"One thing about the music for sure, it rocks with the rhythms of dance. The lyrics say the same thing that poet singers in the student hangouts in the Paris Latin Quarter say today ... Villon is the very archetype, the poet laureate of 500 years of the counterculture. So clearly does he speak for a way of life that his name has become a common noun & adjective in European languages."

 — Kenneth Rexroth, Subversive Aspects of Popular Songs

anarchist http://www.franceweb.fr/poesie/villon2.htm

10- 4 -1816 -- France: Eugene Pottier lives (1816-1887), Paris. Poet, revolutionist. Participant in the Revolution of 1848, Paris Commune of 1881. It was then he wrote the Internationale (anarchistic at its core). It was put to music by Pierre de Geyter [Degeyter] in 1888, bringing him broad recognition as it is adopted by workers worldwide.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#4


12- 30 -1816 -- Two & a half years after eloping to Switzerland Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (daughter of the philosophical anarchist William Godwin) & Percy Bysshe Shelley are married, upon learning that Shelley's first wife has drowned herself. http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/index.cfm
http://www.costumes.org/pages/18thmovi.htm


9- 23 -1818 -- Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Mask of Anarchy" is published. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8916/shelley.html
http://www.artofeurope.com/shelley/she5.htm

3- 2 -1820 -- Multatuli lives. Pseudonym of Eduard Douwes Dekker, (Multatuli - in Latin "I have suffered much"). One of Netherlands´ greatest writers & anarchist.
His most important novel, Max Havelaar, depicts the Dutch exploitation of the Javanese. Among his other acclaimed works is Radical Ideas (7 volumes).
 See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/multatuli.htm


3- 19 -1820 -- France: Ferdinand Gambon lives, in Bourges. Lawyer, magistrate, initially a moderate republican, Gambon became a socialist, anarchist & pacifist revolutionary. Elected member of the Paris Commune. Defense lawyer for the Lyons anarchists in the 1883 trials.

Ferdinand Gambon is the author of Le cri du peuple, & coined the famous pacifist slogan "War Against War!" See the Anarchist Encyclopdia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FerdinandGambon.htm



12- 7 -1822 -- Emile Digeon lives (1822-1894). French revolutionary socialist journalist, best remembered as the leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune of late March 1871, libertarian free thinker & contributor to the anarchist journal "L'insurgé".

In 1883 Digeon was "an anarchist candidate"(!) in the Narbonne elections & the author of La Commune de Paris devant les anarchistes (1885).

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#24
http://www.free.de/dada/dada-p/P0001852.HTM

10- 20 -1823 -- Charles Ostyn lives (1823-1912). Communard, French anarchist.
http://home.online.no/~vals/commune3.html



1- 22 -1825 -- France: Ernest Coeurderoy lives, in Avallon (Yonne). Intern, writer, a Socialist with anarchist leanings, forced into exile because of his radical positions. Coeurderoy wrote numerous books based on his experiences: Jours d'exil; De la révolution dans l'homme et dans la société; Hurrah! Ou la révolution par les Cosaques. Other announced books were never published, as he committed suicide (25?) October 1862.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#22


5- 18 -1827 -- US: Josiah Warren opens his first Time Store in Cincinnati, Ohio — the first commercial cooperative.

Warren, Josiah, 1798–1874, American reformer & anarchist, b. Boston.

An early follower of Robert Owen, he soon rejected Owen's political socialism, advocating instead anarchy based on “the sovereignty of the individual.” 

Warren founded several “equity” or "time" stores, with the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor & on the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He also established three utopian colonies; the most successful was Modern Times (1851–c.1860) , Long Island, N.Y. (now Brentwood). 

The most important of his publications was True Civilization (1863, 5th ed. 1875).

http://cedar.evansville.edu/~ck6/bstud/warren.html

See "The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times" by Hakim Bey,
http://www.evolutionzone.com/kulturezone/bey/lemonade.ocean.and.modern.times.html


6- 16 -1827 -- Elie Reclus lives. Ethnographer & journalist; participated in the Commune of Paris in 1871. Member of the great generational anarchist family, including Elisee Reclus (Daily Bleed Saint, March 15), & Paul Reclus. 

Contextual interest is John Clark's review of a book on Eliée Reclus,
http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/283





8- 28 -1828 -- Russia: Leo Tolstoy, author & anarchist religious pacifist, according to the Russian calendar in use at this time, lives, Yasnay, Polyana. Major influence on Gandhi & Martin Luther King, Jr.

http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tolstoy/index.html

9- 9 -1828 -- Russia: Rebirthing in the New Age?: Novelist, philosopher, & anarchist mystic Count Leo Tolstoy lives, the province of Tula. (& here you thought he was born 28 August?)



"Any talented decadent can make unreality believable. To make reality convincing is another matter, a matter for only the greatest masters.

The startling thing about Tolstoy is precisely that he was completely unalienated & at the same time disbelieved utterly in all the principles that were the foundations of his society..."



— Kenneth Rexroth, Classics Revisited

12- 8 -1828 -- Joseph Dietzgen, socialist, lives, near Cologne, Germany. Important socialist theorist whose writings exerted considerable influence on the workers' movement. Wrote The Nature of Human Brain-Work (1869). 

"While the anarchists may have mad & brainless individuals in their ranks, the socialists have an abundance of cowards. For this reason I care as much for one as the other."

http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/dietzgen.html

3- 15 -1830 -- Radical geographer, anarchist, Elisee Reclus lives (1830-1905), Sainte-Fay-la-Grande, France.alt; Élisée Reclus, Elisee Recluse; Reclus, Elisée http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#ReclusElisee


3- 29 -1830 -- Claude Rougeot lives, Demigny (Saone & the Loire). French shoe-maker, Lyons anarchist & participant in the insurrection in the Guillotière suburb in Lyon (30 April 30, 1871) where they tried to establish a commune in conjunction with the Paris Commune & similar efforts in other cities in France. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html


7- 10 -1830 -- Camille Pissarro lives (1830-1903). French impressionist painter / anarchist, contributor to the magazine "Temps Nouveaux". 

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PissarroCamille.htm


6- 11 -1832 -- Jules Vallès lives. French novelist, journalist, anarchist propagandist.



  
  
  
  
Jules Valles was involved in the Revolution of 1848 & a Proudhonist imprisoned in 1853 for a conspiracy against the Emperor. He launched the weekly magazine "The Street," on June 1, 1867, involving artists & writers such as Emile Zola & Gustave Courbet before it was suppressed.

 See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/VallesJules.htm



4- 17 -1833 -- Arthur Arnould lives, Dieuze (the Moselle). French journalist, novelist, member of First International & the Paris Commune, companion of Michael Bakunin. Collaborated on the "Bulletin of the Jura Federation". Arnould wrote L'Etat et la Révolution (1877), a history of the Paris Commune, & numerous novels as A. Matthey. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/ArnouldArthur.htm



1- 1 -1833 -- US: During this month [I don't have exact date --ed.] Anarchist / publisher / abolitionist Josiah Warren (1798-1874) begins to issue The Peaceful Revolutionist, arguably the first anarchist paper in the world.

The Peaceful Revolutionist, Cincinnati (Ohio). Monthly published from Jan. to Apr. 1833. Entirely written by Warren. These 4 issues, publ. at "Cincinnati & Utopia", are probably followed by The Gazette of Equitable Commerce of 1842 & Thomas Varney's The Problem Solved in 1846. Warren uses again this title in 1848, but only publishes one issue, vol. 2 #1 (May 1848). 16p. An early anarchist, Warren also founded several “equity” stores, three utopian colonies, & wrote the bookTrue Civilization.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/warren/warren.html

http://www2.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/warren.html

http://www.lihistory.com/5/hs526a.htm


4- 7 -1836 -- William Godwin, the "father" of modern anarchism, dies. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/StWilliamGodwin.htm



4- 3 -1837 -- France: Paul Robin lives, in Toulon (VAr). Wrongfully forgotten anarchist educator & néo-Malthusian whose libertarian legacy influences the educators Sebastien Faure & Francisco Ferrer.



5- 1 -1838 -- France: Louis Champalle lives. Weaver & anarchist, in Lyon where he is arrested November 19, 1882 for agitating during Montceau-les-Mines events & sent to prison for six months in the repressive trial of January 1883 ("Procès des 66"/Trial of the 66). Champalle joined the "Le réveil de la Croix-Rousse" in Lyon in 1892.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai1.html#1


3- 14 -1838 -- During this month Mikhail Bakunin's "Preface to Hegel's Gymnasium Lectures" is published. anarchist


8- 27 -1838 -- France: Constant Marie, "Le Père Lapurge" , lives (1838-1910), Ste-Houvrince. Communard, militant & anarchist songster. 

Marie was a composer-songwriter of revolutionary songs, the best-known being "Dame Dynamite", "le Père Lapurge"(source of his nickname) & "La Muse Rouge" (source of the name taken in 1901 by a famous group of poets & revolutionary chansonniers which produced songs which are now part of a great French legacy). 

[Details, click here]

4- 5 -1839 -- France: Gabriel-Constant Martin lives, Entrevaux (the Low-Alps). Teacher, elected a member of the Paris Commune, First International, Blanquist, anarchist. Martin wrote for Sebastien Faure's paper, "Le journal du peuple" until his death, July 9, 1906. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#MartinConstant


10- 5 -1839 -- France: Eugene Varlin lives, near Paris. Bookbinder, working militant, internationalist, anarchist. Forced into exile, returns with the fall of the empire, & during the Paris Commune of 1871, elected a member of the commune. Shot during the last week.


6- 3 -1840 -- Jean-Louis Pindy lives (1840-1917), Brest, France. Member of the Internationale, communard, anarchist, carpenter.

Arrested & sent to prison for a year in the third trial against the First International, April 1870, & released September 4, when the Republic is declared. 

Elected to the Paris Commune, it was Pindy who ordered the l'Hôtel de Ville burned down during the Bloody Week. Condemned to death, he slipped away into Switzerland, where, in contact with James Guillaume, he joined the Jura Federation. 

September 16, 1872, Jean-Louis Pindy attended the anti-authoritarian Congrès de l'AIT (International Workers Association /Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores), as well as later congresses. In 1877, Pindy creates, with Paul Brousse & François Dumartheray, a French section of AIT, with its newspaper "L'Avant-Garde". Died on June 24, 1917. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#3

6- 30 -1840 -- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Qu'est-ce que la propriété? ou Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement appears. 

Proudhon dedicated this book, now considered an anarchist classic, to the Academy of Besancon, causing a scandal; the latter demands the dedication be withdrawn, & summons the upstart to come explain himself before them.

11- 1 -1841 -- France: Charles Ange Laisant lives, Basse-Indre (Loire-Atlantique). French Conseiller Général in Nantes, Député in Paris (18ème) who later became an anarchist. Wrote educational texts for children, in mathematics, physics, etc, as well as radical (La barbarie moderne [1912]). Friend & correspondent with Francisco Ferrer.
[Details, click here]


11- 27 -1841 -- Jean Renaud lives. Anarcho-syndicalist, member of the Lyons revolutionary federation. Set off a bomb on October 22, 1882 at the restaurant Bellecour (l'Assommoir), then fled to Geneva. Slipped back into France under a false identity, worked as metal-worker & met Paul Reclus (nephew of Élisée Reclus), with whom he organized workers in Bessèges (Gard), & began writing for Jean Grave's paper, "Le révolté".alt; Elisee Recluse; Reclus, Elisée
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre4.html#27


1- 27 -1842 -- François Dumartheray lives, in Collonges, the High Saone. Member of the First International & an anarchist communist.
Francois http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/0127b.htm#1842


1- 27 -1842 -- Savoyard François Dumartheray (1842-1931) lives, in Collonges, the High Saone. Member of the First International & an anarchist communist. 

Dumartheray took refuge in Switzerland during the French repression. He was a delegate to the anti-authoritarian International Congress in September 1873, & those to follow. 

In February 1876, he published the booklet "Aux travailleurs manuels partisans de l'action politique". In 1877, helped write the constitution of an anarchist French federation which held its first congress at Chaux-de-Fonds. 

In February 1879, he joined Kropotkin & Herzig to produce in Geneva the newspaper "Le Révolté", propagating "libertarian communism" which was adopted by the Jura Federation at its Congress of 9 & 10 October 1880. Despite the French amnesty of 1880, Dumartheray remained in Switzerland until 1927.

Francois

http://www.freespeech.org/sans-culottes/anarcho2.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#27



( Cited, Daily Bleed, Jan 27, 1842 )

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3- 22 -1842 -- US: Anarchist / publisher / abolitionist Josiah Warren (1798-1874) opens 2nd Time Store in New Harmony.

Warren founded several “equity” stores, founded three utopian colonies, wrote True Civilization.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/warren/warren.html
Biographical article on Warren with references, links at, http://cedar.evansville.edu/~ck6/bstud/warren.html

12- 9 -1842 -- Russia: Prince Peter Kropotkin, important geographer & anarchist, lives Moscow. 

The Encyclopedia Britannica (for which he wrote the "anarchy" definition in the famed 11th edition) describes himself: 

"Although he achieved renown in a number of different fields, ranging from geography & zoology to sociology & history, he shunned material success for the life of a revolutionist."

alt: Pytor Kropotkin, Pytor Kropotkine

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/KropotkinPeter.htm

For a recent radio piece on Kropotkin,
http://cybermedia.uh.edu:8080/ramgen/uhrm4/engines/engines_episode_0720_56.rm


4- 15 -1843 -- Henry James lives (1843-1916), New York. In 1913, for his 70th birthday, friends & admirers present him a golden bowl.


Henry James's The Princess Casamassima, treats anarchism primarily as a threat to art. …

http://www.newpaltz.edu/~hathaway/
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hjames.htm

5- 15 -1843 -- François Malicet lives, Nouzon, Ardennes. French barber, lifelong anarchist, member of "Les déshérités" group in Nouzon. Met Fortuné Henry at a conference & in 1903 participated in Henry's attempt to establish a libertarian communist colony at Aiglemont. Malicet left the colony over differences with André Mounier. Adhering to the notion "Et du boyau dudernier prêtre, serrons le cou du dernier flic" until his death, Malicet was killed September 7, 1927, by a burglar.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai3.html#15


1- 23 -1844 -- Paul Brousse lives (1844-1912). Member of the anarchist Jura Federation, helping James Guillaume publish its bulletin. Later became a socialist reformist, even stooping at the international congress in London, August 1886, with Jules Guesde, to vote for the expulsion of the anarchists. Consequently, his name is associated with the Socialist Party, reformism & vote-catching maneuvers.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril1.html#1


2- 16 -1844 -- James Guillaume (1844-1916) lives, London. Historian of the First International, anarchist active in the Swiss Jura Federation. Aligned with Bakunin, with whom he was kicked out of the International by the Marxists. See 20 November 1915.


10- 18 -1844 -- Italy: Amilcare Cipriani, Italian anarchist, lives (1844-1918), Rimini. Friend of Lissagaray (a socialist of no party, whose sympathies lay with Blanquistes anticlericals, to the anarchists, & Cipriani).

[Details, click here]

http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/egypt.htm

2- 1 -1844 -- During this month the Noble Anarchist Michael Bakunin moves to Paris, via Brussels. He is also ordered home by the Russian government who want his ass bad. At the end of the year, in December 1844, he is stripped of his status as Russian nobility & sentenced in absentsia to hard labor in Siberia. "Absentsia"? Just a cheap excuse to get out of work, right? If you are wondering where life-career plan is leading him, see next entry; sorry, we don't know who his career counselor was or what self-help books sent him careening so precipitously down this jagged road of life.
http://www.iisg.nl/news/bakunincd.html
http://www.knaw.nl/bakunin/

4- 14 -1845 -- Louis Genet lives, Ain, France. Textile worker, member of the Vienna anarchist group "Les Indignés". At the side of Louise Michel in the riot of May 1, 1882. A defendant in the "Trial of the 66" in Lyon (January 1883), Louis Genet was sent to prison for 15 months &, because of continuing activism, was card-indexed by the gendarmerie as a "dangerous antimilitarist."
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril2.html#14


12- 14 -1845 -- André Augustin Bastelica lives (1845-1884). French printer & anarchist adherent of Mikhail Bakunin .Andre Bastelica

The Alliance supporters, considering themselves the legal representatives of the whole of the Federation, transferred the Federal Committee's seat to Chaux-de-Fonds & founded at Neuchatel their official organ, Solidarite, edited by Citizen Guillaume. This young writer had the special job of decrying the Geneva "factory workers", those odious "bourgeois", of waging war of L'Egalite, the Federation newspaper, & of preaching total abstention from politics. The authors of the most important articles on this theme were Bastelica in Marseilles & Albert Richard & Gaspard Blanc in Lyon, the two big pillars of the Alliance.

 — Karl Marx & Frederick Engels, Les Pretendues Scissions dans l'Internationale.

http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/b/a.htm

2- 5 -1846 -- Bavarian-born American anarchist Johann Most lives. Advocate of "propaganda by the deed". See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/JohannMost.htm.



12- 31 -1846 -- Holland: Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis lives, Amsterdam. (1846-1919). Pioneer of Dutch anarchism & the International Anti-Militarist Association. Born in Amsterdam, a preacher in Harlingen in 1870. Leader of a socialist union & first socialist senator (1891) in The Netherlands. He then abandoned politics for the anarchism of Bakunin in 1897. 

Published Socialism in Danger (1894; preface by Elisee Recluse) & Libertarian Socialism & Authoritative Socialism (1895).

alt; Elisee Recluse; Reclus, Elisée http://www.iisg.nl/collections/domelauk.html
http://www.xs4all.nl/~jeroenvu/domela.htm
http://www.fdnmuseum.nl/

9- 15 -1846 -- England: Warlaam Tcherkesoff lives (1846-1925) (or Tcherkezov). Georgian Prince, anarchist militant & collaborator with that other Prince, Peter Kropotkin. "Ambassador of Georgian patriots".
[Details, click here]Last name is also spelled Cerkezov, Cerkesov, Cherkesov, Cherkezov; first name is also written as Varlaam, Warlam


2- 18 -1847 -- Jean Baguet lives (aka Jean Bayet). French anarchist exiled to Switzerland to avoid arrest following demonstrations at Montceau-the-Mines in August 1882. Sentenced in absentia to five years prison at the "Trial of the 66," January 1883. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#18


11- 2 -1847 -- France: Georges Sorel, socialist, revolutionary anarcho-syndicalist, writer (Reflections on Violence), lives (1847-1922), Cherbourg. Sorel was a convert to Marxism in 1893, but by 1902 turned altogether against government, even under communism. He adopted revolutionary syndicalism as the means of social change, which influenced anarchists & numerous unions like the I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) & the C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo].
http://www.hinet.hr/kosta-krauth/topics/anarcho-syndicalism.html
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/sorel.html
Marx, Sorel & the Nordic Worldview
http://www.bopsecrets.org/CF/korsch.htm

11- 29 -1847 -- France: At a banquet in Paris commemorating the Polish insurrection of 1830, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin delivers a speech denouncing the Russian government & is subsequently expelled from France. The Russian ambassador, in an attempt to discredit him, circulates the false rumor that Bakunin is employed by the Russian government to pose as a revolutionary. The rumor was spread by Bakunin's rival, Karl Marx through his newspaper. Expelled from France in December, he moved to Brussels where he met Marx again.

http://members.tripod.com/~anarcho/



12- 30 -1847 -- Germany: John Peter Altgeld lives, Niederselters, Prussia [now in Germany]. Reformist Democratic governor of Illinois (1893-97) known principally for his pardon (June 26, 1893) of German-American anarchists "involved" in the Haymarket Riot where seven police were killed. This principled act, unusual for a politician, costs him his political career.


12- 4 -1847 -- France: During this month Mikhail Bakunin is expelled & moves to Brussels where he meets Marx again. 
[I don't have exact date -- ed.] 
(From 1844-1847 Bakunin meets & talks with Proudhon often & Marx occasionally, & is on friendly terms with novelist George Sand.)

anarchist; (alt sp: Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin, Mihail Aleksandrovic, Aleksandrovich, Mihkail) 


2- 7 -1848 -- First anarchist journal appears, Proudhon's Le Representant du Peuple. It affirms that the emancipation of the working class can only be achieved by the working class itself -- without the assistance of governments. Sells 40,000 copies.See 15 January.
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/proudhon/
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier3.html#15



2- 16 -1848 -- Octave Mirbeau (1848-1917) lives. Prolific short story writer (1,200), novelist, anarchist, antimilitarist, dramatist. A founding member of the Académie Goncourt. Died on his birthday, 1917. http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/mirbeau.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/mirbeau/briefbio.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#16
http://buweb.univ-angers.fr/EXTRANET/OctaveMIRBEAU/

6- 20 -1848 -- Albert Parsons lives, Montgomery, Alabama (some sources say the 24th) American anarchist, Haymarket Martyr, husband of Lucy Parsons, wrongly executed by the government.



Albert Parsons was targeted for death by city leaders. A bomb was thrown at police during the Haymarket Bombing. Parsons was not even present, but was indicted, convicted, executed. Evidence suggests Police Captain John Bonfield, a brutal thug, may have been involved in the bomb-throwing.





“The spectators in the orchestra of the theater fix their view on the scaffold — a sign, a noise, the trap door gives way, now they die, in a horrible dance, twisting in the air. 

“José Martí wrote the story of the execution of the anarchists in Chicago. The working class of the world will bring them back to life every first of May. That was still unknown, but Martí always writes as if he is listening for the cry of a newborn where it is least expected.” — Eduardo Galeano, “A Terrible Drama” (Memories of Fire, Vol. II) 

[Details, click here]

6- 24 -1848 -- US: Albert Parsons lives, Alabama. Radical American editor, printer. One of the anarchists unjustly accused & executed for the Haymarket bombing in Chicago. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/aparsons/parsons.htm

2- 1 -1848 -- France: Michal Bakunin returns to Paris this month after February Revolution. He was expelled from France in December & had moved to Brussels (where he met his arch-nemesis Karl Marx again; they meet up again in March split begins over Marx's denunciation of Bakunin's friend Herwegh, who had led an ill-fated expedition of German exiles to Baden in the hope of instigating an uprising).anarchist http://members.tripod.com/~anarcho/


3- 1 -1848 -- Germany: During this month Mikhail Bakunin, the Russian anarchist, met Marx & Engels in Cologne & a split begins over Marx's denunciation of Bakunin's frined Herwegh, who had led an ill-fated expedition of German exiles to Baden in the hope of instigating an uprising.
http://www.iisg.nl/news/bakunincd.html
http://www.knaw.nl/bakunin/

6- 4 -1848 -- During this month Michael Bakunin particpates in Slav Congress & insurrection in Prague. Also during this month his arch-nemesis Karl Marx publishes a false report that Bakunin is a Russian agent responsible for the arrest of Poles.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhailanarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin; Mikhail Bakunin
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin


12- 4 -1848 -- Mikhail Bakunin's Appeal to the Slavs is published during this month.
(During the latter part of 1848 Bakunin has been expelled from Prussia & Saxony, & is staying in the principality of Anhalt.)
[I don't have exact dates -- ed.] 

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin
[Sources, click here]
Also, [Source: Congressos Obrers]

anarchist


2- 24 -1849 -- France: Nicolas Thomassin lives (1849-1919), Ardennes. A weaver, socialist, anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Pierre Leroux, Paulin Mailfait, etc.. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#thomassin


6- 12 -1849 -- US: Gas mask patented by Lewis Haslett, Louisville, Kentucky. Provides cool new head gear for anarchist demonstrators.



7- 30 -1849 -- André Romans-Ville lives, Romans (Drôme). Shoemaker, autodidact, militant anarchist.

Involved with the group "Terre et Liberté", & correspondent with Jean Grave, Sébastien Faure, etc. Often under police surveillence. Arrested February 10, 1894, with Pierre Martin & 20 other companions, & accused of "participation in a criminal conspiracy." Released a few weeks later. In 1905, in Saillans, he participated in the founding congress of the socialist federation, SFIO.

1- 4 -1849 -- During this month the anarchist Michael Bakunin secretly arrives in Leipzig to prepare for an uprising in Bohemia.
http://www.iisg.nl/news/bakunincd.html


4- 3 -1849 -- Germany: during this month Mikhail Bakunin moves to Dresden. Next month a popular uprising breaks out & Bakunin emerges as an "heroic" leader, & also involves Richard Wagner & Heuber. When the rebellion is crushed, Bakunin receives a death sentence.
anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail


5- 3 -1849 -- Germany: Popular rebellion breaks out in Dresden & the militant Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin emerges as a "heroic" leader.
[Sources, click here]



5- 2 -1849 -- Germany: The Art of Resistance: during the Dresden insurrection, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin proposes that the insurgents take paintings from the museums & put them on the barricades at the entrance to the city to inhibit the attacking troops.


1- 14 -1850 -- While held in the Königstein fortress, Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin is condemned to death.

Bakunin had moved to Dresden in 1849, & played a principal role in the 3 May uprising with the famed composer Richard Wagner. The rebellion was crushed by 9 May. Bakunin was later arrested & today is sentenced to die.

Bakunin's death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment. He spends some of this time chained hand & foot to a wall. After various extradition's, he ends up in Russia where he is again condemned, without trial, to a dungeon for six years in the Peter & Paul Fortress. 

In 1854, he succumbs to scurvy, which causes his teeth to fall out.

Eventually, in 1857, Tsar Alexander orders Bakunin's release from prison. He is then permanently exiled to Siberia, from which he escapes & voyages around the world stirring up trouble.

4- 18 -1850 -- Joseph A. Labadie



Labor activist, writer, poet, printer, anarchist lives, Paw Paw, Michigan.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LabadieJoseph.htm

6- 4 -1850 -- During this month Michael Bakunin's death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment, after which Bakunin is extradited to Austria. (January 14, 1850 while held in the Königstein fortress, Bakunin is condemned to death.)anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin; Mikhail Bakunin
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin


2- 1 -1851 -- Novelist & anarchist Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (nee Godwin) dies in Bournemouth.
anarchist http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/shelley.htm
http://classiclit.about.com/cs/frankenstein/

3- 21 -1851 -- US: Modern Times, an anarchist colony, founded in NY by Josiah Warren, Stephen Pearl Andrews, William G. Greene. http://www.evolutionzone.com/kulturezone/bey/lemonade.ocean.and.modern.times.html


4- 2 -1851 -- Joseph Lane (1851-1920), British anarchist, lives. A decade after his death Max Nettlau, who had known him in the Socialist League, wrote in his history of anarchism:



I consider him to be the best head English socialism possessed in the years from 1879 to 1889, & I regret that his activity came to an end -- not through his fault -- in the first months of 1889; a man like him has been lacking from that time to this.

 http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/joelane.htm


10- 22 -1851 -- Joseph Dejacque, French anarchist, sentenced to two years in prison for a volume of poetry, Lazaréennes: Socialist Fables & Poems. Escaped to London.



"Vorwaerts Alle! Und mit den Armen und dem Herzen, mit dem Wort und dem Stift, dem Messer und dem Gewehr, der Ironie und dem Fluch, dem Raub, der Vergiftung und dem Brand, machen wir... den Krieg gegen die Gesellschaft!"

 — Joseph Dejacque

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DejacqueJoseph.htm



3- 2 -1851 -- During this month the Russian anarchist, Mikhail Bakunin, after first being jailed in Prague, is sent then to Olmütz where he is sentenced to hang. 

Although the death sentence is commuted, Bakunin is chained hand & foot to the prison wall & suffers acutely. Shortly thereafter, he is handed over to the Russians & imprisoned in the dungeons of the Fortress of Peter & Paul.

 http://www.iisg.nl/news/bakunincd.html
http://www.knaw.nl/bakunin/

9- 27 -1852 -- France: Louise Michel, who later becomes an anarchist, receives her teaching diploma & announces her intention to open a private school in Audeloncourt (Haute-Marne). This school appears to have opened in January 1853. She later wrote she opened her own school so as to avoid pledging allegiance to the Emperor.



I have seen criminals & whores

& spoken with them. Now I inquire

If you believe them made as now they are

To drag their rags in blood & mire

Preordained, an evil race?

 

You to whom all men are prey

Have made them what they are today.

 [Source: Michel Chronologie]


1- 9 -1853 -- Anna Kuliscioff lives (exact year unknown, but between 1853 & 1857), Moskaja, in Crimea. Anja Rosenstein, her true name. Feminist, revolutionary & terrorist. Anna Kuliscioff embraced any ideological movement that could supply the necessary fighters. From the pacific propaganda with the followers of the Zebunev siblings, to the international anarchism of Bakunin; from the violent & subversive terrorism to defense of the people Russian peasant. http://www.cronologia.it/storia/biografie/annakuli.htm



4- 24 -1853 -- Jean-Baptiste Thuriot (or Thuriault), lives. French worker, considered by authorities to be the "Grand Master" of anarchism in the Nièvre department. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/ThuriotJean-Baptiste.htm



12- 14 -1853 -- Theorist/militant/writer Errico Malatesta lives, Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Kingdom of Naples. Important militant figure of Italian & international anarchism.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MalatestaErrico.htm


1- 27 -1853 -- France: DURING THIS MONTHLouise Michel, who later becomes an anarchist, receives her teaching diploma & announces her intention to open a private school in Audeloncourt (Haute-Marne). This school appears to have opened in January 1853. She later wrote she opened her own school so as to avoid pledging allegiance to the Emperor.



I have seen criminals & whores

& spoken with them. Now I inquire

If you believe them made as now they are

To drag their rags in blood & mire

Preordained, an evil race?

 

You to whom all men are prey

Have made them what they are today.

 [Source: Michel Chronologie]


4- 15 -1854 -- Antoine Antignac lives. French anarchist, speaker, bookstore manager, writer for anarchist publications. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AntignacAntoine.htm



4- 16 -1854 -- Laurent Tailhade lives (1854-1919), Tarbes. French poet, writer, anarchist polemist, opium addict (La noire idole), translator (Satyricon de Pétrone). 
[Details, click here]

La Luminosa Torre
Texto de Andre Breton (1896-1963), en LE LIBERTAIRE del 11-1-1952

http://www.easynett.com/oi/anarchy.html

Fue en el negro espejo del anarquismo que el surrealismo se reconocio por primera vez, mucho antes de definirse a si mismo y cuando apenas era asociacion libre entre individuos, despreciando espontaneamente y en bloque las opresiones sociales y morales de su tiempo.

Entre las fuentes de inspiracion donde abrevamos, en esa posguerra de 1914, y cuya fuerza de convergencia era a toda prueba, figuraba el final de la Balada de Solness, de Laurent Tailhade:

Golpea nuestros corazones
en desbandada, en harapos
¡Anarquia! ¡Oh, portadora de luz!
¡Expulsa la noche! ¡Aniquila los gusanos!
Y levanta al cielo, aunque sea
con nuestros tumulos
¡La luminosa torre que sobre el mar domine!


http://csl.tao.ca/anarquia/surrealismoya.html

4- 17 -1854 -- Benjamin Tucker lives, South Dartmouth, Massachusetts.

 BENJAMIN TUCKER, SAINT JUNE 22 1998

"I have never claimed that liberty will bring perfection, only that its results are vastly more preferable to those that follow authority".



American individualist anarchist, publisher, journalist, propagandist, theorist.

Influenced by Ezra Heywood, William Greene, Stephen Pearl Andrews, Lysander Spooner, & Josiah Warren. http://www.lib.umich.edu/spec-coll/ishill/tucker.html
http://www.zetetics.com/mac/tir1.htm

4- 19 -1854 -- France: Charles Angrand (1854-1926) lives, Normandy. Impressionist, Pointillist painter & anarchist illustrator.

Influenced by Van Gogh, associated with Seurat, Cross, Luce & Signac & other libertarian illustrators & Jean Grave's "Les temps nouveaux". See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/CharlesAngrand.htm

7- 11 -1854 -- Toussaint Bordat lives, Chassenard (Allier). French Lyons anarchist militant. 

A socialist as a silk weaver, he broke with the guesdiste line (Marxist & electoral) in 1881, starting his own anarchist "Parti d'action révolutionnaire". He was an advocate of "direct action" & involved in militant labor actions. October 14, 1882 he was arrested & a defendant in the monster "Trial of the 66" of 1883, & was sent to prison for four years. Released early, he continued his militant activities. In 1897 he organized the conferences of SébastienFaure in Narbonne.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet2.html#bordat



10- 16 -1854 -- Gay British writer Oscar Wilde lives, Dublin, Ireland. Consummate gay wit, playwright, poet, anarchist, libertarian socialist investigator.anarchist http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_wilde.html

"Anybody can write a three-volume novel. It merely requires a complete ignorance of both life & literature."

http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/wilde/index.html

10- 16 -1854 -- Jean Grave lives. Important figure of the early French anarchist-communist movement & popularizer of the ideas of the anarcho-communism of Peter Kropotkin.


9- 2 -1854 -- Norway:
Hans Henrik Jaeger, writer & anarchist & important friend & influence on Edvard Munch, lives (1854-1910), Drammen. alt: Hans Jaeger 

"Your face holds all the love in the world. Moonlight steals across your face so full of Earthly beauty and Grief. For now Death extends her hands of Life and a band is made between the thousands of generations who are dead and the thousands of generations who are to come."  — Edvard Munch  See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/JaegerHans.htm



2- 16 -1854 -- William Charles Owen (1854-1929) lives. Anglo-American militant & anarchist individualist propagandist.

Member of the International Workmen's Association. Discovers the writings of Kropotkin & becomes his translator.

Owen became an anarchist individualist under the influence of Benjamin Tucker.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#OwenWilliam

4- 27 -1855 -- France: Caroline Remy, known as Severine, lives, Paris. Libertarian, feminist, pacifist, journalist of the League of Humans Right. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/SeverineCarolineRemy.htm



4- 27 -1855 -- France: Jules Jouy lives (1855-1897), Paris. Songster, poet, anarchist, pioneer of the social song. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/JouyJules.htm



5- 18 -1855 -- US: George Speed lives. Anarchist agitator, active in the Haymarket defense of the falsely accused anarchists, Coxey's Army, the Pullman Strike, & as a labor organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).



"More threatening to District 2 officials was a Council of ActionConvention held at Altoona in February 1921. The convention participants included Ben Legere, George Speed &Dominick Gelotte. 

Legere was a national organizer for One Big Union, most likely a less threatening designation for theIndustrial Workers of the World, while Speed had a long record as a labor activist on the West Coast, in the South & in theMiddle West. His organizational activities for the IWW included organizing timber workers in Louisiana & Texas, involvement in the Akron Rubber Workers Strike of 1913 & organizing the North Dakota wheat fields..."

http://www.lib.iup.edu/spec_coll/articles/coalstrike1919.html
http://www.sfsu.edu/~hsa/ex-post-facto/choi.html
http://www.iww.org/history.html
http://www.iww.org/homesites/members.html

11- 5 -1855 -- US: Eugene Debs, labor activist, socialist politician, lives, Terre Haute, Indiana. IWW founder, jailed seditionist, perennial presidential candidate.

"His belief in the people was very genuine, & his vision of socialism quite unlike the State machine pictured in Marx's communist manifesto. Hearing his views, I could not help exclaiming: "Why, Mr. Debs, you're an anarchist!"
"Not Mister, but Comrade," he corrected me; "won't you call me that?" Clasping my hand warmly, he assured me that he felt very close to the anarchists, that anarchism was the goal to strive for, & that all socialists should also be anarchists. Socialism to him was only a stepping-stone to the ultimate ideal, which was anarchism. "I know & love Kropotkin & his work," he said; "I admire him & I revere our murdered comrades who lie in Waldheim, as I do also all the other splendid fighters in your movement. You see, then, I am your comrade. I am with you in your struggle."



— Emma Goldman

http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Heroes/EugeneDebsSocialism.html

11- 21 -1855 -- Anarchist Leo Tolstoy & Ivan Turgenev meet, beginning an often tempestuous friendship between the two authors.



11- 21 -1855 -- Emile Gravelle lives, Douai (Nord), France. Militant anarchist & naturalist. Published the review "L'Etat Naturel" (1894-1898) &, in 1895, began collaborating with Henri Zisly & Henri Beylie on "La Nouvelle Humanité", which is followed by: "Le Naturien"(1898), "Le Sauvage"(1898-99), "L'Ordre Naturel"(1905), & "La Vie Naturelle" (1907-14) & (1920-27). 

These reviews & newspapers that Emile Gravelle directed, or provided articles & illustrations for, are the expression of the libertarian "naturien" movement, which preaches the return to a natural & independent life. The movement "naturien" can rightly be seen the precursor of naturism, vegetarianism, & of the modern ecology movement. 

During WWI Gravelle also contributed to E. (Ernest) Armand's newspaper, "Pendant la Mêlée".

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#21

1- 11 -1856 -- Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias) lives (1856-1943). Italian veterinarian, teacher, collectivist anarchist, a founder of Cittadella Colony &, in Brazil, the Cecilia Colony. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/RossiGiovanni.htm



2- 4 -1856 -- Paul Napoleon Roinard lives, Maritime Seine. Wrongfully ignored French anarchist poet. 

Roinard broke with his family & went to Paris where he met artists such as Auguste Rodin. He published his first poems, Nos plaies (Our wounds, 1886), lampooning bourgeois society. He formed the group "La butte," with friends, which had some influence on libertarian literature. In 1891, with Zo d' Axa, he started the individualist journal "L'en Dehors" & collaborated on "La Plume" & "La Phalange", & directed the review "Septentrionale". Paled around with poets & artists of the time, such as Stephen Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, & Laurent Tailhade. 

Roinard's prinicpal works are La mort du Rêve; La légende Rouge; Le donneur d'illusions; Les miroirs.


5- 6 -1856 -- Sigmund Freud lives to tie knots & issue pink slips. Austrian psychiatrist & founder of psychoanalysis, the most influential psychological theorist of 20th-century. Freud's theories, including the formation of the Oedipus complex, have had an enormous influence on art, literature & social thinking. Freud lived in Vienna, where anti-Jew laws were cancelled, worked at the General Hospital & experimented with cocaine, using it himself. Primary themes: Sex & drugs (sorry kids, there was no rock'n'roll yet). 

Freud never received a Nobel, but in 1928 an attempt was made for his nomination, supported by Alfred Döblin, Jacob Wassermann, Bertrand Russell, A.S. Neill, Lytton Strachey, Julian Huxley, Knut Hamsun, Thomas Mann.

After Hitler's seizure of power, psychoanalytic work ended in Germany, & Freud's books were burned. His views were also condemned in the USSR.

Freud's favorite writers in 1907: Gottfried Keller, Conrad Fardinand Meyer, Anatole France, Émile Zola, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Macaulay, Dimitri Merezkovski, the anarchist Eduard Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), Theodor Gomperz, Mark Twain. Freud also enjoyed Agatha Christie's & Dorothy Sayers's mystery novels. Other favorites: Goethe, Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Wilhelm Busch, Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig.

Freud's theories are often mocked. Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnar presented a young man happily married to his mother who commits suicide when he discovers she is not really his mother. James Thurber & E.B. White in Is Sex Necessary? or, Why You Feel the Way You Do (1929), caricaturized psychoanalytical terms.

Odds & Ends: Hogarth Press, Freud's publisher in England, was owned by Leonard & Virginia Woolf; Carl Jung, Freud's 'crown prince', broke with Freud over the latter's emphasis on sexuality as the dominant factor in unconscious motivation.

http://austria-info.at/personen/freud/index.html

5- 20 -1856 -- France: Henri-Edmond Cross (aka Delacroix) (1856-1910) lives. Neo-impressionist/pointillist painter, illustrator, anarchist. 
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/CrossHenri-Edmond.htm




1- 18 -1857 -- Gustave Boullard lives, Launois-sous-Vence, France. Ardennes anarchist, member of the groups "The Stateless Persons" of Charleville, then "The Disinherited" of Nouzon, & the "Libertarians of Nouzon" who met in the Colony of Aiglemont, founded by Fortuné Henry. Boullard was once imprisoned for six weeks for declaring his refusal to recognize the authority of the Mayor of Nouzon:  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier3.html#18

7- 31 -1857 -- Adolphe Willette lives, anarchist.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet4.html#31


1- 6 -1858 -- France: Sébastien Faure lives, Saint-Etienne. Studied to be a Jesuit priest, was a candidate for the Marxist Workers Party, but under the influence of Peter Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus & Joseph Tortelier he moved towards anarchism. Closely associated with Louise Michel, he became a major figure in his own right, & one of the best-known anarchists in the country.



Sebastien Faure advocated what he called an 'Anarchist Synthesis' in which individualism, libertarian communism & anarcho-syndicalism could co-exist. 

In 1921he was the leading French anarchist critic against the growing Communist dictatorship in the Soviet Union & during the 30s, he was a prominent member of the International League of Fighters for Peace. In 1940 Faure took refuge from the war in Royan (near Bordeaux), where he died in 1942. 

Faure wrote for numerous papers & journals, & his books include La douleur universelle (1895), Mon communisme (1921), L'imposture religieuse (1923), Propos subversifs etc., & he initiated the important four volume l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste.

3- 13 -1858 --   

Maximilien LUCE - 1858 / 1941  Maximilien Luce (1858-1941) lives, Paris. Painter, engraver, anarchist.  Luce was with Seurat & Signac one of the founders of the Neo-impressionist School based on the scientific study of light & the analysis of prismatic effect of colours. He was also a great friend of Camille Pissarro, Georges Seurat, Theo Van Rysselberghe & Louis Valtat. For a number of years he was strictly "pointillist" adopting later a looser technique. Landscapes & urban scenes depicting the world of the working class (builders, dockers, laborers, fishermen) in the 1930s occupy a predominant place in his work.   See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LuceMaximilien.htm




5- 10 -1858 -- Jules Regis (aka Siger) lives (1858-1900), in Turkey. Revolutionary socialist & anarchist.

anarchiste http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin2.html#12
http://www.geocities.com/kk_abacus/ht/kurd.html

5- 25 -1858 -- France: Paul Reclus (aka Georges Guyou) lives, Neuilly/Seine. From the famed Reclus family, a French anarchist, engineer, professor.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#r



6- 9 -1858 -- US: French revolutionary Joseph Dejacque publishes the first issue of "Libertaire" (a journal of the social movement), in NY City. 

"Vorwaerts Alle! Und mit den Armen und dem Herzen, mit dem Wort und demStift, dem Messer und dem Gewehr, der Ironie und dem Fluch, dem Raub,der Vergiftung und dem Brand, machen wir... den Krieg gegen dieGesellschaft!"



— Joseph Dejacque

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DejacqueJoseph.htm



10- 31 -1858 -- France: George Mathias Paraf-Javal lives. Intransigent individualist. 

A founder of "Ligue Antimilitariste" &, with E. (Ernest) Armand, the anarchist colony at Vaux (1902-07, with 400 members [See also Armand's article, "A Visit to L'Anarchie", at the Stan Iverson Archives]). Wrote for "Libertaire," & the author of numerous booklets such as Les faux droits de l'homme et les vrais (1907), as well as math & physics (published in Spanish for Francisco Ferrer's Escuela Moderna). 

1- 10 -1859 -- Spain: Radical educator & anarchist, Francisco Ferrer lives, Alello. Hated by the Catholic Church & the government, he was murdered in a ditch by Spanish police.


5- 15 -1859 -- Pierre Fauvet lives, Saint-Etienne. French anarchist, member of groups in Saint-Etienne who organized & organizer of tours in the region for Sébastien Faure.



8- 7 -1859 -- France: Emile Hugonnard (aka Michel) lives, Lyon. 

Militant anarchist implicated in the famed "Lawsuit of the 66" & member of the "groupe de la Guillottière" in Lyon.

[Details, click here]

10- 12 -1859 -- US: HE abolishes Congress.

anarchistHis Imperial Majesty, Norton I, has issued the following edict, which he desires the Bulletin to spread before the world. Let her rip!

It is represented to us that the universal suffrage, as now existing through the Union, is abused; that fraud & corruption prevent a fair & proper expression of the public voice; that open violation of the laws are constantly occurring, caused by mobs, parties, factions & undue influence of political sects; that the citizen has not that protection of person & property which he is entitled to by paying his pro rata of the expense of Government--in consequence of which, WE do hereby abolish Congress, & it is therefore abolished; & WE order & desire the representatives of all parties interested to appear at the Musical Hall of this city on the first of February next, & then & there take the most effective steps to remedy the evil complained of.

— October 1859

http://www.notfrisco.com/colmatales/norton/norton2.html

10- 14 -1859 -- France: Francois-Claudius Koeningstein lives, (Oct. 14, 1859 -- July 11, 1892), aka Ravachol, Saint Chamond (the Loire). Anarchist bandit & advocate of "propaganda of the deed," the subject of popular myth & song ("La Ravachole, sur l'air de la Carmagnole").



"Let us have no more suicides from weariness, which come like a final sacrifice crowning all those that have gone before. Better one last laugh, à la Cravan, or one last song, à la Ravachol."



— Raoul Vaneigem, The Revolution of Everyday Life

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet2.html#11

In the 1880s, Pissarro joined a younger generation of artists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, & his own son Lucien, in adopting the Neo-Impressionist technique, which used the claims of science to support a new style of painting. 

[Details & links, click here]



3- 23 -1860 -- France: Andre Girard (known as Max Buhr) (1860-1942) lives, in Bordeaux. Anarchist militant & trade unionist. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AndreGirard.htm


8- 10 -1860 -- France: Jules Leroux lives (1860-1926). Militant anarchist cooperativist. Founded a working coop of shoe makers in Amiens. Began manufacturing in 1902 & in 1906, becomes the "Société coopérative de production à bases socialistes". Forced to close in 1914, they resumed activity with the end of the war, animated by Jules Leroux.


10- 12 -1860 -- France: Emile Pouget lives.

Pouget gets an eight-year prison sentence for his participation with anarchist Louise Michel in unemployed activities when bakeries were plundered. He also founded, February 24, 1889, "Le Père Peinard" (Lazy Father), one of the four most important French anarchist papers in the period up to WWI. Signatory to the "Charter of Amiens" (1906), endorsed by the CGT. Pouget wrote numerous books & pamphlets, including Direct Action (1910), & Sabotage.

http://www.anarchosyndicalism.org/theory/sab.htm

"Cactus Ed is dead, but Hayduke Lives!"

http://www.ior.com/~mikej/abbey.html

2- 1 -1860 -- France: Michel Zevaco lives (1860-1918), Ajaccio (Corse). Novelist, professor, film director, anticleric, publisher, anarchist.Zevaco wrote many historical swashbuckling novels which are still being printed & made into films. The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre called him a great writer who influenced him greatly. 

Michel Zevaco founded the anarchist weekly magazine "Gueux".He also wrote for Sébastien Faure journal, "Libertaire", & the anarchist newspaper "La Renaissance", edited "l'Anticlérical", & in 1900 Zevaco's famous cloak & dagger novels Les Pardaillanof, began to be serialized in the daily newspapers to great popular success. 

[Details, click here]

2- 26 -1861 --

The father is silent... 

Oh God, there is no God!



       — Multatuli 

alias Eduard Douwes Dekker, 
from "The Prayer of the Ignorant", 
The Hague, 26 February 1861, 
published in "De Dageraad", 1861. anarchist author

http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/multatuli.htm

2- 28 -1861 -- Antoine Cyvoct lives (1861-1930). French anarchist, Lyons militant. Wrongly accused of being the author of the bombing of the Bellecour Theatre restaurant in Lyon on October 22, 1882. 

Antoine Cyvoct was also a defendant in the "Trial of the 66," (see 28 January 1883) & sentenced to five years in prison. Cyvoct had taken refuge in Switzerland & Belgium but was extradited to France in 1883, tried for the October 22 attack, & sentenced to death, despite the court's failure to prove he was responsible. His sentence was commuted to forced labor. Despite a massive campaign by the anarchists in 1895 to gain his release, Cyvoct was not amnestied until March 1898. This same year, Cyvoct was nominated for the legislative elections, "To draw attention to the cases of the anarchists remaining in prison."

Cyvoct then worked in the bookstore business, & gave talks in the anarchist circles on living conditions in the prisons.

4- 23 -1861 -- Ricardo Mella, Spanish anarchist, lives (1861-1925).

Segarra, Agusti Cuadernos, FEDERICO URALES Y RICARDO MELLA,Anagrama, 1977. 128p.

... "El socialismo anarquista" de Ricardo Mella. es tracta d alguns capítols del seu llibre "IDEARIO" que ens semblen molt interessants i actuals per el seu ... pages

http://www.galeon.com/ateneosant/Ateneo/Biografias/Mella.html
http://membres.lycos.fr/artnono/french/anarchie/espagne/
http://www.cesga.es/ciug/grupostraballo/03/pxs_03.html
http://www.blues.uab.es/fac.com/periodisme/periodis/trebrecer/puialto.htm

4- 28 -1861 -- Germany: Henry Bauer lives, Grentel. German-American anarchist. 

Bauer emigrated to the US in 1890, where he worked as a carpenter in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He became involved with the anarchist movement there following the events following the Haymarket bombing in Chicago (where anarchists were framed). In 1893 Henry Bauer was arrested & sent to prison for five years for distributing leaflets during the Homestead Strike, where Alexander Berkman had attempted to assassinate Henry Frick.




http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/7672/homestead.html  http://www.homestead.com/homefront/redemma.html http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/HomesteadStrike1892/ http://iberia.vassar.edu/1896/strikes.html http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/gilded/sld064.htm

Sing ho, for we know you, Carnegie; God help us & save us, we know you too well; You're crushing our wives & you're starving our babies; In our homes you have driven the shadow of hell. Then bow, bow down to Carnegie, Ye men who are slaves to his veriest whim; If he lowers your wages cheer, vassals, then cheer. Ye Are nothing but chattels & slaves under him. — 2nd verse, "A Man Named Carnegie," anonymous, California, 7 July 1892

5- 24 -1861 -- Leo Tolstoy, visits Turgenev, is shown proofs of Fathers & Sons. Tolstoy, after skimming a few pages, fell asleep as Turgenev looked on.
anarchist http://photocollect.com/under400/tolstoi.html


6- 5 -1861 -- Russia: Mikhail Bakunin, famous Russian anarchist militant, escapes from Siberia.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin


6- 26 -1861 -- Felix Feneon lives. Feneon, the art critic, anarchist & friend of Seurat, Paul Signac, Theo van Rysselberghe, Henri-Edmond Cross (Daily Bleed Page), Andre Gide, et al.


• Félix Fénéon, Aesthete & Anarchist in Fin-de-siècle Paris. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in biography. French edition, Paris: Gallimard, Feb. 1991.
  
• Felix Feneon & the Language of Art Criticism, ser. Studies in the Fine Arts: Criticism, No. 6. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1980.
  
• Félix Fénéon, OEuvres Plus que complètes vol. I Chroniques d'art; vol. II: Les Lettres, les Moeurs, edited with an introduction by Joan U. Halperin. Geneva: Droz, 1970.

  

• Presentation by Halperin: "Inventing Neo-Impressionism: Seurat & Félix Fénéon," Symposium, Seurat, the Last Landscapes, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Nov. 3, 1990. http://gaelnet.stmarys-ca.edu/about.smc/faculty/halperin/
  

  




Standing from left to right: Felix Feneon, Henri Gheon. Seated, left to right: Feliz Le Dantec, Emile Verhaeren, Francis Viele-Griffen, Henri-Edmond Cross, Andre Gide, Maurice Maeterlinck.
http://www.kalin.lm.com/gide.html

At the exhibition at the Grand Palais: there is a documentary side to all exhibitions that look at both painters & writers. 

Verhaeren was painted by many of the artists he knew, notably by Theo van Rysselberghe (his Pointillist portrait is at the Orsay show). The same painter's ''La Lecture'' (1903) could be seen as the key to the whole show, as Verhaeren reads to a small group that includes the Frenchmen Andre Gide & Felix Feneon as well as the Belgian Maurice Maeterlinck, whose ''Pelleas et Melisande'' was the basis for Debussy's opera.

"OK, then, let's think of agricultural machinery, many kitchen appliances, a karateka's fist, a guard dog, a motor boat, a seadoo, a bow, a chainsaw, any electrical or gaz appliance, a bicycle, a vibro-masseur, many sado-masochist appliances, a penis*, etc, etc.

 — *To anarchist Felix Feneon charged with illegally carying a firearm, the judge said: 

"You know you had on you everything you need to commit a murder?" 

Feneon replied: 

"Yes, but I also had on me everything I needed to commit a rape."

http://www.iht.com/IHT/KK/98/kk032297.html

11- 16 -1861 -- Arvid Järnefelt lives. Finnish writer, pacifist, lawyer & farmer, influenced by anarchist Leo Tolstoy's Christian thinking & philosophy. Met Tolstoy in Moscow & translated his works into Finnish. Arvid's brother Armas (1869-1958) famed as a composer & conductor, & brother Eero (1863-1937) was a painter.
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/arvidj.htm


12- 7 -1861 -- Algeria: Han Ryner lives (1861-1938), Nemours. French teacher, anticlerical, pacifist, anarchist, philosopher (called a "contemporary Socrates"). Lecturer & speaker of talent, Ryner collaborated with many reviews as well. Writer of a rich & varied work whose principal books are: Le crime d'obéir (1900), L'homme fourmi (1901), Les voyages de Psychodore (1903), Le sphinx rouge; Le père Diogène (1920), Bouche d'or, patron des pacifistes (1934), etc. Married to poet/author Georgette Ryner.
[Details, click here]


12- 27 -1861 -- England: Michael Bakunin, the Russian anarchist, arrives in London.

In June Bakunin contrives to escape Siberia, arrives in Nikolavsk in July, sails on the Strelok to Kastri where he boards an American merchant ship, Vickery, to Hakodate, Japan. Next he makes his way to Yokohama, &, in October, sails to San Francisco. In November he crosses to New York, & from there to London.



"Nothing is more dangerous for man's private morality than the habit of command. The best man, the most intelligent, disinterested, generous, pure, will infallibly & always be spoiled at this trade. Two sentiments inherent in power never fail to produce this demoralization; they are: contempt for the masses & the overestimation of one's own merits."

http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/writings/index.htm


6- 4 -1861 -- During this month Michael Bakunin contrives to escape Siberia, arrives in Nikolavsk in July, sails on the Strelok to Kastri where he boards an American merchant ship, Vickery, to Hakodate, Japan. Next he makes his way to Yokohama, &, in October, sails to San Francisco. In November he crosses to New York, & on December 27, 1861 he arrived in London.anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin; Mikhail Bakunin

"I'm not going to get into the ring with Tolstoy."

— Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

"Hemingway was a jerk."

— Harold Robbins

http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/anarchism.html

"Pour faire passer la révolution, comme un fer rouge, à travers ce siècle, une seule chose est à faire : démolir l'Autorité. (...) Que chacun s'interroge et qu'il dise si c'est de gré ou de force qu'il supporte qu'un autre se proclame son maître et agisse comme tel."

— in Jours d'exil, 1853-1855



Good souls of the dominant language, it is you who incite to murder, hatred, pillage & civil war. In the shadow of a cruel & ridiculous spectacle arises the old war of the poor against the rich, which today, masked & falsified by ideological refraction, is the war of the poor who want to stay poor & the poor who want to stop being poor. — Raoul Vaneigem, 1972, Terrorism or Revolution, an introduction to Ernest Coeurderoy  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#22 http://www.lelibraire.com/din/aut.php?Id=3028

Sentenced to two years prison & a strong fine, for a lecture tour in 1891 advocating the General Strike. 

He formed the anarchist group "La Revanche Fourmisienne." Forced into exile in Belgium & England, when he returned to France, he was sent to prison for five years.

In 1914 he aligns with Jean Grave & the "Manifesto of the Sixteen."

Wrote Souvenirs du bagne (1903) & Après le bagne. Died early November 1918.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#19

http://www.worldzone.net/ss/awg/visualart/awgartrysselberghe.htm


12- 17 -1862 -- Urbain Gohier (Urbain Dégoulet) lives (1862-1951), Versailles. French writer, journalist, lampoonist, antimilitarist, burning supporter of Dreyfus, & writer for the anarchist "Libertaire". Author of L'armée contre la nation (1898), Les prétoriens et la Congrégation & A bas la caserne, etc. Sank gradually into anti-semitism & patriotism, becoming a collaborationist during WWII. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#29


12- 19 -1862 -- Bulgaria: Nicolas Stoïnoff lives, Choumen. The "patriarch" of Bulgarian anarchism; antimilitarist, writer, journalist, teacher, author of several books & many articles. Stoinoff never ceased denouncing the odious crimes of the Soviet occupation during his 101 years. His last book: Un centenaire bulgare parle:

Dave,

I have checked a used book — your stock in trade, I believe. It is in fact a very well used book, the 1961 edition, revised & enlarged, of John Rewald's basic book on Impressionism....

" . . .all were committed to the extreme left. Political matters were of grave concern to them, & their convictions were . . .inseparable from their works."

John Rewald, Post Impressionism



— Wild Bill Koehnline
(Only Bleedster who was president of Oakton College& only Bleedster with an art museum named in his honor, the William A Koehnline Museum)

[Signac was the last painter to join the Impressionist group before it dissolved... Wild Bill's email on Paul Signac & selected associates (Seurat, Paul Adam, Félix Fénéon, Lucien Pissarro), click here]

In his biography of Voltairine de Cleyre (1866-1912), Paul Avrich describes her as "A brief comet in the anarchist firmament."

De Cleyre's anarchism is intimately related to her battle for women's rights, for they have the same root — the hatred oftyranny. Her condemnation of man's dominance over woman led her to condemn marriage & question the wisdom of livingwith the men who were her lovers. Such an arrangement too easily stifled independence. "To me," wrote Voltairine deCleyre, "any dependence, any thing which destroys the complete selfhood of the individual, is in the line of slavery." To her,equality & dignity for both sexes led to anarchism.



— Wendy McElroy, Freedom, Feminism & the State

 http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Cleyre
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet15.htm#Faure
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/afem_kiosk.html
http://www.smokylake.com/Christy/people.htm#D


12- 15 -1866 -- Italy: Luigi Molinari lives.

Molinari was arrested & convicted by a military tribunal as instigator of an insurrection in Lunigiana in 1894, where armed bands of anarchists supported Sicilian victims of the State of Siege (the government was repressing revolts against increased flour prices.) Molinari was sentenced to 23 years in prison, but was released in 1895 as the result of massive protests.



2- 27 -1867 -- Paulin Mailfait (1867-1927) lives, Charleville. Ardennes anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Nicolas Thomassin, Pierre Leroux, etc. Mailfait did 8 months in prison for helping a soldier desert in 1892.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#27


6- 1 -1867 -- Jules Valles, French novelist, journalist, anarchist propagandist, launches the weekly magazine "The Street," involving artists & writers such as Emile Zola & Gustave Courbet before being suppressed. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/VallesJules.htm



9- 25 -1867 -- Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist & mystical anarchist, visits the battlefield of Borodino to visualize the scene 55 years before.



10- 1 -1867 -- Fernand Pelloutier lives (1867-1901), Paris. Socialist who became an anarchist through the influence of Augustin Hamon. Encouraged anarchist participation in the trade unions, which were revolutionary then, favoring direct action, sabotage, the general strike, & rejection of political parties. http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PelloutierFernand.htm

Influenced by Tolstoy, Abramowski called himself a "state-rejecting socialist." In his most important work developed his concept of a "stateless Socialism". He is considered the founder of the Polish co-operative movement, promoting economic associations & initiatives. In 1916 he was given a chair in Experimental Psychology at the University of Warsaw.
[Details, click here]

Daily Bleed Saint, December 12. First woman explorer of Tibet & its mysteries. Successively & simultaniously anarchist, singer, feminist, explorer, writer, lecturer, photographer, buddhist, architect, mail artist, sanskrit grammarian & Centenarian.

If "heaven is the Lord's," the earth is the inheritance of man, & that consequently any honest traveller has the right to walk as he chooses, all over that globe which is his.

 — Alexandra David-Neel, France, My Journey to Lhasa

At age 55, Alexandra David-Neel was the first European woman to venture into Lhasa. Disguising herself as a pilgrim, this Frenchwoman journeyed into Tibet's "forbidden city" in 1932.

"David-Neel was exceptional. Not only were independent women travelers like her unusual, but Europeans versed in Sanskrit and Buddhist philosophy, who also spoke Tibetan & could communicate with those they met, were extremely rare..."
 — Dalai Lama

http://home.fireplug.net/~rshand/reflections/buddha.html



7- 4 -1868 -- Switzerland: The Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin moves to Geneva, & joins the Geneva section of the International Workingmen's Association.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail


9- 25 -1868 -- Mikhail Bakunin founds the anarchist International Alliance of Socialist Democracy.
[Sources, click here]


9- 28 -1868 -- France: A popular uprising is suppressed in Lyons. The anarchist Michael Bakunin, who had just arrived on the 15th of September, is now forced to flee in the face of an arrest warrant. He hid in Marseilles until October 24, 1870, then sailed from Marseilles back to Locarno (from which had come on September 9).
[Sources, click here]

anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin



1- 24 -1869 -- Spain: In Madrid, Giuseppe Fanelli (sent by Bakunin) gathers the first Spanish group to join the First International & sows the seeds of anarchism among the peasants & workers with lasting effect for over the next century.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html



2- 10 -1869 -- France: Octave Jahn (1869-1917) lives, Cherbourg. Anarchist who founded, with Tortelier & others, the "League of the Anti-patriots" in 1886.

Jahn was an untiring, much-traveled anarchist propagandist, in France, North Africa, Switzerland, England, Spain, & Mexico, where he settled. He participated in the Mexican Revolution, supporting Emiliano Zapata & wrote for the anarchist pressas well as writing the song "Les pieds plats" (The Flat Feet). Jahn was married to the anarchist Salud Borras (daughter of the Spanish anarchist Martin Borras). http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/JahnOctave.htm

3- 30 -1869 -- Anarchist writer/activist Emma Goldman lives, Kaunas, Lithuania. http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/Goldmanarchive.html

5- 21 -1869 -- Hutchins Hapgood lives, Chicago, Illinois. Journalist, author & anarchist. Chronicled the American progressive movement in fiction & journalism. http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/HapgoodHutchins.htm



6- 27 -1869 -- Anarchist rebel, feminist & anti-militarist Emma Goldman lives, Kaunas, Lithuania. http://www.worldmedia.com/manucon/cards/goldman.htm
http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm

8- 4 -1869 --  

EMPEROR NORTON I, greatest & wisest ruler of the United States, abolishes both the Democratic & Republican parties.

"Being desirous of allaying the dissension's of party strife now existing within our realm, [I] do hereby dissolve & abolish the Democratic & Republican parties, & also do hereby decree the disfranchisement & imprisonment, for not more than ten, nor less than five years, to all persons leading to any violation of this our imperial decree."  — San Francisco Herald, August 4, 1869

anarchist http://www.zpub.com/sf/history/nort.html
http://www.notfrisco.com/colmatales/norton/index.html

9- 9 -1869 -- US: Anarchist, Haymarket martyr Louis Lingg lives. Convicted of Haymarket bombing, blew himself up in jail.


[More Details on Haymarket, click here]
http://www.ellaguru.freeserve.co.uk/harris/
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlingg.htm

12- 26 -1869 -- US: Knights of Labor founded.



Though the Knights' central office denounced socialists & anarchists, the Order spawned them; Victor Drury, Joseph Buchanan, Daniel DeLeon, & two of the Haymarket martyrs sharpened their radical teeth in KOL locals. The KOL denounced strikes, but grew when they were won; it called for an end to the wage system, but accepted employers into its ranks. 

Powderly denounced Joseph R. Buchanan as an anarchist in 1888, but apologized four years later when he needed allies to fight Hayes. The fact that Buchanan was an anarchist was secondary to Powderly's quest to maintain personal power.(pg. xviii-xix)



http://www.crocker.com/~acacia/kol_cult.html


See also, Joseph R. Buchanan, THE STORY OF A LABOR AGITATOR. ( Outlook New York. 1903. 1st Edition, Cloth 8vo, 461 pages; Reprint: Westport: Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1970). 

Marlatt, Gene Ronald. "Joseph R. Buchanan: Spokesman for Labor during the Populist & Progressive Eras." 429 p. Ph.D. dissertation, U of Colorado, 1975.

Buchanan published the Western labor paper, the LABOR ENQUIRER & led its supporting group, the Rocky Mountain Social League. He was also an anarchist who affiliated with the Black International & led one of the first American divisions (Rocky Mountain).

Labor Enquirer (Chicago)
120p.5, 121 p.1, 125p.5, 129p.1, 135p.1. See also Buchanan, Joseph R. (editor).




1- 20 -1869 -- During this month secret "Alliance" (International Brotherhood, or the Alliance of Revolutionary Socialists), founded in 1866 by the revolutionary anarchist Michael Bakunin, is dissolved.
http://www.iisg.nl/news/bakunincd.html



8- 21 -1869 -- France: Fortuné Henry lives, Limeil-Brévannes. Militant anarchiste, orator, antimilitarist, founder of the famed Colony of Aiglemont, where his friend André Mournier ("The Agronomist") developed practical methods for large scale agriculture. Fortuné Henry was the French delegate to the founding congress of "l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste" (A.I.A.) in Amsterdam in 1904.

"Faisons donc des petits essais, qui eux-mêmes vivant l'intensive vie de l'alvéole, pourront plus tard se fédérer pour consacrer définitivement le succès de la démonstration." in Le Libertaire (1903).

  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout3.html#21
http://www.net08.fr/alicia/journaux/journ12.htm

1- 9 -1870 -- France: Russian anarchist Alexander Herzen dies, Paris. Strongly influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & other anarchists. He helped finance his close friend Mikhail Bakunin's escape from Tsarist Russia. http://www.hinet.hr/kosta-krauth/anarchists/herzen_alexander.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/anarchismEncyBrit.htm
http://www.cyber-nation.com/victory/quotations/authors/quotes_herzen_alexander.html

3- 6 -1870 -- Eugene Humbert, French anarchist militant & companion of Jeanne Humbert, lives, in Metz. Also a pacifist & néo-Malthusian. Humbert was killed in prison during WWII Allied bombing, the day before his scheduled release. Jeanne Humbert wrote a biography of their lives.

See the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/EugeneHumbert.htm

Anarchist theorist influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & Peter Kropotkin, & a pacifist influenced by Leo Tolstoy's anarchist-pacifism. 

Daily Bleed Saint, May 2. Landauer, along with Ret Marut (aka B. Traven, the novelist) & Erich Muhsam were part of the Workers' Councils which, on this day in 1919, declared a Workers' Republic in Bavaria -- in spite of the opposition of the Communists. 

On May 2, 1919, he was shot down in the street by soldiers, sent by the Socialist Gustav Noske, to subdue the Bavarian insurrection. Landauer wrote The Revolution (1908) & Call to Socialism (1911), etc. 

"The State is a condition, a certain relationship between human beings, a mode of human behavior; we destroy it by contracting other relationships, by behaving differently."

       — Gustav Landauer



See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LandauerGustav.htm

Segaud was an anarchist in Roanne, a member of "Les révoltés" & correspondent for Emile Pouget's "Père Peinard". Persecuted for his activities, in 1891 he took refuge in Luxembourg & England, returning in 1903 to head the syndicat des ouvriers couvreurs in Roanne.

See, in French, Ephéméride anarchiste,
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#16

Berkman's Prison Memoirs has gone through numerous editions & reprints, including one prefaced by poet Kenneth Rexroth.

Berkman also wrote one of the earliest expose/denunciations of the failure of the Russian Revolution in The Bolshevik Myth (1921). He also provided his lifelong pal Emma Goldman with his own writing & research materials & helped her with editing her books.  Nestor Makhno & Alexander Berkman hanging out...up to no good no doubt. "Free thought, necessarily involving freedom of speech & press, I may tersely define thus: no opinion a law — no opinion a crime."        — Alexander Berkman http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html

12- 15 -1870 -- France: Achille Daude lives (1870-1963), Bancel, Gard. French anarchist, trade unionist & especially involved in co-operatives.See the Anarchist Encyclopedia Gallery page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DaudeAchille.htm



11- 30 -1870 -- France: Henri Beylie lives, Paris. Militant anarchist, antimilitarist & naturalist. 

Henri Beylie helped found the Ligue antimilitariste, which became a part of the Association Internationale Antimilitariste. He participated in the antimilitarist congress of 1904, in Amsterdam, then in that of August 1907 which followed on the heels of the International Anarchist Congress, in which he also assisted. 

Beylie helped rebuild the anarchist movement foloowing WWI & helped publish & direct "Libertaire". 

[Details, click here]




6- 4 -1870 -- During this month Michael Bakunin breaks relations with Segei Nechaev. anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin; Mikhail Bakunin http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin


8- 2 -1870 -- During this month [I don't have exact date & place] the anarchist
Mikhail Bakunin is expelled from the Geneva section of the International due to his support for the Jura faction. Karl Marx, after a long concerted smear campaign against him, will succeed in having him expelled along with James Guillaume in 1872. To maintain dictatorial control of the International, Marx also moved its General council to NY, away from the membership.
[Source, click here]


9- 9 -1870 -- Switzerland: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin leaves Locarno for Lyons (arrives Sept 15) where he will be just in time for yet another uprising.
[Sources, click here]


9- 15 -1870 -- France: Mikhail Bakunin arrives in Lyons, from Locarno; within two weeks a popular uprising breaks out. Suppressed, an arrest warrant is issued for the anarchist & he is forced to flee to hiding in Marseilles.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail


9- 27 -1870 -- France: Louise Michel is relased from jail. She will be arrested again in December.

On 14th July 1870, war broke out between France & Germany. It was duringthis time that Louise Michel was arrested for the first time. She had organised agroup of volunteers to go to aid Strasbourg in one last stand against the Prussian armies. She was released today, but Strasbourg had just fallen to the Prussians... 

[Details, click here]

anarchist




10- 24 -1870 -- France: Mikhail Bakunin completes the circle, sailing from Marseilles to Locarno. anarchist; (alt sp: Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin, Mihail Aleksandrovic, Aleksandrovich, Mikhail, Mihkail Bakounine) 

On September 9, 1870 Bakunin had left Locarno & arrived in Lyons Sept 15. Within two weeks a revolt broke out, but was suppressed. An arrest warrant was issued, & he went into hiding in Marseilles until he was able to escape today.

[Sources, click here]

1- 22 -1871 -- France: For the first time anarchist Louise Michel, armed with a rifle, takes a shot against the Breton mobiles of Trochu in front of the Town hall.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

1- 25 -1871 -- Emile Roger lives, France. Ardennes anarchist, member of "Les desherities" & "Les libertaires de Nouzon". Correspondent for the newspaper "La guerre sociale", died in 1917 during the war.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#25


1- 30 -1871 -- Stoyanov Parachkef (1871-1941) lives, Giurgiu. Significant figure of Rumanian & Bulgarian anarchism. 

While studying medicine in Switzerland Parachkef aligned with Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus, etc., & founded the first libertarian group in Romania. In 1890, in Paris, he signed an antimilitarist manifesto & was forced out of France but continued a large, active correspondence with Louise Michel. Named professor of surgery at the University of Sofia in 1918, he continued collaborating with the Bulgarians -- Stoinoff, Kilifarski, etc -- & with libertarian publications & the clandestine activities of the movement. Died in November 1941. alt; Elisee Recluse; Reclus, Elisée http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#30

3- 17 -1871 -- Louise Michel takes an active part in the business of the guns of the national guard on the Montmartre Hillock. After the proclamation of the Commune, the French anarchist works primarily with social & teaching issues.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html

3- 18 -1871 -- France: Paris Commune begins. Starts as resistance to occupying German troops & betrayal by big bourgeois. 

1,000 women successfully blockade cannons. The Commune is the first real experiment in worker self-management, occurring with the sympathetic cooperation of the petty bourgeoisie.

The uprising is suppressed two months later.

"The Commune was the biggest festival of the 19th century..."

--- Debord, Kotanyi & Vaneigem, "Theses on the ParisCommune", March 18, 1962.



Groups of insurgent are spread throughout the city -- the authorities frightened, the revolutionists acting in concert. Blanquistes propose a march on Versailles to get rid of the government, but unfortunately their proposal is not adopted.




• "Theses on the Paris Commune" online at http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/Pariscommune.htm

  Hippolyte Havel, http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet26.htm#HAVELProletarian Days, is from the anarchist paper, "Mother Earth", March 1908

  

• "The Lessons of the Paris Commune" by the communist Alexander Trachtenberg is on line at dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tracutenberg/pariscommune.html

  

• See also The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left, Schulkind (ed.)

   http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/paris.html
  
  

"Je regarde comme nuisible à l'Humanité tous les individus qui aspirent à gouverner les autres sous une forme quelconque et surtout ceux qui causent la misère des travailleurs en accaparant les richesses que ces derniers produisent". 


• See article, "Emile Digeon & Socialism in the Narbonnais," by Christopher Guthrie, in the British journal "French History," Winter 1998 issue.
  http://www.le.ac.uk/hi/bon/resources/FRENCH_HIST/Abstracts/Abs172.html
  
• In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#24

On March 24, with news of the Parisian insurrection, the people of Narbonne had invaded City Hall, distributed the weapons, & Digeon had proclaimed the Narbonne Commune, which lasted until overwhelmed by the army yesterday. 

Digeon, a revolutionary journalist/anarchist, was tried, but found innocent on the charges against him & released, November 13.


• See article, "Emile Digeon & Socialism in the Narbonnais," by Christopher Guthrie, in the British journal "French History," Winter 1998 issue.
  http://www.le.ac.uk/hi/bon/resources/FRENCH_HIST/Abstracts/Abs172.html
  
• In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste
• Paris Commune, at Pitzer College Anarchist Archives,
  http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html
  

Remember now there were others before;
The sepulchres are full at ford and bridgehead.
There will be children with flowers there,
And lambs and golden-eyed lions there,
And people remembering in the future.

— Kenneth Rexroth, excerpt,
"From the Paris Commune to the Kronstadt Rebellion"(1936) 

[Details, background links, click here]

End of the "Bloody Week" (Semaine Sanglante). The slaughter includes the anarchist bookbinder, Eugene Varlin (1839-1871).


6- 23 -1871 -- Marc Pierrot lives (1871-1950), in Nevers, France. Doctor of medicine, anarchist propagandist. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PierrotMarc.htm



9- 19 -1871 -- France: Second interrogatoire de anarchiste Louise Michel qui est alors transférée à la prison d'Arras.
http://www.ac-creteil.fr/louise/louise/chrono/chrono.htm
http://www.ac-creteil.fr/louise/

9- 22 -1871 -- Shusui Denjiro Kotoku (1871-1911) lives. 

Journalist, writer, one of the most outstanding figures of Japanese anarchism. Imprisoned for articles against the Russo-Japanese war, where he discovered Peter Kropotkin's works. Active in organizing the trade union movement before being arrested January 18, 1911 with 24 others for a plot on the emperor. Kotoku & 11 other anarchists were hanged, including his partner Yugetsu Sugo Kanno. Wrote Imperialism, Monster of the 20th century. 
See John Crump’s The Anarchist Movement in Japan http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/japanbiblio.html

For Cafiero, "One cannot be... anarchist without being communist... For the least idea of limitation contains already... the germs of authoritarianism."Bakunin began the translation of Marx's Capital into Russian & Carlo Cafiero published a summary of the same work in Italian.

"Freedom without Socialism is privilege & injustice, & Socialism without freedom is slavery & brutality"



— Michael Bakunin

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/rbr1_marxstat.html

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html


4- 5 -1871 -- France: Élisée Reclus, serving in the National Guard, now in open revolt, during the Paris Commune, is taken prisoner. On the 16th of November he is sentenced to transportation for life; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer & anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition, page 957-8.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#ReclusElisee


11- 16 -1871 -- France: Élisée Reclus is sentenced to transportation for life for his role in the Paris Commune; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer & anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition, page 957.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#ReclusElisee


6- 5 -1871 -- France: Michele Angiolillo lives.UPDATE refuses the last sacraments & is garrotted in the prison yard.dit José Sants, dit Rinaldini, à Foggia (Italie).Anarchiste italien, adepte de la propagande par le fait.Enrôlé dans l'armée en 1894, il devient anarchiste à la lecture de brochures militantes et prend partà des actions de protestation contre le gouvernement. Condamné à 18 mois de prison pour lapublication d'articles jugés subversifs, il s'enfuit d'Italie et trouve refuge à Marseille, où il apprendle métier de typographe. En septembre 1895, il se rend à Barcelone sous le nom de José Sants ettravaille à l'imprimerie de la revue anarchiste "Ciencia Social". Détenu après l'attentat de la rueCambios Nuevos, il retourne ensuite à Marseille. Mais il est expulsé en Belgique par la policefrançaise qui le soupçonne de préparer un attentat. A Bruxelles, il adhère à un syndicat detypographe. En 1896, il se rend à Londres (où il se lie d'amitié avec Malatesta), puis à Lisbonne,Paris et finalement Madrid, où il rencontre le libre-penseur José Nakens.Le 8 août 1897, dans la station balnéaire de Santa Agueda (Pays basque) il tue de quatre coups derévolver le président du Conseil espagnol, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, politicien réactionnaire,responsable de la torture et de l'exécution des anarchistes à Montjuich (Barcelone), et se laissearrêter. Jugé le 14 et le 15 août, il est condamné à mort et exécuté au garrot vil le 20 août 1897,dans la prison de Vergara.

"That smile of his, full of light, life & dawn, expired there on the horrifying garrotte: 
GERMINAL!"

Paris, December 9, 1893: Auguste Vaillant threw a nail bomb from the second row of the public gallery in the Palais Bourbon into the chamber: twenty deputies were slightly injured.

Havel wrote for Goldman's Mother Earth, & wrote biographies of fellow anarchists such as the walking she-devil, Emma Goldman (he was one of her lovers), Harry Kelly & Voltairine de Cleyre, along with various reviews & booklets. 

Havel also edited "Revolt", the "Revolutionary Almanac", & also "Open Vistas", with Joseph Ishill.

Just before WWI he opened, with his anarchist companion Polly, a restaurant in NY City's Bohemian Greenwich Village which was a great meeting place for artists & intellectuals.

Proletarian Days
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout2.html#13

The conference ends on August 6, having created an Italian Federation within the First International & adopting its consitution, but in opposition to the general council in London (Marxist), & refusing to take part in the Congress of the Hague planned for September 2. 

In so doing, the Italian Federation presages the future split of the First International between the authoritarian (Marxists/statist) & antiauthoritarian (anarchist/antistatist) wings. In aligning with the latter, the A.I.T. lays the groundwork which gives rise to a vast organized anarchist movement for many decades to come.

The delegates, representing 21 cities, include Carlo Cafiero, Andrea Costa, Giuseppe Fanelli, Errico Malatesta, etc.

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#4

Militant anarchist, writer, advocate of libertarian naturalism (anarchists were pioneers of naturism / nudity; Andre Lorulot, Eugene Humbert, E.Armand, Ch. Auguste Bontemps were other advocates); employed by the Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Nord from 1897, dismissed in 1915 because of his antipatriotic article in Bataille syndicaliste Paris; wrote articles for a large number of anarchist periodicals in France, other European countries & North & South America, especially for Le Libertaire; his editorships included L'Humanité nouvelle 1895-1898, L'Etat naturel 1894-1898 & La Vie naturelle Paris 1907-1920.
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/z/10777653.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre1.html#2

Bonometti was first sent to prison in March 1892 where, to the delight of many -- & the consternation of certain others -- he regaled everyone with his anarchist songs & anti-monarchist views.

Apparently, however, he must have won over his jailors, as they insisted on his presence numerous times, & he again graced Italy's jails in August 1892, November 1893, February 1894, & April 1895. They sought to have him back many other times over the years, forcing him into exile in France, England & Switzerland. He did end up back in prison in Italy during WWII, but was eventually allowed to live under "house arrest" -- during which time he used his home for clandestine anti-fascist activities & the recruitment of fighters for the underground partisan movement.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BonomettiEttore.htm

9- 2 -1872 -- Hague Congress of the First International, September 2-7, 1872. 

It is here that Marx & Engels determine it is better to kill the International than allow the growing anti-authoritarian influence to gain control. Under the thumb of Karl Marx, the Congress confirms the principal resolutions of the London Conference & takes to task the anarchists for their "divisive" activity. It expels their leaders Mikhail Bakunin & James Guillaume from the International on the 7th, & resolves to move the seat of the General Council to New York, effectively killing it.




3- 25 -1873 -- Rudolf Rocker lives. Daily Bleed Saint, 13 September. American immigrant anarchist leader Rudolf Rocker was an anarcho-syndicalist theorist, organizer, anti-fascist. A Gentile, he became involved in the Jewish anarchist movement. Learned Yiddish, lived in the Jewish community, & was the lifelong companion of Milly Witcop. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/RockerRudolf.htm



4- 2 -1873 -- France: Anarchist Luigi Luccheni lives, in Paris, to an Italian mother. Notably, on September 10, 1898, Luccheni stabs the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria " Sissi," in Geneva, using a frayed file, as a symbolic blow against "the persecutors of the workers". 
The Swiss courts sentenced him to forced labor. He was found hung in prison in 1910.


4- 22 -1873 -- France: Luigi Lucheni lives. An adherent of "propaganda by the deed," he killed the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LucheniLuigi.htm



5- 11 -1873 -- Charles Achille Simon (aka Biscuit, Ravachol II) lives, Loiret. French anarchist. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#11


6- 1 -1873 -- Albert Laisant lives (1873-1928). Son of Charles Ange Laisant (1841-1920). Introduced to anarchist ideas by Sebastien Faure & turns the whole family into anarchists, including his father & his two sons, Maurice & Charles. Also devoted to freemasonry.


6- 5 -1873 -- Spain: Proclamation of the first Republic. 

After the fall of King Amédée of Savoy (caused partly by the anarchist agitation of the workmen & rural poor in Andalusia), the Catalan federalist Pi i Margall, author & translator of the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, becomes President. He proposes a decentralized federalist system, separation of church & state, & redistribution of the land favorable to the peasants in the rural communities, but the Monarchist reaction brutally moves against his revolutionary aspirations. 

Andalusia & several cities in the southeast establish a libertarian federalism, but with the resignation of Pi y Margall, the Carlist reaction resumes power. The town of Carthagène resists for during several months.



"(...) our principle is the absolute sovereignty of the individual; our final goal is the total destruction power & its replacement by the contract; our means is decentralization & the continuing transformation of the existing powers."

— Pi y Margall, in The Reación & the Revolución (1854)

http://www.etext.org/Politics/Spunk/library/writers/rocker/sp001495/rocker_as6.html

6- 18 -1873 -- Marie Capderoque (Marion Bachmann) lives, Lyon, France. Syndicalist, feminist, anarchist. Discovered anarchism through Sebastien Faure, in 1891; in 1893 Capderoque founded the "Comité d'études des femmes socialistes révolutionnaires" before she was forced by tuberculosis to cease her activities.

See the Italian song, L'interrogatorio di Sante Caserio,
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/songs.html

http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/costantini/index.html


9- 8 -1873 --  

Switzerland: Geneva tea lloc 6è Congrés of fracció Marxist of l'AIT, from the 8 to the 13th.

anarchist

This follows upon the conclusion of the Congrés of fracció Bakuninista of l'AIT, held from 1st to the 7th. [Source: Congressos Obrers] The The Belgian Federal Council, because of various arrests, proposed to invite the Jurassian Federation to convene the general congress -- hence the Geneva Congress held in September, 1873.  [Background, click here]




10- 12 -1873 -- Switzerland: The famed Russian revolutionary, Mikhail Bakunin retires from the struggle & resigns from the anarchist Jura Federation. 



1- 5 -1874 -- Léon Jules Leauthier lives, Manosque. Anarchist shoe-maker who stabbed & seriously wounded the Minister of Serbia. Sentenced to life, Leauthier was killed during a prison uprising at ïles du Salut (October 1894).
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre2.html#13


4- 14 -1874 -- Josiah Warren dies, Boston Massachusetts. Author of True Civilization & Equitable Commerce.

Warren founded several “equity” stores, based on the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor & the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He established three utopian colonies; the most successful (1851–c.1860) was Modern Times (now Brentwood), Long Island, N.Y. 

See William Bailie, Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist (1906). See also James J. Martin's bibliographical essay in his Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908.

 http://cedar.evansville.edu/~ck6/bstud/warren.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/warren/warren.html

Chesterton's novel The Man Who Was Thursday is a blatant articulation of populist & imperialist ideology that treats anarchism as a threat to the British way of life exemplified by the figure of the "common man." This construction is further determined by anarchism's articulation within the context of Catholic ideology as a form of spiritual fakery associated with the demonic".

 http://www.chesterton.org/
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gkchest.htm

Marestan settled in Paris, was involved in anarchist groups, contributing to Sébastien Faure's "Le Libertaire" & his Anarchist Encyclopaedia, & also Libertad's "L'Anarchie". He also lectured & still further, wrote for Eugene Humbert's paper "Génération consciente" & collaborated on Jeanne Humbert's "La Grande Réforme". 

Marestan was imprisoned during WWII as a "suspect intellectual".

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai4.html#31

In 1910, Elosu became president of the League of the Humans Rights in Bayonne. Collaborated with numerous libertarian papers, as well as contributing to Sebastien Faure's 'Encyclopédie Anarchiste. A pacifist, Elosu was imprisoned during WWII as a "communist" & died in prison in 1941 of pneumonia. Author of L'amour infécond (1908).

This trial is simultaneous with Malatesta's trial at Trani. The good news from Trani (most acquitted) cheers up everybody at Florence.


See Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist by Max Nettlau.



8- 1 -1875 -- François-Henri Jolivet lives (1875-1955), Paris. French working poet, anarchist & pacifist songster. 

Jolivet joined the revolutionary singers, "La Muse Rouge" (at age 17), participated in the worker festival, "Vache Enragée" of Montmartre, the pacifist "La Patrie Humaine", etc.

In the 1920s he frequented the "Musée du Soir" of Henry Poulaille, who wrote the preface to his collection, Chansons Sociales et Satiriques (1956). 

Encouraged by Edith Piaf, Jolivet continued appearing in the cabarets of Montmartre until the end of his life, on October 31, 1955.



"PAPIERS A CUL

Un jour souffrant et tout pâle
D'une colique autoritaire,
Je me suis servi de mon livret militaire.
N'allez pas m'accuser ici
De façon trop peu délicate,
Ils usent à peu près ainsi
De leurs traités, les diplomates."(...)

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#1

Secretary of la fédération communiste anarchiste (1913), manager of "libertaire", & participant in the newspaper "Le réveil Anarchiste ouvrier", from 1912 to the end of 1913. 

[Details, click here]

Errico Malatesta had been tossed in prison, then tried, along with six others, at Trani (Apulia) in 1875 & acquitted. 

On August 29 Carlo Cafiero wrote to Michael Bakunin, 

"The effect of the trial of Malatesta & Co. in the three Apulias is incredible. 

The jury — the richest men of the province even — immediately after the verdict shook hands with the accused who were received in triumph".

Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist.

The liberty of man consists solely in this: that he obeys natural laws because he has himself recognized them as such, & not because they have been externally imposed upon him by any extrinsic will whatever, divine or human, collective or individual.

"No theory, no ready-made system, no book that has ever been written will save the world.

I cleave to no system. I am a true seeker."

— Mikhail Bakunin

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Bakunin

In the Spring of 1877, Parsons ran for Chicago County Clerk, receiving 7,963 votes. 

In 1878, the Trades Assembly of Chicago was organized & Parsons elected its first president. He was also the first workingman nominated by workingmen to run for the office of President of the United States in 1879, as a Labor candidate, but had to decline because he was not yet 35 years-old. 

Later he became an anarchist & was one of the Haymarket Martyrs wrongly hanged.

http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/haymkmon.htm
http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/icon.html

"The effect of the trial of Malatesta & Co. in the three Apulias is incredible. The jury — the richest men of the province even -- immediately after the verdict shook hands with the accused who were received in triumph". The jury was composed of the richest landowners & there was military display. The public prosecutor told the jury verbatim:

If you do not find these men guilty, they will come some day to abduct your wives, violate your daughters, steal your property, destroy the fruits of the sweat of your brows, & you will be left ruined, miserable & branded with dishonor.

The jury after the verdict mixed with the cheering crowd & publicly & privately in Trani the acquitted met with the most cordial expressions of sympathy. If only the government would multiply the trials, Cafiero concludes, they may cost years of prison to some of us, but they will do our cause immense good.

See Daily Bleed, June 17.
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/cafiero/index.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/malatesta/bio.html

"... They were "good guys" & the flics were "baddies" because the Parisians understood that when the chips were down the Bonnot Gang was ultimately on their side & the police with their clubs would be on the other (even in time of war, even in time of foreign occupation)...the Bonnot Gang went down fighting as the last of the Apaches."

[Details, click here]

Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2002 14:02:41 -0500 (EST) 
[.....] Published by Congressional Quarterly and the CQ Daily Monitor:

TODAY'S TRIVIA: The first monkey wrench was produced in 1854 at Bernis & Call in Springfield, Mass., part of the state's 2nd District.

[Of course I have Dec 5, they have the 6th.... Just another monkey in the works(!?) --ed.].

10- 16 -1876 --  

Switzerland: 1876, October 16 - 19th

The Bakuninist (anarchist) section of the IWA (InternationalWorkingman's Association, the first Communist International) meets in Bern.  [Source: Congressos Obrers]




3- 1 -1877 -- Milly Witkop Rocker (1877-1955) lives, Ukraine. Exiled to London, she was an activist in the Jewish anarchist movement among the Lower Eastside sweatshop workers.



There, in 1896, she met Rudolf Rocker who became her lifelong companion. In 1916 she was sentenced to two years in prison for antiwar activities, & in 1918 the Rockers went to Germany, where Milly organized women workers. In 1933, with the Nazi burning of the Reichstag they were forced to the US, where they continued to fight & organize, & were prominent supporters of the revolution in Spain (one of her lifelong intimates was Etta Federn, an educator & poet who helped form "Mujeres Libres" in 1936, & wrote Mujeres de las revoluciones.) 

In 1937, Milly & Rudolf Rocker settled in the anarchist community of Mohegan (NY). 

See Milly Witkop-Rocker, byRudolf Rocker (Berkeley Heights: Oriole Press, 1956. Kennerley & Hadriano types; printed in three colors; blue & gray patterned wrappers with printed label; 5 x 8 inches; 20p. A tribute to Milly Witkop-Rocker by her husband Rudolf.)

http://flag.blackened.net/rocker/
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#1
http://www.graswurzel.net/225/federn.shtmlhttp://www.anarchismus.de/libertaere-tage/lt1993/lt93doku/eroeffnung/anarch-fem.htm

3- 16 -1877 -- France: Antoine Bertrand lives (1877-1964). French anarcho-syndicalist, member of "Free Youth" group. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/BertrandAntoine.htm



3- 17 -1877 -- Austria: Psychoanalyst & libertarian revolutionary Otto Gross (also Grob; also Grob) lives (1877 - 1920), Gniebing near Feldbach in Styria. Involved in the development of psychiatry & psychoanalysis as well as in the modern literature of Expressionism & Dadaism.

anarchistA generation before Wilhelm Reich, Gross was the first analyst to emphasise the dialectical interdependence between individual inner change & collective political change. He tried to live his radical ideas in both his private & professional life -- which he refused to separate -- & thus became unacceptable to those trying to establish the credibility of analysis as a science in the eyes of society & academe.

Less than a year after his death, Anton Kuh wrote of Gross as "a man known only to very few by name -- apart from a handful of psychiatrists [Freud, Jung, et al] & secret policemen -- & among those few only to those who plucked his feathers to adorn their own posteriors." http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/en/heuer_g/gross.html
http://www.ottogross.org/english/BiographicalSurvey.html



3- 21 -1877 -- Anna Strunsky Walling lives. A family story says that because Anna was small at nine her parents misstated her age to get a cheaper ticket, hence much subsequent confusion over her real birthdate, which is today.

In her novel, The Heart's Country (1914), labor journalist Mary Heaton Vorse created a fictional character, Roberta, who concluded that women would be judged far differently than men:

"I fancy that women will have another bar of judgment & that the question asked of us there will be: Have you loved well?" 

For Vorse as for Anna Strunsky Walling, modern dancer Isadora Duncan, anarchist Emma Goldman, salon hostess Mabel Dodge, and many other notable radical women of the 1910s, loving well was critical to their identity, and their accomplishments in the realm of politics and culture palled when compared to their emotional dependence upon men.

In the era of the "new woman," these women still paid homage to the Victorian ideal of subsuming the self in love.

http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/boylan-revolutionary.html

3- 25 -1877 -- Jean-Baptiste Knockaert lives (1857-1957), Tourcoing (northern). French anarcho-syndicalist, communist, then free thinker. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/Jean-BaptisteKnockaert.htm


4- 5 -1877 -- Italy: Debut of the anarchist "Gang of Matese". Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta, & Pietro Cesaré Ceccarelli are among the 26 who will be so-called by the government after the town of Letino declares a social revolution & libertarian communism three days hence.

"Anarchist Evening at the Magic Theatre
 For Madmen Only
 Price of Admission Your Mind"

In 1967 John Lion, a Graduate student at U.C. Berkeley working under the tutelage of Professor Jan Kott, directs Ionesco's THE LESSON at the Steppenwolf Bar. The company names itself "Magic Theatre", from the above passage.

7- 21 -1877 -- US: 30,000 Chicago workers rally on Market Street, by Madison. Speaking to the crowd, Albert Parsons advocates use of the ballot to obtain "state control of the means of production," & urges workers to join the workingmen's party. 

Later armed men came to Parsons' place of work (a socialist newspaper), claiming Mayor Heath wished to see him. 

Reaching city hall, the future anarchist was taken to a room filled with officers, where Police Chief Hickey waited for him.

"He wanted to know who I was, where born, raised, if married & a family, etc. I quietly answered his questions. He then lectured me on the great trouble I had brought upon the city of Chicago...."

This was in July, during a massive railroad strike, sometimes called the Great Upheaval.
http://www.internationalism.org/inter/110_history.htm
http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-831/syllabus.html


12- 23 -1877 -- Luigi Fabbri lives, Fabriano, Italy. Professor, Italian anarchist, theorist, writer. 

Fabbri & Pietro Gori participated in the review "Il pensiero". Contributed to Umanita Nova, an anarchist daily paper published by Errico Malatesta in Milan, along with Gigi Damiani, Camillo Berneri, Nella Giacometti, Armando Borghi, etc. Fabbri escaped the fascist regime in 1926, seeking refuge in France, Belgium, &, finally, after being expelled several times, in Uruguay. In Montevideo he began, in 1930, the review "Studi sociali" (Social Studies), faithfully promulgating the ideas of Malatesta. In addition to writing for many newspapers, he wrote L'organizzazione Operaia e L'anarchia; Dictature et Révolution, etc. Died 1935.

Les anarchistes ont: "Le devoir de s'opposer, même violemment, à la dictature révolutionnaire qui constitue toujours une régression conservatrice."

http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/f/10748404.html
 http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet11.htm#Fabbri
http://www.abanet.it/papini/comunism/indexcl.htm

12- 31 -1877 -- Gustave Courbet (1809-1877) dies. French painter, revolutionary socialist, man of independent character. Leader of the realist school.



Courbet was placed in charge of all art museums under the revolutionary Paris Commune of 1871 & saved the city's collections from looters. 

With the fall of the Commune he was accused of allowing the destruction of Napoleon's triumphal column in the Place Vendôme; he was imprisoned & condemned to pay for its reconstruction, but fled to Vevey, Switzerland, where he died. Camille Pissarro's circle was strongly influenced by Courbet (who painted a portrait of the anarchist Proudhon.) 

Daily Bleed Saint June 10.

http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/courbet/
http://www.lacan.com/courbet.htm

8- 19 -1877 -- Algeria: Pierre Jules Ruff lives (1877-1942), Algiers. Militant anarchist & antimilitarist. Arrested & perished in a Nazi concentration camp. 
[Details, click here]



9- 9 -1877 --  

Belgium: Universal Socialist Congress convenes in Gant, from the 9th-15th.

The 5th Congress of the anarchist Bakuninist section of the International Workingman's Association (IWA, the first Communist International), having concluded yesterday, today this Congress convenes, intent on reunifying the various fractions withing the AIT, organitzat per partits polítics i associacions obreres. Representing the FRE (Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT), as in Verviers, are Trinidad Soriano & González Morago. [Source: Congressos Obrers]

1- 5 -1878 -- France: Nelly Roussel lives. Free thinker, anarchist, feminist. Partner of the sculptor Henri Godet. http://www.unige.ch/lettres/istge/memoires/allegra/Allintro.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#18

2- 11 -1878 -- WhiteWash?: Suprematist painter, anarchist Kazimir Malevich lives, Kiev, Russia. His painting "White on White" will really drive em nuts. http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/malevich/

http://metalab.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/malevich/

3- 24 -1878 -- France: Charles Benoit lives, in Rouen. Revolutionary socialist, then an anarchist. Assisted Jean Grave with his paper "Les temps nouveaux". Created the "propagande par la brochure" group & actively distributed their very inexpensive (& often free) booklets. During WWI Charles Benoît & Andre Girard, broke with Grave over the "The Manifesto of the 16" ("Manifeste de seize", siding with the Allies during WWI), Benoit publishing "La paix par les Peuples" in response. Benoit was also active in the League for Human Rights.
http://www.ilhr.org/


4- 6 -1878 -- France: Andre Mournier (known as "The Agronomist") lives, in Joigny, Yonne. Member of the Colony of Aiglemont founded by Fortuné Henry. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/MournierAndre.htmalt; André Mounier


4- 6 -1878 -- Germany: Erich Muhsam [Muehsam; Mühsam], poet & anarchist militant, lives, Berlin. Assassinated by the Nazis during the night of July 9 / 10, 1934 ( Orianenburg Concentration Camp).






           

	Der deutsche Schriftsteller Erich Mühsam lebte in den Jahren von 1878 bis 1934. Er starb in einem national-sozialistischen KZ (Konzentrationslager). Mühsam gilt als Vertreter eines radikalen Anarchismus. Von ihm stammen expressionistische Gedichte und Dramen.  See the Anarchist Encyclopedia




4- 24 -1878 -- Marie Mayoux (nee Gouranchat) lives (1878-1969); known as Joséphine Bourgon. French teacher, militant revolutionary, pacifist & libertarian trade unionist. See Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/MayouxMarie.htm



5- 9 -1878 -- Neno Vasco (1878-1920) lives. Portuguese lawyer, journalist & anarchist writer.

Vasco was part of a group of students of the University of Coimbra who became anarchists at the start of the century. Active in both Brazil & Portugal, & one of the most influential militant libertarians in those countries.

[Details, click here]

6- 5 -1878 -- Karl Eduard Nobiling (1848-1878) dies. Doctor of philosophy, anarchist. A month after Maximilian Hoëdel tries to kill King Guillaume I in Berlin, Germany, Nobiling takes his turn, & having failed, turns his gun upon himself. 

Paul Brousse (see Daily Bleed, April 1, 1912) uses the phrase "propaganda by the deed" to describe his attempt, which quickly enters the anarchist lexicon. Just as most such acts serve to strengthen the state, German Chancellor Bismarck benefits by adopting repressive laws to destroy any opposition movements.

6- 25 -1878 -- US: Despite mass protests, Ezra Heywood gets two years hard labor for advocating free love / sexual emancipation as part of women's rights.

Heywood was an individualist anarchist "arrested" by prude & vigilante Anthony Comstock. He was married to Angela Tilton, considered more radical than he in her day. One admirer, the anarchist Dyer D. Lum, was inspired to write a poem to immortalize the term that Angela used when she referred tomarriage -- that is, 'The Penis Trust.' 

Released on 19 December 1878. Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Rut Hayes issued a pardon the following day. http://www.blancmange.net/tmh/articles/heywood.html



7- 16 -1878 -- Emil Heinich Maximilian Hoedel, a 21-year-old worker-anarchist, his last words being "Vive la commune," is executed. Hoedel shot King Guillaume to protest & publicize the misery of the workers.

A month after Hoëdel fails to kill King Guillaume, Karl Nobiling, a Doctor of Philosophy & anarchist , takes his turn, & also failing, turns his gun upon himself.

Paul Brousse (see Daily Bleed, April 1, 1912) uses the phrase "propaganda by the deed" to describe his attempt, which quickly enters the anarchist lexicon. 

As most such acts often serve to strengthen the state, German Chancellor Bismarck benefits by adopting repressive laws to destroy any opposition movements.

9- 8 -1878 -- France: Charles Henri Jean, aka Charles d'Avray, lives (1878-1960). Poète et chansonnier anarchiste; à Sèvres décédé le 7 Novembre 1960 à Paris XXe, il est enterré au cimetière du Père-Lachaise.

En 1950 dans Histoire du Mouvement Anarchiste en France, Jean Maitron, grand historien du mouvement ouvrier français, écrivait:


Charles d'Avray se rallia à l'Anarchisme au moment de l'Affaire Dreyfus et décida de se servir de la chanson "afin de mieux faire connaître l'Idéal anarchiste"... 

[More, click here]

10- 11 -1878 -- France: Eugène Soullier lives, Lyas (Ardèche). Typographer, militant anarchist & anarcho-syndicalist.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre2.html#11


11- 17 -1878 -- Italy: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader King Humbert I, stabbed & wounded in Naples by the 29-year-old anarchist Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante]. Condemned to death, his sentence was commuted & he died in prison in 1910.

[Details, click here]

12- 20 -1878 -- US: Ezra Heywood, anarchist, imprisoned for "obscenity" back in June for his advocacy of "free love", is pardoned by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader US President Hayes after popular agitation for his release. 

After the Civil War, the abolitionist Ezra Heywood turned his attention toward the labor movement &, eventually, toward free love. The Heywoods' The Word -- subtitled "A Monthly Journal of Reform," -- was connected to radical individualism both through its editors & through its contributors, who included Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, & J.K. Ingalls. Initially, The Word presented free love as a minor theme which was expressed within a labor reform format. But the publication later evolved into an explicitly free love periodical.

http://www.webleyweb.com/tle/le961210.html


1- 1 -1879 -- US: Hobo King & whorehouse doctor, anarchist, & one-time lover of Emma Goldman, Ben Reitman, lives.
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Curricula/WomensRights/lecture.html


2- 22 -1879 -- The anarchist "Revolte" first appears, when Errico Malatesta was in Geneva & the latter remembers having assisted at preparatory meetings. Peter Kropotkin himself tells how he & the comrades of the Geneva section met in a small cafe when the first number of the 'Revolte' had come out [2,000 copies]. "Tcherkesov & Malatesta lent us a hand & Tcherkesov instructed us in the art of folding a paper." (Temps nouveaux, February, 1904).
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/nettlau/nettlauonmalatesta.html


3- 6 -1879 -- Italy: The trial of 29-year-old anarchist Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante], who attempted to kill Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader King Humbert I, is held today & tomorrow. 

The trial is a judicial sham & the most elementary procedures are trampled underfoot with brazen cynicism. 

The president, Ferri, refused to draw lots for the jury but hand-picked them one by one so as to ensure their findings would not reveal the feelings of the citizenry who, whilst deploring the violence of Passannante’s action, by no means sympathised with Umberto I & the all-conquering dynasty. 

Leopoldo Tarantini, appointed to defend the accused, travelled to Rome before accepting the task, to kneel before the king & apologise for the task that he would, as a professional duty, have to perform. 

Condemned to death, Passannante's sentence was commuted, & he died in prison in 1914.

This young would-be assassin was a surprise to everybody, a party-pooper in that his action left it plain to see that, as far as he was concerned, there was another Italy, one that did not believe in handshakes or smiles, an Italy of toil & suffering. Even though the assassination bid had been the individual action of one man acting alone, the country was in uproar & throughout Italy there were demonstrations against the monarchy & everywhere there sprouted up clubs called after the young republican trooper Barsanti, who had been killed at the age of 21 for mutiny in barracks. Bombs went off in Florence & Pisa & in Pesaro rifles were looted from a barracks. The government fell on 11 December 1878. http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet26.htm#Cook

3- 26 -1879 -- Georges Conchon (1879-1959) lives, Chartres, France. Tapestry maker, anarchist & very popular secretary of the "Federation of Tenants" (ancestor of the DAL). See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/ConchonGeorges.htm



5- 22 -1879 -- Alla Nazimova (1879-1945) lives, Yalta, Crimea, Russia. Writer, actress, producer & visionary. Married to Paul Orleneff (actor, producer & friend of the anarchist feminist Emma Goldman). http://www.mdle.com/ClassicFilms/FeaturedStar/perfor87.htm


6- 24 -1879 -- Pedro Vallina lives, Guadalcanal, Spain. Doctor of Medicine, who, while a medical student, was condemned to eight years of forced labor in prison for spreading anarchist propaganda. 

Vallina escaped the jaws of "justice", however, to France....was expelled, went to London, then various countries before settling in Mexico, where he established his medical practice & anarchist activities...

[Details, click here]

7- 19 -1879 -- Eugène Adam (aka Lanti), anarchist, lives (1879-1947). alt; Eugene Adam; Eugen Lanti


8- 8 -1879 -- Mexico: Revolutionary hero, anarchist Emiliano Zapata lives!

"That Zapata appeared here in the mountains. He wasn't born, they say. He just appeared just like that. They say he is Ik'al & Votan who came all the way over here in their long journey, & so as not to frighten good people, they became one. Because after being together for so long Ik'al & Votan learned they were the same & could become Zapata. & Zapata said he had finally learned where the long road went & that at times it would be light & at times darkness but that it was the same, Votan Zapata, & Ik'al Zapata, the black Zapata & the white Zapata. They were both the same road for the true men & women."



"Zapata will continue to live as long as people believe that they have a right to their land & a right to govern themselves according to their deeply held beliefs & cultural values."

 http://www.indigenouspeople.org/natlit/zapata.htm


8- 10 -1879 -- Anarchist Paul-Eugène Trouiller (or Troullier) lives. Anarchist militant & antimilitarist. 

Gardener, day laborer, travelling singer, member of the "Fédération communiste révolutionnaire".

Arrested in Hyère in 1904 & sent to prison on February 19 in Toulon for 15 months for making threatening gestures toward soldiers.

The police deemed him a very dangerous anarchist antimilitarist: in October 1910 during the strike of the railwaymen he recommended violent action, & is was suspected of taking part in attacks made at the time. At anarchist meetings during 1911, Trouiller stood out with his extreme views. His criminal record by then numbered eight cases, the last being on October 21, 1910, when he was sent to jail for carrying a prohibited weapon

10- 4 -1879 -- US: "Freiheit," anarchist paper, lives.
http://flag.blackened.net/agony/links.html
http://php.indiana.edu/~brasmuss/intro.html

10- 7 -1879 -- Sweden: Joe Hill lives! in Gàule. Labor martyr executed by state of Utah, the famous Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) labor songster/organizer. Workman, popular singer, poet, anarchist trade union militant.



I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night
Alive as you & me
Says I, 'But Joe, you're ten years dead,'
'I never died,' says he.


"Joe Hill ain't dead,' he says to me.
'Joe Hill ain't never died,
Where workingmen are out on strike
Joe Hill is at their side.'"
— From the song, "Joe Hill", by Alfred Hayes & Earl Robinson

 http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/ochs/lyrics/joe-hill.html

http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~matt/choir/hill.html





Joe Hill became a martyr upon his execution. Efforts by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Woodrow Wilson, the government of Sweden, & many prominent Americans to get him a new trial failed. State officials had long before determined to get Hill. On the eve of his execution, Hill telegraphed Big Bill Haywood, head of the IWW: "Don't waste any time mourning. Organize." This sentiment became the theme of the well-known song memorializing him, which begins "I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night/Alive as you & me." See Gibbs M. Smith, Labor Martyr: Joe Hill (1972).



You will eat bye & bye,
In that glorious land above the sky.
Work & pray, (work & pray),
Live on hay, (live on hay),
You'll get Pie in the Sky,
When you die, (that's a lie!)



The IWW is sometimes alive & active, http://iww.org/



The music of the labor movement has provided much of the dynamism for itself & other movements ... The Smithsonian has captured on its Folkways label the power of labor songs on the 1990 CD Don’t Mourn—Organize! Songs of Labor Songwriter Joe Hill. Included on this recording are a number of songs by Joe Hill ("The White Slave" & "There is Power in a Union") & about him (Phil Och’s "Joe Hill" & "Joe Hill Listens to the Praying," by Kenneth Patchen).

Paul Robeson’s powerful voice on "Joe Hill" is especially memorable, as is Utah Phillips’ "Joe Hill’s Last Will." This recording is a powerful witness to the strength of workers united, & to their resilience in the face of corporate power.

As the liner notes indicate, by the end of listening to this CD, you will feel like you know Joe Hill.



http://www.sojo.net/magazine/index.cfm/action/sojourners/issue/soj9809/article/980933.html


10- 7 -1879 -- Leon Trotsky lives. Russian Jewish communist leader & Bolshevik politician, a close friend of Lenin. Author of In Defense of Terrorism & Literature & Revolution.

"With regard to intellectual creation the revolution must from the very beginning establish & assure an anarchist regime of individual liberty."



— Leon Trotsky & Andre Breton



"At last the Soviet government, with an iron broom, has rid Russia of Anarchism."

— Leon Trotsky
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/trotsky.htm

The Makhnovists rejected the Bolshevik corruption of the Soviets & instead proposed "the free & completely independent soviet system of working people without authorities & their arbitrary laws."


— Peter Arshinov, History of the Makhnovist Movement
http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/98aar.html#makhno

---

10- 26 -1879 -- Colombia: Biófilo Panclasta lives (1879-1942) Chinácota. One of the more original individualistic Latin American anarchists.

Writer, poet, agitator, Panclasta was not distinguished as an organizer, but for the originalidade of his presenceas, an iconoclastic agitator for all Latin America & the irretrievable condition of inqualificável anarchist, said to have lived as "soldado, adventurer, artist & knight, beggar & boêmio; but without horse nor money... "
 

Viajar, siempre viajar, tal es mi suerte,
y al través de mi rústico camino
soy un eterno peregrino que
sólo busca la deseada muerte.



--- Biófilo Panclasta

[Details, click here]

11- 7 -1879 -- France: Benoît Broutchoux lives (1879-1944). French anarchist, adherent of neo-Malthusian ideas & "free love" advocate. 

Broutchoux collaborated with Sebastien Faure. His son Germinal was killed by the police in 1931. Broutchoux & Charles Malato spoke at the massive gathering at Louise Michel's final graveside ceremony.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#2

1- 12 -1880 -- Anglo-American sculptor Sir Jacob Epstein lives. Created the sculpture for the tomb of Oscar Wilde in Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

"I think I am rather more than a Socialist. I am something of an Anarchist, I believe..."

6- 26 -1880 -- Aurèle Patorni lives. Anarchist, married to typesetter & harpsichordist Régina Patorni-Casadesus.

http://www.casadesus.com/famille.html



7- 4 -1880 -- Leda Rafanelli, anarchist, lives.


9- 6 -1880 -- Jules Gustave Durand (1880-1926) lives, in Le Havre. Anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the trade union of the coalmen of Le Havre. See 20 February 1926.


10- 9 -1880 -- The last congress of the Jurassic Federation (Jura Federation), Chaux-de-Fonds, reaffirms its commitment to anarchist communist goals, "conséquence nécessaire et inévitable de la révolution sociale".


11- 7 -1880 -- France: Arrivée de anarchiste Louise Michel à Londres.

anarchist


11- 9 -1880 -- France: Réception triomphale à la gare Saint-Lazare à Paris. French teacher & socialist, then an anarchist, Louise Michel, freed by amnesty after nine years in prison, is met in Gare Saint-Lazare by an enormous crowd cheering her with cries of, 

"Vive Louise Michel, 
vive la Commune, 
A bas les assassins!" http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-mich.htm
'Louise Michel' by public transport in Paris: http://www.ratp.fr:10001/bin/search/french/france/paris/pont=de=l=alma/louise=michel
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

11- 10 -1880 -- Virgilio Gozzoli, anarchist, lives.


11- 21 -1880 -- France: In 1880, after six & a half years in exile, Louise Michel began her long journey home. Today, November 21, Louise speaks at her first public meeting in Paris. Her anarchist speeches were inspirational & effective. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html

12- 5 -1880 -- Italy: Anarchist Congress of the Federation of Upper Italy of the International, held at Chiasso (Tessin), December 5 and 6; presided over by Carlo Cafiero, among the participants is Kropotkin & G. Herzig from Geneva, Malatesta & Merlino, Johann Neve, & Joseph Lane. Gustave Brocher mentions also Louise Michel, Emile Gautier, Victorine Rouchy, Chauviere [a Blanquist], Miss Lecomte of Boston, Tchaikowski, etc. 
[Details, click here]


5- 24 -1880 --

Louise Michel: Elle refuse sa mise en liberté provisoire parce que ses coinculpés ne bénéficient pas de la même mesure.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]


9- 23 -1880 -- Gaston Coute, French anarchist songster, lives (1880-1911).
http://perso.infonie.fr/c.lassalle/
http://www.chez.com/gcoute/

http://www.chez.com/gcoute/un_gas.htm
http://franceweb.fr/poesie/coute3.htm

1- 5 -1881 -- France: Paris Commune leader Louis-Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881) dies, Paris. A huge crowd attends his funeral. Among delegates & labor figures, anarchist Louise Michel pays a lively homage to him. 
Louise Michel, qui prend la parole au cours de nombreux meetings depuis son retour en France assiste aux obsèques de Blanqui dont elle prononce l'éloge funèbre. 
Daily Bleed Saint January 1.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html


1- 15 -1881 --

---

Pierre Monatte (1881-1960) lives.



Monatte was a central figure of French anarcho-syndicalist movement. Influenced by Emile Pouget, friends with Albert Camus, he fought the Stalinist & reformist positions in the trade unions. Monatte had joined the Communist Party for a few years after the Russian Revolution, but was kicked out for challenging its authoritarianism.  In 1925, Monatte founded Révolution prolétarienne, an anarchist-syndicalist publication which many anarchists wrote for. The review stopped publishing in 1939, resuming again in 1947. Camus' biographer Herbert Lottman comments on his association with numerous anarchists, with Pierre Monatte, with Giovanna Berneri of Volontà, Jean Paul Samson who published Témoins, Maurice Joyeux of Le Libertaire & Le Monde Libertaire, & with Spanish exiles producing Solidaridad Obrera until, as Lottman explains, "the paper was eventually banned by the de Gaulle government to avoid giving offence to General Franco.'' In his political isolation he had recourse to "the men & women of political movements with which he could still sympathize, those of the far-out left, who on their own chosen terrain were often as lonely as he was."  — noted by Colin Ward http://www.socialanarchism.org/sa19/19ward2.html

---




3- 13 -1881 -- Russia: Nihilists ("People's Will" group) blow up Czar Alexander II near his palace with a bomb. anarchist; alt: Tzar http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/costantini/graphics/gallery/index.htm


4- 14 -1881 -- Jean Biso (1881-1966) lives, in Bastia, Corsica. Anarcho-syndicalist, Secretary of the Syndicat des Correcteurs in Paris, participant in support groups for Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Spanish Revolution of 1936.


5- 22 -1881 --

Scission anarchiste au sein du Parti des travailleurs socialistes de France.

5- 25 -1881 --

 Les 25-29 mai.- Organisation d'un congrès socialiste-révolutionnaire qui marque la naissance d'un " parti " anarchiste distinct.
http://maitron.org/histoire/chrono/chrono3.htm

7- 14 -1881 -- England: Today until the 20th, in London, an anarchist Congress of about 30 delegates representing a dozen country meet with an aim of rebuilding the anti-authoritarian A.I.T. (International Workingman's Association). They adopt "propaganda of the deed", signalling an era attentats.


7- 18 -1881 -- Jules Sellenet, known as Francis Boudoux, lives (1881-1941), St Etienne. French militant, antimilitarist & anarcho-syndicalist.

Member of "l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste", he was arrested numerous times for his antimilitary activities & also for " offences "related to the industrial disputes". His own union denounced him as an agent provocateur, a charge that the Communists would revive following WWI.

On January 11, 1924, he was wounded during a meeting that ended in a brawl between anarcho-trade unionists & Communists (two anarchists were killed). In 1926, he served with Pierre Besnard, founder of the C.G.T- S.R (revolutionary syndicalist), as secretary of the Federation of Builders. 

In 1936, Boudoux fought in Spain with the Durruti Column.

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet3.html#18

7- 23 -1881 -- England: London socialist life is enlivened by the International Revolutionary Congress. Many advanced parties & groups formed outside of the Marxist-dominated International & felt the need to meet & discuss ideas & action.

Long reports may be found in the "Revolte" (July 23 to September 9, 1881), in the London "Freiheit," etc. Those involved included Kropotkin, G. Herzig, Errico Malatesta, S. Merlino, Johann Neve, Johann Most, Louise Michel, Emile Gautier, Victorine Rouchy, Chauviere [a Blanquist], Miss Lecomte, Tchaikowski, etc.

Reports also appeared in the Verviers "Cri du Peuple" (Belgian anarchist paper). See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/IRCongress.htm

7- 31 -1881 -- Anna Mahe lives (1881-1960), Bourgneuf-in-Retz (Loire-Inférieure). French militant individualist anarchist & free love advocate. 

Initially a teacher, Anna Mahe became, like her sister Armandine, the partner of the individualist anarchist Albert Libertad, with whom she took part in the "Causeries populaires" (1902). A free love partisan, she also began writing an "ortografe simplifiée", writing for libertarian papers prior to WWI -- "l'Anarchie", "Le Libertaire", "La Cravache," "Germinal," "Terre et liberté," etc -- & the booklet L'hérédité et l'Education," (1908).

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet4.html#31

8- 6 -1881 -- Benjamin Tucker, American individualist anarchist, publisher, bookseller, begins Liberty, which appears until 1907. For 25 years Tucker's paper is the spokesman of individualist anarchism, opposed to the anarchist-communism (represented by Michael Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin, Alexander Berkman, etc).
http://www.lib.umich.edu/spec-coll/tucker.htm


10- 3 -1881 -- Louis Bara lives, Denain. French anarchist, antimilitarist who does prison time for his outspokenness. Collaborator in the antimilitarist newspaper "The Social War ".
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#3


10- 18 -1881 -- Italy: Amilcare Cipriani is arrested & imprisoned for the killing of an Italian in Alexandria in 1867. 

This incident was previously ruled self-defence but was invoked by Italian authorities to put the anarchist Cipriani out of commission during his revolutionary campaigning in 1881. Cipriani's imprisonment became a celebrated case across the left.


[Details, click here]
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/egypt.htm

12- 24 -1881 --   

Embarking for his celebrated American lecture tour, Oscar Wilde boards the Arizona, whose captain later swears:  "I wish I had had that man lashed to the bowsprit on the windward side."

anarchist

“If, with the literate, I am
Impelled to make an epigram,
I never seek to take the credit;
We all assume that Oscar said it.”

 — Dorothy Parker

http://www.bibliomania.com/0/2/57/frameset.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_wilde.html
http://www.showgate.com/tots/gross/wildeweb.html

8- 6 -1881 -- "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, these three; but the greatest of these is Liberty. Formerly the price of Liberty was eternal vigilance, but now it can be had for fifty cents a year."



So wrote Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (1854-1939) on the first page of the first issue of the publication Liberty, issued today. 

Tucker was influenced by Ezra Heywood, William Greene, Stephen Pearl Andrews, Lysander Spooner, & Josiah Warren. For the next 25 years Liberty serves as a voice of individualist anarchism, opposed to the major anarchist communist & anarchist syndicalist wings of the movement. 

Anarchist_Archives/bright/tucker/

1- 3 -1882 -- US: Docking in New York, Oscar Wilde is asked by customs if he has anything to declare; he replies:

"Nothing but my genius."



"All modes of government are wrong. They are unscientific, because they seek to alter the natural environment of man; they are immoral because, by interfering with the individual, they produce the most aggresive forms of egotism; they are ignorant, because they try to spread education; they are self-destructive, because they engender anarchy." http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/frameset.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_wilde.html

2- 23 -1882 -- B. Traven lives (1882?-1969), Poznañ, Poland. Anarchist author/novelist, aka Ret Marut, Hal Croves, Bruno Traven, Traven Torsvan, Otto Feige. Spent a portion of his life hiding his tracks, changing identity, country, & jobs. Daily Bleed Saint November 13.alt sp; Posnan, Posanie, Poznan, Posen



3- 4 -1882 -- Joseph Spivak lives, Uman, Russia. Lifelong anarchist who emigrated to the US & during WWI was actively involved around the country in anti-militarist campaigns with Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman. Involved in founding the Libertarian Book Club in New York in 1927. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/SpivakJoseph.htm


3- 5 -1882 -- Dora Marsden (1882-1960) lives.

British individualist anarchist & militant suffragette. Founded a number of libertarian publications: The Freewoman (1912), The New Freewoman (1913), & The Egoist (1914-1919). Between 1912 & 1914 she was influenced by Max Stirner's version of individualist anarchism. 

Marsden also edited avantgarde literary journals (1911-1919) where Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, D.H. Lawrence, & James Joyce made their debuts. She later later abandoned libertarianism.

http://www.franken.de/users/lsr/msmarsden.html
http://alumni.umbc.edu/~akoont1/tmh/marsden.html


4- 7 -1882 -- Armando Borghi lives (1882-1968). Italian anarchist, friend of Malatesta's, secretary of the large Unione Anarchica Italiana (UAI) as well as the head of the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) in Bologna. 
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/BorghiArmando.htm



4- 15 -1882 -- Pierre Ramus (pseudonym of Rudolf Grossman) lives (1882-1942). Propagandist & Austrian anarchist writer.See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/RamusPierre.htm



6- 21 -1882 -- US: Socialist, anarchist sympathizer, illustrator Rockwell Kent lives, Tarrytown, New York.

http://artcyclopedia.com/artists/kent_rockwell.html
http://www.aaa.si.edu/findaids/kentrock/kentrock_m7.htm
http://hudson.acad.umn.edu/eye/kent.html

6- 30 -1882 -- Robert Louzon lives (1882-1976). French engineer, revolutionary syndicalist, anarchist. 

Louzon was involved in the CGT, the CNT, helped found Pierre Monatte's journal, "Révolution prolétarienne", joined the SIA (Solidarité Internationale antifasciste), signed Louis Lecoin's "Paix immédiate." During WWII he was arrested & interned in Algeria.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#30

7- 22 -1882 -- Brazil: José Oiticica (1882-1957) lives. Lawyer, student of medicine, teacher, & an influential figure in the Brazilian anarchist & labor movement.alt; Jose Oiticica; Helio Oiticica

Grandfather of the avantgarde artist, performance artist & anarchist, Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980).
[Details, click here]




8- 5 -1882 -- France: Shafted? or Dig This!? The evening of August 5/6 in the Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy, the famed "Bande Noire" — made up of anarchist miners — makes one of its first attacks against clericalism (supported by the mine employers against the workers), by throwing the Croix de Mission du Bois du Verne to the bottom of the mine where it belongs.
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]


8- 11 -1882 -- Voline, Russian revolutionary & anarchist historian, lives.

In 1907 Tsarist tribunal banished him...& he escaped to France & the US. In NY, he joined the "Union of Russian Workers in the United States & Canada," a formidable organization with about 10,000 members. He was on the editorial staff of "Golos Truda" (The Voice of Labor), a weekly paper of the Federation, & was one of its most gifted lecturers.



Voline returned to Russia when revolution broke out, doing similar educational writing & distribution, & joined the revolutionary army of Nestor Makhno.

Arrested January 14, 1919, Trotsky had ordered his execution. Voline escaped death only by sheer accident: the Red Trade Union International was meeting in 1921 just as the anarchists in the Taganka prison went on hunger strike, causing a scandal at the Congress, & forcing the Bolsheviks to release them all (on condition they leave Russia — the first political prisoners deported from the vaunted Red Fatherland of the Proletariat).

alt; Nestor Machno; Vsevolod Mikhailovich Eichenbaum http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/voline/index.html

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/Russia.html
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html


8- 28 -1882 -- Praxedis Gilberto Guerrero lives, Los Altos de Ibarra, Guanajuanto. 

Mexican anarchist militant, Magonista insurgent killed while leading an uprising. 

[Details, click here]





10- 22 -1882 -- France: During the night a bomb explodes at the restaurant of the Bellecour Theatre in Lyon, killing an employee. The anarchist Antoine Cyvoct was wrongly suspected, because of an article published in the Lyon anarchist paper "le droit social". 

Cyvoct was sentenced to death, despite no proof he was responsible. His sentence was commuted to forced labor. Despite an intense campaign by the anarchists in 1895 to gain his release, Cyvoct was not amnestied until March 1898. Cyvoct was nominated during the legislative elections, "To draw attention to the cases of the anarchists remaining in prison."

Cyvoct then worked in the bookstore business, & gave talks in the anarchist circles on living conditions in the prisons. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre4.html#22

10- 28 -1882 --

Jules Vallès relance le Cri du Peuple ouvert à toutes les tendances du socialisme (jusqu'en 1887) Paul Brousse publie aux éditions du Prolétaire : La propriété collective et les services publics.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/VallesJules.htm

2- 25 -1882 -- Birthday of Ret Marut (B. Traven), according to Dusseldorf police records: Anarchist

"I am no more important than the typographer of my books, than the worker who labours in the factory that makes the paper ... Without them, there would be no books for the readers & it would do no good that I could write them".  [Source: Calendar Riots] http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/StTravenB.htm

8- 13 -1882 -- France: The evening of August 12/13 in the Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy, the famed "Bande Noire" — made up of anarchist miner workers— again attack clericalism by cleaning the countryside of the religious trinkets which encumber it. 

Following in the grand tradition of the Croix de Mission du Bois du Verne (tossing it down a mine shaft to its proper resting place the night August 5/6), that of the Alouettes (the night 11/12), on this night the Croix du Bois Roulot receives the same just fate.

The clerics have earned such admiration from these miltants for siding with the mine owners in opposition to the workers.

The religious community is very upset, & authorities are especially worried with the upcoming Feast of the Assumption (August 15). 
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]

1- 8 -1883 -- France: In Lyon the trial of the Internationale, against the anarchists known as "The 66", begins.

"The 66" are accused of promoting workers' strikes, & the abolition of the rights of property, family, fatherland, religion, & thus attacking the public peace. 

Stiff sentences were handed down: "Leaders" such as Peter Kropotkin, Emile Gautier, Bernard, & Bordat received four years in prison; 39 of their companions received sentences ranging from six months to three years.

"The Sixty-Six" http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier2.html#8

1- 9 -1883 -- France: Lyon, 68 anarchists are on trial. These include Peter Kropotkin, Emile Gautier, Bordat & Bernard. They wrote a document called "The Manifesto of the Anarchists". In it they describe what anarchy is, & what anarchists want: 

"We claim bread for all, knowledge for all, work for all, independence & justice for all."

For such perfidy they will get their bread -- in prison, some of them for four years.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html


1- 21 -1883 -- France: Victor Pengam lives (1883-1920), Brest. The government's "Notebook B" (listing radicals & antimilitarists), notes of him:



"Anarchist propagandist & most militant of antimilitarists (...) Measure to be taken in the event of mobilization: arrest. "

 http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PengamVictor.htm

1- 28 -1883 -- France: The trial to suppress the anarchists of the First International, begun on January 8, concludes in Lyon, against those known as "The 66 ". 

"The 66" are accused of promoting workers' strikes, the abolition of the rights of property, of family, of fatherland, of religion, & thus undermining the public peace. Stiff sentences are handed down: "Leaders" such as Peter Kropotkin, Emile Gautier, Bernard, & Bordat get four years in prison, while 39 of their companions are sentenced from six months to three years. Antoine Cyvoct, a Lyon citizen, received five years.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier2.html#proces66

2- 23 -1883 -- Belgium: In Ganshoren, a bomb being carried by the French anarchists Antoine Cyvoct & Paul Metayer, accidentally explodes. Metayer died the following day, refusing to reveal anything to the police about his activities. Cyvoct was extradited to France to be tried, wrongly it appears, for the Bellcour attack in Lyon.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#23


3- 9 -1883 -- France: Large demonstration of the unemployed at the Esplanade of Les Invalides is broken up by police. A large contingent marches across Paris, headed by Louise Michel, Joseph Tortelier & Emile Pouget (who initiated the demonstration), waving anarchist black flags.(alt sp, Émile Pouget

There were three incidents of loaves of bread being looted from bakers' shops. Michel & Pouget were charged as "leaders & instigators of looting committed by a band".

Imprisoned again, Louise Michel was condemned to six years of solitary confinement, & 10 years of police supervision, & Pouget got eight years. Michel describes this incident in her memoirs: 

"It is not a question of breadcrumbs. What is at stake is the harvest of an entire world, a harvest necessary to the whole future human race, one without exploiters & without exploited".

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://maitron.org/histoire/chrono/chrono3.htm

4- 30 -1883 -- Jaroslav Hašek lives (1883-1923), Prague. Czech novelist, anarchist, humorist, Bolshevik, story writer, journalist. 

Early in his career an active anarchist. A drunk, a dog-stealer, & a cook who calculatedly pretended to commit suicide & invented animals which did not exist while editing the serious magazine "The Animal World". Founded The Party of Peaceful Progress Within the Limits of Law, & spent the cash collected from this political party partying at the local pub. During WWI Hasek served at various times in Czech, Russian & Austrian armies, captured on the Russian front, becoming a prisoner of war.

Wrote a four-volume novel, The Good Soldier Schweik, acclaimed as one of the greatest satires in world literature. Hašek died before the whole book was completed & Karel Vanek's completion of the century's bawdiest, disrespectful & immoral novel was weak. Hasek also wrote Shouts in May (1903).

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/wri/index.html
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hasek.htm

5- 29 -1883 -- France: Eugene Bizeau lives. Vine-grower, pacifist, anarchist poet & songster, member of the "Muse Rouge" who fought for his idealsuntil his death at 105. 
See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/BizeauEugene.htm



7- 3 -1883 -- Franz Kafka (1883-1924) lives, Prague. Czech-born German writer & anarchist sympathizer whose posthumously published novels express the alienation of 20th century man. 

"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect..."

His vision of bureaucratic & totalitarian society with its psychological labyrinths have much in common with the works of George Orwell. Wrote The Metamorphosis; In the Penal Colony; A Hunger Artist; The Trial; The Castle; Amerika...

 http://www.levity.com/corduroy/kafka.htm
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kafka.htm

7- 17 -1883 -- Barthélemy De Ligt lives. Outstanding antimilitarist & Dutch libertarian pacifist. 

---

A pastor, he is repudiated by his church, for encouraging disobediance in the face of full mobilization for WWI. His Christian pacifism evolves to anarchist pacifism. Active following the war, including l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste & the War Resisters International. 

On July 27, 1924, at the "Maison du Peuple" in the Hague, he spoke alongside Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Rudolf Rocker, Emma Goldman, Pierre Ramus, et al, for the 20th anniversary of the A.I.A. 

He was active in the 1930s also, & De Ligt wrote the handbook of passive resistance, The Conquest of Violence, especially influential amongst English & American pacifists.

"S'il y a des conflits armés entre les pouvoirs réactionnaires et les masses en révolte, les tenants de l'action révolutionnaire non-violente sont toujours du côté des révoltés, même quand ceux-ci ont recours à la violence."

De Ligt did not live to see the government-sponsored butchery of WWII, as he died in 1938.

http://student.ulb.ac.be/~xbekaert/Anarch/DeLigt.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet3.html#17


---



9- 14 -1883 -- Reproductive rights activist & anarchist Margaret Sanger lives. Sanger participated in the Patterson Textile Strike of 1913 which she wrote about in Hippolyte Havel's "Revolutionary Almanac". She contributed articles to Havel's "Revolt," Emma Goldman's "Mother Earth," Alexander Berkman's "The Blast" & "Modern School" magazine.



9- 29 -1883 -- English language publication of anarchist Johann Most's song The Hymn of the Proletariat.



10- 2 -1883 -- Louis Laurent (1883-1972) lives, Paris. Libertarian militant & revolutionary trade unionist, member of the Revolutionary Anarchist Union & the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc in the 30s. Helped publish various libertarian journals, worked with league of conscientious objectors & the CGT-SR (revolutionary trade union). Helped found Libertarian in 1968.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#2


10- 14 -1883 -- US: Two-day founding congress held, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of the International Working People's Association (IWPA; anarchist; precursor of A.I.T.?) Marks the beginning of the anarchist-trade union movement in the US. Endorses "propaganda by the deed".


10- 17 -1883 -- England: Anti-authoritarian educator A.S. Neill lives. Establishes his school, Summerhill, with Lyme Regis. Proponent of children sharing in running schools, Neill told of this anarchist experiment in numerous books.

http://www.s-hill.demon.co.uk/index.htm
http://www.first-ask.de/summerhill2000/links-and-ref.html

12- 17 -1883 -- France: Hoche Meurant lives (1883-1950). Anarcho-syndicalist, antimilitarist. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MeurantHocheArthur.htm



4- 1 -1883 --

Louise Michel: Elle est incarcérée à la prison de Saint-Lazare.


anarchist http://www.ac-creteil.fr/louise/louise/chrono/chrono.htm


12- 22 -1883 -- Italy: "La Questione Sociale" begins publishing (weekly from Dec 22, 1883 to Aug. 3, 1884). A complete set of this anarchist paper is kept in the British Museum. According to Max Nettlau, this Italian publication was a remarkably large & well made paper & full of matter that is coming in from all parts of Italy.


6- 21 -1883 -- France: Ouverture du procès de Louise Michel.  anarchist [Source: Michel Chronologie]


6- 23 -1883 -- France: Louise Michel est condamnée à, six ans de réclusion, assortis de dix années de surveillance de haute-police.anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]


7- 15 -1883 -- France: Louise Michel 

15 juillet 1883: Louise Michel est transférée à, la prison de Clermont-de-l'Oise.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]



1- 5 -1883 -- Eugene Vigo (1883-1917) dies in prison; also known as Miguel Almereyda (anagram: Y'a la merde). Father of French surrealist/anarchist filmmaker Jean Vigo. 

Like his son, French authorities also give Eugene a big fat Zero for Conduct.




Zero De Conduite (Zero for Conduct)

Jean Vigo was born to Eugene Bonaventure de Vigo, a militant anarchist, & Emily Clero, another young militant, on April 26, 1906 at rue Polonceau in Paris in an attic full of cats. He was nicknamed Nono, after the hero of Jean Grave's children's stories.  Eugene Vigo died somewhat mysteriously in a Fresnes prison on August 13, 1917. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia Saints page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/saints/StVigoJean.htm




2- 18 -1884 -- Moscow police seize all copies of anarchist Leo Tolstoy's What I Believe In at the printers. http://photocollect.com/under400/tolstoi.html



4- 24 -1884 -- France: Pierre Le Meillour lives (1884-1954), in Morbihan. Anarchist & anti-militarist.
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/LeMeillourPierre.htm



5- 1 -1884 -- France: Eugène Dieudonne lives (1884-1944), Nancy. Individualist, illegalist anarchist & member of the Bonnot Gang.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai1.html#1


6- 8 -1884 -- Italy: the "Questione Sociale" fails to appear (June 8 & 22) when the editor, P. Cecchi, was sentenced to 21 months of prison & a fine of 2,000 lire. The anarchist publication began at the end of December, & was also interrupted after the seventh issue, when the printer, a republican, refused to continue printing it.


6- 23 -1884 -- José Martins Fontes lives. Brazilian doctor, lecturer, poet, anarchist, militant activist in São Paulo & Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Em1938, o amigo Epíteto fontes o descreveria assim: 

" Não acreditando em deus, descrendo dos governantes humanos, não tendo religião ou credo politico, este ateu, este anarquista, era o mais piedoso dos homens, piedade universal, profunda, vigilante de todas horas e de todos os minutos."

Deixou 4 obras poéticas que foram publicadas ainda em 1938 pela comissão glorificada de Martins fontes.

 http://www.secrel.com.br/jpoesia/mfo.html

http://www.novomilenio.inf.br/santos/h0007.htm

http://www.blocosonline.com.br/literatura/poesia/p99/p991555.htm
http://www.internewwws.eti.br/materias/mt971203.shtml

Background, see
http://www.sujeiracapitalista.hpg.com.br/josemartins.htm
History of the Anarchist Movement in Brazil (in Portuguese)

11- 15 -1884 -- Though his sentence of 1884 has lapsed, the anarchist Errico Malatesta prefers to live incognito; today the police discover him, but had to leave him alone. 
[Background, source, click here]


10- 4 -1884 -- First issue of “The Alarm,” a Chicago anarchist paper.
http://tigerden.com/~berios/liberty.html
http://www.etext.org/Politics/Spunk/library/index.html

10- 15 -1884 -- France: Célestin Freinet lives. Anarchist & founder of the Coopérative de l'Enseignement Laïc (C.E.L), The Co-operative Institute of the Modern School (1948) & author of The French Modern School. One of the influences on the Spanish artist Ramón Acin, who founded an art school based on the ideas of Ferrer & Freinet.


10- 15 -1884 -- Stephen Mac Say lives. French anarchist militant, professor, bee-keeper.

Stephen Mac Say founded, with his life-long partner Marie-Adele Anciaux, the libertarian school at Sébastien Faure's colony "La ruche". He was also wrote for "L'en dehors", "Le libertaire," "Les Temps nouveaux," etc., & was a contributor to Sebastian Faure's l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste. 

A great nature & animal lover, he opposed vivisection. Mac Say's writings include L'école laïque contre l'enfant; De Fourier à Godin; Les bêtes proches de l'homme, & Propos sans égards.

11- 8 -1884 -- US: Today's issue of the Chicago Alarm (edited by Albert Parsons): 

"Workers of America, learn the manufacture & use of dynamite ... Then use it unstintingly, unsparingly. The battle for bread is the battle for life ... 

Death & destruction to the system & its upholders, which plunders & enslaves the men, women, & children of toil".
[Source: Calendar Riots]

anarchist; labor

2- 14 -1885 -- France: Jules Valles dies. Journalist, anarchist propagandist, novelist. Valles was involved in the Revolution of 1848 & a Proudhonist imprisoned in 1853 for a conspiracy against the Emperor. He launches the weekly magazine "The Street," on June 1, 1867, involving artists & writers such as Emile Zola & Gustave Courbet, before it was eventually suppressed. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/VallesJules.htm


4- 9 -1885 -- France: During this month, début de la parution, à Paris, sous la direction de Jean Grave, de la deuxième série de l'organe anarchiste Le Révolté.
Le Revolte http://www.maitron.org/histoire/chrono/chrono3.htm


4- 26 -1885 -- Carl Einstein (1885-1940) lives, Neuwied (Allemagne). 

Poet, writer (anti-novel 'Bebuquin or the Dilettantes of Wonder'), dadaist, art historian (The first to understand Cubism as a movement, he was a well-known & influential art critic & theorist in his own day.

Among many other groundbreaking efforts, his Negro Sculpture (1915) was a pioneering work of art theory).

Einstein was an anarchist combatant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, with the famed Durruti Column. 

Nephew of the famous physicist, Albert Einstein. Committed suicide to prevent his capture by the Nazis.

alt; Karl Einstein

---



A plaque in the Boel-Bezing cemetery (Atlantic Pyrenees) remarks on his fight for freedom in Spain:

"Where the Column advances, one collectivizes. The land is given to the community, the agricultural proletarians, slaves of caciques which they were, metamorphose themselves as free men.

One passes from agrarian feudalism to free Communism." 

— Extract, Einstiein's funeral speech for Durruti 

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EinsteinCarl.htm


---

8- 1 -1885 -- Pierre Mualdes lives (1885-1966). French anarchist.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#mualdes

9- 18 -1885 -- Paul Roussenq lives (1885-1949). Best known as the "anarchist convict".

Roussenq began years in prison began at age16, when arrested & sentenced to 3-months in jail for vagrancy. He threw a bread crust at the prosecutor, & with this dastardly terrorist act he remained in prison until 1932(!), when a massive protest campaign finally gained his release.

[Details, click here]

10- 1 -1885 -- 'L'Ordre', prefaced by Elisée Reclus, dated October 1, 1885, was first published... & in the book later the same month, & reprinted In 'Le Révolté' on October 11/24, 1885. alt; Elisee Reclus

Words of a Rebel
Preface by Elise Reclus

 FOR TWO AND A HALF YEARS Peter Kropotkin has been in prison, cut off from the society of his fellow-men. His punishment is hard, but the silence imposed on him concerning the things he cares about most is much harder: his imprisonment would be less oppressive if he were not gagged. Months & years may perhaps pass before the use of speech is restored to him & he can resume interrupted conversations with his comrades. . .

'L'Ordre' was first published in Le Révolté on October 1, 1881, a few weeks after Kropotkin had been expelled from Switzerland ... It was reprinted as the ninth chapter of Paroles d'un Révolté in 1885. A translation by William C. Owen was published in the Chicago anarchist paper The Alarm on June 23, 1888; & a full translation by David Nicoll was published in the Sheffield anarchist paper The Anarchist on September 23, 1894.

... It also foreshadows the parallel conceptions of topia & utopia in Gustav Landauer 's The Revolution (1907) & of entropy & revolution in novelist Yevgeni Zamyatin's On Literature, Revolution & Entropy (1924). 

10- 23 -1885 -- France: André Lorulot (aka André Georges Roulot) lives (1885-1963). French free-thinker, anarchist individualist, lecturer & propagandist.

"Andre Lorulot, a leading French individualist before the First World War, was then a leading freethinker for half a century."

— Nicolas Walters, Anarchism & Religion

11- 5 -1885 -- US: Will Durant, historian (The Story of Civilization), lives, North Adams, Massachusetts. A teacher & a director at the anarchist Modern School movement.

"I had been led to believe that most of these men & women were criminals, enemies of all social order, given to presenting their arguments with dynamite. I was amazed to find myself, for the most part, among philosophers & saints."

http://members.aol.com/JAMIETAMPA/Durant/

7- 5 -1885 -- Engels: in his letter of reply to the German anarchist Gertrude Guillaume-Schak (London, about July 5, 1885), he claimedthat:

It is my conviction that real equality of women and men can come true only when the exploitation of either by capitalhas been abolished and private housework has been transformed into a public industry....

 http://www-sss.tees.ac.uk/conference/diamantipap.asp


12- 12 -1885 --

They found no clue to home or name,
     But tied with ribbon blue
They found a package, & it held
     A baby's tiny shoe.
Half worn & old, a button off,
     It seemed a sacred thing:
With reverence they wrapped it close
     & tied the faded string...

— excerpt, "The Dead Tramp"

from, The Alarm. December 12, 1885. Vol.II, no.9.

anarchist http://athena.louisville.edu/a-s/english/subcultures/anarchists/mainpages/texts.html


12- 17 -1885 -- Alphonse Barbe lives. French anarchist & antimilitarist. Barbe met Sébastien Faure who introduced him to anarchism. 

Barbe was an advocate of the General Strike to prevent war, but was mobilized during WWI. 

He was wounded in September 1915, & deserted the following year. In June 1917, he was arrested with Louis Lepetit, Pierre Ruff, Julien Content & Pierre Meillour, for clandestinely publishing "Libertaire" & sent to prison for three years. Released by the amnesty in October 1919, Barbe was arrested at the prison gate &, on January 23, 1920, sent to prison for another year for desertion. 

Barbe was briefly involved the Communist Party for short periods before 1934 when he began running "Le Semeur de Normandie," a newspaper devoted to cultural ideas & the defense of the conscientious objectors. In 1936 Barbe was actively aiding the Spanish revolutionists & also published "Lu dans la presse libertaire syndicaliste espagnole" (1937-38). 

In addition to writing for various anarchist publications Barbe was the author of 10 booklets. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#17

1- 3 -1885 -- France: Louise Michel's mother, Marianne Michel, dies.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]


1- 4 -1886 -- Armand Guerra (born José Estivalis Calvo) lives (1886-1939), Valence, Spain. Writer & Spanish anarchist scenario writer, filmmaker, member of the young C.N.T. Fought fascism with a camera.

As a 20-year old anarchist in France Guerra helps found a film co-operative where he did several films (two have recently been found: "The Old Docker" & "The Commune" [1914; 13 min.]) Guerra was both a producer & actor in his films & used old Communards & anarchists in his films.

His life is recalled in the film, Armand Guerra: Requiem for an Anarchistic Scenario Writer by Ezéquiel Fernandez & produced by Zangra productions (available in video).

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GuerraArmand.htm

3- 5 -1886 -- France: In Paris, the 27 year old anarchist Charles Gallo tosses a bottle of hydrocyanic acid into the Stock Exchange. 

The bottle does not explode, but spreads a bad stink & sets off a panic. Gallo then draws a revolver & randomly fires five shots without hitting anyone. Arrested & hauled to court for sentencing on June 26, 1886, his attitude creates a sensation: Gallo insists on making fun ofthe law, & shouts to the jury, "Vive the social Revolution! Long Live anarchy! Long Live dynamite!"

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#5

& also, http://www.users.skynet.be/AL/archive/2000/224-jan/anar4.htm

5- 1 -1886 -- Australia: Fred Upham from Rhode Island, U.S.A. & the Australian-born Andrade brothers, David & William, form the Melbourne Anarchist Club (M.A.C.). This, the first formal anarchist organisation in Australia reflected the Boston Anarchist Club. The Andrade brothers also started Melbourne's first anarchist bookstore. (See by John Sendy, Melbourne's Radical Bookshops (International Bookshop, 1983).)
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#a


5- 3 -1886 -- US: Police kill four & wound at least 200 as Chicago's finest attack McCormick Reaper Works strikers. 

MAY 3. In 1886, at the height of the movement for the 8-hour day, police opened fire in a crowd of workers participating ina general strike at McCormick Harvester Co. in Chicago. Four workers were killed, & anarchists call a public rally for May 4th at Haymarket Square to protest the police brutality. As the peaceful protest drew to a close, a bomb was thrown into the police line. One officer was killed & several were wounded. Police responded by firing into the crowd, killing one & wounding many. The incident kicked off an intensive campaign against Labor leaders & other activists, & 8 anarchists are framed for the bombing.

Image by Flavio Constantini, Chicago, final da tarde do dia 3 de Maio de 1886.
Cerca de 8000 grevistas concentram-se à porta da fábrica de máquinas agrícolas MacCormick para insultar os amarelos; são recebidos com tiros de revólver pela polícia e agentes de Pinkerton.

http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/costantini/index.html




5- 3 -1886 -- Robert Collino lives (1886-1975), Marseilles, France. Science fiction author, & anarchist who wrote for many, many anarchist publications, collaborated on Sebastien Faure's Anarchist Encyclopedia, etc. His science fiction novel, Panurge au pays des machines (1940) denounced the dangers of totalitarianism, followed in 1966 by Essais fantastiques du Dr Rob. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai1.html#3



5- 4 -1886 -- US: Haymarket Square Bombing. A bomb kills seven Chicago cops as they attack demonstrators at a rally protesting police brutality yesterday at McCormick Reaper Works. 

Eight — including speakers at the meeting — are arrested. Four anarchists (August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer & George Engel) were subsequently hanged for murder after a show trial & another (Louis Lingg) killed himself. No evidence linking them with the bombing has ever been found & the Chief of police manufactured his own evidence. Illinois governor John P. Altgeld denounced the trial as a travesty & pardoned some (knowingly destroying his political career).

[More Details, click here]

5- 30 -1886 -- Randolph Bourne lives, (1886-1918). American literary radical, anarchist.

It is in literature itself that Randolph Bourne appears most unforgettably, in a haunting stanza from 1919 (1932), centerpiece of the U.S.A. trilogy by John Dos Passos:



This little sparrowlike man,  tiny twisted bit of flesh in a black cape,  always in pain & ailing,  put a pebble in his sling,  & hit Goliath squarely in the forehead with it.  . . . If any man has a ghost, Bourne has a ghost,  a tiny twisted unscared ghost in a black cloak  hopping along the grimy old brick & brownstone streets  still left in downtown New York,  crying out in a shrill soundless giggle:  War is the health of the State.  [More, click here]




6- 26 -1886 -- France: Charles Gallo is tried for his attack of March 5, 1886 (see Daily Bleed) on the Stock Exchange. Gallo was expelled from the courtroom shouting "Death to bourgeois judges! Long live dynamite! Long live anarchy!" On July 15 Gallo gets a 20-year prison sentence.


8- 19 -1886 -- Joseph Conrad, Polish-born, becomes a British subject.

---

Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent … [constructs] anarchism as a form of fraudulent self-deception symptomatic of a widespread social degeneracy in British society. The...novel's ambivalent engagement with Nietzsche, showing how through a dialogue with Nietzschean intertexts anarchism is constructed as a form of religious fanaticism that is connected with the dangers of both foreign imperialism and the lower classes.

---

10- 8 -1886 -- Pierre Besnard lives, Montreuil Bellay. French anarcho-syndicalist active in the AIT (International Workers Association /Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores), who met with Buenaventura Durruti & fought in Spanish Revolution of 1936. Besnard wrote Le monde nouveau (1936), Les syndicats ouvriers et la révolution sociale (1930) & contributed to l'Encyclopédie anarchiste.

"L'anarcho-syndicalisme est la forme organique que prend l'Anarchie, pour lutter contre le capitalisme. Il est en opposition fondamentale avec le Syndicalisme politique et réformiste. Il est représenté dans le monde par l'A.I.T."

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm

10- 24 -1886 -- France: Letter from Clément Duval, member of the anarchist group "Panther of Batignolles", justifying its activities, appears in "Revolt": "Le vol n'est que la restitution, opéré à son profit par un individu conscient des richesses produites collectivement, et indûment accaparée par quelques-uns." See the Anarchist Encyclopedia. See also tomorrow. http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DuvalClement.htm


10- 25 -1886 -- France: The episode which brings Clement Duval to his ruin, & a place in the iconography of the French regime, occurs. 

The anarchist burglar Duval was arrested for breaking into a rich woman's apartment, stealing her jewels, & setting the place on fire (accidentally ).

Duval's trial was far from tranquil ...

[Details, click here]




10- 26 -1886 -- Justin Olive (1886-1962) lives, à Fabrezan (Aude). French militant anarchist & revolutionary syndicalist.
[Details, click here]



10- 28 -1886 -- US: Free Erections? Statue of Liberty dedicated — just two months after the show trial of the Haymarket anarchists — on Bedloe's Island in NY harbor. The island is later renamed Liberty Island.


10- 29 -1886 -- England: "Freedom" newspaper begins publication in London, as a monthly, in October 1886. 

From the start it was intended not as the mouthpiece of a particular group but as an independent voice in a wider movement. At first described as a journal of "Anarchist Socialism," in June 1889 it became a "Journal of Anarchist Communism"; it attempts to represent the mainstream tradition of anarchism, through giving a voice to differing views. Continues to publish today.



11- 3 -1886 -- Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) lives, Bad-Bramstedt (northern Germany).

Wilckens was a German anarchist, a member of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), & a pacifist. A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina.  In Argentina, in 1923, he attacked the infamous Varela ("The Killer of Patagonia", responsible for the torture & massacre of more than 1500 workers a year earlier).  Condemned to life in prison, Wilckens was killed in his cell, June 15, 1923, by the rightwing fanatic nationalist, Perez Millan, while sleeping. Despite government attempts to cover up his murder, a nation-wide General Strike was called in protest, shutting down the country.  Millan was in turn killed on November 9, 1925, by the Russian anarchist German Boris Vladimirovitch. See on this subject Osvaldo Bayer's "Les anarchistes expropriateurs". Also "Kurt Wilckens, la eterna justicia," http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4351/kurt.htm  http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue54/wilckens.html

In French see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#17


11- 5 -1886 -- England: Guy Aldred, British anarchist anti-militarist, lives, London. At various points between 1910 and his death in 1963, Guy Aldred edited five Glasgow based anarchist periodicals - The Herald of Revolt, The Spur, The Commune, The Council, and The Word.

As for Aldred & Patrick, their United Socialist Movement had become a populist organisation, espousing things like World Government & fellow-travelling with Russia after Stalin’s death. As Nicolas Walter says in his article in the Raven No 1., Aldred was an: "extraordinarily courageous but essentially solitary man whose vanity & oddity prevented him from taking the part which his ability & energy seemed to create for him in the revolutionary socialist movement".

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/org/issue42/acbrit.html

4- 30 -1886 -- US: On the eve of May 1, 50,000 workers in Chicago are on strike. 30,000 more swell their ranks tomorrow, bringing most of Chicago manufacturing to a standstill. Chicago cops will kill four unionists on the 3rd. A demonstration will be held on the 4th in Haymarket Square; a cop is killed by a never identified assailant & eight anarchists (some not in attendance) tried for murder & sentenced to death.

Late 1885/Early 1886 Hundreds of thousands of American workers, increasingly determined to resist subjugation to capitalist power, poured into a fledgling labor organization, the Knights of Labor.

Beginning on May 1, 1886, they took to the streets to demand the universal adoption of the eight hour day. Chicago was the center of the movement. Workers there had been agitating for an eight hour day for months. 

This evening fears of violent class conflict gripped the city. No violence occurred on May 1 -- a Saturday -- or May 2. But on Monday, May 3, a fight involving hundreds broke out at McCormick Reaper between locked-out unionists & the non-unionist workers McCormick hired to replace them. 

The Chicago police, swollen in number & heavily armed, quickly moved in with clubs & guns to restore order. They left four unionists dead & many others wounded. Angered by the deadly force of the police, a group of anarchists, led by August Spies & Albert Parsons, called on workers to arm themselves & participate in a massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square on Tuesday evening, May 4. The demonstration appeared to be a complete bust, with only 3,000 assembling. But near the end of the evening, an individual, whose identity is still in dispute, threw a bomb that killed seven policemen & injured 67 others. Hysterical city & state government officials rounded up eight anarchists, tried them for murder, & sentenced them to death.

[Sources, click here]

12- 4 -1886 -- Andre Colomer lives, Cerbère (Catalonia). Poet, anarchist & finally a Communist.

In 1913 Colomer is involved with Devaldes & Lacaze-Duthiers in the review "L'action d'art". 

During WWI Colomer refused military service & fled the country. After the armistice he was again involved in "L'action d'art", & also the trade union of writers & dramatic authors. 

In 1922, an organizer with the CGTU, Colomer created the confederal theatre. He was also a founder of "Libertaire" & manager of "La revue anarchiste" before he broke with anarchism, in 1927, to become a "true Communist" (only a few years after denouncing the Bolshevik dictatorship). Colomer moved to the USSR & died there on October 7, 1931.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#4


3- 28 -1886 -- Peter Kropotkin's The Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution, an address delivered in Paris, first appears in "Le Révolté", March 28-May 9; (translated by H.Glasse. London: William Reeves).
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#KropotkinPeterAAB


6- 3 -1886 -- France: Louise Michel 

Louise, qui ne cesse de prendre la parole au cours de multiples réunions, participe au théâtre du Château-d'eau (Paris) à, un meeting en faveur des mineurs de Decazeville. Elle y prononce un discours, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue et Susini y interviennent à, ses côtés.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]



8- 8 -1886 -- France: Emile Aubin (aka Marat) lives (March 8 according to the police), Paris. Sailor, electrician, militant anarchist, songster & antimilitarist.

As a sailor abord the battleship "Vérité", Aubin's belongings were searched, exposing him as the author of revolutionary songs under pseudonym of Marat. He was sent to disciplinary battalion until 1910. 
[Details, click here]

8- 18 -1886 -- Samuel Schwartzbard, Jewish watchmaker, anarchist & poet, lives (1886-1938). 

Escaped the Russian pogroms in 1905, settled in Paris & active in local anarcho-communist groups with Alexander Berkman, Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin, & Nestor Makhno.alt; Nestor Machno In 1926 he gunned down Simon Petliura, who had directed the pogroms in which some of his family were murdered. He fired three times, announcing:

"This, for the pogroms; this for the massacres, this for the victims."

Schwartzbard confessed to the crime, but was acquitted by a jury & freed, & the verdict interpreted as confirmation of Petliura's responsibility for the pogroms.

He wrote: Dreams & Reality (1920; Yiddish) & A Fight With Oneself (1933), etc.

10- 12 -1886 -- Norway: The anarchist author Hans Jaeger, writing from prison during this month, describes his Munch picture "Hulda" in the first number of his periodical Impressionisten.

[Exact day unknown. -- ed] See: Johan H. Langaard, Edward Munch. Fra Ar Til Ar. A Year By Year Record of Munch's Life, (Oslo: H. Aschehoug, 1961) 91pp.

alt: Hans Jaeger 

Jaeger was an important friend & influence on Edvard Munch. Munch's association with Jæger & his circle of anarchists was a crucial turning point in his life & a source of new inner unrest & conflict.



1- 8 -1886 -- France: Décret du président de la République accordant sa grâce à, Louise Michel. Elle refuse, puis consent.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]



2- 11 -1887 -- France: Clement Duval, anarchist expropriator & member of the "Panthers of Batignolles" is condemned to death. See also March 29, 1935.Clément Duval http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DuvalClement.htm

1- 11 -1887 -- Jean-Jacques Liabeuf lives. French shoe-maker guillotined in 1910 despite massive protests initiated by the anarchists. Gustave Herve, the revolutionary socialist & publisher of "The Social War", got four years in prison for writing articles defending Liabeuf.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet1.html#2


1- 26 -1887 -- Mikhael Guerdjikov (1877-1947) lives. Bulgarian anarchist influenced by Bakuninist ideas. Started the first Bulgarian anarchist paper, "Free Society". See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/MikhaelGuerdjikov.htm


1- 11 -1887 -- France: The anarchist thief Clément Duval goes on trial at the Seine Court of Assizes. Duval had broken into the apartment of a rich woman (25th October 1886), stolen her jewels & accidentally set it on fire.

The trial was far from tranquil. Clement Duval refused the role of the common criminal, proclaiming the political nature of his activity & contesting the pretence that the men in robes were handing out justice. 

From being the accused Duval became accuser, denouncing embezzlement, the injustice of exploitation, mystification, & the wrongs suffered by himself & those like him. The crowd which packed out the court-room was carried away by his vehemence, & echoed his words.

The hearing ended uproariously with Duval expelled, shouting "Long live anarchy", the police overwhelmed by the crowd, the judges in flight to their chambers, insults & blows, fights & arrests. An hour later, after the uproar was quelled, the Court delivers its verdict: death. A penalty dictated by fear, disproportionate to the gravity of the offences. On February 28th, the President of the Republic commuted Duval's sentence to life at hard labor. Freedom was closing its doors on Duval, & the inferno was to take him in, forever.

2- 18 -1887 -- Juan Peiro Belis (1887-1942) lives, Barcelona. Spanish anarcho-syndicalist theorist & militant in the CNT. Assiduous collaborator of the confederal & libertarian press with his many reviews & newspapers.



November 4, 1936, Juan Peiro became Minister of Industry in the government of Caballero Largo (three other anarchists also took major posts). His participation, of short duration, was heresy to libertarian principles. Even if justified in a state of war, it will not prevent defeat, nor the treason of the Stalinist participants. Following the victory by the Fascists in Spain Peiro took refuge in France in 1939, but was extradited by Pétain & shot when he refused to collaborate with the Franco government, in Valencia, July 24, 1942. (His son, José Peiro, devoted a book to him; see 26 December 17.)



• "Objetivos y accion del sindicalismo"
  http://dftuz.unizar.es/a/files/anarq-ph/95002.htm
  
• Fragmentos de "Ideas sobre sindicalismo y anarquismo"
  http://dftuz.unizar.es/a/files/anarq-th/95001.htm
  
• "Revision de las tacticas de lucha"
  http://dftuz.unizar.es/a/files/anarq-th/95002.htm
  

2- 19 -1887 -- Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820-1887), best known under his pseudonym, Multatuli (Latin, "I have suffered much"), dies in Germany.



Great Dutch anarchist writer/novelist, a one-time civil servant who wrote the autobiographical novel Max Havelaar, reflecting his disgust with Dutch colonialism & racism. Dekker despised middle-class conformism, excoriating religion, the family, & prejudices of all kinds -- racist, sexist or sexual. 

Multatuli's ideas influenced the socialist & libertarian milieu of his time & practicing his libertarian ideals scandalized his contemporaries, living as he did with two women & their children. 

Among his other acclaimed works is the seven-volume Radical Ideas.

http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/multatuli.htm

2- 28 -1887 -- France: The anarchist burglar & member of the "Panthers of Batignolles", Clement Duval, has his death sentence (see 11 January 1887) commuted to life by the President of the Republic.(alt spelling: Clément Duval


"Theft exists only through the exploitation of man by man...when Society refuses you the right to exist, you must take it...the policeman arrested me in the name of the Law, I struck him in the name of Liberty..."



Clement Duval attempted escape 20 times, & after finally succeeding, reached New York, where he lived until age 85, surrounded by Italian anarchist comrades.

See his book, Moi, Clément Duval, bagnard et anarchiste (Introduction by MarianneEnckell; Les Editions ouvrières, Paris, 1991)

4- 20 -1887 -- Oscar Wilde today writes:anarchist http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_wilde.html

4- 27 -1887 -- France: Claude Le Maguet (known as Jean Salivas) (1887-1979) lives. French poet & miltant pacifist. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/LeMaguetClaude.htm



5- 16 -1887 -- Maria Lacerda de Moura (1887-1945) lives, Minas Gerais, Portugal. Teacher, feminist, journalist & anarchist writer.

Founded the League Against Illiteracy, & as an educator, adopted the libertarian pedagogy of Ferrer.

Moved to Brazil, where she taught & collaborated in the Brazilian & international labor & anarchist press. Maria Lacerda de Moura is one of the main pioneers of the Brazilian feminist movement & was one of the few involved with the labor movement. An active lecturer, she spoke on education, the rights of the women, free love & antimilitarism, becoming known not only in Brazil, but also in Uruguay & Argentina. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/LacerdadeMouraMaria.htm

7- 18 -1887 -- Argentina: In Buenos-Aires, at the initiative of anarchist Ettore Mattei, "La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos", the first organized workers' resistance society, is founded. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina, at the time, wrote its statutes for them.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet3.html#18
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&q="Ettore+Mattei"

7- 21 -1887 -- Poland: A small booklet entitled The First Book appears in Warsaw (Varsovie ) (or on the 26th?), signed by a certain "Doktoro Esperanto", pseudonym of the linguist Dr. Louis-Lazare Zamenhof (1859-1917). 

The 40 pages present a program for an international auxiliary language which spreads around the world under the name Esperanto. This neutral & easily learned idiom (at least for Westerners), is designed to facilitate comprehension & communication between peoples.

Among its early enthusiasts were many anarchists, seeing here not only a means of countering warmongering nationalisms, but also a way to diffuse the libertarian ideal beyond the official statist borders. 

"& as you can imagine, Esperanto, without any difficulty, has also crossed the seas. Travel to America, Africa or Oceania & you will find Esperantists everywhere who will be able to understand you when you speak the language. Esperanto is the surest & the speediest vehicle of civilization."

— Jules Verne, 
http://www.i5ive.com/article.cfm/1146/27579Voyage of Discovery

8- 3 -1887 -- Ovide Ducauroy lives. Anarchist.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/aout1.html#3


9- 16 -1887 -- Ferdinand Gambon dies. French lawyer, magistrate, initially moderate republican, Gambon became a socialist, anarchist & pacifist revolutionary. Elected member of the Paris Commune. Defense lawyer for the Lyons anarchists in the 1883 trials.

Wrote Le cri du peuple, & coined the famous pacifist slogan "War Against War!". See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FerdinandGambon.htm



11- 6 -1887 -- Eugene Pottier (1816-1887), poet & revolutionist, dies. Participant in the Revolution of 1848, & elected to Paris Commune. 

Condemned to death for his activities, Pottier fled to England & the US. Pottier later returned to France, where he continued writing poetry. He is best known today for writing the Internationale, which Pierre de Geyter [Degeyter] put to music in 1888. The song, adopted by workers worldwide, is anarchist at its core:

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#4
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/paris.html

11- 10 -1887 -- US: Chicago Haymarket "martyr" Louis Lingg, 22, cheats the state the day before he & the other anarchist's scheduled execution, commiting suicide in his prison cell. (see 4 May 1886). Inspires the rock'n'roll song line, "Louie, Louie, Oh we got to go now..." http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/haymarket/lingg/lingg.html

[More Details on Haymarket, click here]

See Louis Lingg, Address to the Court, Famous Speeches of the Chicago Anarchists (Chicago: 1912). Reprinted in Dave Roediger and Franklin Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1986)
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/45/
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haymarket/BIO.HTM

11- 11 -1887 -- Haymarket Martyrs – August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer & George Engel, all anarchists – executed, Chicago. A fifth, 23-year-old Louis Lingg, killed himself in his cell last night. 

Prosecutors never found evidence they threw the bomb & so the police chief fabricated evidence for the trial of the Haymarket "Massacre" defendants. 

250,000 people line Chicago's streets during Parson's funeral procession. The executions elicits an international outcry. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/Haymarket.html

 'There will come a time when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you are strangling to-day'

 — Albert Spies

11- 11 -1887 -- Italy: Cittadella Colony, a co-operative agricultural association, founded by anarchist Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias).
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier2.html#9


11- 17 -1887 -- US: Johann Most , "anarchist", is arrested for "incendiary language", & sentenced to one year in prison in the land of free speech.


8- 14 -1887 -- Anna Estorges (Rirette Maitrejean) lives. French individualist anarchist. Companion of Mauricius (Maurice Vandamme), & also Victor Serge (Kibaltchiche); arrested with Serge & tried (Feb 3-27, 1913) for her involvement with the Bonnot Gang (acquitted). 

She wrote for many anarchist publications, such as "La Revue Anarchiste", "La défense de l'homme" & "La liberté" (founded by Louis Lecoin in 1959).
[More, click here]



1- 22 -1888 -- France: In Paris, an attempt to kill Louise Michel results in her being wounded. The budding anarchist testified in behalf of her attacker, arguing for his acquittal.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#22
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://www.web.net/~blakrose/louise.htm

2- 10 -1888 -- Italy: Giuseppe Pasotti (1888-1951) lives. Anarcho-syndicalist & member of the Italian League of Human Rights. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PasottiGuiseppe.htm



6- 11 -1888 -- Martyred American anarchist Bartolomeo Vanzetti lives, Italy.
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/sacco_vanzetti.html


6- 30 -1888 -- Léon Metchnikoff (1838-1888) dies. Geographer, anarchist & secretary to Elisée Reclus.

alt; Elisee Reclus; Leon Metchnikoff http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/ishill/ishill1-25.html


8- 9 -1888 -- France: During a meeting of the terrassiers strikers the anarcho-syndicalist Joseph Tortelier (1854-1925), an ardent advocate of the "General Strike," is selected as their lawyer.
http://www.maitron.org/actu/Expo/
http://refractions.plusloin.org/textes/refractions1/colson-chimie.htm

10- 17 -1888 -- France: French anarchist Maurice Halle lives.


11- 3 -1888 -- Australia: Larry Petrie is apparently a late-comer to the Melbourne Anarchist Club (MAC), as Sam Rosa is, leading debates on 9th June 1888 on 'Anarchy', on 10 August 1888 'the Chinese', today ("Individualism" the topic) and 8th December1888 ("Equity").

He spoke frequently at the Queen's Wharf & 'travelled' in tea taking the opportunity to talk with his customers about social change, especially women in slum areas & prostitutes 'for whom he had great sympathy.'

An anarchist, & Australian Workers Union (AWU) Secretary-Organiser in Sydney, "(He) used to sing in a good, baritone voice The Marseillaise to gather a good crowd around him .... Raising his only arm when he sang 'to arms, my citizens' was always good for a laugh ....."

 http://www.takver.com/history/petrie.htm

3- 18 -1888 -- Argentina: Malatesta is in Bueno Aires doing active propaganda; "Meetings were held today, on the occasion of the first local strikes,etc., & it is probably that the movement "El Perseguido" was first issued (publishing until Jan. 31, 1897), the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist press, culminating in the "Protesta Humana" (June 13, 1897), followed by the (daily) "Protesta) (April 5, 1904), which for so many years weathers all storms. "

---Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta
 http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/nettlau/nettlauonmalatesta.html


8- 19 -1888 -- Spain: In Seville, Ricardo Mella republishes the newspaper "Solidaridad" which will be, as Max Nettlau characterizes it, one of the lastramparts of anarcho-collectivism in Spain. On January 12, 1889 it publishes his article, "La Anarquía no admite adjetivos" (Anarchy needs no adjectives).
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]


8- 30 -1888 -- Spain: Ramón Acin lives, Huesca (Aragon).

Militant anarcho-syndicaliste, professor, writer & avant-garde artist. Involved with the C.N.T., imprisoned for his support of political prisoners, forced into exile for his involvement in attempted uprisings, Ramón Acin contributed many articles to the libertarian press where, in addition to art & poitical critiques, he expressed interests in ecology, vegetarianism, animal rights, etc. Acin was a friend of Garcia Lorca, & also Buñuel, producing his film "Terre sans pain". He founded an art school based on the ideas of Francisco Ferrer & Célestin Freinet. 

When Franco's repression began in 1936, Ramón Acin & his partner Conchita Monras are among the many rounded up & shot.

2- 24 -1889 -- France: Emile Pouget's "Le Pere Peinard" begins publishing. A signatory to the "Charter of Amiens" (1906), endorsed by the CGT, Pouget also wrote numerous books & pamphlets, including "Direct Action" (1910), & "Sabotage."



anarchist

"Since the day a man had the criminal ability to profit by another man's labor, since that very same day the exploited toiler has instinctively tried to give to his master less than was demanded from him. In this wise the worker was unconsciously doing SABOTAGE, demonstrating in an indirect way the irrepressible antagonism that arrays Capital & Labor one against the other."

— Emile Pouget, Sabotage

See Arturo Giovanitti's introduction,
http://www.connect.ab.ca/~mctsoul/agsab1.htm

See Howard Lay, Reflecs d'un Gnaiff: Images of Insurrection in Emile Pouget's Le Pere Peinard

Also see Elizabeth Gurley Flynn's Sabotage & Martin Sprouse, Sabotage in the American Workplace at http://www.connect.ab.ca/~mctsoul/
http://www.disgruntled.com/
http://www.human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/paper74h.html
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/christian.domec/pouget01.html

"Cactus Ed is dead, but Hayduke Lives!"


http://www.ior.com/~mikej/abbey.html

3- 20 -1889 -- Jean de Boe lives, Anderlecht, Belgium. Militant anarchist, syndicalist & cooperativist. See Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DeBoeJean.htm


3- 26 -1889 -- Jacques Doubinsky (1889-1959) lives, Russia. As a young Russian labor radical he joined the Ukrainian peasant uprising in 1918, fighting with the insurrectionary Makhnovist army.

When betrayed by the Bolsheviks, Doubinsky went to Bulgaria, where he was arrested & tortured after the coup d'etat of 1923 for anarchist activities. Later co-directed the Jewish anarchist library "L'autodidacte" in Paris & founded the "Friends of Voline" group, publishing Voline's book The Unknown Revolution (1947) (translated into English by Fredy Perlman & a group in Chicago; published by Black & Red in Detroit, Free Life Editions in NY & Black Rose Books in Canada.) Jacques Doubinsky was also involved with the Jewish anarchist "La libre Pensée" in Paris & assisting Bulgarian refugees. 

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#18

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Makhno/MakhnoFromBleed.htm

4- 15 -1889 -- Louis Bertho lives (known as Jules Lepetit), Nantes. French anarchist/syndicalist, reported missing after a trip to Moscow. 

A shipyard worker in Saint-Nazaire, he took a false identity to escape military service. In 1912 he joined the Anarchist Communist Federation in Paris, & the Syndicat des Terrassiers. Exempted from the war for health reasons, on June 19, 1917 he was sent to prison for two years for clandestinely publishing the paper "Libertaire." Bertho, as a trade union activist, was invited to the Second Congress of the Communist International in Moscow, in July 1920, along with R. Lefebvre & Vergeat. After having met VictorSerge & visiting the Ukraine they disappeared, probably eliminated by the Communists. 

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#15

7- 14 -1889 -- France: In Paris, two congresses are held: the founding of Internationale Socialist & the congress of the "Possibilistes" (partisans of Paul Brousse). The anarchists attend both.

Pour le centième anniversaire de la Révolution française, deux congrès socialistes internationaux se tiennent à Paris : le premier rue de Lancry, réformiste ; la deuxième salle Pétrelle, dominé par les marxistes, qui est le congrès fondateur de la IIe Internationale.




8- 9 -1889 -- Charles Cros dies. French poet, inventor of the phonograph.

Charles Cros, the inventor of the phonograph, was the most popular poet-singer of this kind in mid-nineteenth-century Paris, & his poems spoke for a way of life completely unassimilable by the money-crazy, hypocritical, debauched, & puritanical society of Louis Napoleon’s gimcrack Second Empire.  It is out of people like Charles Cros, simple, sensuous, lyrical, & sarcastic, that poets like Verlaine come, & all of those that he, Verlaine, first called “poètes maudits,” the cursed, the outcast poets, Germain Nouveau, Arthur Rimbaud, Alfred Jarry, Tristan Corbière, Jean Richepin.  All of these poets are still sung. — Kenneth Rexroth, Subversive Aspects of Popular Songs http://www.alalettre.com/cros-bio.htm http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/cros.html

anarchist


8- 15 -1889 -- US: Emma Goldman arrives in New York City, meets Alexander Berkman at Sachs Restaurant.




10- 17 -1889 -- Russia: Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Russian radical critic, dies. He helped lay the basis for revolutionary populism. 

Wrote What is to be Done?, a political novel that influenced two generations of Russian intelligentsia, including many anarchists such as Emma Goldman . It served as the manifesto of the 19th Century Russian Nihilists. 

It served the same purpose to them that "On the Road" did for the Beatniks, or "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" did for the Hippies, in later times. It was a unifying literary statement serving to define a secular subculture, consisting in each case of self-consciously revolutionary youth.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSchernyshevsky.htm

10- 27 -1889 -- Ukraine: Famed anarchist general Nestor Makhno, lives, Gulyai-Polye. Fights Red & White Russian armies during the Russian Revolution.alt; Nestor Ivanoviè Machno; Nestor Ivanovich Machno; Nestor Mahkno

"Aucun des commissaires n'osa se montrer devant les ouvriers à la tribune du Soviet. Seule l'anarchiste Marie Nikiphorova occupa cette tribune et appela, de sa voix puissante, les ouvriers à la lutte contre le gouvernement, pour la révolution et pour une société libre de toute autorité."


— Nestor Makhno, in Larévolution russe en Ukraine.



11- 4 -1889 -- Vittorio Pini gets 20-years in prison. Shoe-maker & a member of "Les intransigenti", Pini participated in "expropriations":

"Nous, anarchistes, c'est avec l'entière conscience d'accomplir un devoir, que nous attaquons la propriété".


12- 2 -1889 -- Octave Garnier lives, Fontainebleau, France. Began work as a 13-year old, became a member of the anarchist Bonnot Gang, stealing cars & robbing banks.

After the arrest of Andre Soudy, then Edouard Carouy & Raymond Callemin, it is the turn of Bonnot & Dubois — who, when encircled, fight until the end before being killed by the police. Lastly, Garnier & Valet are killed, May 15, 1912, during an attack on their hideout by both the police & the army, while thousands of the curious run for cover.



See Doug Imrie's article, "The Illegalists", & background material on the Bonnot Gang, online,
http://www.charm.net/~claustro/outlaw/default.htm
http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bonnot.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#2

12- 6 -1889 -- US: Great trial of the Chicago Haymarket anarchists begins.

Again, national & international protest. When the Illinois Supreme Court rejected their appeal, George Bernard Shaw wrote (this is close to his exact words):



"If the world must lose eight of its people, it can better afford to lose the eight members of the Illinois Supreme Court."

3- 24 -1889 -- Argentina: "Revolte" reports that some time ago the Bueno Aires Commissioner of Police sent for Errico Malatesta, to tell him that the police would be represented at all public meetings. They also tried to monitor private (group) meetings, but desisted when invited to leave. Malatesta, in exile from Italy, was quite active in doing propaganda work in anarchist & labor circles here at the time.


8- 20 -1889 -- Antoine Monier lives (1889-1913), (aka Simentoff ), Estagel, Eastern Pyrenees. Anarchiste illégaliste, member of the Bande à Bonnot (Bonnot Gang).Involved in the circle around the journal "L'Anarchie" edited by Victor Serge & Rirette Maîtrejean. Joined Jules Bonnot in what the papers called the Bonnot Gang, & was involved in a number of robberies, including one inwhich two bank employees were killed.Arrested on April 24, 1912, Monier was tried February 3, 1913, along with other surviving members of the group, & sentenced to death, along with Raymond Callemin & André Soudy, & guillotinéd on April 21, 1913. 

---



"Je lègue à la Société mon ardent désir qu'un jour, peu lointain, règne dans les institutions sociales un maximum de bien-être et d'indépendance, afin que l'individu, dans ses loisirs, puisse mieux se consacrer à ce qui fait la beauté de la vie, à l'instruction et à tout ce qui est science." 

--- Testament de Antoine Monier

---

10- 10 -1889 -- Italy: Errico Malatesta , having returned from South America in September, begins issuing the anarchist publication "L'Associazione," of which Nos. 1-3 were published at Nice (October 10, etc.) & Nos. 4-7, until January 23, 1890, in London. 
[Details, click here]


1- 2 -1890 -- US: Johann Most arranges Emma Goldman's first public lecture tour to Rochester, Buffalo, & Cleveland to speak on the limitations of the eight-hour movement. In the course of her tour, Emma Goldmandemonstrates her talents as an orator & realizes the need to articulate her political beliefs independently; her growing autonomy causes tensions with Most.



1- 24 -1890 -- Jeanne Humbert lives. French pacifist, anarchist militant & companion of Eugene Humbert & author of a biography of their lives. Sent to prison & fined, along with Eugene for spreading neo-Malthusian propaganda.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/EugeneHumbert.htm


2- 11 -1890 -- Italy: Virgilia d'Andrea (1890-1932) lives, Sulmona- Abruzzi. Italian poet, teacher, writer. Met Armando Borghi while a teacher & from then on was a dedicated anarchist. Her anti-fascist activities forced her to leave Italy, & she continued the struggle in Germany, Holland, France & the US. Wrote Tormento, a volume of poetry published in 1922 in Italy; L’Ora di Marmaldo, a collection of prose published in France in 1928; & Torce nella Notte, a collection of articles & treatises published in NY a few days before her death. http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet14.htm#d’Andrea
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#12

2- 20 -1890 -- Italy: In Genoa, a group of Italian anarchists, including Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias) embarks on a boat to Brazil, to found the experimental Cecilia Colony.


5- 3 -1890 -- Enigmatic novelist, German anarchist revolutionary, B. Traven (1890-1969) lives (again; we also show his birthdate as 23 February 1882). [Aka Otto Feige, Albert Otto Max Wienecke, Berick Traven Torsvan, Hal Croves, Torsvan Croves, Ret Marut, Bent Traven].

A good day perhaps for finally organising that second false passport: another of B Traven's birthdays, being the birthdate given on Traven Torsvan's Mexican naturalisation papers: 

Emma meets Johann Most, editor of Die Freiheit, & Alexander Berkman; gains employment doing piece work for a silk waist factory. Goldman's political activities include support work at the office of Die Freiheit, & help with the organization of the second anniversary commemoration of the hanging of the Haymarket anarchist martyrs. Goldman & Berkman become lovers. She shares an apartment with him, his cousin Modest Stein, & their mutual friend Helen Minkin. Berkman & she contemplate returning to Russia when they hear about political repression there, but lack the necessary financial resources.

"The creative person should have no other biography than his works."



As a young man he published an underground anarchist magazine, Der Ziegelbrenner (The Brick Thrower) in Germany, & joined the Bavarian Soviet of 1919 with Gustav Landauer & other anarchists. 

When Traven dies in 1969, his ashes are scattered over Chiapas, Mexico, home of the Zapatistas.



"I have not the slightest literary ambition. I am not a writer, I shout. I want to be nothing but — the word".

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/saints/StTravenB.htm

See Charles H. Miller's "B. Traven, Pure Proletarian Writer" in David Madden's Proletarian Writers of the Thirties.

http://www.thing.net/~rdom/zapsTactical/zaps.html

3- 26 -1890 -- Raymond Callemin, (aka Raymond-la-Science) member of the anarchist/illegalist Bonnot Gang, lives. He met Victor Serge in Belgium, with whom he started the individualist paper, "L'anarchie". Callemin was arrested April 7, 1912 in Paris & sentenced to death February 28, 1913, with André Soudy, Antoine Monier & Eugene Dieudonné. Raymond Callemin was guillotined April 21, 1913, after having cleared & saved Eugène Dieudonné from the guillotine.




5- 1 -1890 -- Australia: A large May Day meeting is held in Melbourne in 1890, chaired by Dr Maloney (later a federal Labor MP). 

The group of radicals who called this metting had an inaugural meeting on May Day 1886, to coincide with the US movement protests. Anarchist activists were prominent then, including J Andrews, Chummy Fleming, David Andrade & Monty Miller.

 A straggling, tame procession, perhaps,
A butt for burgess scorn;
Its flags are ragged sentiments,
& its music's still unborn.

— Bernard O'Dowd, excerpt from the poem "May Day"

[Details, click here]

5- 15 -1890 -- Katherine Anne Porter lives (1890-1980) Indian Creek, Texass. American essayist, short story writer, & journalist, whose best known & only novel is The Ship of Fools (1962). The title is from an old German satire (1494), by Sebastian Brant. Briefly involved with Mexican revolutionary politics, & also wrote The Never-Ending Wrong, an account of the infamous trial & execution of the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti.
http://www.accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/porterka.htm
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kaporter.htm

5- 27 -1890 -- Andre Rene Valet lives, in Verdun, Meuse. Illegalist member of the Bonnot Gang. Met the circle of anarchists involved in the paper "L'Anarchie", edited by Victor Serge, some of whom were also future Gang members. Valet was killed in a shootout with the police & the army, 16 May 1912 at Nogent-sur-Marne.

After the arrest of Andre Soudy, then Edouard Carouy & Raymond Callemin, it is the turn of Bonnot & Dubois — who, when encircled, fight until the end before being killed by the police. Lastly, Garnier & Valet are killed during an attack on their hideout by both the police & the army, while thousands of the curious run for cover.



See Doug Imrie's article, "The Illegalists", & background material on the Bonnot Gang, online,
http://www.charm.net/~claustro/outlaw/default.htm

7- 7 -1890 -- France: Marius Paul Metge lives. French anarchist individualist & illégaliste, a member of the Bonnot Gang.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juillet1.html#7


8- 13 -1890 -- Lucien Barbedette (1890-1942) lives, Mayenne. French professor & anarchist who wrote for a large variety of movement newspapers & journals, as well as contributing to Sébastien Faure's massive & famed Anarchist Encyclopedia.



"La violence appelle la violence; les révolutions sont les contre-parties fatales de l'oppression légalement organisée".

8- 14 -1890 -- Spain: Rafael Farga Pellicer dies. Typographer, advocate of cooperativism & federalism, anarchist.

He met with Giuseppe Fanelli in 1868, & helped create the Barcelona section of the A.I.T., of which he was an influential member.

Joined the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy" (Bakuninist) & on August 1, 1869, began the newspaper "Federacion". In September, he was a Spanish congressional delegate at the A.I.T. in Basle. He was also delegated by the "Federation of the Area Espagnole"(F.R.E) to the Congress of International at the Hague (Netherlands) of September 2, 1872, & rejected the charges formulated by the general council of London (Marxist) against Bakunin & Guillaume &, a little later attends St-Imier (Swiss), for the founding congress of the Anti-authoritarian International.

In 1881 he participated in founding the new anarcho-collectivist "F.T.R.E" (Federation of the workers of the Spanish area) which opposes the insurrectionists like Anselmo Lorenzo. From 1886 to 1888, he publishes the review "Acracia" (he invents the word) & helps found the newspaper "El Productor". 

Rafael Farga Pellicer wrote of several works, including Garibaldi, Historia Liberal del Siglo XIX, Biografía de M. Bakounine : sus ideales y tácticas. http://agora.ya.com/barricada36/1936/anarquismo.html

8- 27 -1890 -- Surrealist photographer, anarchist, chess player MAN RAY lives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.



Man Ray was a graduate of the first "Modern School", based on ideas of the anarchist educator Francisco Ferrer, founded by a group including Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman. Notable participants included Robert Henri, Hippolyte Havel, Alfred Levitt, & Will Durant. Visitors included Jack London, Margaret Sanger, & Peter Kropotkin.

 Man Ray resources:


http://www.noma.org/RAY.HTM
--, 1976 http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/man_ray_ext.html
http://www.manraytrust.com/
http://www.manray-photo.com/
http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/ray.html
--, Danger -- Dancer ILXT, 1972 http://www.si.umich.edu/Art_History/demoarea/details/1983_1.212.html
--, --, [larger version] http://www.si.umich.edu/Art_History/UMMA/1983/1983_1.212.jpg

http://artcyclopedia.com/artists/man_ray.html

In addition to Mark Harden’s Artchive (artchive), The Man Ray Trust(manraytrust.com), & the University of Michigan SILS Art Image Browser (si.umich.edu), Artcyclopedia identifiessix online exhibits of the artwork of Man Ray:

Citta Dell’Arte/City of Art, World Gallery, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery at the U of NE, McMullen Museum of Art at Boston College, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, National Museum of American Art, Washington.

10- 3 -1890 -- US: Emma Goldman lectures in Elizabeth, N.J., & Baltimore. Her two talks in Baltimore are before the International Workingmen's Association & the Workingmen's Educational Society. She reaches both German & Eastern European Jewish immigrant communities, many of whom participate in a conference of Yiddish anarchist organizations in December.



12- 11 -1890 -- Mark Tobey, artist, lives (1890-1976) -- celebrator of Pike Street Market (where the anarchist Left Bank Books is located) & other things Seattleian. http://www.onecountry.org/oc94/oc9416as.html
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/tobey_mark.html


12- 30 -1890 -- Belgium: Victor Serge lives, Brussels. Novelist, poet, historian, & militant activist. Sympathetic to anarchists but rather badly treated by them ("The Bolsheviks' pet anarchist") because of his involvement with Communists & Trotskyists. Like Daniel Guerin (& many other critical Marxists), as he grew older, his politics moved increasingly leftward, leading him later in life to espouse a hybrid of anarchism & Marxism.

"Il partit, il disparut. Par une note, en corps sept, reléguée dans l'infime rubrique des faits divers, les "Izvestia" annoncèrent sa déportation pour "menées insurrectionnelles", accusation extravagante jusqu'à la bouffonnerie".



       — Victor Serge, Le tournant obscur

7- 6 -1890 -- England: Gasworkers victory parade; 25,000 people wound onto Hunslet Moor to celebrate the success of the strike.



If the failure of direct action threw the socialists into the hands of the moderates, the lesson that anarchist H.B. Samuels learned from the results of the street fighting was very different. Gas stokers with poles and people armed with stones would never be enough to withstand the hussars & dragoons. The people must be armed, he thought. & that meant explosives. "If the people only had the knowledge -- they certainly had the pluck -- the whole cursed lot could have been wiped out," he wrote in the Commonweal, lamenting that none of the scabs or their military protectors had been killed ("Commonweal," 12 July 1890).

 http://www.qbradley.freeserve.co.uk/website4/Mag6.html

5- 31 -1890 -- France: Louise Michel 

31 mai 1890: Le mandat d'arrestation qui l'avait frappée est levé : mais Louise refuse (toujours pour les mêmes raisons) de quitter la prison. De colère, elle casse tout dans sa cellule.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]


6- 2 -1890 -- France: Louise Michel 

A la suite de cette manifestation, le médecin commis pour l'examiner demande son internement comme « folle ». Le gouvernement, qui craint des histoires, s'y oppose. Finalement, elle est libérée et quitte Vienne, le 4 juin, pour Paris.

anarchist[Source: Michel Chronologie]


12- 13 -1890 -- France: Jean Goldschild lives (1890-1969) (aka Goldsky, or Jacques Guerrier), Paris. Antimilitarist, militant anarchist & journalist.

Goldschild drifted away from anarchism & pacificism before returning once more & collaborating on Louis Lecoin's journal "Liberté".

"C'est dans les milieux libertaires que j'ai appris à penser"

— Jean Goldschild, "Libertaire", 1924.



Il naît à Paris, le 13 décembre 1890. Très jeune, il fréquente les anarchistes individualistes et prend part à l'expérience des milieux libres dans la communauté de Saint-Germain-en-Laye de 1906 à 1908.

[Details, click here]




3- 15 -1891 -- Aldino Felicani (1891-1967) lives, Tuscany, Italy. Italian-American anarchist, typographer, editor, & publisher ("Rompez les rangs", "Libertarian Youth", "The Social Question," "The agitazione" (1920-1925), "The Lantern" (1927-1929) &, until his death, "Counter-Current".)


3- 16 -1891 -- US: Emma Goldman speaks at the "Great Commune Celebration" sponsored by the International Worker's Association inNew Haven. anarchist feminist


4- 22 -1891 -- Nicolo (nee Ferdinando) Sacco lives, Torremaggiore, Italy. Italian-American anarchist accused of robbery & murder. 

On Aug. 23, 1977 Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis proclaims "Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti Day" on the 50th anniversary of their death.

Sacco's friend & associate, Bartolomeo Vanzetti, strapped into the electric chair, said,

"I wish to tell you that I am an innocent man. I never committed any crime but sometimes some sin. I wish to forgive some people for what they are now doing to me."

They both spoke nobly at the end, left a great heritage of love, devotion, faith, & courage, believing the time would come that no human being should be humiliated or be made abject.

Vanzetti further noted that for him, as for both, if it had not been for "these thing" he might have lived out his life talking at street corners to scorning men, died unmarked, unknown, a failure: http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/oj/porterf.htm
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsaccoN.htm
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html

5- 1 -1891 -- France: Army test their newly designed Lebels machine gun against a peaceful May Day rally at Fourmies where women & children were carrying flowers & palms. Casualties numbered 14 dead & 40 wounded. The anarchist Ravachol bombed the Lobau Barracks in Paris in March 1892 as retribution. http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/TEXT/mirbeau_ravachol.html