturing in the hall of her choice, where she hoped to lecture between the 7th-13th (we Americans proudly call this free speech); crowds gather to hear Emma at other sites in the city.

Goldman has just concluded speaking in cities throughout Missouri: Springfield, Liberal, & Kansas City.

Her lectures in Des Moines, Iowa, on the 15th are successful, but lectures in Minneapolis & St. Paul poorly attended. Between the 24th-30th, she appears in Winnipeg, Canada for lectures & a debate with socialist J. D. Houston.

Known as a rough-&-tumble brawler who used his crutches as a weapon, founder of the individualist weekly "Anarchy".

[Details / context]

Three issues of the paper were published clandestinely in Tirnovo in 1924-1925, by Gueorgui Cheitanov.

Cheitanov was eventually captured & executed, along with his companion Mariola Sirakova & others, by the fascist government during a crackdown on leftists.

The attempted exercise in free speech remains a farce until she reaches Canada. Emma & Dr. Ben Reitman are arrested in Bellingham, Washington in anticipation of her scheduled lecture.

On the 15th Emma is released from jail & placed on board a train bound for Canada. Following lectures in Vancouver, she lectures in Portland & conducts two debates — one with Democrat John Barnhill, the other with socialist Walter Thomas Mills.

[12- 16 -1908] -- Spain: Remedios Varo lives (d.1963). Surrealist artist & anarchist. Member of the art group Logicophobiste, active in the Spanish Revolution, companion of poet Benjamin Péret with whom she escaped to Mexico, & later became the companion of the surrealist painter Gunther Gerzso.

When you have consumed all the broth, run to the bed & jump between the prepared sheets, quickly take the clothespins & put one on each big toe. These clothespins must be worn all night, firmly pressed to the nails, at a 45 degree angle from the toes. This simple recipe guarantees good results, & normal people can proceed pleasantly from a kiss to strangulation, from rape to incest, etc., etc. Recipes for more complicated cases, such as necrophilia, autophagia, tauromachia, alpinism, & others, can be found in a special volume in our collection of Discreetly Healthy Advice. — Remei Lissaraga Varo, excerpt, "A Recipe: How to Produce Erotic Dreams"

http://orbita.starmedia.com/~latinosweb/armonia1.htm

[12- 23 -1908] -- Italy: Fortunato Serantoni dies in Florence. Internationalist & anarchist militant propagandist.

In Buenos Aires, Argentina, Serantoni, founded "La Questione social" (title borrowed from Errico Malatesta's paper). Published in Italian, it included a supplement in Spanish, & represented the organisational current of Argentinian anarchism which became the strongest in Latin America.

http://ytak.club.fr/juillet3.html#15

The union, the ITGWU, began in humble surroundings. Its first office was a bare room in a tenement in Townsend Street, Dublin. Its assets were "a couple of chairs, a table, two empty bottles & a candle."

Many of the founding members came from the infant socialist movement. Among their influences was syndicalism. This was the idea that all workers, regardless of trade, should be in 'one big union' & use whatever methods were necessary to win their battles with the bosses.

A man who played a significant role in the union was James Connolly. At the time the ITGWU was set up he was in America where, along with fellow-Irishman Patrick Quinlan, he formed a branch of the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World in Newark, New Jersey. Shortly after he became secretary of the IWW Building & Constructional Workers Industrial Union there. When Jim Larkin went to America in 1914 to raise funds for the impoverished ITGWU he also joined the IWW. (The IWW saw itself as a revolutionary union, a fair proportion of its founders & prominent activists were anarchists).

http://struggle.ws/ireland_history.html

In jail, Emma learns about her father's death. She is released on January 18, & participates in a public debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism."

Emma's anticipated departure for Australia Jan. 23 is postponed. The case dropped Jan. 28.


[1- 14 -1909] -- Spain: Félix Likiniano lives (1909-1983).

A Basque anarchist, Likiniano was in the anarchist militia during the Spanish Revolution, & later designed the separatist ETA's logo. «Likiniano decided to leave the CNT in 1945 when it refused to recognize the Basque right to self-determination. He participated in diverse resistance actions, including an attempt to assassinate Franco, the Spanish dictator.» http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2003/12/03/espana/1534406.html http://www.lafogata.org/paisvasco/pais_24-5.htm

[1- 23 -1909] -- England: "Tottenham Outrage," in which two Latvian anarchists fire over 400 rounds at their many pursuers following an attempted robbery.

The Tottenham Outrage of January 1909 left a cop dead & a stray bullet killed a 10-year old boy, making headlines all over the country.

The "outrage" had considerable influence on public & police perception of immigrants & the international left, & provoked some misplaced public anti-Semitism. This in turn influenced the Siege of Sidney Street.

[Details / context]

[1- 31 -1909] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks to a crowd of over 2,000 people in San Francisco on "Why I Am an Anarchist."


[2- 3 -1909] -- France: French philosopher, syndicalist Simone Weil (1909-1943) lives, Paris. André Gide called Weil (pronounced "vey") the saint of all outsiders.

Despite her rapturous love of Jesus Christ, she never ceased to study the truths of the religions of the East. She stayed outside of any church, but her passionate need to share the sufferings of others led her to fight with the anarchists in the Spanish Revolution, to work as a field hand & an unskilled laborer, & ultimately to die in England at the age of 34 from tuberculosis complicated by her refusing to eat more than Hitler's rations allotted to her countrymen in occupied France.

Seven people attended her funeral. After her death writers as diverse as T.S. Eliot & Albert Camus declared her one of the century's foremost thinkers.

[2- 24 -1909] -- [February 24] Scotland: Ethel MacDonald lives.

SCOTS "SCARLET PIMPERNAL"

Glasgow-based anarchist activist &, during the Spanish Revolution, a prisoner aid militant, propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio, captured by the fascists.

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[3- 7 -1909] -- Charles Perrone (b.1837) dies. Swiss-born anarchist, militant of the First International, propagandiste bakouniniste & cartographer.



[3- 11 -1909] -- Maurice Laisant lives. French author, anarchist, antimilitarist. Albert Camus & other libertarians came to his aid when the state brought charges against him for his activities. Son of the anarchist Charles Laisant & brother of the anarchist Albert, grandson of the anarchist Charles Ange Laisant.
http://raforum.info/mot.php3?id_mot=729
http://increvablesanarchistes.org/rubriques/nomcites/acc_nomsciteGP.htm#l

[4- 8 -1909] --   US: Federal court in Buffalo, NY invalidates the citizenship of Jacob A. Kersner, Emma Goldman's legal husband; threatens Goldman's claim to US citizenship & results in cancellation of Goldman's trip to Australia.

[5- 1 -1909] -- England: Rudolf Rocker meets Francisco Ferrer for the first time (just six months before Ferrer is murdered by the Spanish government), during a May Day demonstration in Hyde Park, London. They have tea afterwards with fellow anarchists Errico Malatesta, Fernando Tarrida del Marmol, Warlaam Tcherkesoff, Shapiro.
See Rudolf Rocker, The London Years.

[5- 1 -1909] -- Argentina: Police open fire on a Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA; previously FOA) demonstration, killing several activists. O 1 de maio de 1909 foi unha conmemoración sanguenta, os enfrontamentos da policía cos pacíficos manifestantes rematou con oito mortos e corenta feridos. A indignación dos traballadores determinou que se convocara unha folga xeral de repulsa aos asasinatos do xefe de policía coronel Ramón Falcón. Para os traballadores máis conscientes había un verdugo culpable de toda a represión; o clima de tensión e vinganza íase apoderando dos activistas sindicais.


[5- 23 -1909] -- US: NY Police break up Emma Goldman's Sunday lecture series, claiming she did not follow the subject of her lecture on "Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modern Drama"; two arrests made.

Emma attempts give this talk in East Orange, N.J., at a meeting organized by Alden Freeman to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Thomas Paine's death; police prevent her from entering the lecture hall.

The crowd relocates to Freeman's barn, where the young anarchist finally delivers the lecture in the land of "free speech."

"Some writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins ... Society is in every state a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one."

— Thomas Paine, Common Sense; forgotten American & revolutionary whose remains are lost

http://recollectionbooks.com/links.html#HenrikIbsen

[5- 24 -1909] -- US: Anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman speaks at the Sunrise Club in New York City on "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism," sharply criticizing Anthony Comstock, the creepy anti-vice crusader.

[5- 28 -1909] -- US: Brooklyn chief of police orders cancellation of a lecture by the anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman.

Due to continuing harassment, "A Demand for Free Speech" manifesto is signed & circulated by prominent individuals to protest the recent suppression of Emma Goldman's rights & a Free Speech Society is formed which is especially active in June & July when the government & police continues its attempts to suppress Goldman's attempts to speak or lecture.

[6- 6 -1909] -- France: Emilie Lamotte dies. Lecturer & anarchist pedagogue. Lamotte taught in a religious school, until meeting her future companion, André Lorulot. In 1906, along with Lorulot, Ernest Girault & Jean Goldsky she helped found the libertarian colony at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

[6- 7 -1909] -- US: Free-speech conference in New York City. Emma Goldman has had a dickens of a time exercising her free speech rights in the Land of the Free for years. She seems to have an odd interpretation of the Bill of Rights.

[6- 8 -1909] -- US: Emma Goldman is scheduled to speak in East Orange, N.J., at a meeting organized by Alden Freeman to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Thomas Paine's death.

Police — who, surprisingly, haven't read The Rights of Man — prevent Emma from entering the lecture hall. The crowd relocates to Freeman's barn, where she finally delivers this lecture (which she was also unable to deliver on May 23 due to police zealously protecting free speech with another healthy dose of suppression).

[6- 13 -1909] -- Spain: Congress of the labor federation Solidaridad Obrera today votes overwhelmingly to accept the general strike tactic, "depending upon circumstances."

The anarchists in Solidaridad Obrera (a regional federation embracing 112 labor syndicates throughout Catalonia with a membership of 25,000 workers) were anarcho-syndicalists who believed in operating within large labor movements...
[Details / context]

[6- 20 -1909] -- México: Rebel forces of the anarchist Flores Magon brothers attack Casas Grandes, Chih.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MagonRicardoFlores.htm

[6- 30 -1909] -- US: Large meeting organized by the Free Speech Society is held at Cooper Union to protest harassment of anarchist speaker Emma Goldman & to win back the right of free speech. Speakers include former congressman Robert Baker, Alden Freeman, Voltairine de Cleyre, James P. Morton, & Harry Kelly. Telegrams from Eugene Debs & others are also read.



[7- 2 -1909] -- US: Emma Goldman tests her free-speech rights by delivering a lecture before the Harlem Liberal Alliance; standoff with police, but no interference with the anarchist's lecture.

[7- 24 -1909] -- Spain: Uncertainty & confusion by left-wing unions following a call for a General Strike are dispelled, as a stalemate is suddenly broken today, when two Barcelona anarchists, Jose Rodriguez Romero & Miguel Villalobos Morena, decide to constitute themselves as the nucleus of a Central Committee for a Strike.
... show details

Rodriguez Romero was an anarchosyndicalist official in "Solidaridad Obrera," & Villalobos Morena had been a school teacher in a mining village who was forced to leave his post for publicizing anarchist ideas. Villalobos had been on the staff of Ferrer's Modern School & later represented the "syndicalists" on the Central Committee for a Strike.

See Murray Bookchin's The Spanish Anarchists, http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/spain/

[7- 26 -1909] -- Spain: Beginning of the Tragic Week, la Semena Tragica, in Barcelona, involving regionalists, anarchists, radicals & dissatisfied workers, marked by a General Strike & violent confrontations, protesting government mobilization of troops to fight in Morocco, & also its backwards labor policies.

Churches & convents are attacked & burned, priests wounded & killed, along with police. Martial law is declared, which lasts for months. The government turns decisively away from reform. The failures of this week lead anarchists & labor activists to form the CNT, in an attempt to build an organization capable of transcending these futile protest actions.

[8- 1 -1909] -- Spain: Revolt in Catalonia leaves over 1,000 dead. See Murray Bookchin's The Spanish Anarchists,

[8- 23 -1909] -- US: A group of IWW strikers board a streetcar in McKees Rock, Pennsylvania looking for scabs. A deputy sheriff shot at them & died in the return fire. The ensuing battle leaves 11 people dead.

Despite today's battle the strikers hold solid & on September 8th, 1909 the company capitulates to their demands.

Tremors from today's victory shakes other steel towns, leading to more IWW gains.

[Details / context]

[8- 31 -1909] --

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1909: Francisco Ferrer	Illustration by Flavio Costantini	Francisco Ferrer by Murray Bookchin Francisco Ferrer by Voltairine De Cleyre. Francisco Ferrer Collection University of California Ferrer Modern School Stelton, NJ Radical Educators NY City, 1909-1915
Spanish anarchist teacher Francisco Ferrer (1859-1909) is captured after hiding for five weeks in caves on his farm. The government & clerics hated him & were intent on destroying him. The prelates of Barcelona sent a letter to Maura openly demanding vigorous action against Ferrer & the Escuela Moderna. Maura publicly replied that the government "will act in the spirit of your letter & follow the line of conduct you indicate." he judicial murder of Ferrer was an act not only of gross injustice but political stupidity. The case led to demonstrations throughout Europe & contributed directly to the downfall of Maura's ministry. ...Although he had a majority in the Cortes, he was dropped because his handling of the "Tragic Week" & the Ferrer case had deepened the split within the country & turned world opinion against Spain. — The Spanish Anarchists, by Murray Bookchin

[9- 3 -1909] -- US: Hizzoner of Burlington, Vermont prevents Emma Goldman from speaking anywhere in "his" city.

Accompanied by Ben Reitman, Emma is attempting to exercise her supposed free speech rights in a short lecture tour of Massachusetts, Vermont, & Rhode Island.

"Free thought, necessarily involving freedom of speech & press, I may tersely define thus: no opinion a law — no opinion a crime."

— Alexander Berkman
[Details / context]

[9- 8 -1909] -- US: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) strikers at the Pressed Steel Car Plant in McKees Rock, Pennsylvania, force management to improve shop conditions, hike wages by 15%, & drop a "pool system."

This follows a hard won battle; police attacked pickets & a July battle prompted the Wobblies to take charge, & on August 23rd 11 people were killed when a deputy opened fire on strikers on a streetcar.

[Details / context]

[9- 8 -1909] -- US: Unable to secure a lecture hall in Worcester, Massachusetts, Emma Goldman is invited to speak on the private property of Reverend Eliot White.


[9- 12 -1909] -- México: A young man, Emiliano Zapata, is elected to head the town council by villagers of Anenecuneo. (see 8 August, 10 April)

[9- 13 -1909] -- Chile: During this month the Gran Federacion Obrera de Chile (GFOC) is formed in September by the more conservative labor groups to bring together the workers' cooperatives. ... more

Cooperativism is strong in Chile at this time, with 55,000 people in 433 workers' co-ops. By the time of the GFOC congress of 1917, a more revolutionary tendency becomes dominant, replacing the more conservative faction, & the name of the organization is shortened to Chilean Workers Federation (FOCH). Their goal was the complete abolition of capitalism & its replacement by the workers' union federation, which would control industry. At the 1922 FOCH congress, the Communist Party & their centralist (rather than federalist) politics dominate, alienating libertarian, syndicalist & social-democratic unionists, leading to a split in 1925. "Chronology of the Chilean Workers' Movement," No Middle Ground: Anti-Authoritarian Perspectives on Latin America & the Caribbean No. 2, Fall, 1983. http://recollectionbooks.com/cs/Chile/ChronologyChilean.htm

[10- 3 -1909] -- US: Lois Waisbrooker (1826-1909) dies. American sex radical, anarchist, spiritualist, freethinker, free love advocate & feminist.



[10- 13 -1909] -- Francisco Ferrer, founder of the "Modern School" movement, anarchist, murdered in Spain by the Catholic Monarchists.

On July 28, martial law was declared throughout Spain, & a brutal military suppression continued until September. Anyone deemed dangerous to the government was jailed.

Francisco Ferrer was found late in September & thrown in the dreaded fortress of Montjuich in Barcelona. A hurried trial ensued, in which he was accused of fomenting the insurrection. Ferrer had very little, if anything, to do with the uprising, but false evidence & forced confessions were produced. The government also believed Ferrer had instigated the assassination attempt on the king in 1906 & wanted revenge.

Francisco Ferrer was put to death by firing squad on October 13, 1909. Because Ferrer was well-known internationally, his execution caused a sensation throughout North America & Western Europe. In Great Britain, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, & Sir Arthur Conan Doyle protested with Peter Kropotkin & other anarchists. Ferrer became a martyr for free thought &, with his execution, one of the most famous of Spanish anarchists.

http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/reidRadicalEducatorsNYC/reidRadicalEducatorsInNewYorkCity.htm


[10- 13 -1909] -- In capitals throughout Europe demonstrations are held protesting the execution of Francisco Ferrer. Violent confrontations between protesters & the police occur in Paris, where over 500,000 people turned out. In Argentina, a meeting improvised by the F.O.R.A. (the anarchist Federation Obrera Regional Argentina) brings out 20,000 workers & results in a General Strike which begins tomorrow & lasts until October 17.


[10- 17 -1909] -- US: Emma Goldman is the chief speaker at a NY City mass meeting called to protest the Oct. 13 execution of Francisco Ferrer, founder of the Modern School movement in Spain. On the 23rd Emma also marches in a parade of 600 anarchists & socialists in New York City to protest Ferrer's execution. She is still, during this period, engaged in a free-speech battle in Philadelphia where police refused to let her speak in September.


[10- 23 -1909] -- US: Emma Goldman marches in a parade of 600 anarchists & socialists in New York City to protest Francisco Ferrer's execution (on October 13th, in Spain).

[11- 5 -1909] -- US: Prevented from speaking in a Brooklyn lecture hall, Emma Goldman addresses a crowd of 3,000 in an open-air meeting;

Dr. Ben Reitman is arrested for failing to obtain a permit for this outrage.

[11- 8 -1909] -- Gérard Leretour lives, à Houlme (dép. de la Seine-Maritime). Militant anarchiste, et propagandiste pacifiste de l'objection de conscience.


[11- 14 -1909] -- Argentina: Simón Radowitzky, legendary "martir de Ushuaia," a young Polish anarchist, kills police chief Ramon Falcon with a bomb in Buenos Aires. Falcon had ruthlessly suppressed a renters strike & the workers' May Day celebrations.

"Simón non era outro que Radowitzky, aquel lexendario anarquista que vengara aos traballadores asasinados polo Coronel Falcón....."

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"Simón (Szymon) Radowicki kills colonel Falcón, the chief of Buenos Aires police that ordered the massacre of workers demonstrating on May Day ..."

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[Details / context]

[12- 6 -1909] -- Russia: Moishe Tokar, a young Russian Jewish anarchist & exiled member of Judith Goodman's group in London before slipping back into Russia, attempts to assassinate Hershelman, the hated military commander of the Vilna Fortress.

[12- 12 -1909] -- US: Anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman speaks on "Will the Vote Free Woman: Woman Suffrage" to an audience of 300 women, many of whom are suffragists. A collection is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sentenced to a three-month prison term resulting from her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane, Washington.

Another of her famed lectures is "White Slave Traffic," which she delivers in NY City on the 26th, before embarking on her western tour.

[12- 13 -1909] -- During this month "Les Loups" sous-titré: Journal d'action d'art first appears, in Paris. Publishes until 19194 (WWI), reappearing in July 1924.

Masthead: Les Loups, n°11, Octobre 1910 (numéro consacré à l'anniversaire de l'assassinat de Francisco Ferrer)
Graphic courtesy Ephéméride Anarchiste

[1- 6 -1910] -- US: From January-June, Emma Goldman delivers a total of 120 lectures before 40,000 people in 37 cities in 25 states; credits her success to the organizing skills of Ben Reitman.

Emma's tour of the "Land of the Free" begins with free-speech battles that thwart her from speaking.

The January issue of her anarchist magazine Mother Earth is seized by the US Postmaster on Anthony Comstock's objection to her essay "White Slave Traffic."

[Details / context]

[1- 13 -1910] -- Russia: Moishe Tokar, a young Russian Jewish anarchist who attempted to assassinate Hershelman, the hated military commander of the Vilna Fortress, is sentenced to death.

[1- 19 -1910] -- Italy: Andrea Costa (1851-1910) dies. Anarchist, participant in the national conference under the direction of Bakunin before giving up on anarchism & becoming a socialist deputy in the Italian parliament.
[Details / context]

[1- 29 -1910] -- France: Maurice Joyeux, outstanding figure of French anarchism, lives. Constantly in & out of prison for his militant activities, he also opened a bookshop in Paris, "Le Château des brouillards" & in 1953, Joyeux founded the newspaper "Le monde libertaire."

[2- 8 -1910] -- Norway: Hans Henrik Jæger, (1854-1910), writer & anarchist, dies. alt: Hans Jaeger

"Your face holds all the love in the world. Moonlight steals across your face so full of Earthly beauty & Grief. For now Death extends her hands of Life & a band is made between the thousands of generations who are dead & the thousands of generations who are to come." — Edvard Munch Also, http://void.nothingness.org/archives/RA/display/1965 http://www.leksikon.org/html/dk/jeger_hans_henrik.htm

[2- 26 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks in Buffalo, late this month, despite residues of Czolgosz-inspired apprehension & disapproval of anarchism. Emma also addresses three meetings in Rochester.

[3- 4 -1910] -- US: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW = "I Will Win") begins Spokane, Washington free speech fight (which they win).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech_fights


[3- 11 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks on "The General Strike [of Philadelphia]" in Pittsburgh. The "free" press will not announce her talks in fear that she will prompt a riot.


[3- 18 -1910] -- US: A celebration of the fifth anniversary of the anarchist journal "Mother Earth" takes place in New York City.

Also beginning mid-March, despite an absence of press coverage, Emma Goldman conducts four lectures in Minneapolis.

She also lectures for the first time in Sioux City, Iowa. &, organized on short notice, Goldman's lecture in Omaha is well received.

[3- 26 -1910] -- US: Making Amends? Congress bars paupers, anarchists, criminals, & the diseased from the country; Immigration Act of 1907 amended.

[3- 26 -1910] -- US: Speaking of Amen(ds) to the Immigration Act of 1907, forbidding entrance to the United States of anarchists & persons carrying diseases...

Martin Gudell's grandson relayed to the Daily Bleed this anecdote:

"After he fled France (during WWII) he came to the US since there was no place safe for him & his wife in Europe. He did not have documentation that he was born in the US [apparently born in Rochester, NY], but he managed to convince the immigration officers that he was a citizen by singing "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star." He told me he remembered learning the song in kindergarten. Imagine a thirty-something year old anarchist singing "Twinkle Twinkle" to bureaucrats!

[4- 11 -1910] --    US: Emma Goldman's lectures in early April in Denver, Colorado, are well attended. But Emma & Dr. Ben Reitman are arrested in Cheyenne, Wyoming, while conducting an open-air meeting. The arrests spur further interest in "Red" Emma.


[4- 16 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman lectures in San Francisco, mid-April, & debates a socialist on "whether collective regulation or free love will guarantee a healthy race."


[4- 27 -1910] -- US: In late April, Emma Goldman visits Jack London & his wife Charmian at their ranch at Glen Ellen, Calif.


[5- 1 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman lectures on anarchism & "Marriage & Love" in Reno, Nevada. A real crapshoot...& a dicey "proposition"?


[5- 6 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman is pleased by the overwhelmingly positive reception to her lectures & debate in Los Angeles; claims to have delivered that city's first-ever Yiddish lecture.


[5- 12 -1910] -- France: Auguste Delale (1864-1910) dies. Anarcho-syndicalist. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal "La révolte," with Emile Pouget on "Père Peinard," "Libertaire," etc. Delale was a founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam.

[5- 14 -1910] --

Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the printing plant for the anarchist journal "La Protesta" is again attacked & destroyed (voir 14 novembre).

Violent repression against the anarchist movement earlier had led to the police attacking "La Protesta"'s offices & destroying its printing equipment. The paper reappeared in January 1910, but today is again ransacked & set on fire, forcing it to go underground for a period.

[5- 16 -1910] -- Henri-Edmond Cross (aka Delacroix) (1856-1910) dies.

French neo-impressionist/pointillist painter, illustrator, anarchist.

[5- 21 -1910] -- The underground & influential journal "Min-pao," a Chinese language publication based in Paris, publishes its last issue, devoting it almost entirely to Wang Ching-wei (influenced by the anarchist writings of this period). See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Min-pao.htm

[5- 28 -1910] -- Paul Lapeyre lives (1910-1991). French anarchist, along with his brothers Aristide Lapeyre & Laurent.

[5- 31 -1910] -- US: A car in which Emma Goldman & Ben Reitman are riding is struck by a freight train in Spokane, Washington. Emma is thrown from the car & badly bruised. The plucky anarchist continues her speaking engagements, in Butte, Montana, Bismarck & Fargo, North Dakota; also travels through Milwaukee, Wisconsin & Chicago, Illinois.

[6- 12 -1910] -- US: Francisco Ferrer Association founded, formed a colony in New Jersey & founded the Modern School.


[6- 12 -1910] -- US: The anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón's Liberal Party junta moves to Los Angeles, California.

[6- 13 -1910] -- France: In Paris, confrontations take place at Faubourg Saint-Anthony between cabinetmakers & police. The anarchist Henri Cler is wounded & dies. Cler's funeral at the Pantin cemetery on the 26th draws tens of thousands of people, & is the scene of new police violence, who seemingly have scant respect for anyone, living or dead.

[6- 26 -1910] -- France: In Paris, at the Pantin cemetary, funeral ceremonies are held for the anarchist Henri Cler (killed during a series of confrontations between police & striking cabinetmakers on June 13) — marked by violence, once again, by a mass of police attempting to disperse the thousands of people present.

[7- 2 -1910] -- France: Jean-Jacques Liabeuf executed. Shoe-maker guilliotined despite massive protests initiated by the anarchists. Gustave Hervé, the revolutionary socialist & publisher of "The Social War," got four years in prison for merely writing articles defending Liabeuf.


[7- 4 -1910] -- US: The newspaper "Solidarity," voice of the I.W.W., presents the topic of "sabotage," ala Emile Pouget, in connection with a strike of 600 tailors who win the majority of their demands thanks to solidarity & the use of sabotage.

[8- 3 -1910] --

Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio I. Villarreal & Librado Rivera are freed from the Florence, Arizona, jail where they were serving an 18 month sentence for alleged "violation" of the neutrality laws.

The three Mexican anarchists immediately went to Los Angeles where they were met at the railway station by hundreds of P.L.M. sympathizers. At the end of August Praxedis left San Antonio, where he had been working in the railway workshops, & joined Ricardo Flores Magon & in September publication of "Regeneración" was resumed with Praxedis as a member of the editorial board.

Postcard in Latvian (or possibly Lithuanian) of MEXICAN REVOLUTIONARIES JUAN SARABIA RICARDO FLORES MAGON LIBRADO RIVERA ANTONIO I. VILLEREAL
Translation: Mexican Revolutionaries Sentenced on 16 May (the last three) to 18 months in prison, Tombstone, Arizona; the first was kept in prison for a year without trial, released by agreement.
They were all prosecuted for "neutrality border violations."

[8- 5 -1910] -- Constant Marie, "Le Père Lapurge" (1838-1910), dies. French Communard, militant & anarchist songster.

Marie was a composer-songwriter of revolutionary songs, the best-known being "Dame Dynamite," "le Père Lapurge" (source of his nickname) & "La Muse Rouge" (source of the name taken in 1901 by a famous group of poets & revolutionary chansonniers which produced songs which are now part of a great French legacy).

"Je suis le vieux Père Lapurge,
Pharmacien de l'Humanité;
Contre sa bile je m'insurge
Avec ma fille Egalité.
J'ai ce qu'il faut dans ma boutique
Sans le tonnerre et les éclairs
Pour bien purger toute la clique
Des affameurs de L'Univers..."

— excerpt, "Le Père Lapurge",
published in 1886 in the Calais anarchist newspaper,
"La Révolte des Affamés."

[Details / context]

[8- 13 -1910] -- US: "Freiheit" ceases publication. Founded by Johann Most, it was influential in German anarchist emigrant circles. With Most's death in 1906, Max Baginski & Henry Bauer continue the paper until today.

[10- 1 -1910] -- US: Twenty-one killed when the Los Angeles Times building is dynamited while embroiled in labor strife. McNamara arrested. Anarchist involvement immediately suspected.

[10- 1 -1910] -- México: The Mexican Libéral party adopts anarchist slogan, "Tierra y Libertad."

[10- 1 -1910] -- Canada: Subscribers denied receipt of materials from the anarchist Mother Earth Books in NY, by order of Canadian authorities, because of their "treasonable nature." [BleedMeister & treasonous friends — Stan Iverson, Joy Cameron, Charlie Knox, Paula Silverman, & others — in Seattle began an anarchist bookstore of the same name, around 1970, in honor of the fine tradition begun by Emma Goldman].


[10- 1 -1910] -- France: Emile Aubin delivers a speech in Lagny for which he is arrested for "antimilitarisme et outrages à Chef d'Etat", & sent to prison for 18 months. Just out of the military a few months (where he was serving punishment in a disciplinary battalion), Aubrin was a member of the antimilitarist "Groupe des libérés des bagnes militaires" which published the poster "Galonnés assassins" (Braided assassins).


[10- 4 -1910] -- Portugal: Do Lunch? 20 year old King Manuel II is overthrown as revolution breaks out. On the 7th, the anti-church provisional government orders all nuns & monks to leave the country.

Fighting lasts only through breakfast time, Manuel fleeing to England with the royal family as his palace was being shelled, & a republic is established at lunch.

Apparently Manuel, the last king of Portugal, sought to avoid the fate of King Carlos & his older brother, Prince Luis Filipe — both assassinated in 1908 by Alfredo Costa & Manuel Buiça.

Costa & Buiça, revolutionary Republicans, were immediately branded anarchists in the European press, which they were not & the deed is still often misattributed to "anarchists." See Ernest Alfred Vizetelly, The Anarchists: Their Faith & Their Record, (Edingurgh: Turnbull & Spears Printers, 1911).

[10- 5 -1910] -- Portugal: 1ª Republic proclaimed. Revolutionaries overthrew the monarchy yesterday (King Manuel II gracefully scurries to England at the outbreak).

The monarchy is brought down through a successful alliance, begun in 1908, of Republicans & anarchists. The latter were mainly workers, fighting & dying in various revolts, while the Republicans protected their mansions while waiting for thefinal blow to be struck, with an eye to moving into the palace. Over the next decade the initially glowing Republican image, in the fight against the monarchy, is badly tarnished.

[Source: Movimento Anarquista no Brasil]

[10- 19 -1910] -- France: Death of Luigi Lucheni, found hanging in his cell. Anarchist advocate of "propaganda by the deed," he killed the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria, (September 10, 1878) & got, at age 25, life in prison.


[10- 21 -1910] -- France: Paul-Eugène Trouiller (or Troullier) sent to jail for carrying an illegal weapon.

Gardener, day laborer, jailbird, travelling singer...police deemed him a dangerous anarchist... [Details / context]

[10- 30 -1910] -- Spain: Congrés of Confederació Regional de Societats de Resistència "Solidaridad Obrera," Barcelona (October 30-November 2). Many of the workers' societies unable to attend authorize delegates from Catalunya to represent them. (Thus it is not unusal to see Tomás Herreros Miquel, for example, heading multiple delegations).

Called by the reconstituted Catalan Labor Confederation, this gathering was an informal three-day exchange of views & experiences, leading to a decision to found a new labor confederation, the now famous anarchist trade union, CNT, which first convenes in September 1911 & goes on to become the largest union in Spain.

See Murray Bookchin, The Spanish Anarchists, p. 160]

http://www.veuobrera.org/00finest/910assis.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo
http://www.veuobrera.org/00finest/cnt-deta.htm
The CNT home pages, http://www.cnt.es/
Related background on Spain, see
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/spain/

[11- 1 -1910] -- US: At a public meeting in NY City, anarchists Dr. Ben Reitman & Emma Goldman question Anthony Comstock about his promotion of laws denying the use of mails for "obscene" materials (birth control information was classified "obscene").


[11- 1 -1910] -- Switzerland: "l'Ecole Ferrer" school founded in Lausanne by the anarchist pediatrist Jean Wintsch & Emile Durand, inspired by "l'Escuela moderna" of Francisco Ferrer.

The school accomodated about 30 boys & girls. It was supported by about 15 trade unions & with personal donations (especially from Russian refugees). It was also favorably received by "Réveil" & the libertarian press in general. In 1911, Paul Robin bequeathed to the school most of the teaching equipment used at Cempuis.

Unfortunately WWI & the dissension following publication of the "Proclamation of the 16" (Proclamation of Seize/Manifesto of the Sixteen), which Wintsch was a signatory to, resulted in his withdrawal from activism & the school's closure in April 1919.

See Jean Wintsch, Une Révocation, une école (Lausanne: Société de l’école Ferrer, 1910)

Source: http://ytak.club.fr/novembre1.html#ecoleferrerlausanne
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/w/10777123.php

[11- 10 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman sets out to organize public protest in response to the pending execution of Japanese anarchist Shusui Kotoku, his common-law wife, Kanno Sugako, & 24 others.


[11- 15 -1910] -- US: "The Agitator" first appears today, in Home Colony, Washington, comemmorating the 25th anniversary of the Haymarket Martyrs (Nov 11th).

Published by members of the anarchist colony of Home, Jay Fox made the bimonthly tabloid into a lively journal advocating a blend of libertarian ideas & revolutionary industrial unionism....
[Details / context]

[11- 18 -1910] -- Spain: Premier issue of the weekly magazine "Acción Libertaria", in Gijón, Asturia.

Acción Libertaria

Run by José Machargo, Eleuterio Quintanilla & Pedro Sierra, many theorists of international anarchism are among it contributors.

Source: Ephéméride Anarchiste
[Details / context]

[11- 19 -1910] -- Spain: Poco después del congreso será elegido para entrar a formar parte del Consejo directivo de la CNT esta vez con el seudónimo de Timoteo Herrer (secretario Segundo) El secretario general de éste comité sería Josep Negre.


[11- 19 -1910] --

Ricardo Flores Magón

Anarchist Encyclopedia: Ricardo Flores Magón Biografía Escritos

La revolución «La revolución va a estallar de un momento a otro. Los que por tantos años hemos estado atentos a todos los incidentes de la vida social y política del pueblo mexicano, no podemos engañarnos. Los síntomas del formidable cataclismo no dejan lugar a duda de que algo está por surgir y luego por derrumbarse, de que algo va a levantarse y algo está por caer. Por fin, después de treinta y cuatro años de vergüenza, va a levantar la cabeza el pueblo mexicano, y por fin, después de esa larga noche, va a quedar convertido en ruinas el negro edificio cuya pesadumbre no ahogaba.» "Regeneración", 19 de noviembre de 1910

http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/index.php?clave=México http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MagonRicardoFlores.htm

[11- 20 -1910] -- Down for the Count?: Russian anarchist, novelist Leo Tolstoy dies, Astapovo train station. (Thought he was going someplace?)

Leo Tolstoy, 82, author, christian, anarchist (The Kingdom of God is Within You) dies of pneumonia contracted when he flees from his wife of 48 years & heads for the Caucasus, accompanied only by his doctor & his youngest daughter Alexandra.

[11- 22 -1910] -- US: Police authorities deny the anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman, during November-December lectures, the right to speak in Washington, D.C., & Indianapolis. She miraculously escapes police interference in Baltimore where she presents five lectures.


[11- 24 -1910] -- Jean Meckert, aka Jean (or John) Amila, (1910-1995) lives. Libertarian novelist & antimilitarist.

ean Meckert's first novel Les coups (1941) is noticed by André Gide & Raymond Queneau.

In 1950, at the request of Marcel Duhamel, Meckert began writing detective novels under the name John Amila, a score of which appear in the 'Noir Series.' Notable are La lune d'Omaha; Noces de soufre; Pitié pour les rats (1964), Le boucher des Hurlus (1982).

His 1971 novel La vierge et le taureau denounced military misdeeds in the South Pacific (atomic & bacteriological experiments). Meckert's books are all stamped with the antimilitarist & anarchist spirit.

" I do not know if I am an anarchist, but I know the ideas. My father was an anarchist..."

— "le monde libertaire," December 3, 1987

http://www.sdm.qc.ca/txtdoc/pol/adu/AMILAJEAN.html
http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1997/1997-03/1997-03-11/1997-03-11-038.html
http://planet.tvi.edu/rswigger/BIAuthorsPolled.html
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_noir
Bibliography: http://www.sdm.qc.ca/txtdoc/pol/adu/AMILAJEAN.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Amila

[11- 25 -1910] -- France: Jules Durand (1880-1926), anarchist & revolutionary trade unionist, is sentenced to death in Le Havre, a victim of corrupt witnesses & smears by the local press.

pop1('trombi/personnes Click image for larger similar poster; images courtesty Increvables anarchistes

His case is retried in 1918 & he is fully exonerated. Unfortunately, he is now insane from being kept subdued in a strait jacket for 40 days....

Durand now has both a college & in Le Havre a boulevard named in his honor.

[12- 4 -1910] -- US: Emma Goldman begins Sunday lecture series in New York City on anarchism, the drama, "Tolstoy, the Rebel," & "The Parody of Philanthropy." Also during this month her collection, Anarchism & Other Essays is published.

[12- 16 -1910] -- England: "Houndsditch Murders," in London's East End.

Three policemen are shot dead & two others seriously wounded by a gang of Latvian anarchists who bungle a jewellery shop burglary. Investigators focus on the Anarchist Club in Jubilee Street & Malatesta is wrongly implicated. Prelude to the "Sidney Street Siege" in January.

Sidney Street Illustration by Flavio Costantini

[Details / context]

[12- 17 -1910] -- Jean Maitron lives. French libertarian historian. Wrote numerous works, including Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en France (1880-1914).

[12- 17 -1910] --

---

El horror a la revolución «¿Por qué temer al la guerra? Si se tiene que morir aplastado por la tiranía capitalista y gubernamental en tiempo de paz, ¿por qué no morir mejor combatiendo lo que nos aplasta? Es menos espantoso que se derrame sangre que conquista la libertad y el bienestar, que continúe derramándose bajo el actual sistema político y social en provecho de nuestros explotadores y tiranos.» Ricardo Flores Magón "Regeneración", 17 de diciembre de 1910 Deconstructing Columbus Mexican workers revise history

---

[12- 17 -1910] -- France: Rafael Barrett Álvarez de Toledo dies at age 34. Correspondent & journalist who covered the revolution & conditions in Paraguay which got him deported to Uruguay. By 1907 he was more radicalized as he became preoccupied with social issues. In 1908, he declares himself as an anarchist, publishing the article "Mi Anarquismo."
[Details / context]

[12- 22 -1910] -- Colombia: Launching of the periodical "Ravachol" in Bogota.

Founded & directed by Juan Francisco Moncaleano, one of a number of Colombians known in circles as the Anarquistas del Cono sur. The periodical quickly moved from a Liberal Socialist position to becoming a spokesman for anarchism, noting in one editorial, "We assumed with honor the name of a martyr for freedom." Its fighting program, published in No. 13, was a synthesis of anarchist ideals & concludes "Nobody has the right to govern to another person."

http://www.geocities.com/lestak80/Historia/cronograma.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/6972/ALCronologia.txt
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/continuarLaObra.htm

[12- 24 -1910] -- US: Anarchist Ball sponsored by Mother Earth in New York City.
Illustration by James Koehnline

[12- 29 -1910] -- México: The anarchist Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero is killed after leading a small band in capturing the town of Janos. He now has a city named for him.

[1- 1 -1911] -- US: Opening in New York of a "Modern School" founded by the Ferrer Association, with the assistance of Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman.


[1- 1 -1911] -- England: The murder of Leon Beron, a slum landlord, precipitating "The Sidney Street Siege" which occurs on January 3 (three anarchists suspected of killing three shoot it out with over a thousand troops), & becomes the most notorious murder trial of the day. The case also drags in a callous self-promoting publicity hound, Home Secretary Winston Churchill, amidst allegations of spying & sinister implications involving the "siege" & also the Houndsditch Murders.

[1- 3 -1911] -- England: Sidney Street Siege, East London: three anarchists suspected of killing three cops three weeks ago shoot it out with over 1,000 troops, including Scots Guards from the Tower of London & armed police.

[Details / context]

[1- 5 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks at the inauguration of the new Ferrer School in New York City.

Also the publishing offices of Mother Earth have moved from 210 East Thirteenth Street to 55 West 28th Street, New York City.

[1- 6 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman begins her annual "pilgrimage" with a lecture in Rochester. Over the next six months she visits 50 cities in 18 states, delivering 150 lectures & debates.

[Details / context]

[1- 8 -1911] -- Pietro Gori (1865-1911) dies, aged 46. Gori was an Italian lawyer, an ardent legal defender of anarchists, himself an anarchist & labor activist. He was forced into exile numerous times by government repression. Gori was a founder of the (FORA (in Argentina), the review "Criminologia moderna" &, with Luigi Fabbri, the review "Il pensiero." Gori was also a poet & dramatist, & wrote the now famous song, "Addio Lugano bella."
[Details / context]


[1- 11 -1911] -- First "Modern School", based on ideas of Francisco Ferrer, founded by a group including Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman, New York City. Established in 1911, it was moved to Stelton, New Jersey, in 1914.

See Paul Avrich, The Modern School Movement (Princeton, 1980), & Laurence Veysey, "The Ferrer Colony & the Modern School," in The Communal Experience: Anarchist & Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America (University of Chicago, 1978).

Several women were instrumental in the school's development: Elizabeth Ferm, Jo Ann Wheeler, Nellie Dick & Anna Schwartz. Robert Henri taught at the Modern School. Other notable participants include Hippolyte Havel, Alfred Levitt, Will Durant & Man Ray. Visitors include Jack London, Margaret Sanger, Emma Goldman, & Peter Kropotkin. Voltairine de Cleyre, a teacher, translated Ferrer's book The Modern School from Spanish into English, helping to build the Modern School movement in the US, fostering dozens of schools which experimented with anarchist education & collective learning in the early 1900s.

For a more contemporary take, see http://www.infoshop.org/kidz/k_schools.html & http://www.infoshop.org/kidz/readings.html

In 1911, Man Ray "Begins going to Ferrer Center (so named after the Spanish anarchist). The Center functioned under libertarian principles, with classes in drawing, watercolor. "In fact, everything was open & free, even love."

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2419/spain_ferrer.html

[1- 18 -1911] -- Japan: The cry of “Museifu Shugi Banzai!” (Long Live Anarchy!) resounds in a Japanese court room, shouted by Kanno Suga (Kanno Sugako; 1881-1911), one 26 defendants in the "High Treason Case" (Taigyaku Jiken).

This is in response to a death by hanging verdict for 24 of them. The others receive prison terms of eight & 11 years. They were charged with conspiring to assassinate the God Emperor.

An anarchist, Kanno is part of a plot to assassinate the Meiji Emperor. She is the first woman political prisoner to be executed in modern Japanese history.

• Helene Bowen Raddeker, Treacherous Women Of Imperial Japan: Patriarchal Fictions, Patricidal Fantasies (Routledge, 1998). The life & writings of Kanno Suga & Kaneko Fumiko, two anarchists convicted of attempting to assassinate the Japanese emperor (in 1910 & 1926, respectively).
• See also Stefan Anarkowic, Against the God Emperor: The Anarchist Treason Trials in Japan

http://core.ecu.edu/hist/tuckerjo/taishowomen.htm

[1- 22 -1911] -- Charles Laisant lives (1911-1952). A pacifist & anarcho-syndicalist, Charles is part of a generational family of anarchists: His father Albert Laisant, his brother Maurice, & his grandfather Charles Ange Laisant (1841-1920), were all militant libertarians.


[1- 24 -1911] -- Japan: Shusui Denjiro Kotoku (1871-1911) & 11 other anarchists hanged for a plot against the Japanese Emperor's life. Journalist, writer, & one of the most outstanding figures of Japanese anarchism. Among the hanged is his partner Yugetsu Sugo Kanno.

[Details / context]

[1- 29 -1911] -- México: The Mexican liberal party of anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón goes on the offense.

A strong people do not need a government       — Emiliano Zapata

The town of Mexicali is taken, under control of Simon Berthold & Jose Maria Leyva. Tijuana falls next, & the revolution extends to the other provinces. This libertarian revolution remains little-known, being eclipsed by the exploits of Villa & Zapata. [Details / context]

[2- 1 -1911] -- France: Etienne Faure dies. Member of the Commune de Saint-Etienne, militant anarchist & propagandist.

[2- 5 -1911] -- México: Guadalupe is captured by the revolutionary anarchist forces of Ricardo Flores Magón's Liberal Party.

[2- 10 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman lectures in Chicago for the next 6 days.


[2- 11 -1911] -- From an article appearing today in "Regeneracion" (Mexican anarchist paper), titled "The Social War,"

"A revolution which does not guarantee people the right to live is a revolution of politicians &, disinheriting us, we must turn our backs on them. We, the poor, need a social revolution (...) that is, we need a revolution which gives to all, men & women, the land which up to now was the exclusive inheritance of some privileged people of fortune."

[2- 26 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks in St. Louis, today through March 3.

[3- 1 -1911] -- Francisco Ponzán Vidal (the "Anarchist Pimpernel") lives (1911-1944). Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist guérillero, anti-Francoist & resistance fighter. Captured in France in 1943, shot by the Nazis in Buzet-sur-Tarn, near Toulouse.


[3- 5 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman encounters police interference in Staunton, Ill., but manages to speak before members of this mining town, despite the arrest of one comrade.


[3- 6 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman — "the most dangerous woman in America" — lectures in Belleville, Ill., Milwaukee, & Madison, March 6-12.


[3- 13 -1911] -- Ricardo Flores Magón appeals to Emma Goldman for support of the revolutionary movement in Mexico.


[3- 21 -1911] -- US: Scheduling problems, March 13-21, for Emma Goldman's lecture series in St. Paul — she holds only one meeting.

[3- 28 -1911] -- France: Part of the Bonnot Gang is caught & killed by cops after months of joyous bank robbing & other escapades. Many letters had been sent publicizing their actions & taunting the police. Comprised of unemployed anarchists, the Bonnot Gang received much enthusiastic response from the public.
[Details / context]

[3- 28 -1911] -- US: On or about this day (late March) Red Emma Goldman delivers six lectures in Minneapolis & three lectures in Omaha.


[4- 6 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman scheduled to speak in Kansas City, Missouri, April 6-7. Early this month Emma also speaks to law students in Lincoln, Nebraska & Lawrence, Kansas. She is also scheduled to participate in a debate & speak before a Jewish audience in Chicago, Illinois.


[4- 14 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman's lecture on "Victims of Morality" is among the most well attended in Denver, Colorado (April 14-19).


[4- 22 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman speaks in Salt Lake City, Utah, April 22-26.


[5- 1 -1911] -- México: Climax of land revolt in Baja California led by the Partido Liberal Mexicano; Porfirio Diaz signs a peace treaty with Francisco Madero in Mexico.

[5- 5 -1911] -- Aristide Delannoy dies. French artist & contributor, along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Alexandre Steinlen, Van Rysselberghe, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux."


[5- 7 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman is immensely pleased with success of her tour in Los Angeles, April 30-May 7; holds 11 meetings & raises financial support for the Mexican cause, & likens the uprising to the Paris Commune.


[5- 7 -1911] -- México: Followers of the anarchist Flores Magón brothers begin their march from Mexicali to attack Tijuana.

[5- 8 -1911] -- México: Tijuana is captured by the anarchist Magonistes of the Mexican Liberal Party. Lower California is now almost entirely in their hands. The Magonistes encouraged the people to take collective possession of the lands, to create co-operatives & refuse the establishment of any new government.


[5- 10 -1911] -- México: Magonista anarquistas occupy Tijuana today, until routed by Mexican Federalists on June 22.

The Magonistas were led by Jack Mosby, a deserter from the US Marines, & later by Caryl Ap Rys Price.

The Magonistas were supported & joined by many American members of the I.W.W. (Wobblies); they previously captured Mexicali (January 29) & Tecate (March 12, holding it for a few days).

[5- 20 -1911] -- México: The anarchist Magonistas of the Partido Liberal Mexicano publish a proclamation calling for the peasants to take collective possession of the land in the territories of Lower California where they have driven out the government, for "a free & happy life, without Masters or Tyrant."

[6- 6 -1911] -- México: Government requests US permission to send troops from Chihuahua to Baja California (through US territory) to fight "bandits" (permission granted). Francisco Madero (a revolutionary opportunist seeking power), wins US support to send troops into lower California to crush the experimental "Libertarian Commune" whose rallying cry has been "Tierra y Libertad". The Commune began when the Magonistes took the city of Mexicali, on January 29, 1911, followed by taking part of Tijuana.
... show details

The communal experiments in Lower California, created & sustained by Magonist partisans of the Mexican Liberal Party (PLM), are aided by the American anarcho-trade unionists of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) & by many revolutionists & internationalists who came to help their cause.

On June 22, after five very fruitful months, the Magonistes are routed from Tijuana & seek refuge across the US border, but the American army was waiting for them.

This little-known chapter in libertarian revolutions was quickly eclipsed by the more spectacular exploits of Pancho Villa & the uprising led by the anarchist Emiliano Zapata.

[6- 14 -1911] -- US: Los Angeles police arrest the anarchists Ricardo Flores Magon & his brother Enrique for violation of the US neutrality law.

[6- 17 -1911] -- México: Tijuana recaptured by Diaz's former Federal troops, now lead by Madero, spelling the final dissolution of the anarchist PLM forces by defeat & desertion.

Among those getting away is the famous Wobbly songwriter Joe Hill. Commander Mosby, head of the infamous Magonista "Foreign Legion," was arrested & executed for refusing to incriminate Magon in court via the infamous "ley de fuega" (law of fire), a deceitful phrase for police murder, alleging the prisoner was attempting to escape.

As Ricardo Flores Magón's power began its serious decline, someone told him, "It would take a forest of trees to hang all the Judases."

Magon had hoped that Baja California would become the launching ground of an International Anarchist revolution...

[Details / context]

[6- 19 -1911] -- México: Federales & Maderistas retake Mexicali, BC from Magonista (anarchist) rebels.

[6- 28 -1911] -- Gaston Coute, French anarchist songster, dies.

http://www.chez.com/gcoute/
http://franceweb.fr/poesie/coute3.htm
http://www.chez.com/gcoute/discographiehaut.htm

[7- 6 -1911] -- Joe Hill's song The Preacher & the Slave first appears in the Little Red Song Book.

[8- 19 -1911] -- México: Huerta's troops battle the anarchist Zapatistas, El Texcal & Tetillas.

[9- 1 -1911] -- México: A botched attempt is made to arrest Emiliano Zapata at Chinameca: The Zapata Revolt begins; Zapata flees to Puebla; on the 27th he issues an anti-government manifesto; widespread executions by Huerta’s forces in Morelos, then they go after Zapata on the 26th.

[9- 2 -1911] --

Ricardo Flores Magón Escritos

Biografía Escritos

La revolución El pueblo mexicano es apto para el Comunismo «[E]l pueblo mexicano es apto para llegar al comunismo, porque lo ha practicado, al menos en parte, desde hace siglos, y eso explica por qué, aún cuando en su mayoría es analfabeto, comprende que mejor que tomar parte en farsas electorales para elevar verdugos, es preferible tomar posesión de la tierra, y la está tomando con grande escándalo de la ladrona burguesía.» Regeneración, 2 de septiembre de 1911

[9- 6 -1911] -- André Arru (aka Jean-René Sauliere) lives. French anarchist & pacifist whose father died in WWI. Anarchist underground organizer during WWII.


[9- 8 -1911] -- Spain: Opening of the founding congress of the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (C.N.T.) in Barcelona. Nearly 100 delegates take two days to draw up the framework for this anarcho-syndicalist organization.

See Robert Kern, Red Years, Black Years: A Political History of Spanish Anarchism, 1911-1937, p25.

[9- 9 -1911] -- US: Anarchist, alternativist writer Paul Goodman lives, New York City.


[9- 13 -1911] -- México: A battle between Zapata & rebels Ambrosio Figueroa & A€orve is fought, in Guerrero. The Maderista Figueroa brothers took Acapulco back in April, & aligned with the Morelos landowners against the agrarian radical Emiliano Zapata ("tierra y libertad"), though they later briefly recognize Zapata’s control of Morelos. The zapatismos eventually gain control of Guerrero, Oaxaca, & Puebla.


[9- 23 -1911] -- MANIFESTO of September 23rd 1911

This Manifesto is issued by the Junta of the anarchist Mexican Liberal Party today. It is broadcast & republished in its official paper, "Regeneracion" (bilingual, anarchist newspaper published by Ricardo Flores Magón & Anselmo Figueroa, two of the major figures of the Partido Liberal), January 20, 1912.

http://libcom.org/library/manifesto-magnon
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/magon/works/regen/

[9- 27 -1911] -- México: Emiliano Zapata issues an anti-government manifesto; this follows Huerta's declaration yesterday that Morelos is pacified (following widespread executions), & his move into Puebla in pursuit of Zapata.


[10- 1 -1911] -- France: Aguigui Mouna (aka Andre Dupont; 1911-1999) lives. French agitator, propagandist pacifist, philosophical & individualistic libertarian.

Mixes pacifism & anarchist individualism, dating from 1951. Broke & on the streets of Paris he discovered his talent as agitator:

"It is while speaking that one becomes a loudspeaker"

Demonstrating alone, he harangues passersby in the streets of Paris. An early anti-nuke protester, he started his own newspaper, "Mouna Frères."

Seeking opportunities to be heard, Mouna, on several occasions ran in presidential elections as a "Non-Candidate."

Bernard Baissat devoted a film to this anti-conformist & Anne Gallois wrote the biography, Aguigui Mouna: "Gueule ou crève".

[10- 7 -1911] -- México: Revolutionaries with the anarchist Zapata take Axochiapan, Morelos, from government forces.

[10- 13 -1911] -- US: Commemoration of the second anniversary of the death of Francisco Ferrer, New York City.

Speakers include Leonard Abbott, James P. Morton, Harry Kelly & Emma Goldman.

Bayard Boyesen, professor at Columbia University & a teacher at the Ferrer School, is later fired by university administrators for having shared the platform with Goldman at this event.

Angulo, Jaime de. The "Trial" of Ferrer: A Clerical-Judicial Murder. NY: New York Labor News Co., 1920 [1911].

Francisco Ferrer by Voltairine de Cleyre

Anarchists in New York, led by Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, founded the Francisco Ferrer Association in 1910 "to perpetuate the work & memory of Francisco Ferrer."

Anarchist & printer Harry Kelly became chairman & Leonard Abbott, associate editor of Current Literature, was elected president. The Association had a threefold purpose: to publish & disseminate Ferrer's works, to organize memorial meetings on the first anniversary of his death, & to establish Modern Schools in cities throughout the country.

[10- 13 -1911] -- Italy: Trooper Augusto Masetti fires a gunshot at his colonel on the parade ground of the Cialdini barracks, in Bologna, while shouting out 'Down with the war! Long live Anarchy!' in protest of the war in Libya.

Armando Borghi & Maria Rygier immediately composed a special edition of "L'Agitatore" welcoming the action of the rebel soldier.

Borghi's article was entitled "Anarchist revolts shines through the violence of war." The newspaper was impounded & a round-up of anarchists began. Maria Rygier was the first to be arrested. Borghi got away by the skin of his teeth & slipped off to Paris.

He stayed abroad until the end of December 1912, involving himself in active anti-militarist propaganda, giving lectures in France & Switzerland. After the Italian government offered an amnesty to mark the conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey, he returned to Italy.

[10- 15 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman begins a series (October 15-December 10) of Sunday afternoon & evening lectures in Yiddish & English to residents of New York City's Lower East Side.

Topics include "Marriage & the Lot of Children Among the Poor," "Government by Spies: The McNamara Case & Burns," "Art & Revolution," "Communism, the Most Practical Basis for Society," "Mary Wollstonecraft, the Pioneer of Modern Womanhood," & "Socialism Caught in Its Political Trap."

http://www.infoshop.org/giulianism.html

[10- 18 -1911] -- México: Zapatistas attack government troops in Huitzililla & Xalostoc.

[10- 30 -1911] -- Italy: Augusto Masetti, a soldier in the Bologna barracks, shouting "Anarchy Lives!" as he floors the gas pedal, runs down Colonel Stroppa with a car as Stroppa exhorts his soldiers to depart for Libya. Stroppa is injured, & Masetti was committed to an asylum (to avoid trying him openly in court).

[11- 11 -1911] -- Portugal: Primer congreso Anarquista portugués celebrado en Porto, (11 al 13 de Noviembre).

[11- 18 -1911] -- US: Mother Earth (anarchist magazine) concert & ball held in New York City.

"When I was 15 I suffered from unrequited love, & I wanted to commit suicide in a romantic way...but at 16 I decided on a more exalted death.

I wanted to dance myself to death."

— Emma Goldman, Speech Before The Foyle's
29th Literary Luncheon, March 1, 1933

[11- 19 -1911] -- US: Emma Goldman kicks off a series of "Five Sunday Night Lectures," in New York City, with "Communism, the Most Practical Basis for Society," before departing on Dec.17th for an annual lecture tour with Ben Reitman.

[11- 25 -1911] -- México: Tierra y Libertad demonstration, which includes the anarquista Emiliano Zapata. Zapata lanza el Plan de Ayala (still considered the most radical reform program in Mexican history).

"It is better to die on your feet
than to live on your knees."

       — Emiliano Zapata

[Details / context]

[11- 26 -1911] -- Death of Paul Lafargue (son-in-law of Karl Marx). Went to Spain in a foolish effort to counter the Bakuninist ideas spread there by Giuseppe Fanelli. No anarchist he, but he's not all bad — after all, he wrote The Right to Be Lazy in 1893 while in prison. Translated & published by Charles Kerr publishing coop in Chicago, 1907.

[11- 26 -1911] -- US: The anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman lectures, in New York City, on "Mary Wollstonecraft the Pioneer of Modern Womanhood."

[11- 28 -1911] --

http://www.patriagrande.net/...emiliano.zapata/ http://members.tripod.com/~pacogaray/ bleed/Encyclopedia/Zapata/vallensale2.htm

A strong people do not need a government       — Emiliano Zapata 1911 -- México: The anarchist Emiliano Zapata presents his Plan of Ayala Mexico.

[12- 1 -1911] -- France: sortie du premier numéro de "L'Idée Libre," Revue Mensuelle de Culture Individuelle et de Rénovation Sociale. Son principal animateur en sera André Lorulot. Les thèmes abordés y sont variés : hygiène, alimentation, sociologie, littérature, anticléricalisme, etc. La Revue s'arrêtera en 1940, mais reparaîtra après la seconde guerre mondiale, mais sera alors essentiellement centrée sur l'anticléricalisme..