"One thing about the music for sure, it rocks with the rhythms of dance. The lyrics say the same thing that poet singers in the student hangouts in the Paris Latin Quarter say today ... Villon is the very archetype, the poet laureate of 500 years of the counterculture. So clearly does he speak for a way of life that his name has become a common noun & adjective in European languages."



— Kenneth Rexroth, Subversive Aspects of Popular Songs



His principal work Discours sur la servitude volontaire (The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude), was published after he died, by Montaigne, & is considered an early precursor of anarchism. Around 1833 Emerson wrote his poem, Étienne de la Boèce. Leo Tolstoy used extracts from the Discourse in three of his books. In 1907 Gustav Landauer made the Discourse central to his German anarchist work, Die Revolution.

"That which controls you has only two eyes, has only two hands, has only one body & but one thing which the least of men in all the cities has, but more than you all, it is the advantage which you give him to destroy you..."

http://www.mind-trek.com/treatise/edlb-vs.htm

"That which controls you has only two eyes, has only two hands, has only one body & but one thing which the least of men in all the cities has, but more than you all, it is the advantage which you give him to destroy you... "


[Context / details]

---



[8- 15 -1750] -- French revolutionary & poet Sylvain Maréchal lives. Can be labeled an anarchist avant la lettre, although the Marxists also claim him. Created a Revolutionary Calendar. & we thought the Daily Bleed had no rivals....


Sylvain Marechal was a poet whose Manifest of the Equals was too much even for the egalitarian conspiracy of Gracchus Babeuf. He also was author of an Almanach des Honnêtes Gens, in which he proposed a new calendar replacing the names of the Saints with those of the "benefactors of humanity" — philosophers, writers & scientists.



[11- 11 -1751] -- Kostproben eines libertären Provokateurs: Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751)

Es war einmal ein kleiner bretonischer Arzt. Der konnte seine philosophischen Betrachtungen nicht für sich behalten und mußte deswegen von Frankreich nach Holland. Weil auch die Holländer nicht mochten, was er sprach und schrieb, mußte er nach Preussen zum großen König und wurde dessen Leibatheist. Er vertrieb dem König mit seiner guten Laune die Langeweile und den Philosophen, mit denen sich der König umgab, dieselbe. Freunde hatte er nicht viele, denn Freund eines solchen Mannes zu sein, ist unbequem.

Als er am 11. November 1751 starb, starb auch sein Geist - wie das bei Materialisten so sein muß. Dennoch: Wenn er nicht gestorben ist - lacht er noch heute über die Welt und sich selbst. (Lesung und Diskussion)




[8- 21 -1752] -- France: Jacques Roux (1752-1794) lives, Charente. French revolutionist, known as the pitiless & sometimes cruel "Red Priest," but also a precursor of socialism & modern anarchism.


"So you would use us for bumfodder?



Not for Long!"



— Address of the Sansculottes of the Rue Mouffetard to the Convention, 9 December 1792



[Details / context]




[3- 3 -1756] -- England: British philosopher / anarchist William Godwin lives, Wisbech, Isle of Ely. His best known work is An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Political Justice.

[4- 27 -1759] -- Feminist Mary Wollstonecraft lives, Hoxton, England.

In 1792, she wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, one of the earliest surviving works of feminism. The treatise attacks the social forces that suppress women as the economic, political & intellectual inferiors to men.





[11- 23 -1760] -- French revolutionary Francois-Noel Babeuf lives, St. Quentin, France.

FRANCOIS-NOEL BABEUF 1997 SAINT
Communist leader in the French Revolution, member of the Conspiracy of Equals, until betrayed to the Directory, when he was captured & executed.

Opposed to the middle-class degeneration of the revolution. The Conspiracy of Equals included Buonarroti, Sylvain Maréchal, Jacques Roux, & Jean Varlet, among others. Babeuf & 30 others were executed, but Varlet escaped & published "Explosion," one of the first anarchist proclamations, declaring "Government & revolution are incompatible."



[11- 11 -1761] -- Filippo Buonarroti lives.

[7- 14 -1764] -- France: Jean-François Varlet lives, Paris. Revolutionary considered by many an anarchist precursor, involved with Enragés / Conspiracy of Equals. Held views close to Jacques Roux (author of "Manifeste des Enragés"), & denounced the dictatorship of Robespierre during the French Revolution, as well as the middle-class reactionary government which follows. Varlet is author of one of the first anarchist proclamations, "l'Explosion."

[8- 4 -1772] -- England: William Blake is apprentice to the engraver James Basire of Great Queen Street, Lincolns Inn Fields. Basire was regarded as old-fashioned, but Blake learned from him & always took great pride in the craft & its tools, depicting one in a prominent place in an engraving for his graphic masterpiece, the series of engravings for the Book of Job. See Daily Bleed Saints Gallery page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/saints/StBlakeWilliam.htm

[12- 16 -1773] -- US: No WTO? Boston Tea Party celebration, Boston, Massachusetts — blatant terrorism & violation of property rights.

Glorifies the destruction of property by vandals — & inspire "Eugene anarchists" during WTO protests in Seattle 1999.



[10- 8 -1779] -- William Blake begins his studies at the Royal Academy.

---

William Blake “could diagnose the early symptoms of the world ill because he saw them as signs that man was being deprived of literally half his being. . . . He is in fact concerned with the epic tragedy of mankind as it enters an epoch of depersonalization unequalled in history”...

Kenneth Rexroth’s remark on William Blake’s poems points to this salutary role while at the same time revealing its limits: “This is the art of providing the heart with images of its alienation. If the individual or society can project the dilemmas which reason cannot cope with, they can be controlled if not mastered. This was Blake’s function. He saw the oncoming Business Civilization & prepared a refuge, a symbolic fortress or haven.” 

— Cited in Ken Knabb, The Relevance of Rexroth


http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/rexroth1.htm

---



[8- 4 -1792] -- Poet, anarchist Percy Shelley lives, Sussex, England. English Romantic poet whose works are generally considered among the greatest in the English language.

In mid-may Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, his future wife, went to Geneva to join Lord Byron. Shelley composed during the summer HYMN TO INTELLECTUAL BEAUTY & MONT BLANC & Mary Wollstonecraft started her novel, Frankenstein.



In 1818 Shelley moved to Italy. During stormy return voyage to Lerici, the boat sank & he drowned. The poet is buried in Rome.



[2- 10 -1794] -- France: Suicide of Jacques Roux (1752-1794) in his Paris prison cell. 

French revolutionist, known as the pitiless & sometimes cruel "Red Priest," but also a precursor of socialism & modern anarchism. He denounced those monopolizing the revolution, the speculator, the merchant — & also government & the whole apparatus of the parliamentary state.

Jacques Roux wrote the famed "Manifeste des enragés" (signed by Jean Varlet & Leclerc d'Oze). A spokesman of the poorest "sans-culottes" & he also incited women to assert their rights.


See Peter Kropotkin's The Great French Revolution
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/frenchrev/lviii.html


"So you would use us for bumfodder?

Not for Long!"

— Address of the Sansculottes of the Rue Mouffetard to the Convention, 9 December 1792




[9- 6 -1795] -- Scotland: Frances (Fanny) Wright lives, Dundee. American suffragette, abolitionist, founder of Nashoba community, antiauthoritrian socialist & a central figure in the workingmen`s movement.
ArchiveMirror/MovementForAnarchy/anarchist.php_22.htm
http://blackeyepress.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/frances-wright/

[3- 29 -1797] -- England: The pregnant Mary Wollstonecraft marries novelist/anarchist/political theorist William Godwin. She dies in the autumn, 11 days after the birth of her daughter, Mary. Her daughter Mary goes on to marry the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (author of "The Mask of Anarchy") & writes the novel Frankenstein.


[5- 28 -1797] -- France: Revolutionary Gracchus Babeuf is executed (1760-1797). He formed a secret society plotting to overthrow the government; it became known as the Conspiracy of the Equals. Participe à la ligue des Egaux avec Buonarroti, Sylvain Maréchal, Jacques Roux, Jean Varlet et d'autres.
[Details / context]

[8- 30 -1797] -- Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley, author of Frankenstein, lives, in London, daughter of anarchist philosopher William Godwin & feminist Mary Wollstonecraft (her mother, who dies of "childbed fever," on 10 September.)


[9- 10 -1797] -- England: Anarchist, feminist Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin), dies. Author of first great modern feminist tract in English, Vindication of the Rights of Women. Married to the anarchist philosopher William Godwin, she died, age 36, of "childbed fever" (after giving birth to Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (Shelley), author of Frankenstein.


[4- 8 -1798] -- Ramón de la Sagra y Periz, anarchist, lives (1798-1871).

[8- 23 -1799] -- William Blake writes to John Trusler: "You say that I want somebody to elucidate my ideas. But you ought to know that what is grand is necessarily obscure to weak men." 
See Daily Bleed Saints Gallery page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/saints/StBlakeWilliam.htm

[1- 18 -1803] -- French revolutionary & poet Sylvain Maréchal dies. Can be labeled an anarchist avant la lettre, although the Marxists also claim him. Created a Revolutionary Calendar.

Sylvain Marechal was a poet whose Manifest of the Equals was too much even for the egalitarian conspiracy of Gracchus Babeuf. He also was author of an Almanach des Honnêtes Gens, in which he proposed a new calendar replacing the names of the Saints with those of the "benefactors of humanity" — philosophers, writers & scientists.

http://www.iisg.nl/collections/marechal/



[1- 11 -1804] -- The Sussex Examiner reports English poet & anarchist mystic William Blake was tried on charges of sedition for having insulted one of the King's soldiers & having said "Damn the king & damn his soldiers." Daily Bleed Saint,


[7- 1 -1804] -- George Sand lives, Paris. Pseudonym of Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dudevant. French Romantic writer, noted also for her numerous love affairs with such prominent artists as Prosper Merimée, Alfred de Musset, Frédéric Chopin, & others.

Daily Bleed Saint 2003,  GEORGE SANDFrench novelist, proto-feminist, lifestyle anarchist.

[10- 23 -1804] -- William Blake writes to William Hayley: "Dear Sir, excuse my enthusiasm or rather madness, for I am really drunk with intellectual vision whenever I take a pencil or engraver into my hand...."

See Daily Bleed Saints Gallery page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/saints/StBlakeWilliam.htm


[10- 25 -1806] -- Germany: Ego-philosopher Max Stirner lives. Theorist of individualist anarchism, author of The Ego & It's Own (1844), opposed by Karl Marx.

http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/stirner/theego0.html
http://www.cpm.ehime-u.ac.jp/AkamacHomePage/Akamac_E-text_Links/Stirner.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/anarchismEncyBrit.htm



[1- 19 -1808] -- US: Utopian, individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner lives. Massachusetts abolitionist & anti-monopolist.

Spooner set up a private postal service so successful that the federal government decided to outlaw it. Author of No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, arguing the Constitution & the basic assumptions of government is binding on no one.

This book has been described as "possibly the most subversive document ever penned in this nation."

Those who attack the rationale of the game, & not the players, are its most formidable adversaries.



— James J. Martin, in the introduction to Lysander Spooner's No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority.



http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/Spooner/lspoonerbio.html
http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/resources.html
http://www.lysanderspooner.org/



[1- 15 -1809] -- France:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon lives. Famous philosopher, economist, sociologist, often referred to as the 'father of modern anarchism.'

Project Gutenberg (& several mirror sites) has online texts of What is Property & The Philosophy of Poverty (his attack on Marx; Marx responded in kind with The Poverty of Philosophy).




"Property is theft!"

"Anarchy is order."

"Whoever puts his hand on me to govern me is a usurper & a tyrant. I declare him my enemy."


http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/ppl/rev/proudhon/




[4- 2 -1809] -- Heinrich Hoffman lives (1809-1894). German physician, director of the state mental hospital in Frankfurt am Main & writer best known for Slovenly Peter, the story of a boy with bad manners. The book was written as Christmas gift for his four-year-old son. See also Astrid Lindgren, whose world famous Pippi Longstockings represents anarchistic heroes in children's books in a positive way.


[6- 10 -1809] -- French painter & communard Gustave Courbet lives. Coined the word Realism. Libertarian, close friend of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & a Proudhonist, elected to the Paris Commune, participated in the anarchist congress of the Jura Federation (1 August 1875). See Daily Bleed, December 31, 1877



• James Henry Rubin, Realism & Social Vision in Courbet & Proudhon (Princeton University, pp. 177, 1980).
  http://blackeyepress.wordpress.com/2009/03/02/gustave-courbet


[3- 25 -1811] -- Refusing to admit writing The Necessity of Atheism, Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from Oxford.


[3- 22 -1812] -- US: Modern Times founder Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812-1886) lives, Templeton, Massachusetts. Lawyer, anarchist, free-love advocate.

"Stephen Pearl Andrews once offered, as an image of anarchist society, the dinner party, in which all structure of authority dissolves in conviviality & celebration..."

       — Hakim Bey, Pirate Utopias


• See Joseph McCabe's A Biographical Dictionary of ... Freethinkers; also cited by Kropotkin in the famed 1910 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

  [Details / context]




[3- 25 -1812] -- Russia: Anarchist sympathizer Alexander Herzen lives, Moscow. Journalist, political writer, novelist (Who Is to Blame?, a novel about free love). Influenced by revolution & the French socialism of Saint-Simon. Took an active part in the Revolutions of 1848 in Paris & Rome. Founded the influential newspaper "The Bell" (Kolokol) in London. As a Russian critic, second only to Byelinsky in his time. Strongly influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & other anarchists. He helped finance his close friend Mikhail Bakunin's escape from Tsarist Russia. 

Herzen is also the main character in Tom Stoppard's "Coast of Utopia" trilogy (Voyage, Shipwreck, Salvage). 
(Thanks to Bleedster Michael C. for this!)

 http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/anarchismEncyBrit.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzen


[10- 4 -1812] -- England: Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley personally meets the philosopher / anarchist William Godwin.

[12- 12 -1812] -- England: Luddites.

Home Office notified of a Congress of Woolcombers to be held in Aug 1813 at Coventry.
Source: [Luddite Chonology]




[11- 11 -1813] -- Saverio Friscia lives (1813-1886). One of Bakunin's most ardent disciples in Italy at the time — along with Carlo Gambuzzi, Giuseppe Fanelli, & Alberto Tucci — who formed the Neapolitan section of the First International.


[5- 18 -1814] -- Russia: Anarchist militant/philosopher
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin lives (Julian calendar; he gets to do it again on the 30th (New Style), Prjamuchino [Priamukhino]. Karl Marx's chief nemesis.

[5- 30 -1814] -- Russia: Anarchist theorist Mikhail Bakunin lives, Prjamuchino. [New style calendar; May 18 by the Julian calendar.] Conspirator, rival of Marx, assassin of God.

[10- 4 -1816] -- France: Eugene Pottier lives (1816-1887), Paris. Poet, revolutionist. Participant in the Revolution of 1848, Paris Commune of 1881. It was then he wrote the Internationale (anarchistic at its core). It was put to music by Pierre de Geyter [Degeyter] in 1888, bringing him broad recognition as it is adopted by workers worldwide.



[12- 30 -1816] -- Two & a half years after eloping to Switzerland Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (daughter of the philosophical anarchist William Godwin) & Percy Bysshe Shelley are married, upon learning that Shelley's first wife has drowned herself.
http://www.costumes.org/history/100pages/18thlinks.htm

[1- 26 -1817] -- France: Jean-Baptiste Godin lives (1817-1888), Esquéhéries, Aisne. French socialist, founder of the Familistère stove manufactory which became a commune co-owned by its workers (over 2,000 by 1908) following his death. An ardent disciple of Fourier, he advanced a considerable sum of money towards the disastrous Fourierist experiment, in Texass, of V. P. Considrant.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/01ref.htm#26/1817


[8- 22 -1818] -- Italy: Carlo Pisacane lives (1818-1857), Naples. 

Revolutionary, precursor of libertarian socialist, antiauthoritarian & anarchist movements in Italy. Influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, & perhaps the first anarchist to advocate 'propaganda by deed' (selective targeting of specific symbolic individuals considered the embodiment of the autocratic, oppressive state). Pisacane died heading a failed armed insurrection (which also involved Giuseppe Fanelli). His daughter Silvia Pisacane was involved with the Matese anarchist insurrection in 1877.
Author of the four volume Saggi storici-politici-militari sull'Italia.



[9- 23 -1818] -- Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Mask of Anarchy" is published. 

[4- 4 -1819] -- US: William G. Greene lives. A cofounder of the Modern Times anarchist colony, founded in NY, along with Josiah Warren & Stephen Pearl Andrews.
See Kenneth Rexroth's chapter on Josiah Warren in Communalism
See also "The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times" by Hakim Bey,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Greene

[5- 31 -1819] -- Walt Whitman lives (1819-1892). American poet, journalist, essayist & famous queer, best known for Leaves of Grass (1855), which has often been banned for "indecency." Worked as a nurse among Civil War wounded. The war affected him deeply, as reflected in Democratic Vistas. An inspiration to the Beats, anarchists & many many others.

[3- 2 -1820] -- Multatuli lives. Pseudonym of Eduard Douwes Dekker, (Multatuli — in Latin "I have suffered much"). One of Netherlands´ greatest writers & an anarchist.
His most important novel, Max Havelaar, depicts the Dutch exploitation of the Javanese. Among his other acclaimed works is Radical Ideas (7 volumes).


[3- 19 -1820] -- France: Ferdinand Gambon lives, in Bourges. Lawyer, magistrate, initially a moderate republican, Gambon became a socialist, anarchist & pacifist revolutionary. Elected a member of the Paris Commune. Defense lawyer for the Lyons anarchists in the 1883 trials.

Ferdinand Gambon now has a street named for him in Nevers. He is the author of Le cri du peuple & coined the famous pacifist slogan,



"War Against War!"



[12- 27 -1821] -- France: Joseph Dejacque lives (1821-1864). French anarchist, got two years in prison for a volume of poetry, Lazaréennes: Socialist Fables & Poems. First publisher of "Le Libertaire" (while in exile in the US, in New York, 1858).
[Details / context]

[12- 7 -1822] -- Emile Digeon lives (1822-1894). French revolutionary socialist journalist, best remembered as the leader of the short-lived Narbonne Commune of late March 1871, libertarian free thinker & contributor to the anarchist journal "L'insurgé."

In 1883 Digeon was "an anarchist candidate"(!) in the Narbonne elections & the author of La Commune de Paris devant les anarchistes (1885).
[Details / context]

[3- 25 -1823] -- William Blake agrees to engrave the Inventions to the Book of Job. He is paid 5 pounds per plate. See Daily Bleed Saints Gallery page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/saints/StBlakeWilliam.htm


[10- 20 -1823] -- Charles Ostyn lives (1823-1912). French Communard & anarchist.
http://www.library.northwestern.edu/spec/siege/docs/PAR01119.html



[8- 18 -1824] -- France: Léodile Bera (pseudonym, André Leo; married/widowed name Champseix) lives (1824-1900). Writer, journalist, militant féministe, member of the First International, Communard & Bakuninist. She is in the streets with Louise Michel on September 4, 1870 when the Republic is proclaimed.







[1- 22 -1825] -- France: Ernest Coeurderoy lives, in Avallon (Yonne). Intern, writer, a Socialist with anarchist leanings, forced into exile because of his radical positions. Coeurderoy wrote numerous books based on his experiences: Jours d'exil; De la révolution dans l'homme et dans la société; Hurrah! Ou la révolution par les Cosaques. Other announced books were never published, as he committed suicide (25?) October 1862.


[1- 30 -1826] -- Gustave Lefrancais lives (1826-1901). French revolutionary, member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, & a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation. 

Lefrancais helped Elisée Reclus in producing Géographie Universelle. Wrote Souvenirs d'un Révolutionnaire (Préface de Lucien Descaves) & Le mouvement Communaliste a Paris en 1871.

Eugene Pottier, who wrote the text of "The Internationale" while hiding out in Paris in June 1871, dedicated the song to Lefrancais.

Lefrancais adamantly declared that he was "a Communalist, not an anarchist," & probably (according to Murray Bookchin) coined the term.



[5- 18 -1827] -- US: Josiah Warren opens his first Time Store in Cincinnati, Ohio — the first commercial cooperative.

Warren, Josiah, 1798–1874, American reformer & anarchist, b. Boston.

An early follower of Robert Owen, he soon rejected Owen's political socialism, advocating instead anarchy based on “the sovereignty of the individual.” 

Warren founded several "equity" or "time" stores, with the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor & on the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He also established three utopian colonies; the most successful was Modern Times (1851–c.1860) , Long Island, N.Y. (now Brentwood).

The most important of Warren's writings is True Civilization (1863, 5th ed. 1875).



[6- 16 -1827] --

Elie Reclus lives. Ethnographer & journalist; participated in the Commune of Paris in 1871. Member of the great generational anarchist family, including Elisee Reclus (Daily Bleed Saint, March 15), & Paul Reclus.



[8- 28 -1828] -- Russia: Leo Tolstoy, author & anarchist religious pacifist, according to the Russian calendar in use at this time, lives, Yasnay, Polyana. Major influence on Gandhi & Martin Luther King, Jr.



[9- 9 -1828] -- Russia: Rebirthing in the New Age?: Novelist, philosopher, & anarchist mystic Count Leo Tolstoy lives, the province of Tula. (& here you thought he was born 28 August?)



"Any talented decadent can make unreality believable. To make reality convincing is another matter, a matter for only the greatest masters.

The startling thing about Tolstoy is precisely that he was completely unalienated & at the same time disbelieved utterly in all the principles that were the foundations of his society..."



— Kenneth Rexroth, Classics Revisited



[12- 8 -1828] -- Joseph Dietzgen, socialist, lives, near Cologne, Germany. Important socialist theorist whose writings exerted considerable influence on the workers' movement. Wrote The Nature of Human Brain-Work (1869). 

"While the anarchists may have mad & brainless individuals in their ranks, the socialists have an abundance of cowards. For this reason I care as much for one as the other."



[3- 15 -1830] -- France: Radical geographer, anarchist, Élisée Reclus lives (1830-1905), Sainte-Fay-la-Grande.alt; Élisée Reclus, Elisee Recluse; Reclus, Elisée


[3- 29 -1830] -- France: Claude Rougeot lives, Demigny (Saone & the Loire). Shoe-maker, Lyons anarchist & participant in the insurrection in the Guillotière suburb in Lyon (30 April 30, 1871) where they tried to establish a commune in conjunction with the Paris Commune & similar efforts in other cities in France.


[5- 29 -1830] -- France: The Red Virgin & Parisian Communard leader Louise Michel lives, Vroncourt.

[7- 10 -1830] -- France: Camille Pissarro lives (1830-1903). French impressionist painter / anarchist, contributor to the magazine "Temps Nouveaux". 

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/PissarroCamille.htm

[10- 12 -1830] -- US: Moses Harman lives (1830-1910), Pendleton County, Virginia. Publisher/editor of the Kansas anarchist paper, "Lucifer, the Light-Bearer" (1886-1907).
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Harmon

[7- 9 -1831] -- England: Joseph Cowen, the 'Blaydon Brick', lives. English politician & journalist. His radical interests led to friendships with leading European revolutionaries, including Herzen & Bakunin.


[6- 11 -1832] -- Jules Vallès lives. French novelist, journalist, anarchist propagandist.

[1- 2 -1833] -- US: During this month [I don't have exact date — ed.] Anarchist / publisher / abolitionist Josiah Warren (1798-1874) begins to issue "The Peaceful Revolutionist," arguably the first anarchist paper in the world.

"The Peaceful Revolutionist," Cincinnati (Ohio). Monthly published from Jan. to Apr. 1833. Entirely written by Warren. These 4 issues, publ. at "Cincinnati & Utopia", are probably followed by "The Gazette of Equitable Commerce" of 1842 & Thomas Varney's "The Problem Solved" in 1846. 

Warren uses again this title in 1848, but only publishes one issue, vol. 2 #1 (May 1848). 16p.

An early anarchist, Warren also founded several "equity" stores, three utopian colonies, & wrote the book True Civilization.

http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/warren.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/WarrenJosiah/hs526a.htm
http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist005i...





[4- 17 -1833] -- France: Arthur Arnould lives, Dieuze (the Moselle). Journalist, novelist, member of First International & the Paris Commune, friend of Michael Bakunin. Collaborated on the "Bulletin of the Jura Federation." Arnould wrote L'Etat et la Révolution (1877), a history of the Paris Commune, & numerous novels as A. Matthey. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/ArnouldArthur.htm


[7- 12 -1834] -- France: Aristide Rey lives (1834-1901), Grenoble (Isère). Militant Blanquist, internationalist, Bakuninist, Communard.


[4- 7 -1836] -- England: William Godwin, the "father" of modern anarchism, dies. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GodwinWilliam.htm


[6- 22 -1836] -- France: Gaston Cremieux lives. Républican radical, Proudhonian socialist. Insurgé de la Commune de Marseille. Executed on November 30, 1871.

[4- 3 -1837] -- France: Paul Robin lives, in Toulon (VAr). Wrongfully forgotten anarchist educator & néo-Malthusian whose libertarian legacy influences the educators Sébastien Faure & Francisco Ferrer.


[8- 23 -1837] -- France: Etienne Faure lives (1837-1911). Member of the Commune de Saint-Etienne, militant anarchist & propagandist.


[3- 14 -1838] -- During this month Mikhail Bakunin's "Preface to Hegel's Gymnasium Lectures" is published.


[5- 1 -1838] -- France: Louis Champalle lives. Weaver & anarchist, in Lyon where he is arrested November 19, 1882 for agitating during Montceau-les-Mines events & sent to prison for six months in the repressive trial of January 1883 ("Procès des 66"/Trial of the 66). Champalle joined the "Le réveil de la Croix-Rousse" in Lyon in 1892.


[5- 30 -1838] -- Léon Metchnikoff lives (1838-1888). Geographer, anarchist & secretary to Elisée Reclus.

[8- 27 -1838] -- France: Constant Marie, "Le Père Lapurge," lives (1838-1910), Ste-Houvrince. Communard, militant & anarchist songster. 

Marie was a composer-songwriter of revolutionary songs, the best-known being "Dame Dynamite", (source of his nickname,"le Père Lapurge") & "La Muse Rouge" (source of the name taken in 1901 by a famous group of poets & revolutionary chansonniers which produced songs which are now part of a great French legacy). 

[Details / context]



[4- 5 -1839] -- France: Gabriel-Constant Martin lives, Entrevaux (the Low-Alps). Teacher, elected a member of the Paris Commune, First International, Blanquist, anarchist. Martin wrote for Sébastien Faure's paper, "Le journal du peuple" until his death, July 9, 1906. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,


[10- 5 -1839] -- France: Eugene Varlin lives, near Paris. Bookbinder, working militant, internationalist, anarchist. Forced into exile, returns with the fall of the empire, & during the Paris Commune of 1871, elected a member of the commune. Shot during the last week.

[11- 9 -1839] -- France: Paule Mink (or Minck; nee Paulina Mekaraska) lives (1839-1901); friend of Louise Michel & Marie Ferré.





Daughter of Polish nobles, Communard, socialist, prominent feminist & the mother of the anarchist Henri Jullien.




[5- 13 -1840] -- France: Ernest Teuliere lives. Journalist, Communard, member of the Antiauthoritrian International (anarchist).


[6- 3 -1840] -- France: Jean-Louis Pindy lives (1840-1917), Brest. Member of the Internationale, communard, anarchiste, carpenter.

Arrested & sent to prison for a year in the third trial against the First International, April 1870, & released September 4, when the Republic is declared. 

It was Pindy, an elected member of the Paris Commune, who ordered the l'Hôtel de Ville burned down during the Bloody Week. 
[Details / context]




[6- 29 -1840] -- Mikhail Bakunin leaves Russia to study philosophy in Berlin.
[Source: Cutler, Basic Bakunin]


[6- 30 -1840] -- France: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Qu'est-ce que la propriété? ou Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement appears. 

Proudhon dedicated this book What is Property?, now considered an anarchist classic, to the Academy of Besancon, causing a scandal; the Academy demands the dedication be withdrawn, & summons the upstart to come explain himself before them.



[11- 1 -1841] -- France: Charles Ange Laisant lives (1841-1920), Basse-Indre (Loire-Atlantique). French Conseiller Général in Nantes, Député in Paris (18ème) who later became an anarchist under the influence of his son. Wrote educational texts for children, in mathematics, physics, etc, as well as radical (La barbarie moderne [1912]). Friend & correspondent with Francisco Ferrer.
[Details / context]

[11- 27 -1841] -- Jean Renaud lives, Jura. Anarcho-syndicalist, member of the Lyons Revolutionary Federation. 



Setting off a bomb on October 22, 1882 at the restaurant Bellecour (l'Assommoir), he received two prison sentences...Suspecting the weather is nicer in Geneva, he went thataway for a short period... [Details / context]



[1- 27 -1842] -- François Dumartheray lives, in Collonges, the High Saone. Member of the First International & an anarchist communist.
[Details / context]

[3- 1 -1842] -- Spain: Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez lives (1842-1907); author, teacher, insurrectionist, briefly mayor of Cadiz with the proclamation of the 1st Republic; among other measures, he implemented an 8-hour work day before he was forced to flee the country. / Figura fundamental en el anarquismo andaluz, maestro de varias generaciones, nace en Cádiz el 1 de marzo de 1842.

[3- 22 -1842] -- US: Anarchist / publisher / abolitionist Josiah Warren (1798-1874) opens 2nd Time Store in New Harmony.

Warren founded several “equity” stores, founded three Utopian colonies, & wrote True Civilization.


Biographical article on Warren, with references & links,
http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/warren.html




[12- 9 -1842] -- Russia: Prince Peter Kropotkin, important geographer & anarchist communist, lives, Moscow. "The prince who became a revolutionist."

PYOTR KROPOTKIN
Russian revolutionist, anarchist, landmark geographer.
The Prince who shunned material wealth.






In the Encyclopedia Britannica (for which he wrote the "anarchy" definition in the famed 11th edition) Kropotkin describes himself: 

"Although he achieved renown in a number of different fields, ranging from geography & zoology to sociology & history, he shunned material success for the life of a revolutionist."


For a recent radio piece on Kropotkin,
http://cybermedia.uh.edu:8080/ramgen/uhrm4/engines/engines_episode_0720_56.rm




[3- 25 -1843] -- France: Jules Montels lives. Militant in the Paris Commune of 1871, colonel of the Twelfth Federate Legion of the Commune. In 1877, he went to Russia where he became tutor of the children of Leo Tolstoï. Married to Lucie Gachet, Montels died on September 20, 1916 in Tunisia, where he was writer-in-chief of the Tunis Journal.
http://www.library.northwestern.edu/spec/siege/docs/PAR01076.html

[5- 15 -1843] -- François Malicet lives, Nouzon, Ardennes. French barber, lifelong anarchist, member of "Les déshérités" group in Nouzon.

Met Fortuné Henry at a conference & in 1903 participated in Henry's founding of the libertarian communist colony at Aiglemont. Malicet left the colony over differences with André Mounier. Adhering to the notion "Et du boyau du dernier prêtre, serrons le cou du dernier flic" until his death, Malicet was killed September 7, 1927, by a burglar.





[1- 5 -1844] -- Peru: Manuel González Prada lives (1844-1918), Lima. Author, poet, anarchist.

Manuel González Prada Noted Peruvian poet, controversial socialist intellectual & polemicist, by 1902 he was committed to anarchist ideals & published numerous works on the social question & emancipation of the individual. Numerous articles on anarchism & related themes which appeared in the Lima newspaper "Los Parias," ( 1904-1909), published as a Anarquía, which has gone through numerous editions. Briefly head of the National Library of Peru, he resigned following the coup d'etat in 1914.



Several of his collections of poetry were published or translated during his lifetime & well after.




— 
    Aunque desiertos las campiñas sean 
Y calcinados muros las ciudades
)Por qué desesperar? Creamos siempre
En un futuro espléndido y radiante.
Vendrán los siglos de soñada gloria,
Tras el horrible, universal combate, 
Que siempre fue la dicha de los hombres
Una flor de ruinas y de sangre.



— Manuel González Prada, "38", from Grafitos (Paris, 1937)
http://www.evergreen.loyola.edu/~tward/GP/libros/grafitos/Hombres.HTM


See Free Pages & Hard Times: Anarchist Musings, Manuel Gonzalez Prada (Oxford University, 2003)

http://www.evergreen.loyola.edu/~tward/gp/





[1- 23 -1844] -- Paul Brousse lives (1844-1912). Member of the anarchist Jura Federation, helping James Guillaume publish its bulletin. Later became a socialist & electoral reformist, even stooping at the international congress in London, August 1886, with Jules Guesde, to vote for the expulsion of the anarchists. Consequently, his name is associated with the Socialist Party, reformism & vote-catching maneuvers.


[2- 1 -1844] -- During this month the Noble Anarchist, Michael Bakunin, summoned by the Tsar to return to Russia, moves to Paris, via Brussels, instead.

Ordered home by the Russian government who want his ass bad. At the end of the year, in December 1844, he is stripped of his status as Russian nobility & sentenced in absentsia to hard labor in Siberia.

"Absentsia"? Just a cheap excuse to get out of work, right? If you are wondering where his life-career plan is leading, see next entry; sorry, we don't know who his career counselor was or what self-help books sent him careening so precipitously down this jagged road of life.

Bakunin remains in Paris for the next three years, in contact with representatives of French, Polish, & European democracy until expelled in December 1847. Bakunin also meets & talks with Proudhon often & Marx occasionally, & is on friendly terms with novelist George Sand. He returns to Paris when Louis-Phillippe is overthrown in favor of a Republic, & he publishes several letters in the press.


[2- 16 -1844] -- James Guillaume (1844-1916) lives, London. Historian of the First International, an anarchist active in the Swiss Jura Federation. Aligned with Mikhail Bakunin, with whom he was kicked out of the International Workingman's Association in a coup by Marx & his followers. 
[Details / context]

[8- 29 -1844] -- Edward Carpenter lives (1844-1929. Homosexual & early proponent of gay rights, utopian & libertarian socialist, poet, songwriter, pacifist. Amongst his writings was Non-Governmental Society (1911)..Influenced by William Morris, Carpenter in turn influenced many himself. E.M. Forster described him as 'a poet, a prose writer, a mystic, a manual labourer, an anti-vivisectionist, an art critic, etcetera'.


[10- 18 -1844] -- Italy: Amilcare Cipriani, Italian anarchist, lives (1844-1918), Rimini. Friend of Lissagaray (a socialist of no party, whose sympathies lay with Blanquistes anticlericals, to the anarchists, & Cipriani).
[Further details]


[2- 25 -1845] -- Belgium: Victor Dave lives. Membre de l'Internationale & militant anarchiste belge. Fils du président de la Cour des comptes Belge, il fait des études supérieures à la Faculté de Lettres de Liège puis à l'Université libre de Bruxelles, & an advocate of libertarian socialism.

[4- 14 -1845] -- France: Louis Genet lives, Ain. Textile worker, member of the Vienna anarchist group "Les Indignés."
[Details / context]

[7- 4 -1845] -- US: Squatter Henry David Thoreau, a bit of the anarchist, moves into his shack on Walden Pond for a 26 month stay. Hank said,

"I went to the woods because I wished to . . . see if I could not learn what it [life] had to teach, & not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived."



On the opening day of McDonald's first restaurant in Kuwait in 1994, the drive-through line was 7 miles long.

http://www.heureka.clara.net/art/thoreau.htm

John Cage's "Song Books" allow us to explore the meeting of the American thinker & political anarchist Henry Thoreau & the French thinker & musical anarchist Erik Satie...
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/ppl/wri/thoreau/
http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/press/forbes_1jan96.html



[8- 15 -1845] -- Walter Crane lives, Liverpool. Artist & libertarian socialist. Deeply influenced by Morris's pamphlet "Art & Socialism," Crane became involved in both the Art Workers' Guild & the Arts & Crafts Society. Like Morris, Crane created designs for wallpapers, printed fabrics, tiles & ceramics.

(A now famous collection of Crane's political cartoons, Cartoons for the Cause, was published as a souvenir of the International Socialist Workers & Trade Union Congress that met in London in 1896 (infamous for excluding all the anarchists there).)









[12- 14 -1845] -- André Bastelica lives (1845-1884). French printer & anarchist adherent of Mikhail Bakunin, castigated by Marx for "preaching total abstention from politics."
[Details / context]

[2- 5 -1846] -- Bavarian-born American anarchist Johann Most lives. Advocate of "propaganda by the deed." See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
 http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MostJohann.htm.


[8- 5 -1846] -- Italy: Anarchist organizer Emilio Covelli lives (1846-1915). Implicated in the "Gang of Matese" insurrection of 1877, member of the Fédération italienne de l'AIT, forced into exile.


[9- 15 -1846] -- Russia: Warlaam Tcherkesoff lives (1846-1925) (or Tcherkezov). Georgian Prince, anarchist militant & collaborator with that other Prince, Peter Kropotkin. "Ambassador of Georgian patriots."
[Details / context]spelled also as Cerkezov, Cerkesov, Cherkesov, Cherkezov; first name also as Varlaam, Warlam

[12- 31 -1846] -- Holland: Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis lives (1846-1919), Amsterdam.

Pioneer of Dutch anarchism & the International Anti-Militarist Association. Born in Amsterdam, a preacher in Harlingen in 1870. Leader of a socialist union & first socialist senator (1891) in The Netherlands. He then abandoned politics for the anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin in 1897.



Published Socialism in Danger (1894; preface by Elisee Recluse) & Libertarian Socialism & Authoritative Socialism (1895).

http://www.iisg.nl/collections/domela.php
http://www.fdnmuseum.nl/
http://www.xs4all.nl/~jeroenvu/gwv/domela.htm






[2- 18 -1847] -- Jean Baguet lives (aka Jean Bayet). French anarchist exiled to Switzerland to avoid arrest following demonstrations at Montceau-the-Mines in August 1882. Sentenced in absentia to five years prison at the "Trial of the 66," January 1883.

[11- 2 -1847] -- France: Georges Sorel, socialist, revolutionary anarcho-syndicalist, writer (Reflections on Violence), lives (1847-1922), Cherbourg. Sorel was a convert to Marxism in 1893, but by 1902 turned altogether against government, even under communism. He adopted revolutionary syndicalism as the means of social change, which influenced anarchists & numerous unions like the I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) & the C.N.T. [Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo]. Marx, Sorel & the Nordic Worldview


[11- 29 -1847] -- France: At a banquet in Paris commemorating the Polish insurrection of 1830, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin delivers a speech denouncing the Russian government & is subsequently expelled from France. 

The speech was published on December 14, 1847, in La Réforme.

The Russian ambassador, in an attempt to discredit him, circulates the false rumor that Bakunin is employed by the Russian government to pose as a revolutionary. The rumor was spread by Bakunin's rival, Karl Marx, through his newspaper. Expelled from France in December, Bakunin moved to Brussels where he met Marx again.

http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1847/poland-speech.htm




[12- 4 -1847] -- France: During this month Mikhail Bakunin is expelled from the country & moves to Brussels where he meets Marx again. His expulsion is contested in the French parliament.
[I don't have exact date — ed.]

[12- 30 -1847] -- Germany: John Peter Altgeld lives, Niederselters, Prussia [now in Germany]. Reformist Democratic governor of Illinois (1893-97) known principally for his pardon (June 26, 1893) of German-American anarchists "involved" in the Haymarket Riot where seven police were killed. This principled act, unusual for a politician, costs him his political career.

And thank this Man that they are free again.
 And He—to all the world this Man dares say:
 "Curse as you will! I have been just this day."



— Voltairine de Cleyre, excerpt, John P. Altgeld



[1- 13 -1848] -- [January 14] French anarchiste Hippolyte Ferré lives.


[2- 3 -1848] -- France: At 9 o’clock in the morning, the steamship Rome slowly leaves the harbor of Le Havre. One of the most spectacular French emigration to the US occurs. 

The gendarmes parted from the ship after having checked all passports & were on their rowboat. On the deck, 69 men, wearing black tunics, grey trousers, grey felter hats & Neapolitan shoes, proudly answered, each in turn, with a loud «Present!», to the call of their delegate.



Straight off, all 69 men intoned the famous patriotic hymn, «Le chant du départ», composed to celebrate the fall of the Bastille. But the poem of André Chénier was replaced by new verses:



Stand up, Working Man, stooping in the dust,
 Now comes the time of the awakening
 See the banner of the holy Community
 Floating on the American shores
 Never again vice, no longer pain
 No more crime, no sorrow anymore
 Equality, the majestic, is moving forward;
 Proletarian, dry your tears.
 We’re going to found our Icaria,
 We, the soldiers of Fraternity
 We’re going to establish in Icaria
 The welfare of Humanity




People ashore answered with their chorus, all the men sang their stanza, after which they were succeeded by the women, who in turn were followed by a choir of young women



http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=1370&lang=en



[2- 16 -1848] -- France: Octave Mirbeau (1848-1917) lives. Prolific short story writer (1,200), novelist, anarchist, antimilitarist, dramatist. A founding member of the Académie Goncourt.



Daily Bleed Saint 2001-2006
French anarchist, writer, decadent sensualist.

[Details / context]



[2- 24 -1848] -- France: Michael Bakunin returns to Paris this month after the February Revolution (demonstrations in Paris lead to overthrow of Louis Phillippe & declaration of the Second Republic (22-24)) & he publishes several letters in the press. Bakunin was expelled from France in December & had moved to Brussels (where he met his arch-nemesis Karl Marx again; they meet up yet again in March, where a split begins over Marx's denunciation of Bakunin's friend Herwegh, who had led an ill-fated expedition of German exiles to Baden in the hope of instigating an uprising).


[2- 27 -1848] -- France: First anarchist journal appears, Proudhon's "Le Representant du Peuple". It claims that the emancipation of the working class can only be achieved by the working class itself — without the assistance of governments. Sells 40,000 copies.

To be governed is to be ... /siml/library/anarchQuotes.htm#ProudhonQuote




See 15 January.
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/ppl/rev/proudhon/
http://www.ephemanar.net/fevrier27.html#representant




[3- 1 -1848] -- Germany: During this month Michael Bakunin, the Russian anarchist, leaves Paris, travels to Frankfurt, Mainz, Mannheim, Heidelberg. He tries unsuccessfully to reach Poland. Hegoes to Berlin, Leipzig & Breslau. He meets Marx & Engels in Cologne & a split begins over Marx's denunciation of Bakunin's friend Herwegh, who had led an ill-fated expedition of German exiles to Baden in the hope of instigating an uprising.



[6- 4 -1848] -- Czechoslovakia: During this month Mikhail Bakunin participates in Slav Congress, where he speaks & presents papers; he also participates in the Whitsuntide insurrection here. Also during this month his arch-nemesis Karl Marx publishes a false report that Bakunin is a Russian agent responsible for the arrest of Poles.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail


[6- 20 -1848] -- US: Albert Parsons lives, Montgomery, Alabama (some sources say the 24th) American anarchist, Haymarket Martyr, husband of Lucy Parsons, wrongly executed by the government.



Albert Parsons was targeted for death by city leaders. A bomb was thrown at police during the Haymarket Bombing.



Parsons was not even present, but was indicted, convicted, executed. Evidence suggests Police Captain John Bonfield, a brutal thug, may have been involved in the bomb-throwing.




“The spectators in the orchestra of the theater fix their view on the scaffold — a sign, a noise, the trap door gives way, now they die, in a horrible dance, twisting in the air.



“José Martí wrote the story of the execution of the anarchists in Chicago. The working class of the world will bring them back to life every first of May. That was still unknown, but Martí always writes as if he is listening for the cry of a newborn where it is least expected.”



— Eduardo Galeano, “A Terrible Drama” (Memories of Fire, Vol. II)



[Details / context]



[6- 24 -1848] -- US: Albert Parsons lives, Alabama. Radical American editor, printer. One of the anarchists unjustly accused & executed for the Haymarket bombing in Chicago.

[12- 3 -1848] -- José García Viñas lives (1848-1931), Málaga (Andalusia).Militant internationalist, medical doctor, pioneer advocate of anarchism in Spain, editor of "La Federacíon" (1869), "La Revista social" (1872-1880), friend of Bakunin & Kropotkin.


[12- 4 -1848] -- Mikhail Bakunin's Appeal to the Slavs is published during this month.
Since the Slav Congress & the Whitsuntide insurrection in Prague in June Bakunin travels to Breslau, Berlin, Breslau again, & Dresden. Finally finds freedom from political harrassment in Kothen. During the latter part of 1848 Bakunin has been expelled from Prussia & Saxony, & is staying in the principality of Anhalt.)
[I don't have exact dates — ed.]

[Sources]; See also, [Congressos Obrers]

[12- 5 -1848] -- France: EugèneThennevin (or Tennevin), anarchiste, lives (1848-1908).


[1- 4 -1849] -- Germany: During this month the anarchist Michael Bakunin secretly arrives in Leipzig to prepare for an uprising in Bohemia.



[2- 24 -1849] -- France: Nicolas Thomassin lives (1849-1919), Ardennes. A weaver, socialist, anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Pierre Leroux, Paulin Mailfait, etc.
[Details / context]

[3- 28 -1849] -- France:

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is condemned to three years in prison & fined 3,000 francs for one of his lampoons published in the newspaper "Le Peuple". The unhappy tribunal explains the reasons for his harsh sentence:

"1°D'excitation à la haine du gouvernement; 2° De provocation à la guerre civile; 3° D'attaque à la Constitution et à la propriété!" 

"D'excitation, provocation, attaque"1° Stirring up hatred against the government
2° Provoking civil war
3° Attacking the Constitution & property!



Source: Ephéméride Anarchiste




[4- 3 -1849] -- Germany: During this month Mikhail Bakunin moves to Dresden. His brochure on "Russian Conditions" appears, as do articles in Dresdner Zeitung. Next month a popular uprising breaks out & Bakunin emerges as an "heroic" leader; it also involves Richard Wagner & Heuber. When the rebellion is crushed, Bakunin receives a death sentence.


[5- 3 -1849] -- Germany: Popular rebellion breaks out in Dresden & the militant Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin emerges as an "heroic" leader.

The Art of Resistance?: During the Dresden insurrection, Bakunin proposes that the insurgents take paintings from the museums & put them on the barricades at the entrance to the city to inhibit the attacking troops.



He is arrested & thrown into prison. In July he is transferred to Konigstein fortress. He is eventually condemned to death.



Source: [Calendar Riots] / [ Bakunin sources ]




[6- 12 -1849] -- US: Gas mask patented by Lewis Haslett, Louisville, Kentucky. 

Provides cool new head gear for anarchist demonstrators.




[7- 10 -1849] -- France: Béatrix Excoffon lives. Communard & militant anticleric. Friend of Louise Michel, & like her, with the fall of the Paris Commune, arrested & sent to the prison camp at Satory. Sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, Excoffon is released early for good behavior on September 26, 1878.

[7- 30 -1849] -- André Romans-Ville lives, Romans (Drôme). Shoemaker, autodidact, militant anarchist.

Involved with the group "Terre et Liberté," & correspondent with Jean Grave, Sébastien Faure, etc. Often under police surveillence. Arrested February 10, 1894, with Pierre Martin & 20 other companions, & accused of "participation in a criminal conspiracy." Released a few weeks later. In 1905, in Saillans, he participated in the founding congress of the socialist federation, SFIO.



[8- 8 -1849] -- Vera Zasulich lives (1849 [new style]-1919). Russian anarchist, then a Menshevik. Left a family of nobility for revolutionary activities.
[Details / context]

[11- 5 -1849] -- France: Louis Dejoux lives, Replonges. Militant et propagandiste anarchiste.Membre de la "Fédération révolutionnaire de l'Est." Participant in the Congrès de la Fédération Jurassienne (4 juin 1882).

[1- 14 -1850] -- Germany: While held in the Königstein fortress, the anarchist Michael Bakunin is condemned to death by Saxon tribunal.

Bakunin played a principal role in the May 3rd uprising with the famed composer Richard Wagner. The rebellion was crushed & Bakunin today is sentenced to die.



[Details / context]





[3- 11 -1850] -- Clément Duval lives (1850-1935). Anarchist illegalist, member of "La panthère des Batignolles," sentenced to death by a French court for a burglary (in which a policeman was wounded trying to apprehend him).

[4- 18 -1850] -- Joseph A. Labadie

Labor activist, writer, poet, printer, anarchist lives, Paw Paw, Michigan.


The finest American collection of radical materials is housed at the University of Michigan's Labadie Library, so-named in his honor.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LabadieJoseph.htm




[4- 30 -1850] -- France: During this month the first issue of Anselme Bellegarrigue's newspaper, "L'Anarchie, journal de l'ordre" appears. (Exact date unknown. --ed.)Anselme Bellegarrigue (1820-?) est inséparable de l'histoire du mouvement anarchiste, ne serait-ce que pour avoir créé en 1850 "L'Anarchie, journal de l'ordre." Cette page qui rappelle son histoire, publie aussi ses textes. http://www.geocities.com/belleguarrigue/


[6- 4 -1850] -- Germany: During this month Mikhail Bakunin's death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment. Extradited to Austria, he is imprisoned in Prague. (He was condemned to death on January 14, 1850 while held in the Königstein fortress.)


[7- 12 -1850] -- 

Oscar W. Neebe lives (1850-1916), New York City. A founder of the “Beer Wagon Drivers Union” (later the powerful Teamsters Union) & saloon keeper.  Haymarket Martyr. Not present at the Haymarket Square on the day of the (polic) riot & subsequent bombing, his anarchist views are enough to get a strong dose of American justice (convicted of murder; served seven years, one of three survivors pardoned).  http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/haymarket.html

"The day will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you are throttling today." — August Spies



[2- 1 -1851] -- Novelist & anarchist Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (nee Godwin) dies in Bournemouth.


[3- 14 -1851] -- Czechoslovakia: The Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, after first being jailed in Prague, is sent today to the Olmütz fortress in Austria, where he is sentenced in May to hang. 

Although the death sentence is commuted, Bakunin is chained hand & foot to the prison wall & suffers acutely. Shortly thereafter, he is handed over to the Russians & imprisoned in the dreaded dungeons of the Fortress of Peter & Paul.



[3- 21 -1851] -- US: Modern Times, an anarchist colony, founded in NY by Josiah Warren, Stephen Pearl Andrews, William G. Greene.


[4- 2 -1851] -- Joseph Lane (1851-1920), British anarchist, lives. A decade after his death Max Nettlau, who had known him in the Socialist League, wrote in his history of anarchism:



I consider him to be the best head English socialism possessed in the years from 1879 to 1889, & I regret that his activity came to an end — not through his fault — in the first months of 1889; a man like him has been lacking from that time to this.



[10- 22 -1851] -- Joseph Dejacque, French anarchist, sentenced to two years in prison for a volume of poetry, Lazaréennes: Socialist Fables & Poems. Escaped to London.

"Vorwaerts Alle! Und mit den Armen und dem Herzen, mit dem Wort und dem Stift, dem Messer und dem Gewehr, der Ironie und dem Fluch, dem Raub, der Vergiftung und dem Brand, machen wir... den Krieg gegen die Gesellschaft!"

— Joseph Dejacque



[11- 29 -1851] -- Italy: Andrea Costa lives (1851-1910). Anarchist, participant in the national conference under the direction of Bakunin before giving up on anarchism & becoming a socialist deputy in the Italian parliament.
[Details / context]

[6- 21 -1852] -- Italy: Maria Luisa Minguzzi, militant anarchist & companion of Francesco Pezzi, lives (1852-1911). 

See Amore e anarchia: Francesco Pezzi e Luisa Minguzzi... (184p., 2004) by Claudia Bassi.



[7- 7 -1852] -- Russia: Vera Figner lives, Kazan [June 25, Old Style]. Anarchist who plotted to explode the Tsar.

[Details / context]




[9- 27 -1852] -- France: Louise Michel, who later becomes an anarchist, receives her teaching diploma & announces her intention to open a private school in Audeloncourt (Haute-Marne). This school appears to have opened in January 1853. She later wrote she opened her own school so as to avoid pledging allegiance to the Emperor.



I have seen criminals & whores

& spoken with them. Now I inquire

If you believe them made as now they are

To drag their rags in blood & mire

Preordained, an evil race?

 

You to whom all men are prey

Have made them what they are today.



[Source: Michel Chronologie]



[11- 28 -1852] -- Italy: Silvia Pisacane lives (1852-1888). Second daughter of the revolutionary Carlo Pisacane, Silvia was involved with the Matese anarchist insurrection in 1877.

[1- 9 -1853] -- Anna Kuliscioff lives (exact year unknown, but between 1853 & 1857), Moskaja, in Crimea. Anja Rosenstein, her true name. Feminist, revolutionary & terrorist. Anna Kuliscioff embraced any ideological movement that could supply the necessary fighters. From the pacific propaganda with the followers of the Zebunev siblings, to the international anarchism of Bakunin; from the violent & subversive terrorism to defense of the people Russian peasant.



[1- 27 -1853] -- France: DURING THIS MONTH Louise Michel, who later becomes an anarchist, receives her teaching diploma & announces her intention to open a private school in Audeloncourt (Haute-Marne). This school appears to have opened in January 1853. She later wrote she opened her own school so as to avoid pledging allegiance to the Emperor.



I have seen criminals & whores

& spoken with them. Now I inquire

If you believe them made as now they are

To drag their rags in blood & mire

Preordained, an evil race?

 

You to whom all men are prey

Have made them what they are today.

 [Source: Michel Chronologie]



[4- 24 -1853] -- France: Jean-Baptiste Thuriault, lives. French worker, considered by authorities to be the "Grand Master" of anarchism in the Nièvre department.

[12- 14 -1853] -- Italy: Theorist/militant/writer Errico Malatesta lives, Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Kingdom of Naples. Important militant figure of Italian & international anarchism.






[2- 16 -1854] -- India: William Charles Owen (1854-1929) lives, Dinapore. Anglo-American militant & anarchist individualist propagandist.

Member of the International Workmen's Association. Discovers the writings of Kropotkin & becomes his translator.

Owen became an anarchist individualist under the influence of Benjamin Tucker.



[4- 15 -1854] -- Antoine Antignac lives. French anarchist, speaker, bookstore manager, writer for anarchist publications. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/AntignacAntoine.htm


[4- 16 -1854] -- Laurent Tailhade lives (1854-1919), Tarbes. French poet, writer, anarchist polemist, opium addict (La noire idole), translator (Satyricon de Pétrone).
[Details / context]

La Luminosa Torre
Texto de André Breton (1896-1963), en LE LIBERTAIRE del 11-1-1952



Fue en el negro espejo del anarquismo que el surrealismo se reconocio por primera vez, mucho antes de definirse a si mismo y cuando apenas era asociacion libre entre individuos, despreciando espontaneamente y en bloque las opresiones sociales y morales de su tiempo.



[4- 17 -1854] -- US: Benjamin Tucker lives, South Dartmouth, Massachusetts.

 BENJAMIN TUCKER, SAINT JUNE 22 1998

"I have never claimed that liberty will bring perfection, only that its results are vastly more preferable to those that follow authority."



American individualist anarchist, publisher, journalist, propagandist, theorist.

Influenced by Ezra Heywood, William Greene, Stephen Pearl Andrews, Lysander Spooner, & Josiah Warren. http://www.zetetics.com/mac/tir1.htm



[4- 19 -1854] -- France: Charles Angrand (1854-1926) lives, Normandy. Impressionist, Pointillist painter & anarchist illustrator.

Influenced by Van Gogh, associated with Seurat, Cross, Luce & Paul Signac & other libertarian illustrators & Jean Grave's "Les temps nouveaux."



[7- 11 -1854] -- France: Toussaint Bordat lives, Chassenard. Lyons anarchist militant. 

A socialist as a silk weaver, he broke with the guesdiste line (Marxist & electoral) in 1881, starting his own anarchist "Parti d'action révolutionnaire". Bordat was an advocate of "direct action" & active in militant labor actions. October 14, 1882 he was arrested & a defendant in the monster "Trial of the 66" of 1883. Sent to prison for four years, he was released early, & continued his militant activities. Bordat organized the conferences of SébastienFaure in Narbonne in 1897.



[9- 2 -1854] -- Norway:
Hans Henrik Jaeger, writer & anarchist & important friend & influence on Edvard Munch, lives (1854-1910), Drammen. alt: Hans Jaeger 

"Your face holds all the love in the world. Moonlight steals across your face so full of Earthly beauty & Grief. For now Death extends her hands of Life & a band is made between the thousands of generations who are dead & the thousands of generations who are to come." — Edvard Munch



[10- 16 -1854] -- Ireland: Gay British writer Oscar Wilde lives, Dublin. Consummate gay wit, playwright, poet, anarchist, libertarian socialist investigator.

"Anybody can write a three-volume novel. It merely requires a complete ignorance of both life & literature."






[10- 16 -1854] -- Jean Grave lives. Important figure of the early French anarchist-communist movement & popularizer of the ideas of the anarcho-communism of Peter Kropotkin.

[12- 3 -1854] -- Australia: Eureka Rebellion suppressed. On 3 December 2004 the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion is celebrated.


[4- 27 -1855] -- France: Caroline Remy, known as Madame Severine, lives, Paris. Libertarian, feminist, pacifist, journalist of the League of Humans Right.

[4- 27 -1855] -- France: Jules Jouy lives (1855-1897), Paris. Songster, poet, anarchist, pioneer of the social song. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/JouyJules.htm


[5- 18 -1855] -- US: George Speed lives. Anarchist agitator, active in the Haymarket defense of the falsely accused anarchists, Coxey's Army, the Pullman Strike, & as a labor organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

[7- 4 -1855] -- Walt Whitman, 36, publishes his Leaves of Grass at his own expense. A dud, the book does not sell.

First advertised in Liberty I (July 22, 1882), the anarchist Benjamin Tucker appended a challenge to various officials responsible for the suppression of Leaves of Grass. He advised them of his intention to sell the work & offered to deliver a copy of it to them at their place of choice to be used in evidence against him. There were no takers. 

Tucker also later published the book in both paperback & hardcover editions of this 600-plus page poem, advertised in Liberty XIII (May, 1899).



[11- 5 -1855] -- US: Eugene Debs, labor activist, socialist politician, lives, Terre Haute, Indiana. IWW founder, jailed seditionist, perennial presidential candidate.

"His belief in the people was very genuine, & his vision of socialism quite unlike the State machine pictured in Marx's communist manifesto. Hearing his views, I could not help exclaiming: 

"Why, Mr. Debs, you're an anarchist!"

"Not Mister, but Comrade," he corrected me; "won't you call me that?" Clasping my hand warmly, he assured me that he felt very close to the anarchists, that anarchism was the goal to strive for, & that all socialists should also be anarchists. Socialism to him was only a stepping-stone to the ultimate ideal, which was anarchism. 

"I know & love Kropotkin & his work," he said; "I admire him & I revere our murdered comrades who lie in Waldheim, as I do also all the other splendid fighters in your movement. You see, then, I am your comrade. I am with you in your struggle."



— Emma Goldman



[11- 21 -1855] -- Anarchist Leo Tolstoy & Ivan Turgenev meet, beginning an often tempestuous friendship between the two authors.


[11- 21 -1855] -- France: Emile Gravelle lives, Douai. Militant anarchist & naturalist. Published the review "L'Etat Naturel." Collaborated with Henri Zisly & Henri Beylie on "La Nouvelle Humanité," followed by "Le Naturien," "Le Sauvage," "L'Ordre Naturel," & "La Vie Naturelle."
[Details / context]

[1- 4 -1856] -- 

Maurice Mac-Nab (1856-1889) lives, in Vierzon.  French poet, singer, interpreter, began at the cabaret "Hydropathes" & then the Chat Noir ("Black Cat"), but died suddenly at age 33.  Author of the famous The Métingue of the Subway, a parody which became a classic of dispute.  Peuple français, la Bastille est détruite, Et y a z'encor des cachots pour tes fils!... Souviens-toi des géants de quarante-huite Qu'étaient plus grands qu' ceuss' d'au jour d'aujourd'hui Car c'est toujours l' pauvre ouverrier qui trinque, Mêm' qu'on le fourre au violon pour un rien, C'était tout d' même un bien chouette métingue, Que le métingu' du métropolitain!

Hyspa & Erik Satie each gained their first chances to perform at the Chat Noir. Hyspa filled in for the ailing Maurice Mac-Nab, a consumptive postal clerk who was one of the cabaret's best-loved satirists. Salis recognized the comic potential of Mac-Nab's repertory being presented in Hyspa's heavy southern accent, & he added to the joke by introducing him as 'le bon belge. ' Satie, according to his first biographer Pierre-Daniel Templier, was hired as 'second pianist'...

MAC-NAB. Chansons du Chat Noir. Nouvelles chansons du Chat Noir. Paris, Au Ménestrel, (1885), Un Vol. In-4°, 114 pp + 126 pp. Ill. de H.Gerbault. Couverture de Ferdinand Bac. Musique dans le texte de Camille Baron pour le premier volume et de Roland Kohr pour le second. Rel. demi chagrin vert clair, dos lisse à faux nerfs.couv. ill. cons.  Toutes les rengaines du Chat Noir avec de savoureux dessins. Rare.   MAC-NAB. Poèmes incongrus suite aux poèmes mobiles contenant ses nouveaux monologues et derniéres chansons. Paris, Léon vanier, 1891, Un Vol. In-12°, 72 pp. Cartonnage, dos toile. couv.cons.   MAC-NAB. Poèmes Mobiles. Monologues de Mac-Nab avec illustrations de l'auteur et une préface de Coquelin Cadet. Paris, Albert Messein, 1927, Un Vol. In-12°, 140 pp. Br.  Réimpression de l'édition de 1890.

http://drapeaurouge.free.fr/grand_metingue.html
http://www.worldartcelebritiesjournal11.netfirms.com/history_of_the_cabaret.htm
http://www.ville-vierzon.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=170&Itemid=227
http://esvc001419.wic024u.server-web.com/satie.htm
http://www.ephemanar.net/janvier04.html



[1- 11 -1856] -- Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias) lives (1856-1943). Italian veterinarian, teacher, collectivist anarchist, a founder of Cittadella Colony & the Brazilian Cecilia Colony. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RossiGiovanni.htm


[2- 4 -1856] -- Paul Napoleon Roinard lives, Maritime Seine. Wrongfully ignored French anarchist poet. 

Roinard broke with his family & went to Paris where he met artists such as Auguste Rodin. He published his first poems, Nos plaies (Our wounds, 1886), lampooning bourgeois society. He formed the group "La butte," with friends, which had some influence on libertarian literature. In 1891, with Zo d' Axa, he started the individualist journal "L'en Dehors" & collaborated on "La Plume" & "La Phalange," & directed the review "Septentrionale." He kicked around with poets & artists of the time, such as Stephen Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, & Laurent Tailhade. 

Roinard's principal works are La mort du Rêve; La légende Rouge; Le donneur d'illusions; Les miroirs.

[4- 1 -1856] -- Charles Maurin lives (1856-1914). French painter, engraver, & anarchist.
Friend of Toulouse-Lautrec, collaborates in "La Revue Blanche" directed by Félix Fénéon, & initiates Felix Vallotton to engraving & anarchism.

(Lithograph of Maurin by Toulouse-Lautrec); below, woodcut by Maurin of Ravachol at the guillotine






[5- 20 -1856] -- France: Henri-Edmond Cross (aka Delacroix) (1856-1910) lives. Neo-impressionist/pointillist painter, illustrator, anarchist.


[7- 11 -1856] -- Beginning date of the novel What Is to Be Done?, by Nikolai Chernyshevsky (1828-1889), a Russian Nihilist. For over 20 years he was confined in a fortress & put to penal servitude in Siberia. A strong influence on Russian progressives & revolutionaries, inspiring a whole youth generation, including the anarchists.

[8- 16 -1856] -- France: Pierre Martin lives (1856-1912), in Paris. Militant anarchiste, antimilitarist & pacifist.


[1- 18 -1857] -- France: Gustave Boullard lives. Ardennes anarchist, member of the groups "The Stateless Persons" of Charleville, then "The Disinherited" of Nouzon, & the "Libertarians of Nouzon," who met in the Colony of Aiglemont, founded by Fortuné Henry. Boullard was once imprisoned for six weeks for declaring his refusal to recognize the authority of the Hizzoner, the Mayor of Nouzon:

[6- 4 -1857] -- J. William Lloyd lives (1857- 194?), Westfield, New Jersey. Anarchist, poet, writer, doctor, editor of "Free Comrade," & a writer for Benjamin Tucker's "Liberty." Lloyd was known as the "drugless physician".

[7- 2 -1857] -- Carlo Pisacane (1818-1857) dies. Revolutionary, imbued with Mazzinian ideas; precursor of libertarian socialist, antiauthoritarian & anarchist movements in Italy. Influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, & perhaps the first anarchist to advocate 'propaganda by deed' (selective targeting of specific symbolic individuals considered the embodiment of the autocratic, oppressive state). Pisacane died in a failed revolt against "Bourbon rule." His daughter Silvia Pisacane was involved with the Matese anarchist insurrection in 1877.
See "La vita di Carlo Pisacane,"


[7- 31 -1857] -- Adolphe Willette lives, anarchist.


[10- 27 -1857] -- France: François-Louis Duprat lives. Militant & anarchist propagandist.


Originally a tailor who later became wine merchant, in June 1882 Duprat formed the anarchist group "l'Aiguille" (The Needle) with Vilhelm & Conchot, who, like he, were also members of an anarchist tailors union (comprised of 10 members).



From 1884 to 1885, he worked for the newspaper anarchist "Terre et liberté" (Land & Freedom)", which was forced to shut down after the police ransacked the paper & its manager, Antoine Rieffel, was arrested & sent to prison for two years on March 12, 1885.



In 1888-89, Duprat collaborated with the anarchist paper "Ca Ira." In 1890, his wine shop, at 11, rue Ramey in Paris, began to serve as both a meeting place & a warehouse for propaganda materials.



In 1894, under the infamous "lois scélérates" (popularly known as the villainous, or rogue, laws) Duprat was one of those charged in the "Procès des trente" (Trial of the Thirty, a repressive show trial), but managed to escape. He was tried in absentia & sentenced to 20 years hard labor.



http://www.ephemanar.net/octobre27.html#duprat

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[1- 6 -1858] -- France: Sébastien Faure lives, Saint-Etienne. Studied to be a Jesuit priest, was a candidate for the Marxist Workers Party, but under the influence of Peter Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus & Joseph Tortelier he moved towards anarchism. Closely associated with Louise Michel, he became a major figure in his own right, & one of the best-known anarchists in the country.
[Details / context]


[3- 13 -1858] --
 

Maximilien LUCE - 1858 / 1941 Maximilien Luce (1858-1941) lives, Paris. Painter, engraver, anarchist. Luce was, with Seurat & Signac, one of the founders of the Neo-impressionist School based on the scientific study of light & the analysis of prismatic effect of colours. He was also a great friend of Camille Pissarro, Georges Seurat, Theo Van Rysselberghe & Louis Valtat. For a number of years he was strictly "pointillist" adopting later a looser technique.  Landscapes & urban scenes depicting the world of the working class (builders, dockers, laborers, fishermen) in the 1930s occupy a predominant place in his work.   See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LuceMaximilien.htm



[4- 29 -1858] -- France: Justice by P-J Proudhon — philosopher, economist, sociologist, anarchist — appears. 

"To be governed is to be ... /siml/library/anarchQuotes.htm#ProudhonQuote



[5- 10 -1858] -- Turkey: Jules Regis (aka Siger) lives (1858-1900). Revolutionary socialist & anarchist.


[5- 25 -1858] -- France: Paul Reclus (aka Georges Guyou) lives, Neuilly/Seine. From the famed Reclus family, a French anarchist, engineer, professor.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#r

[6- 9 -1858] -- US: French revolutionary Joseph Dejacque publishes the first issue of "Libertaire" (a journal of the social movement), in NY City. 


"Vorwaerts Alle! Und mit den Armen und dem Herzen, mit dem Wort und dem Stift, dem Messer und dem Gewehr, der Ironie und dem Fluch, dem Raub, der Vergiftung und dem Brand, machen wir... den Krieg gegen die Gesellschaft!"



— Joseph Dejacque



See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DejacqueJoseph.htm



[10- 31 -1858] -- France: George Mathias Paraf-Javal lives, Paris. Intransigent individualist. 

A founder of "Ligue Antimilitariste" &, with Émile, the anarchist colony at Vaux (1902-07, with 400 members [See also Armand's article, "A Visit to L'Anarchie", at the Stan Iverson Archives]). A prodigious author, Paraf-Javal also ran the Groupe d'Etudes Scientifiques (GES for short) of Paris. Wrote for "Libertaire," & authored numerous booklets such as Les faux droits de l'homme et les vrais (1907), as well as math & physics materials (published in Spanish for Francisco Ferrer's Escuela Moderna).

[Details / context regarding Armand]




[1- 10 -1859] -- Spain: Radical educator & anarchist, Francisco Ferrer lives. Hated & hounded by the Catholic Church & the government, he is murdered in a ditch by Spanish police in 1909.

[2- 7 -1859] -- France: Charles Gallo lives. Best known for the big stink he made in 1886.

"Mort à la magistrature bourgeoise! Vive la dynamite! Vive l'anarchie!"



[Details / context]



[5- 15 -1859] -- France: Pierre Fauvet lives, Saint-Etienne. French anarchist militant, member of groups in Saint-Etienne & organizer of tours in the region for Sébastien Faure. Convicted numerous times in both Switzerland & France for his activities.

[8- 6 -1859] -- Italy: Oreste Lucchesi lives (1859-1904). Sent to prison in 1895 for assassinating the editor of "Il Telegrafo," whose articles resulted in the repression & arrest of numerous anarchists. Amerigo Franchi was involved in the attentat, & both received 30-year sentences.

[8- 7 -1859] -- France: Emile Hugonnard (aka Michel) lives, Lyon. 

Militant anarchist implicated in the famed "Procès des 66" (Lawsuit of the 66) & member of the "groupe de la Guillottière" in Lyon.
[Details / context]



[10- 12 -1859] -- US: HE abolishes Congress.

His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Joshua Norton I, has issued the following edict, which he desires the Bulletin to spread before the world. Let her rip!

It is represented to us that the universal suffrage, as now existing through the Union, is abused; that fraud & corruption prevent a fair & proper expression of the public voice; that open violation of the laws are constantly occurring, caused by mobs, parties, factions & undue influence of political sects; that the citizen has not that protection of person & property which he is entitled to by paying his pro rata of the expense of Government — in consequence of which, WE do hereby abolish Congress, & it is therefore abolished; & WE order & desire the representatives of all parties interested to appear at the Musical Hall of this city on the first of February next, & then & there take the most effective steps to remedy the evil complained of.



— October 1859



[10- 14 -1859] -- France: François-Claudius Koeningstein lives, (1859-1892), aka François Ravachol, Saint Chamond (the Loire). Anarchist bandit & advocate of "propaganda of the deed," the subject of popular myth & song ("La Ravachole, sur l'air de la Carmagnole").






"Let us have no more suicides from weariness, which come like a final sacrifice crowning all those that have gone before. Better one last laugh, à la Cravan, or one last song, à la Ravachol."



— Raoul Vaneigem, The Revolution of Everyday Life



[12- 2 -1859] -- Georges Seurat lives to spend Sundays in the park, hanging out with anarchists like Camille Pissarro.

[Details & links]




[2- 1 -1860] -- France: Michel Zevaco lives (1860-1918), Ajaccio (Corse). Novelist, professor, film director, anticleric, publisher, anarchist.Zevaco wrote many historical swashbuckling novels which are still being printed & made into films. The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre called him a great writer who influenced him greatly.

Zevaco founded the anarchist weekly "Gueux."He also wrote for Sébastien Faure's "Libertaire,", & the anarchist paper "La Renaissance", & also edited "l'Anticlérical,".



In 1900 Zevaco's famous cloak & dagger novels Les Pardaillanof, began to be serialized in the daily newspapers to great popular success.



[Details / context]



[3- 23 -1860] -- France: Andre Girard (known as Max Buhr) (1860-1942) lives. Anarchist militant & trade unionist. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GirardAndre.htm

[4- 13 -1860] -- Belgium: James Ensor lives (1860-1949). Symbolist & expressionist painter & anarchist. Joined the milieu of Fernand Knopff, Félicien Rops, Théo Van Rysselberghe & professor E. Rousseau, & his work promoted by critics such as Emile Verhaeren.... more (in French)




Le 19 novembre 1949, mort de James ENSOR.Peintre anarchiste, symboliste puis expressionniste belge.



Il est né à Ostende le 13 avril 1860, fils d'un ingénieur anglais ruiné et d'une mère flamande qui tient une boutique de souvenirs (environnement fantastique qui aura une grande influence sur son inspiration créatrice). En 1877, il s'inscrit à l'Académie des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles et commence à fréquenter le milieu artistique bohème de la capitale, alors fortement influencé par l'anarchisme. Il se lie avec Fernand Knopff, Félicien Rops, Théo Van Rysselberghe et le professeur E. Rousseau qui l'introduit plus avant dans l'anarchie. En 1881, il expose ses premières oeuvres symbolistes, et va dès lors intégrer divers cercles artistiques d'avant-garde "L'Essor" puis les "XX" de (1883-93) mais ses toiles empreintes d'humour noir et hantées par une fascination de la mort ne suscitent qu'incompréhensions et refus des Salons d'Anvers et de Bruxelles. C'est en 1888 qu'il peint le tableau qui le rendra par la suite célèbre : "Entrée du Christ à Bruxelles". Soutenu par des écrivains tel qu'Emile Verhaeren, il expose au Salon de la "Libre Esthétique" puis à Paris en 1894, sans pourtant soulever un grand intérêt.



Ce précurseur du surréalisme et du mouvement Cobra, est aussi un musicien et un écrivain pamphlétaire insolent et savoureux. La reconnaissance officielle ne viendra que bien plus tard, à partir de 1929, année où il devient citoyen belge, et où la bourgeoise, pas rancunière, lui décerne le titre de Baron, organisant même une grande rétrospective de son oeuvre au Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles. Proclamé "Prince des peintres", il illustrera même de son effigie un billet de banque.




[7- 16 -1860] -- US: Decree from Emperor Norton I, 
America's greatest ruler ever, 
proves himself so: 
he dissolves the United States of America. 

(Damn anarchists.)



[8- 10 -1860] -- France: Jules Leroux lives (1860-1926). Militant anarchist cooperativist. Founded a working coop of shoe makers in Amiens. Began manufacturing in 1902 & in 1906, becomes the "Société coopérative de production à bases socialistes." Forced to close in 1914, they resumed activity with the end of the war, animated by Jules Leroux.


[10- 12 -1860] -- France: Emile Pouget lives.

Pouget gets an eight-year prison sentence for his participation with Louise Michel in unemployed activities when bakeries were plundered. He also founded, February 24, 1889, "Le Père Peinard" (Lazy Father), one of the four most important French anarchist papers in the period up to WWI. Author & signatory to the "Charte d’Amiens" (1906), endorsed by the CGT. Pouget wrote numerous books & pamphlets, including Direct Action (1910), Sabotage, & "Le Congrès syndicaliste d'Amiens", (1906 & since unpublished until 2006).



[2- 26 -1861] --

The father is silent... 

Oh God, there is no God!



      — Multatuli

alias for Eduard Douwes Dekker, 
from "The Prayer of the Ignorant", 
The Hague, 26 February 1861, 
published in "De Dageraad," 1861.



[2- 28 -1861] -- Antoine Cyvoct lives (1861-1930). French anarchist, Lyons militant. Wrongly accused of being the author of the bombing of the Bellecour Theatre restaurant in Lyon on October 22, 1882. 
[Details / context]

[4- 23 -1861] -- Ricardo Mella, Spanish anarchist, lives (1861-1925). A leading movement theorist, Mella headed publishing teams of "Solidaridad", "El Libertario," "Acción Libertaria".

See Segarra, Agusti Cuadernos, Federico Urales y Ricardo Mella (Anagrama, 1977). 128p.

... "El socialismo anarquista" de Ricardo Mella. es tracta d alguns capítols del seu llibre "IDEARIO" que ens semblen molt interessants i actuals per el seu ... pages

http://ciug.cesga.es/grupostraballo/03/pxs_03.html


[4- 28 -1861] -- Germany: Henry Bauer lives, Grentel. German-American anarchist.

Bauer emigrated to the US in 1890, where he worked as a carpenter in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He became involved with the anarchist movement there following the events following the Haymarket bombing in Chicago (where anarchists were framed). In 1893 Henry Bauer was arrested & sent to prison for five years for distributing leaflets during the Homestead Strike, where Alexander Berkman had attempted to assassinate Henry Frick.






recollectionbooks.com.../Berkman/homestead.htm http://homefront.homestead.com/redemma.html http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/homesteadstrike1892/ http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/strikes.html http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/gilded/sld064.htm

Sing ho, for we know you, Carnegie; God help us & save us, we know you too well; You're crushing our wives & you're starving our babies; In our homes you have driven the shadow of hell. Then bow, bow down to Carnegie, Ye men who are slaves to his veriest whim; If he lowers your wages cheer, vassals, then cheer. Ye Are nothing but chattels & slaves under him. — 2nd verse, "A Man Named Carnegie," anonymous, California, 7 July 1892






[5- 24 -1861] -- Leo Tolstoy, visits Turgenev, is shown proofs of Fathers & Sons. Tolstoy, after skimming a few pages, falls asleep as Turgenev looks on.

[6- 4 -1861] -- Russia: During this month Mikhail Bakunin escapes from Siberia (today or tomorrow), via the Amur River, arriving in Nikolavsk in July; he sails on the Strelok to Kastri where he boards an American merchant ship, Vickery, to Hakodate, Japan. 
... show details



Next Bakunin makes his way to Yokohama, where sails to San Francisco in October.



In November he traverses the isthmus of Panama (where he spends two weeks), & sojourns in New York & Boston before reembarking for England.



On December 27, 1861 he arrives in London where he meets up with his old pal Herzen.




He lit a fire & it still burns Mikhail wanted nothing more than liberty He denounced the church the state & monarchy [...] Consumed with hatred for authority Enemy of the state, protector of humanity... — Excerpt from "Bakunin" from the album Nothing New For Trash Like You by the band Against All Authority




[6- 22 -1861] -- Félix Fénéon lives. Feneon, the art critic, anarchist & friend of Seurat, Paul Signac, Theo van Rysselberghe, Henri-Edmond Cross (Daily Bleed Page), André Gide, et al.

Standing from left to right: Félix Fénéon, Henri Gheon. Seated, left to right: Feliz Le Dantec, Emile Verhaeren, Francis Viele-Griffen, Henri-Edmond Cross, André Gide, Maurice Maeterlinck.





Thadee Natanson sat in the audience during the Process de Trente of August 1894 & took notes on the proceedings. He was so impressed by Fénéon's performance at this trial of anarchist intellectuals & militants, as well as by his earlier art criticism, that he hired him for the "Revue Blanche" staff after the trial. Fénéon soon became its editor in chief, a position he retained until the journal ceased publication in 1903.

... show details 

At the exhibition at the Grand Palais: there is a documentary side to all exhibitions that look at both painters & writers.



Verhaeren was painted by many of the artists he knew, notably by Theo van Rysselberghe (his Pointillist portrait is at the Orsay show). The same painter's ''La Lecture'' (1903) could be seen as the key to the whole show, as Verhaeren reads to a small group that includes the Frenchmen André Gide & Félix Fénéon as well as the Belgian Maurice Maeterlinck, whose ''Pelleas et Melisande'' was the basis for Debussy's opera.



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"OK, then, let's think of agricultural machinery, many kitchen appliances, a karateka's fist, a guard dog, a motor boat, a seadoo, a bow, a chainsaw, any electrical or gaz appliance, a bicycle, a vibro-masseur, many sado-masochist appliances, a penis*, etc, etc.



— *To anarchist Felix Feneon charged with illegally carying a firearm, the judge said: 

"You know you had on you everything you need to commit a murder?"



Fénéon replied:



"Yes, but I also had on me everything I needed to commit a rape."



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http://web.archive.org/web/20041022191804/http://www.iht.com/IHT/KK/98/kk032297.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on



[8- 12 -1861] -- Luigi Galleani, Italian anarchist, lives (1861-1931).

[11- 16 -1861] -- Arvid Järnefelt lives. Finnish writer, pacifist, lawyer & farmer, influenced by anarchist Leo Tolstoy's Christian thinking & philosophy. Met Tolstoy in Moscow & translated his works into Finnish. Arvid's brother Armas (1869-1958) famed as a composer & conductor, & brother Eero (1863-1937) was a painter.


[12- 7 -1861] -- Algeria: Han Ryner lives (1861-1938). French teacher, anticlerical, pacifist, anarchist, philosopher (called a "contemporary Socrates"). Lecturer & speaker of talent, Ryner collaborated on many reviews as well. Writer of a rich & varied work. Married to poet/author Georgette Ryner.
[Details / context]

[12- 27 -1861] -- England: Mikhail Bakunin, the Russian anarchist, having landed in Liverpool yesterday, arrives in London.



Back in June Bakunin contrives his escape from exile in Siberia, arriving in Nikolavsk in July, sailing on the "Strelok" to Kastri where he boards the American merchant ship, "Vickery," to Hakodate, Japan.  Next he makes his way to Yokohama (here Bakunin runs into his old comrade Wilhelm Heine from the Dresden insurrection), &, in October, sails to San Francisco. In November he traverses the isthmus of Panama, & sojourns in New York & Boston where his old friends Karol Forster & Reinhold Solger put him in touch with progressive circles before he reembarks for London.where he goes to Herzen's house.



"Nothing is more dangerous for man's private morality than the habit of command. The best man, the most intelligent, disinterested, generous, pure, will infallibly & always be spoiled at this trade. Two sentiments inherent in power never fail to produce this demoralization; they are: contempt for the masses & the overestimation of one's own merits."

http://www.robertcutler.org/bakunin/ar88irx.htm
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/writings/index.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bakunin/communist/communistbio.html



[1- 20 -1862] -- France: Augustin Hamon (1862-1945) lives, Nantes. Sociologist, who became an anarchist along with Fernand Pelloutier, in 1893. Later became a socialist.

[1- 27 -1862] -- France: Anarchist Louise Michel, spending years teaching, writing, & educating herself — including on the political level — becomes a member of the Union of the Poets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel


[4- 4 -1862] -- Russia: Kropotkin during this month (I don't have exact day — ed.), finally leaves Irkutsk & returns to St. Petersburg.

[6- 7 -1862] -- France: Jules Alexandre Sadier lives (-1936). Franco-Argentine anarchist militant & propagandist, antimilitarist. (Pseudonym Alexandre Falconnet.)



"Nous ne faisons pas de programme, l'heure de discuter est passée...(...) 
... show details



Notre ordre du jour est simple : Prolétaires du monde entier, quelle que soit la langue que nous parlions, quelle que soit notre race et couleur, marchons à la conquête du bien-être pour tous! Plus d'oppresseurs ni d'opprimés!... Plus de travailleurs mourant de travail et de faim, et d'oisifs crevant de paresse et d'indigestion! En avant! Sonnons la charge pour la liberté!"



Extrait du premier numéro de "La Liberté" de Buenos Aires, du 23 janvier 1893.








[7- 28 -1862] -- Emile Maurin (1862-1913) (aka Elie Murmain) lives. French anarchist militant & photographer.

[8- 2 -1862] -- Cuba: Fernando Tarrida del Marmol lives (1862-1915), Santiago. Militant & anarchist theoretician, Spanish free-thinker. 

Son of Catalan emigrants, he moved to Spain for his education, becoming an anarchist after meeting Anselmo Lorenzo. Became Director of the Polytechnic Academy of Barcelona. Arrested during the terror of the Clerics & military, his family was able to pull strings to gain his release. Hounded & in fear for his life, he went to England where lodged with Kropotkin & Louise Michel.

Contributed articles to the international anarchist press, the avant-garde literary journal "La Revue Blanche" translator of Tolstoï; author of Anarquía, ateísmo y colectivismo (1885); Anselmo Lorenzo. Estudio crítico-biográfico; Les inquisiteurs d'Espagne (1897); Programa socialista libertario y la constitución del mundo (1908).
See the Fernando Tarrida del Marmol Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/tarrida/index.htm


[9- 23 -1862] -- Russia: Whose Counting?: Count Leo Tolstoy (author / christian / anarchist / pacifist), 34, marries Sophie Andreyevna Behrs, 18. They have 13 children in 17 years.

"I'm not going to get into the ring with Tolstoy."

— Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

"Hemingway was a jerk."

— Harold Robbins




[10- 25 -1862] -- Ernest Coeurderoy dies, a suicide (or the 21st). Intern, writer, anarchistic Socialist forced into exile because of his radical positions. Wrote numerous books based on his experiences: Jours d'exil; De la révolution dans l'homme et dans la société; Hurrah! Ou la révolution par les Cosaques. Because of his suicide other books, planned & announced, were never published.

"Pour faire passer la révolution, comme un fer rouge, à travers ce siècle, une seule chose est à faire : démolir l'Autorité. (...) Que chacun s'interroge et qu'il dise si c'est de gré ou de force qu'il supporte qu'un autre se proclame son maître et agisse comme tel."

— in Jours d'exil, 1853-1855

Good souls of the dominant language, it is you who incite to murder, hatred, pillage & civil war. In the shadow of a cruel & ridiculous spectacle arises the old war of the poor against the rich, which today, masked & falsified by ideological refraction, is the war of the poor who want to stay poor & the poor who want to stop being poor. — Raoul Vaneigem, 1972, Terrorism or Revolution, an introduction to Ernest Coeurderoy http://www.lelibraire.com/din/aut.php?Id=3028




[11- 10 -1862] -- México: Magonista Camilo Arriaga lives (1862-1945), San Luis Potosí. Published the manifiesto "Invitación al Partido Liberal." An intellectual who acquainted many leaders of the PLM with anarchism; ironic, as he never embraced the full extent of Magon's radicalism.



[11- 15 -1862] -- Alfred Marpaux lives (1862-1934), Champagnole (the Jura). Federal credit militant, typesetter, trade unionist & coopérativist, a "socialist possibilist." Influenced by the ideas of Proudhon, Bakunin & Benoît Malon, his socialism had the distinct imprint of the libertarian ideas embodied by the anarchist Jura Federation.


[11- 19 -1862] -- France: Liard-Courtois (Auguste Courtois) lives, Calais. Militant labor & anarchist speaker.



Sentenced to two years prison & a strong fine, for a lecture tour in 1891 advocating the General Strike.



He formed the anarchist group "La Revanche Fourmisienne." Forced into exile in Belgium & England, when he returned to France, he was sent to prison for five years.



In 1914 he aligns with Jean Grave & the "Manifesto of the Sixteen."



Wrote Souvenirs du bagne (1903) & Après le bagne. Died early November 1918.



Source: http://www.ephemanar.net/novembre19.html



[11- 20 -1862] -- France: Georges Palante lives (1862-1925). Philosopher preaching an aristocratic & libertarian individualism. 

Influenced by Schopenhauer, Nietzsche & Max Stirner, he developed a radical anarchist philosophy & "une morale désespérée, mais élégante, de la résistance."

[Details / context]



[11- 28 -1862] -- Théo van Rysselberghe (1862-1926) Belgian painter (pointillisme), lives (or 11-23?). Contributor, along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Aristide Delannoy, Alexandre Steinlen, Camille Pissarro, Kees Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux."

At the exhibition at the Grand Palais: there is a documentary side to all exhibitions that look at both painters & writers. Verhaeren was painted by many of the artists he knew, notably by Theo van Rysselberghe (his Pointillist portrait is at the Orsay show). The same painter's ''La Lecture'' (1903) could be seen as the key to the whole show, as Verhaeren reads to a small group that includes the Frenchmen André Gide & Félix Fénéon as well as the Belgian Maurice Maeterlinck, whose ''Pelleas et Melisande'' was the basis for Debussy's opera.

---




[12- 7 -1862] -- France: French author Paul Adam lives (1862-1920). Editor of "Entretiens politiques et littéraires," a leading writer in the French anarchist movement, novelist, author of L'enfant d'Austerlitz.

Adam was part of the Symbolist & anarchist milieu which included Paul Signac, Seurat, Félix Fénéon, Lucien Pissarro.

Adam was one of those who testified in Jean Grave's behalf when the latter put on trial for his book La société mourante et l'anarchie. (Others who testified, to no avail, included Octave Mirbeau, Élisée Reclus, & Bernard Lazare.)



[12- 17 -1862] -- Urbain Gohier (Urbain Dégoulet) lives (1862-1951), Versailles. French writer, journalist, lampoonist, antimilitarist, burning supporter of Dreyfus, & writer for the anarchist "Libertaire." Author of L'armée contre la nation (1898), Les prétoriens et la Congrégation & A bas la caserne, etc. Sank gradually into anti-semitism & patriotism, becoming a collaborationist during WWII.


[12- 19 -1862] -- Bulgaria: Nicolas Stoïnoff lives, Choumen. The "patriarch" of Bulgarian anarchism; antimilitarist, writer, journalist, teacher, author of several books & many articles. Stoinoff never ceased denouncing the odious crimes of the Soviet occupation during his 101 years. His last book: Un centenaire bulgare parle:
alt; Nicolas Stoinoff http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=2173


[6- 10 -1863] -- France: Jean Ajalbert, anarchist, lives, Levallois-Perret (banlieue de Paris). Avocat, poète impressionniste, écrivain naturaliste et anarchiste.

[11- 11 -1863] -- Paul Signac lives, (1863-1935), Paris. French artist & contributor, along with Aristide Delannoy, Maximilien Luce, Alexandre Steinlen, Theo van Rysselberghe, Camille Pissarro, Kees Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux."


Dave, I have checked a used book — your stock in trade, I believe. It is in fact a very well used book, the 1961 edition, revised & enlarged, of John Rewald's basic book on Impressionism... " . . .all were committed to the extreme left. Political matters were of grave concern to them, & their convictions were . . . inseparable from their works." John Rewald, Post Impressionism  — Wild Bill Koehnline (Only Bleedster who was president of Oakton College & only Bleedster with an art museum named in his honor, the William A. Koehnline Museum) [Signac was the last painter to join the Impressionist group before it dissolved... Wild Bill's email on Paul Signac & selected associates (Seurat, Paul Adam, Félix Fénéon, Lucien Pissarro), click here]




[12- 12 -1863] -- Yikes?: Norwegian printmaker/painter Edvard Munch screams for first time. One of the hordes of smiley-faced-Scandinavians.

In 1889 Munch painted his first portrait of the leader of the Kristiania (as Christiania was now spelled) bohemians, the anarchist Hans Jaeger & was identified with the controversial group called Christiania-Boheme, after a novel by Jaegar.

Munch's association with Jæger & his circle of radical anarchists became a crucial turning point in his life & a source of new inner unrest & conflict. At that time Munch commenced an extensive biographical literary production. In keeping with Jæger's ideas he wanted to present truthful close-ups of the modern individual's longings & agonies — he wanted to paint his own life. 

Munch was invited to show his paintings by the Artist's Association of Berlin. It was a formidable "succès de scandale." 

The general public & the older painters interpreted Munch's art as anarchistic provocation, & the exhibit was closed in protest within a week.

[Details / context]







[12- 28 -1863] -- Russia: Nihilists annihilate Chief of Police.


[2- 6 -1864] -- Gay individualist anarchist novelist/poet John Henry Mackay lives. As noted in the Encyclopedia Britannica, he is instrumental in making prominent the writings of Max Stirner's anarchism.

Daily Bleed Saint 2004-05

German-Scottish libertarian anarchist, gay novelist.


[5- 16 -1864] -- France: Auguste Delale (1864-1910) lives, in Tours. Anarcho-syndicalist. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal "La révolte," with Emile Pouget on "Père Peinard," "Libertaire," etc. Delale was a founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam.

[5- 24 -1864] -- Zo D'Axa lives. 

French lampoonist, publisher, writer & anarchist propagandist. Published "La Feuille," & ran an ass in the elections, which caused street brawls. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/D'AxaZo.htm





[5- 26 -1864] -- Francis Vielé-Griffin lives. American-born French poet who became an important figure in the French Symbolist movement. Francis Vielé-Griffin écrit dans La Phalange:

« La littérature depuis bien des années, s’était murée dans sa Tour d’Ivoire, désormais, elle se mêlerait activement aux problèmes quotidiens ».

See "Symbolisme et anarchie", 
http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=2340



[6- 4 -1864] -- Mid-1864, Mikhail Bakunin goes back to Sweden, then London, where he visits Karl Marx, & on to Paris where he renews his friendship with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, finally moving to Italy where he stays until 1867. He settled first in Florence.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail




[6- 21 -1864] -- Belgium: Emile Louvigny lives, Sugny. Settled in Ardennes, France, initially joining the socialist circle "L'étincelle de Charleville" before joining the anarchist group "Sans-patrie." Louvigny was expelled in March 1894 & returned to Belgium where he remained active. In Brussels in 1906, he helped found the anarchist newspaper "Jean Misère".

[7- 14 -1864] -- France: Pierre Quillard lives. He & Jean Grave sponsored the Parisian anarchist "Ecole Libertaire," at established at l'hôtel des Sociétés Savantes in 1899.

[7- 25 -1864] -- Kate Austin lives (1864-1902) La Salle County, Illinois. Working woman, Universalist, feminist, anarchist, writer.

[7- 31 -1864] -- Brazil: Fabio Luz (Fabio Lopez dos Santos Luz) lives (1864-1938), Valença, Bahia. Novelist & outstanding figure of Brazilian anarchism. 

Involved in the antislavery movement as a youth & discovered anarchism with the reading of Peter Kropotkin.



Wrote d'Ideólogos, (1903), d'Os Emancipados, (1906), & Virgem-Mãe, (1908), the first novels in Brazil to tackle the social question.



[Details / context]





[8- 19 -1864] -- Spain: Juan (also spelled Joan) Montseny (aka Federico Urales) lives (1864-1942), Reus, Catalonia. Teacher, novelist, publisher, anarchist militant, companion of Teresa Mañé (Soledad Gustavo) & father of Federica Montseny.

[Details / context]




[9- 3 -1864] -- Leo Tolstoy, Russian author, royalty, mystical anarchist, is seized with terror in a country inn & imagines he is confronting death, an incident that furnishes the basis for Notes of a Madman. 


[9- 4 -1864] -- «El Obrero» begins publishing monthly, in Barcelona, from today until suppressed in June 1866. 

Director, Antonio Gusart: contributions from Cartaña, Espinal, Roig, Bergés, Cabús, Freixa & Ferrer. Not anarchist, but cooperativist & federalist, it championed workers' interests, favored federation & solidarity &, in its latter years, took a very positive stand on the IWMA. // Il catalano Antoni Gusart i Vila fonda il periodico «El Obrero»: fu proibito nel 1866 e riapparve nel 1880 come portavoce delle Tres Classes de Vapor.

 http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/mondiale/spagn000.htm



[9- 17 -1864] -- US: Albert Theodore Schroeder lives (1864-1953), in a log house near Horicon, Wisconsin. He met & came to know the liberals, socialists, radicals & anarchists (whose civil liberties he worked to uphold), other defenders of civil liberties, & leading personalities in the field of psychology.


[10- 7 -1864] -- France: Victor Barrucand lives, à Poitiers. Poète, musicien, journaliste et écrivain; d'abord militant anarchiste puis fédéraliste et enfin humaniste bourgeois, défenseur des droits des musulmans algériens.



[12- 11 -1864] -- Maurice Leblanc lives. French author/journalist, known as the creator of Arsène Lupin, French gentleman-thief turned detective.

Alexandre Jacob (1879-1954), the anarchist bandit credited with over 150 burglaries, is the original "Arsene Lupin" in the French detective novels of Maurice Leblanc, with only slight exaggerations which made him a sensational "fictional" character.





"…As I see things, I am not a robber. In creating man, Nature gave him the right to live & man has the duty to exercise that right in full. So if society fails to provide him with the wherewithal to survive, the human being is entitled to seize what he needs from wherever there is plenty."  — Alexandre Jacob [Details / context]



[12- 14 -1864] -- England: 

Thomas Cantwell lives, London. Militant anarchist expositor. Published, with David J. Nicoll, the "The Commonweal" & also managed "Freedom".



[1- 19 -1865] -- France: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dies. Early French anarchist philosopher/economist, author of What is Property?. His famous answer?

"Property is theft!"



If I had to answer the following question, "What is slavery?" & if I should respond in one word, "It is murder," my meaning would be understood at once. I should not need a long explanation to show that the power to deprive a man of his thought, his will, & his personality is the power of life & death.



So why to this other question, "What is property?" should I not answer in the same way, "It is theft," without fearing to be misunderstood, since the second proposition is only a transformation of the first?



— (pg. 13) What is Property?



[4- 30 -1865] -- Austria: Max Nettlau lives (1865-1944), in Neuwaldegg, a suburb of Vienna. Anarchist, historian, bibliographer, philologist.

Edited & financed "The Anarchist Labour Leaf." A member of the Freedom Group, Max also helped fund the "Torch for Freedom." Sold his collection of anarchist materials to the International Institute of Social History (IISG) in Amsterdam in 1935. His writings include Bibliographie de l'Anarchie (1897), & Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist (NY: Jewish Anarchist Federation, 1924), among many others.



[6- 10 -1865] -- France: Pierre Desgranges (aka Granges) (1865-1898) lives, Villefranche-on-Saone. Anarchist militant, like his father & brother Victor. Living in Lyons in 1890, he was involved in the activities of several anarchist groups, "Jeunesse antipatriote," "Les Ennemis de toute candidature,""Ni dieu ni maître" (which earns him several police searches). Participant in the 1896 conferences of Sébastien Faure, & also tries to create a new revue, "Jeuness" (which produces only 2 or 3 numbers). Seriously ill, Desgranges died at age 33.

[6- 14 -1865] -- France: Bernard Lazare lives. Author, journalist, anarchist, defender of Dreyfus. Collaborated on the journals "Les entretiens politiques et littéraires" & "Temps nouveaux."

[Details / context]



[7- 3 -1865] -- France: Auguste Garnery (1865-1935) lives, Haute Saône. Jeweler, anarchist militant, revolutionary trade unionist & antimilitarist. 
[Details / context]

[7- 31 -1865] -- Adalgisa Fochi lives (1865-1957). Mother of Camillo Berneri, grandmother of Maria Luisa Berneri & Giliana Berneri. Antifascists & anarchists, the whole lot of them.



[8- 14 -1865] -- Italy: Pietro Gori lives, in Messina. Italian lawyer, ardent defender of the anarchists & himself an anarchist & labor propagandist. Forced into exile numerous times. 

Founder of the (FORA (in Argentina), the review "Criminologia moderna" &, with Luigi Fabbri, the journal "Il pensiero." Wrote poetry & plays & author of the famous song Addio Lugano bella.



Died at age 46.



... show details




In 1894 Gori escaped the repression in Italy, attending conferences & agitating in England & the US. Returned to Italy in 1898 to defend the many defendants (including Malatesta) indicted after the General Strike against the increase of bread prices on January 17-18, in Ancône. The movement grew &, on May 7, riots took place in Milan. The army fired on demonstrators, killing hundreds. Repression was wild & Gori went into exile in Buenos Aires, & initiated, in 1901, the FORA (Federation Obrera Regional Argentina). He returned to Europe in 1902. The FORA grew to 250,000 members. In 1909 it split into two organizations, FORA du IXe Congrès (reformist), & FORA du Ve Congrès (maintaining the libertarian ideals).

http://isole.ecn.org/a.reus/cntreus/ado/ado9.htm
http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/a-rivista/275/48.htm






[11- 29 -1865] -- Spain: Soledad Gustavo (aka Teresa Mañé; 1865-1939) lives, Villanova. Very cultivated, she was one of the first lay teachers in Spain. "Grandmother" of Mujures Libres.

Catalan anarchist free thinker, she met Joan Montseny (aka Federico Urales) at a conference she had sponsored (with Anselmo Lorenzo). Soledad & Montseny founded the publication "Revista Blanca" in 1898. They were the parents of Federica Montseny, a famed & controversial figure in the history of Spanish labor & anarchism.



Gustavo wrote El sindicalismo y la anarquia, & other books.

http://struggle.ws/spain/pam_intro.html
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Gustavo
http://www.alasbarricadas.org/ateneovirtual/index.php/Teresa_Mane
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/utopia.htm



[12- 10 -1865] -- August Spies lives; one of the Haymarket anarchists, labor agitator, victim of anti-anarchist repression.

[4- 16 -1866] -- 

Gustave Henri Jossot lives (1866-1951), Dijon. French painter, illustrator & caricaturist who targeted the mainstream institutions of family, army, justice, churches, schools, etc. Jossot, deeply libertarian, refused to be labeled an anarchist. Depressed for years, he gave up caricatures in 1907, moved to Tunisia in 1911, converted to Islam in 1913 for a short period before denouncing religion & agitating again, for the rights of Moslem women, etc. Jossot confined his artistic endeavors to painting landscapes & Tunisian everyday life. http://www.ephemanar.net/avril16.html#jossot



[5- 9 -1866] --

David Edelstadt (1866-1892), author, anarchist, lives.   Marmor, Kalmon. David Edelstadt. (NY: YKUF Farlag, 1950). Octavo, orange-red cloth, 410 pp., chronological bibliography, index, b/w illustrations. http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EdelstadtDavid.htm



[7- 4 -1866] -- Marius Monfray (1866-1894) lives. French anarchist & trade unionist. In November 1886, he was sentenced to eight days in prison for organizing an illegal lottery (providing support funds for Toussaint Bordat, a defendant in the "Trial of the 66"). His shout in response — "Vive l'anarchie!" — got him two years in prison for "contempt of court."

[9- 2 -1866] --

Geneva, 1866   September 3-8 is celebrated 1er. Congrés of l'AIT (anti-authoritarian International Workingmen's Association). Lausanne, Switzerland, 1867 September 2 -7th (or 9th?) the second congrès de l'A.I.T. http://lycee.reclus.free.fr/repère2.htm See also [Congressos Obrers]



[10- 17 -1866] -- France: Edmond Marpaux lives. Member of the "Ligue des Antipatriotes." Convicted to life in prison for killing a policeman despite his denials of doing it. Marpaux was killed during a prison uprising.

In September 1894, a prison supervisor kills the anarchist convict François Briens. October 21, 1894, the supervisor is killed in revenge & a prison revolt occurs & is promptly suppressed. The next day 11 convicts are killed, including the anarchists Jules Leauthier, Pierre Meyrveis, Benoit Chevenet. 

They had taken refuge in a tree, which was cut down as they shouted "Anarchy Lives!"

Marpaux was killed the morning of the 23rd.



[10- 29 -1866] -- Victor Loquier (1866-1944) lives. French hair dresser & anarchist propagandist. Ardent anarchist obvious in all he does but in hairdressing. Wrote for "La Vrille" from 1903 to 1914, & some of his anti-military articles earned him some jail time. Member of Cercle d'Etudes sociales & the Fédération Communiste Anarchiste & wrote for "Libertaire."  

[11- 17 -1866] -- US: Anarchist-feminist Voltairine de Cleyre lives, Leslie, Michigan. Atheist & free-thinker, she taught in Philadelphia. She made many lecture tours, including in Europe, where she met Kropotkin, Louise Michel , Sébastien Faure & many other anarchists. She was an ardent supporter of Ricardo Flores Magón & the Mexican Revolution & wrote for his magazine, "Regeneración."

[12- 15 -1866] -- Italy: Luigi Molinari lives. Teacher, militant libertarian.

Molinari was arrested & convicted by a military tribunal for instigating an insurrection, in 1894, by armed bands of anarchists supporting Sicilian victims of the "State of Siege" (the government was repressing revolts against increased flour prices). Sentenced to 23 years in prison, Molinari was released in 1895 as the result of massive protests.

[Details / context]




[2- 27 -1867] -- France: Paulin Mailfait (1867-1927) lives, Charleville. Ardennes anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Nicolas Thomassin, Pierre Leroux, etc. Mailfait did eight months in prison for helping a soldier desert in 1892.

[6- 1 -1867] -- France: Jules Valles, French novelist, journalist, anarchist propagandist, launches the weekly magazine "The Street," involving artists & writers such as Emile Zola & Gustave Courbet before being suppressed. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/VallesJules.htm


[6- 8 -1867] -- Frank Lloyd Wright master builder, lives Richland Center, Wisconsin.



Wright admired the anarchist Kropotkin, who was staying at Hull House in Chicago when Wright was a frequent visitor & speaker.  As a review of Wright's FBI file reveals, the Fed's interest in the architect extended far beyond his pacifism. Cross-Dresser Hoover's men recorded his dalliances with the Wobblies, his continuing attempts to combat the US government's dehumanization of the Japanese during & after the war, his rabble-rousing speeches on college campuses, his work for international socialists & third world governments, including Iraq, & his rather unorthodox views on sexual relations (the Feds noted that Wright seemed to have a particular obsession with Marlene Dietrich).  Hoover's snoops were only a minor irritant compared to the real damage that was done by the Federal Housing Authority, which routinely denied financing to Wright's projects. The Federal Home Loan Association also refused to underwrite mortgages for Wright's houses.  http://www.counterpunch.org/stclair0813.html http://www.jldr.com/ohamish.html



[9- 9 -1867] --

1867, setembre 9-12   Premier congrès de la Ligue de la Paix et de la Liberté à Genève. http://lycee.reclus.free.fr/repère2.htm



[9- 25 -1867] -- Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist & mystical anarchist, visits the battlefield of Borodino to visualize the scene 55 years before.


[10- 1 -1867] -- Fernand Pelloutier lives (1867-1901), Paris. Socialist who became an anarchist through the influence of Augustin Hamon. Encouraged anarchist participation in the trade unions, which were revolutionary then, favoring direct action, sabotage, the general strike, & rejection of political parties.


[7- 4 -1868] -- Switzerland: The Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin moves to Geneva, & joins the Geneva section of the International Workingmen's Association.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail

[7- 20 -1868] -- France: Georges Yvetot lives (1868-1942). Typesetter & corrector, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-patriot, pacifist.

[8- 17 -1868] -- Poland: Edward Abramowski lives (1868-1918) Philosopher, psychologist, sociologist, anarchist.

Influenced by Tolstoy, Abramowski called himself a "state-rejecting socialist." His most important work developed his concept of a "stateless Socialism" & his thought tended increasingly towards an anarcho-syndicalism. He is considered the founder of the Polish co-operative movement, promoting economic associations & initiatives. In 1916 he was given a chair in Experimental Psychology at the University of Warsaw.
[Details / context]




[9- 25 -1868] -- Mikhail Bakunin founds the anarchist International Alliance of Socialist Democracy. At the Congress of the League of Peace & of Freedom held in Bern today, the Alliance is formed by dissidents who break with the League when decides against "the economic & social equalization of the classes & individuals." The Alliance goes on to form a section of the First International.

Questa fase si situa all'interno del periodo della I Internazionale e della parallela "Alleanza per la democrazia" creata da Mikhail Alexandrovic Bakunin, nato nel 1814 da nobile famiglia a Priamukhino, presso Tver, in Russia. Il 25 settembre del 1868 crea una lega sua l'Alleanza internazionale per la democrazia insieme con gli italiani Fanelli, Tucci e Friscia, il russo Zukovskij, il lionese Albert Richard ed Elisée Reclus.


http://web.tiscali.it/OBESIWEB/storiana.htm

[Sources]

[9- 28 -1868] -- France: A popular uprising is suppressed in Lyons. The anarchist Michael Bakunin, freshly arrived on the 15th of September, is now forced to flee in the face of an arrest warrant. He hid in Marseilles until October 24, 1870, then sailed from Marseilles back to Locarno (from whence he came on September 9).
[Sources]

anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin


[10- 24 -1868] -- France: Alexandra David-Neel lives, Paris.



If "heaven is the Lord's," the earth is the inheritance of man, & that consequently any honest traveller has the right to walk as he chooses, all over that globe which is his.

— Alexandra David-Neel, France, My Journey to Lhasa




---



At age 55, Alexandra David-Neel was the first European woman to venture into Lhasa. Disguising herself as a pilgrim, this Frenchwoman journeyed into Tibet's "forbidden city" in 1932.



"David-Neel was exceptional. Not only were independent women travelers like her unusual, but Europeans versed in Sanskrit & Buddhist philosophy, who also spoke Tibetan & could communicate with those they met, were extremely rare..."



— Dalai Lama



---



[12- 9 -1868] -- Italy: Paolo Lega lives (1868-??). In 1894 the young anarchist attempts to shoot Francesco Crispi, président du conseil Italien. The bullet lodged in Crispi's car rather than Crispi; Lega was arrested & did 20-years in prison for his poor aim.
Source: Ephéméride anarchiste

[1- 20 -1869] -- During this month secret "Alliance" (International Brotherhood, or the Alliance of Revolutionary Socialists), founded in 1866 by the revolutionary anarchist Michael Bakunin, is dissolved.





[1- 24 -1869] -- Spain: In Madrid, Giuseppe Fanelli (sent by Bakunin) gathers the first Spanish group to join the First International & sows the seeds of anarchism among the peasants & workers with lasting effect for over the next century.





[2- 10 -1869] -- France: Octave Jahn (1869-1917) lives, Cherbourg. Anarchist who founded, with Tortelier & others, the "League of the Anti-patriots" in 1886.

Jahn was an untiring, much-traveled anarchist propagandist, in France, North Africa, Switzerland, England, Spain, & Mexico, where he settled. He participated in the Mexican Revolution, supporting Emiliano Zapata & wrote for the anarchist press as well as writing the song "Les pieds plats" (The Flat Feet). Jahn was married to the anarchist Salud Borras (daughter of the Spanish anarchist Martin Borras).



[2- 19 -1869] -- Fritz Oerter, anarchist, lives.

[3- 30 -1869] -- Lithuania: Anarchist writer/activist & feminist Emma Goldman lives, Kaunas.

[Details / context]



[5- 21 -1869] -- US: Hutchins Hapgood lives, Chicago, Illinois. 

Journalist, author & anarchist.



Chronicled the American progressive movement in fiction & journalism.



[6- 27 -1869] -- Lithuania: Anarchist rebel, feminist & anti-militarist Emma Goldman lives, Kaunas. http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm




[7- 28 -1869] -- France: Emile Masson lives (1869-1923), in Brest. Breton militant, professor, writer & libertarian socialist propagandist.

Masson frequented the revolutionary milieu of socialists, anarchists & antimilitarists while a student of philosophy & English at the Sorbonne. A passionate advocate of Breton language, culture & history, publisher of the bilingual monthly, "Brug" (Breton-Français).

[Details / context]



[8- 4 -1869] --  

EMPEROR NORTON I, greatest & wisest ruler of the United States, abolishes both the Democratic & Republican parties.

"Being desirous of allaying the dissension's of party strife now existing within our realm, [I] do hereby dissolve & abolish the Democratic & Republican parties, & also do hereby decree the disfranchisement & imprisonment, for not more than ten, nor less than five years, to all persons leading to any violation of this our imperial decree." — San Francisco Herald, August 4, 1869



[8- 21 -1869] -- France: Fortuné Henry lives, Limeil-Brévannes. Militant anarchiste, orator, antimilitarist, founder of the famed Colony of Aiglemont, where his friend André Mournier ("The Agronomist") developed practical methods for large scale agriculture. Fortuné Henry was the French delegate to the founding congress of "l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste" (A.I.A.) in Amsterdam in 1904.


http://perso.orange.fr/mairie.aiglemont/historique_page2.html



[9- 5 -1869] -- Switzerland: Basle Congress of International opens. Michael Bakunin appears for the slugfest, the communists (Bakuninists) opposed to the collectivists (Marxists).

Tossing his mane of hair & brandishing his fist, whilst he glowered at the Marxite majority, Bakunin angrily declares: 

"I do not want merely the soil to become general property, I want all wealth to be the same! There must be a universal social liquidation — we must have the abolition of the State..."

[Details / context]




[9- 6 -1869] -- 

Switzerland: 4th Congrés de l'AIT, from the 6th to the 12th, in Basel.

Participants include Rafael Farga Pellicer & Gaspar de Sentiñon, representing the Centre Federal de les Societats Obreres de Barcelona. [Source: Congressos Obrers]



[9- 9 -1869] -- US: Anarchist, Haymarket martyr Louis Lingg lives. One of those convicted for the Haymarket bombing in 1886, he cheated his state executioners, blew himself up in jail. 

[More Details on Haymarket]
http://www.oddbooks.co.uk/harris/harrislinks.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlingg.htm




[11- 10 -1869] -- Italy: Gaetano Bresci lives (1869-1901). Italian-American anarchist, Bresci assassinated the King of Italy to revenge the army's butchery in repressing the 1898 Milan massacre (The King decorated the General responsible for the slaughter of some 300 demonstrators protesting bread prices.)

[Details / context]



[12- 26 -1869] -- US: Knights of Labor founded.

Though the Knights' central office denounced socialists & anarchists, the Order spawned them; Victor Drury, Joseph Buchanan, Daniel DeLeon, & two of the Haymarket martyrs sharpened their radical teeth in KOL locals. The KOL denounced strikes, but grew when they were won; it called for an end to the wage system, but accepted employers into its ranks. 

Powderly denounced Joseph R. Buchanan as an anarchist in 1888, but apologized four years later when he needed allies to fight Hayes. The fact that Buchanan was an anarchist was secondary to Powderly's quest to maintain personal power.(pg. xviii-xix)



http://users.crocker.com/~acacia/kol_cult.html


See also, Joseph R. Buchanan, THE STORY OF A LABOR AGITATOR. ( Outlook New York. 1903. 1st Edition, Cloth 8vo, 461 pages; Reprint: Westport: Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1970). 

Marlatt, Gene Ronald. "Joseph R. Buchanan: Spokesman for Labor during the Populist & Progressive Eras." 429 p. Ph.D. dissertation, U of Colorado, 1975.

Buchanan published the Western labor paper, the "LABOR ENQUIRER" & led its supporting group, the Rocky Mountain Social League. He was also an anarchist who affiliated with the Black International & led one of the first American divisions (Rocky Mountain).

Labor Enquirer (Chicago)
120p.5, 121 p.1, 125p.5, 129p.1, 135p.1. See also Buchanan, Joseph R. (editor).



[1- 9 -1870] -- France: Alexander Herzen dies, Paris. A Russian socialist with anarchist sympathies, strongly influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & other anarchists. He helped finance his close friend Mikhail Bakunin's escape from Tsarist Russia.

There is nothing in the world more stubborn than a corpse: you can hit it, you can knock it to pieces, but you cannot convince it.



       — Herzen, remarking on tradition



http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/index.html#Anarchism
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSherzen.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen



[1- 15 -1870] -- Spain: First issue of "Solidaridad" appears, in Madrid. This newspaper, created by Anselmo Lorenzo & friends, is the first paper published by the Spanish anarchist section of the A.I.T.


[2- 7 -1870] -- France: Henri Gauche (aka René or Henri Chaughi), militant anarchist journalist, lives. Contributor to "Revue anarchiste," "La Révolte" (journal of Jean Grave), & long-time writer for "Les Temps Nouveaux." Originally agreed with the sentiments of the Manifest de Seize — but as a combatant determined he was wrong (fortunately not "dead" wrong).


[3- 6 -1870] -- Eugene Humbert, French anarchist militant & companion of Jeanne Humbert, lives, in Metz. Also a pacifist & néo-Malthusian. Humbert was killed in prison during WWII Allied bombing, the day before his scheduled release. Jeanne Humbert wrote a biography of their lives.

[3- 28 -1870] -- Karl Marx addesses his "Confidential Communication" to his German friends to stir up hatred against Mikhail Bakunin (his anarchist nemesis) by declaring him an agent of the pan-Slavist party from which he allegedly received 25,000 francs per year. It was, of course, a lie.
http://www.knaw.nl/bakunin/




[4- 7 -1870] -- Germany: Munich Soviet leader, anarchist Gustav Landauer lives, Karlsruhe. 

Anarchist theorist influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & Peter Kropotkin, & a pacifist influenced by Leo Tolstoy's anarchist-pacifism.



Landauer wrote The Revolution (1908) & Call to Socialism (1911), etc.



Landauer, with Ret Marut (aka B. Traven, the novelist) & Erich Muhsam, was part of the Workers' Councils which, on this day in 1919, declared a Workers' Republic in Bavaria — in spite of the opposition of the Communists.



Daily Bleed Saint, May 2. On May 2, 1919, he was shot down in the street by soldiers, sent by the Socialist Gustav Noske, to subdue the Bavarian insurrection.



"The State is a condition, a certain relationship between human beings, a mode of human behavior; we destroy it by contracting other relationships, by behaving differently."



       — Gustav Landauer





[5- 16 -1870] -- Italy: Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante] busted by cops while surreptitiously plastering subversive manifestoes on the walls in Salerno.
[Details / context]

[6- 5 -1870] -- During this month Mikhail Bakunin breaks relations with Sergei Nechaev. anarchist; alt Mihail Aleksandroviç Bakunin; Michael Bakunin

[6- 16 -1870] -- France: Louis Segaud lives, Châteauroux. 



Segaud was an anarchist in Roanne, a member of "Les révoltés" & correspondent for Emile Pouget's "Père Peinard." Persecuted for his activities, in 1891 he took refuge in Luxembourg & England, returning in 1903 to head the syndicat des ouvriers couvreurs in Roanne.



[7- 29 -1870] -- Paul Delesalle lives, (1870-1948). French militant anarchist & revolutionary syndicalist.


[8- 2 -1870] -- During this month [I don't have exact date & place —ed.] the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is expelled from the Geneva section of the International due to his support for the Jura faction. Karl Marx, after a long concerted smear campaign against Bakunin, succeeds in having him expelled along with James Guillaume in 1872. To maintain dictatorial control of the International, Marx also moved its General council to NY, away from the membership & effectively destroying the First International.
[Source]

[8- 15 -1870] -- France:

15 August 1870: The anarchiste Louise Michel takes part in a demonstration organized to protest yesterday's arrest of the Blanquists Eudes & Brideau. She carries a petition (begun by Michelet) in their favor, to General Trochu, military governor of Paris.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[8- 29 -1870] -- French anarchist Gabriel Giroud lives.


[9- 5 -1870] -- France: Victor Hugo is hailed publicly in Paris upon return from banishment on Guernsey in the Channel Islands, where he wrote Les Châtiments & Les Misérables (Hugo spent about 50 pages describing the sewers the sewers of Paris). Hugo returned to France after the collapse of the Second Empire. He was elected to Parliament in October. On December 1 he obtains the release of Louise Michel.
http://www.victorhugo2002.culture.fr/culture/celebrations/hugo/fr/contpg7.htm


[9- 9 -1870] -- Switzerland: The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin leaves Locarno for Lyons (arrives Sept 15) where he will be just in time for yet another uprising.
[Sources]

[9- 13 -1870] -- France: Anarchist Louise Michel visits with Victor Hugo, from the 13 to 18th.

[9- 15 -1870] -- France: Mikhail Bakunin arrives in Lyons, from Locarno; within two weeks a popular uprising breaks out. Suppressed, an arrest warrant is issued for the anarchist & he is forced to flee to hiding in Marseilles.


[9- 20 -1870] -- France: Establishment of the Lyon Commune sparks the revolutionary upsurge throughout the Rhone valley, giving the impetus to the Marseilles & Paris Communes.
[Source: Calendar Riots]

[9- 25 -1870] -- France: The armed workers of the Marseilles Commune declare the abolition of the state & all debt. 
[Source: Calendar Riots]

[9- 27 -1870] -- France: Louise Michel is relased from jail. She will be arrested again in December.

On 14 July 1870, war broke out between France & Germany. It was during this time that Louise Michel was arrested for the first time. She had organised a group of volunteers to go to aid Strasbourg in one last stand against the Prussian armies. She was released today, but Strasbourg had just fallen to the Prussians...



[details]



[10- 16 -1870] -- France: During this month Louise Michel lance un appel aux infirmières des remparts et aux « citoyennes de la libre pensée » pour les inciter à se porter au secours de Strasbourg encerclée par les Prussiens. Elle participe alors aux deux comités de vigilance du XVIII' arrondissement où elle fait la connaissance de Théophile Ferré..
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[10- 24 -1870] -- France: Mikhail Bakunin completes the circle, sailing from Marseilles to Locarno. 

On September 9, 1870 Bakunin had left Locarno & arrived in Lyons Sept 15. Within two weeks a revolt broke out, but was suppressed. An arrest warrant was issued, & he went into hiding in Marseilles until he was able to escape today.

[Sources]



[10- 31 -1870] -- France: French gardes nationales revolt during the siege of Paris. Louise Michel, anarchist, takes part in a massive demonstration supporting the Paris Commune in front of the Town hall.


[11- 21 -1870] -- Alexander Berkman lives, Vilna, Russia. Wrote one of the classics of prison literature, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist. 


Berkman's Prison Memoirs has gone through numerous editions & reprints, including one prefaced by poet Kenneth Rexroth.

Berkman also wrote one of the earliest expose/denunciations of the failure of the Russian Revolution in The Bolshevik Myth (1921). He also provided his lifelong pal Emma Goldman with his own writing & research materials & helped her with editing her books.  Nestor Makhno & Alexander Berkman hanging out...up to no good no doubt. "Free thought, necessarily involving freedom of speech & press, I may tersely define thus: no opinion a law — no opinion a crime."        — Alexander Berkman



[11- 30 -1870] -- France: Henri Beylie lives, Paris. Militant anarchist, antimilitarist & naturalist. 

Henri Beylie helped found the Ligue antimilitariste, which became a part of the Association Internationale Antimilitariste. He participated in the Amsterdam antimilitarist congress in 1904, & that of August 1907 which followed on the heels of the International Anarchist Congress.

Beylie helped rebuild the anarchist movement following WWI & helped publish & direct "Libertaire."

[Details / context]



[12- 1 -1870] -- France: Victor Hugo obtains the release of Louise Michel.
http://www.victorhugo2002.culture.fr/culture/celebrations/hugo/fr/contpg7.htm


[12- 15 -1870] -- France: Achille Daude lives (1870-1963). Trade unionist, anarchist especially involved in co-operatives.


[1- 22 -1871] -- France: Anarchist Louise Michel, during the Paris Commune revolt, armed with a rifle, takes her first shot against the Breton mobiles of Trochu in front of the Town hall.


[1- 25 -1871] -- France: Emile Roger lives. Ardennes anarchiste, member of "Les desherities" & "Les libertaires de Nouzon." Correspondent for Gustave Hervé's newspaper "La guerre sociale". Died in 1917 during the war by civilized nations that ended all wars by civilized nations.


[1- 30 -1871] -- Stoyanov Parachkef (or Paraskev) (1871-1941) lives, Giurgiu. Significant figure of Romanian & Bulgarian anarchism. 

While studying medicine in Switzerland Parachkef aligned with Peter Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus, etc., & founded the first libertarian group in Romania. In 1890, in Paris, along with Saverio Merlino, he signed an antimilitarist manifesto & was forced out of France but continued a large, active correspondence with Louise Michel. Named professor of surgery at the University of Sofia in 1918, he continued collaborating with the Bulgarians — Stoinoff, Varban Kilifarski, etc. — & with libertarian publications & the clandestine activities of the movement. Died in November 1941.

alt; Pytor, Pyotr



[3- 17 -1871] -- France: Louise Michel takes an active part in the business of the guns of the national guard on the Montmartre Hillock. After the proclamation of the Paris Commune, the French anarchist works primarily with social & teaching issues.
http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws55_louise.html

[3- 25 -1871] -- France: Proclamation de la Commune à Toulouse.

[3- 28 -1871] -- France: Paris Commune, over 200,000 people turn out at the City Hall to see their newly elected officials, whose names are read to great & festive acclaim, making this day a revolutionary festival. The red flag, raised over all public buildings, is emblematic of the Commune. 







"Votre mémoire est née de ces quelques semaines,
compagnons et compagnes, il faut l'utiliser!
Revendiquons les rues, les montagnes, les plaines,
et comme les communards, abolissons l'armée...!
Il faut gratter l'oubli dont on a recouvert
les leçons des copains qui furent assassinés.
Il faut savoir que l'autonomie ouvrière a laissé
dans "l'histoire" des blessures infectées"...



— extract, from the song, "Sur la Commune," by Serge Utge Royo



http://struggle.ws/talks/paris.html

Graphic, top left, "Paris, 28 March,1872" by Flavio Costantini; 
Viva la commune courtesy of
Anarchy Archives




[3- 31 -1871] -- France: Commune of Narbonne falls, as incarnated by Emile Digeon. Digeon (1822-1894) was a revolutionary journalist who headed the Commune, proclaimed in conjunction with Paris Commune. 

In 1883 Digeon was "an anarchist candidate"(!) in the Narbonne elections & in 1885 published La Commune de Paris devant les anarchistes.

"Je regarde comme nuisible à l'Humanité tous les individus qui aspirent à gouverner les autres sous une forme quelconque et surtout ceux qui causent la misère des travailleurs en accaparant les richesses que ces derniers produisent." 


• See the article, "Emile Digeon & Socialism in the Narbonnais," by Christopher Guthrie, in the British journal "French History," Winter 1998 issue.
  http://www.le.ac.uk/hi/bon/resources/FRENCH_HIST/Abstracts/Abs172.html
  
• In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste






[4- 5 -1871] -- France: Élisée Reclus, serving in the National Guard, now in open revolt, during the Paris Commune, is taken prisoner. On the 16th of November he is sentenced to transportation for life; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer & anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition, page 957-8.


[4- 19 -1871] -- "La révolution communale commencée par l'initiative populaire du 18 mars, inaugure une ère nouvelle de politique expérimentale, positive, scientifique. C'est la fin du vieux monde gouvernemental et clérical, du militarisme, du fonctionnarisme, de l'exploitation, de l'agiotage, des monopoles, des privilèges, auxquels le prolétariat doit son servage, la patrie ses malheurs et ses désastres.

(...) Nous, citoyens de Paris, nous avons la mission d'accomplir la révolution moderne, la plus large et la plus féconde de toutes celles qui ont illuminé l'histoire. Nous avons le devoir de lutter et de vaincre!"



— excerpt, "Déclaration de la commune de Paris au peuple français," du 19 avril 1871.
Paris Commune



[5- 16 -1871] -- France: The Paris Commune, following the decree of April 12, destroys the Vendôme Column ("monument de barbarie"). Gustave Courbet sera rendu responsable de ce crime de lèse-majesté.

[5- 20 -1871] --

"What does it matter to us what judgments may later be passed upon our obscure personalities? If we have seen fit to record the political differences that exist between the majority of the Commune & ourselves, this is not in order to apportion blame to the former & praise the latter. It is simply to ensure that, should the Commune be defeated, people will know that it was not what it has appeared to be up to now."



— Gustave Lefrancais (1826-1901) addressing constituents, 20 May 1871
(cited in Internationale Situationniste 12 [September 1969].)

Lefrancais was a member of the First International, of the Paris Commune, & a founder of the anarchist Jura Federation. Lefrancais helped Elisée Reclus in producing Géographie Universelle.



Lefrancais adamantly declared that he was "a Communalist, not an anarchist," & probably (according to Murray Bookchin) coined the term.



[5- 22 -1871] -- France: "Bloody Week" — the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune — enters its second day. Delescluze declares the hour of revolutionary war has sounded.

Remember now there were others before;
The sepulchres are full at ford & bridgehead.
There will be children with flowers there,
And lambs & golden-eyed lions there,
And people remembering in the future.

— Kenneth Rexroth, excerpt,
"From the Paris Commune to the Kronstadt Rebellion"(1936) 

[Details / Background links]



[5- 25 -1871] -- France: Defeat of the Paris Commune as "Bloody Week" (Semaine Sanglante) continues. Only Butte aux Cailles still resists. The Left Bank is now in the hands of the reactionaries of Versailles, which begins summarily executing the Communards with a machine-gun.

[5- 25 -1871] -- Ramón de la Sagra y Periz (1798-1871), anarchist, dies.

[5- 28 -1871] -- France: The The Paris Commune, initiated two months ago, is today finally crushed; some 20,000 people are executed by the government. (But, let us speak of murderous anarchists & terrorists....)

End of the "Bloody Week" (Semaine Sanglante). The slaughter includes the anarchist bookbinder, Eugene Varlin (1839-1871).



"The Commune is the end of the old governmental & clerical world, militarism, officialism, the exploitation, agiotage, the monopolies, of the privileges, to which the proletariat owes its serfdom, the Fatherland, its misfortunes & its disasters."  — Eugene Varlin, during the Paris Commune  [Details / context]



[6- 5 -1871] -- Italy: Michele Angiolillo lives, Foggia. Typographer, anarchist, proponent of "Propaganda by the Deed." Worked with "Ciencia Social" in Spain in 1895. Returned to France, expelled to Belgium, went to London, where he became friends with Malatasta. Again in Spain, he met the free-thinker José Nakens. On August 8, 1897 he shot & killed the infamous reactionary, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, who was responsible for the torture & the executions of five anarchists in Montjuich Prison (Barcelona). Tried on August 14/15, he was executed August 20, 1897, garrotted at Vergara Prison.

"That smile of his, full of light, life & dawn, expired there on the horrifying garrotte:
GERMINAL!"

[Details / context]



[6- 23 -1871] -- France: Marc Pierrot lives (1871-1950). Doctor of medicine, anarchist propagandist, publisher of the long-running libertarian review, "Plus Loin".

[7- 29 -1871] -- Roberto Elia lives, (1871-??). Italian militant anarchist. Elia & his friend Andrea Salsedo owned a print shop in the US. In 1920, during Mitchell Palmer's terrorist reign to rid the country of "Red Satans," both were abducted (without a warrant or arrest). Held in secret, interrogated & beaten for eight weeks, Salsedo mysteriously "fell" from the 14th floor of the Department of Justice offices (May 3, 1920).


[8- 13 -1871] -- Austria: Hippolyte Havel (1871-1950) lives (appears to be some question of exact date), Thabor. 

An active author & editor, Havel was a scholarly & notorious anarchist — the original "anarchist dandy" — companion to Emma Goldman, a founder & participant in the first American "Modern School" (based on the ideas of Francisco Ferrer), & he adopted the now famous photographer Berenice Abbott.

Just before WWI he opened a restaurant in NY City which was a meeting place for artists & intellectuals.

[Details / context]



[8- 23 -1871] -- Germany: Alfred Sanftleben (aka "Slovak") lives (1871-1952), Thuringe. Militant German anarchist, also active in Switzerland & the US. Typesetter & translator, friend of Nettlau, Landauer, Rocker & the Flores Magón brothers, & greatly influenced by Giovanni Rossi.

[9- 17 -1871] -- 

September 17th to the 23rd.London, England:

Conference of the IWA (International Workingman's Association, the first Communist International) held. [Source: Congressos Obrers] [Details / context]



[9- 19 -1871] -- France: Second interrogatoire de anarchiste Louise Michel qui est alors transférée à la prison d'Arras.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[9- 22 -1871] -- Shusui Denjiro Kotoku (1871-1911) lives. 

Journalist, writer, one of the most outstanding figures of Japanese anarchism. Imprisoned for articles against the Russo-Japanese war, where he discovered Peter Kropotkin's works. Active in organizing the trade union movement before being arrested January 18, 1911 with 24 others for a plot on the emperor. Kotoku & 11 other anarchists were hanged, including his partner Yugetsu Sugo Kanno. Wrote Imperialism, Monster of the 20th century. 
See John Crump’s The Anarchist Movement in Japan




[9- 23 -1871] -- Bohemia: František Kupka lives (1871-1957), Opocno. Czech Abstract painter, anarchist, satirist & illustrator.


[10- 14 -1871] -- Russia: Peter Kropotkin's father dies during this fall. [I don't have exact date — ed.] He refuses a prestigious appointment to the Imperial Geographic Society, instead wanting to travel & learn more about the radical workers' movement. (He travels to Switzerland Feb-May 1872 where he is impressed by the Jura Federation.)

[Details / context]



[11- 5 -1871] -- Italy: Carlo Cafiero & Tucci, at an workers' Congress in Rome (November 1-5), distribute a manifesto by Bakunin, opposing nationalism, republicanism & Marxist authoritarianism. Cafiero, with Errico Malatesta, was one of the main founders of the Italian anarchist movement.

For Cafiero, "One cannot be... anarchist without being communist... For the least idea of limitation contains already... the germs of authoritarianism." Mikhail Bakunin began the translation of Marx's Capital into Russian & Carlo Cafiero published a summary of the same work in Italian.



"Freedom without Socialism is privilege & injustice, & Socialism without freedom is slavery & brutality"

— Michael Bakunin





[11- 12 -1871] -- Switzerland: The anarchist Jura Federation adopts a constitution designed to counter the Marxist influence within the First International.

[11- 16 -1871] -- France: Élisée Reclus is sentenced to transportation for life for his role in the Paris Commune; but, largely at the instance of influential deputations from England, the famed geographer & anarchist had his sentence commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition, page 957.


[11- 30 -1871] -- France: Gaston Cremieux (1836-1871) executed. Républican radical, Proudhonian socialist. Insurgé de la Commune de Marseille; atempted to create a revolutionary commune in 1870, which failed, prior to the commune established in March of this year.


[12- 16 -1871] -- France: Louise Michel, a 36-year-old popular communard & teacher, is brought to trial by the Versailles Government. She is accused of:



1. Trying to overthrow the government.
2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves.
3. Possession & use of weapons, & wearing a military uniform.
4. Forgery of a document.
5. Using a false document.
6. Planning to assassinate hostages.
7. Illegal arrests, torturing & killing.









For her heroic role in the Paris Commune, Louise was sent to a prison colony & spent four months locked in a cage on a prison ship with Natalie Lemel, who converted her to anarchism. Later she was allowed to educate the Kanak children of New Caledonia where she was exiled. France granted amnesty in 1880, but Louise moved to England when she discovered a plot to have her committed to an insane asylum. 

After an assassin attempted to take her life, she defended him in court, claiming "he was misled by an evil society."




[2- 2 -1872] -- Russia: Peter Kropotkin leaves during this month [I don't have exact date — ed.] for Switzerland. Upon arriving in Zurich Peter immediately joins the local chapter of the International. He is given socialist literature unavailable in Russia. After reading numerous works on socialism, Peter continues his vigorous study of the subject, traveling throughout Switzerland to question various socialist leaders. He also attends the worker's meetings of the International (rather than the leader's meetings). In March, a friend suggests that Peter visit the centers of the Jura Federation in Neuchatel.

[2- 6 -1872] -- Italy: Luigi Bertoni (1872-1947) lives. Italian-Swiss anarchist, typographer, & an untiring publisher of the bilingual newspaper "Le Reveil anarchiste" (The Anarchist Alarm Clock) which he founded in Geneva in July 1900 & edited until his death. Bertoni fought alongside Italian comrades during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, on the Huesca front.


[2- 10 -1872] -- France: Eugene Bigel lives. French Ardennes anarchist & proponent of direct action. Dynamited numerous police stations, inflicting material & psychological damage. His last attempted bombing, July 15, 1891, at the residence of an industrialist, failed to explode & was traced to him. Bigel received heavy sentences & was sent to the prison colony in Cayenne.

[3- 26 -1872] -- Émile Armand (pseudonym of Ernest-Lucien Juin; 1872-1962), individualist, free love activist, lives. Wrote l'Initiation individualiste anarchiste" (1923) & La révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse (1934).
[Details / context]


[4- 7 -1872] -- Dr. Marie Equi (1872-1952) lives, New Bedford, Massachusetts. Lesbian anarchist & labor organizer. Found guilty of sedition during WWI (as were countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act.
[Details / context]


[5- 28 -1872] -- Russia: Prince Peter Kropotkin, during this month (I don't have exact day — ed.), returns to Russia. 

Based on his travels in Europe he is now a convinced anarchist. Peter brings with him a large collection of socialist literature "unconditionally prohibited by the censor." This is his first subversive act against the state. He took this tremendous risk so he could share these works with others.
[Details / context]



[6- 14 -1872] -- Libertarian Jules-César Rozental lives. Author of Chants inachevés (poèmes), (1904; in Bulgarian).

[7- 9 -1872] -- Belgium: Jacques Mesnil (pseudonym of Jean-Jacques Dwelshauvers) lives (1872-1940), Brussel. 

Militant anarchiste, journalist, historian & art critic. Met his partner Clara Koetlitz, in Florence, where they lived for 10 years & shared a passion for Renaissance & art history. Mesnil contributed to the Italian, Belgian & French anarchist press, & wrote Le Mouvement anarchiste, le Mariage libre, Esprit révolutionnaire et syndicaliste, Frans Masereel, as well as several works on the Florentine Renaissance, Botticelli, Raphaël, etc.
See Marie-Noëlle Bonet, Jacques Mesnil, journaliste et critique d’art, 1872-1940.
http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/dwelshauversj.htm
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Mesnil



[8- 4 -1872] -- Italy: National conference in Rimini (August 4-6), merging the Italian sections of the A.I.T. begins.

An Italian Federation, allied to the First International, is founded. It opposes the Marxist General Council in London, presaging the split of the First International between authoritarian (Marxist/statist) & antiauthoritarian (anarchist/antistatist) wings.

Conferees include Carlo Cafiero, Andrea Costa, Giuseppe Fanelli, Friscia, & Errico Malatesta.

[Background, sources, links]



[8- 16 -1872] -- Spain: Manresa (près de Barcelone), sortie du premier numéro de l'hebdomadaire anarchiste "La Revista Social," porte-parole de l'A.I.T ; il reprend les articles de "la Révolte" et du "Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne." A partir du 11 juin 1881, il sera édité à Madrid par Juan Serrano Oteiza sous le nom de "Revista Social,Eco del Proletariado" et défendra les thèses fédéralistes et anarcho-collectivistes. Son tirage sera alors de vingt mille exemplaires.

[8- 31 -1872] -- Italy: The resolutions of the Rimini Conference (A.I.T.) (held August 4-6, 1872) are printed in the Bollettino dei Lavoratori (August 31), then secretly issued in Naples. No detailed report exists of the Conference, which declares itself anarchist, opposed to the Marxist authoritarians, only an oblong sheet.

[Details / context]



[9- 2 -1872] -- Hague Congress of the First International, September 2-7, 1872.

It is here that Marx & Engels determine it is better to kill the International than allow the growing anti-authoritarian influence to gain control. 

The Italians refuse to participate in this 5° congress leading to a total rupture with the authoritarain current incarnated by Marx. Cafiero is present only as a critical observer, working for separation.

Under the thumb of Karl Marx, the Congress confirms the principal resolutions of the London Conference & takes to task the anarchists for their "divisive" activity. It expels their leaders Mikhail Bakunin & James Guillaume from the International on the 7th, & resolves to move the seat of the General Council to New York (effectively killing it, as it quickly declines).



Each of the two principal fractions will hold from now on its congresses separately.



[9- 5 -1872] -- Netherlands: A commission to the investigate the Bakuninist Alliance (anarchist) meets today, Thursday, during the Hague Congress (September 2-7). Notes are taken by Theodor Cuno, Chairman of the Investigation Commission, during the interrogation of witnesses.
[Background, source materials, links]




[9- 7 -1872] -- Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist nemesis of Karl Marx, is booted from the First International (during the Hague Congress meeting Sept. 2-7).alt; Michael Bakunin


---



The liberty of man consists solely in this: that he obeys natural laws because he has himself recognized them assuch, & not because they have been externally imposed upon him by any extrinsic will whatever, divine or human, collective orindividual.

— Mikhail Bakunin, God & the State



---



[9- 14 -1872] --



1872  5th Congress of the Bakuninist section of the AIT.  Switzerland, September 14th to the 16th.     Representing Spain are Rafael Farga Pellicer, Carlos Alerini, Nicolàs Alonso Marselau, Tomás González Morago. (AIT or IWA, International Workingman's Association, is a section within the First International) [Source: Congressos Obrers]






[11- 2 -1872] -- France: Henri Zisly lives (1872-1945), Paris. 

Militant anarchist, writer, advocate of libertarian naturalism (anarchists were pioneers of naturism / nudity).




[12- 16 -1872] -- Spain: The Congress of Cordoue unanimously adopts the positions of the anarchist l'internationale Anti-autoritaire de Saint Imier, in opposition to the Marxist First International.


[12- 22 -1872] -- Italy: Ettore Bonometti, anarchist militant, lives (1872-1961), Brescia.

[1- 10 -1873] -- Italy: The Italian Congress of the International is convened, to meet on March 15 at Mirandola, where Cleso & Arturo Cerretti live.

Before they can meet, however, the local section was dissolved, Cleso Cerretti is arrested. The corresponding commission instead invites the delegates to meet at Bologna...



[Details / context]



[3- 15 -1873] -- Italy: The Italian Congress of the International meets, Bologna.
[Details / context]

[3- 22 -1873] -- Spain: Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez, an early & important Andalusian anarchist, briefly mayor of Cadiz with the proclamation of the 1st Republic; among other measures, he implemented an 8-hour work day before having to flee the country. When he died in 1907, 50,000 people in Cadiz attend his burial & his tomb has never lacked a renewal of daily flowers.


[3- 25 -1873] -- Rudolf Rocker lives. Daily Bleed Saint. American immigrant anarchist leader Rudolf Rocker was an anarcho-syndicalist theorist, organizer, & anti-fascist. A Gentile, he became deeply involved in the Jewish anarchist movement. Rudolf learned Yiddish, lived in the Jewish community, & was the lifelong companion of Milly Witkop, also a libertarian & labor activist. Author of the important Nationalism & Culture.

[4- 2 -1873] -- France: Anarchist Luigi Luccheni lives, in Paris, to an Italian mother. 

Notably, on September 10, 1898, Luccheni stabs the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria " Sissi," in Geneva, using a frayed file, as a symbolic blow against "the persecutors of the workers." 

The Swiss courts sentenced him to forced labor. He was found hung in prison in 1910.




[4- 22 -1873] -- France: Luigi Lucheni lives. An adherent of "propaganda by the deed," he killed the impératrice Elisabeth of Austria.


[5- 11 -1873] -- France: Anarchiste Charles Achille Simon (aka Biscuit, Ravachol II) lives, Loiret.

[6- 1 -1873] -- Albert Laisant lives (1873-1928). Son of Charles Ange Laisant (1841-1920). Introduced to anarchist ideas by Sébastien Faure, Albert turns the whole family into anarchists, including his father & his two sons, Maurice & Charles. Also devoted to freemasonry.

[6- 5 -1873] -- Spain: Proclamation of the first Republic. 

After the fall of King Amédée of Savoy (caused partly by the anarchist agitation of the workmen & rural poor in Andalusia), the Catalan federalist Pi i Margall, author & translator of the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, becomes President. He proposes a decentralized federalist system, separation of church & state, & redistribution of the land favorable to the peasants in the rural communities, but the Monarchist reaction brutally moves against his revolutionary aspirations.



Andalusia & several cities in the southeast establish a libertarian federalism, but with the resignation of Pi y Margall, the Carlist reaction resumes power. The town of Carthagène resists for during several months.



"(...) our principle is the absolute sovereignty of the individual; our final goal is the total destruction power & its replacement by the contract; our means is decentralization & the continuing transformation of the existing powers."



— Pi y Margall, in The Reación & the Revolución (1854)



[6- 18 -1873] -- France: Marie Capderoque (Marion Bachmann) lives, Lyon. Syndicalist, feminist, anarchist. Discovered anarchism through Sebastien Faure, in 1891; in 1893 Capderoque founded the "Comité d'études des femmes socialistes révolutionnaires" before she was forced by tuberculosis to cease her activities.

[7- 2 -1873] -- Italy: Nella Giacomelli lives. Contributor to Errico Malatesta's anarchist daily "Umanita Nova". With Ettore Molinari & Leda Rafanelli, she formed “Protesta umana” (1906-1909).


[8- 24 -1873] --

24 August 1873: Louise Michel
Départ pour la gare de Langres et voyage par chemin de fer jusqu'à La Rochelle, via Paris.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[8- 25 -1873] -- France: Charles Gogumus lives (1873-1915), Dijon. Militant syndicaliste révolutionnaire, anarchiste et antimilitariste.



[8- 28 -1873] --

28 August 1873: Louise Michel
Transfert par bateau de La Rochelle à Rochefort où les déportés sont embarqués sur le Virginie.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[9- 1 -1873] --



Switzerland: Congress at Saint-Imier (September 1 to 6), founding of the anti-authoritarian international AIT.

Among those present are José García Viñas, Rafael Farga Pellicer, Carlos Alerini, José Marquet & Paul Brousse. [The Bakuninists at Work...]




[9- 8 -1873] -- Italy: Santo Geronimo Caserio (Sante Jeronimo) lives (1873-1894). Italian anarchist who killed Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader French President Sadi Carnot in an act of revenge (for the execution of Auguste Vaillant). Caserio was executed on August 16, 1894. 

See the Italian song, L'interrogatorio di Sante Caserio,
http://struggle.ws/songs.html


Illustration by Flavio Costantini




[9- 8 -1873] -- 

Switzerland: Geneva tea lloc 6è Congrés of fracció Marxist of l'AIT, from the 8th to the 13th.

This follows upon the conclusion of the Congrés of fracció Bakuninista of l'AIT, held from 1st to the 7th. [Source: Congressos Obrers] The Belgian Federal Council, because of various arrests, proposed to invite the Jurassian Federation to convene the general congress — hence the Geneva Congress held in September, 1873. [Background details]



[10- 12 -1873] -- Switzerland: The famed Russian revolutionary, Mikhail Bakunin retires from the struggle & resigns from the anarchist Jura Federation. 


[1- 5 -1874] -- Léon Jules Leauthier lives, Manosque. Anarchist shoe-maker who stabbed & seriously wounded the Minister of Serbia. Sentenced to life, Leauthier was killed during a prison uprising at ïles du Salut (October 1894).


[3- 8 -1874] -- Russia: Peter Kropotkin is arrested this month (I don't have exact date -- ed.). The police eventually bribed some workers to testify against Peter &, based on this, he was moved to the infamous Peter & Paul Fortress in April.
[Background details]

[4- 14 -1874] -- US: Josiah Warren dies, Boston Massachusetts. Author of True Civilization & Equitable Commerce. 

Warren founded several “equity” stores, based on the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor & the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He established three utopian colonies; the most successful (1851–c.1860) was Modern Times (now Brentwood), Long Island, N.Y.



Informative articles, see:



Kenneth Rexroth's chapter on Warren in Communalism: From Its Origins to the 20th Century



William Bailie, Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist (1906).



James J. Martin's bibliographical essay in his Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908.



Two articles on Warren & Modern Times at the Long Island history page,
http://www.newsday.com/...hs526a,0,7092163.story
http://www.newsday.com/...hist005i,0,6851909.story



See also AnarchyArchives extensive collection, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Warren





[5- 5 -1874] -- Jean Marestan (born Gaston Havard) lives, Liege, Belgium. Anarchist, pacifist & militant néo-Malthusian, writer.
[Details / context]

[5- 18 -1874] -- France: Madeleine Pelletier lives (1874-1939). French doctor & feminist, member of the Socialist Party, briefly a Communist, then a libertarian. Founded the review "La suffragiste" & collaborated on other néo-Malthusian & anarchist publications.

[5- 29 -1874] -- G. K. Chesterton lives (1874-1936). Prolific English critic, wrote verse, essays, novels, & short stories, known for his series about the priest-detective Father Brown who appears in 50 stories. Converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism & wrote several theologically oriented works. 

Chesterton's novel The Man Who Was Thursday is a blatant articulation of populist & imperialist ideology that treats anarchism as a threat to the British way of life exemplified by the figure of the "common man." This construction is further determined by anarchism's articulation within the context of Catholic ideology as a form of spiritual fakery associated with the demonic."

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gkchest.htm



[6- 30 -1874] -- Fritz Brupbacher (1874-1945) dies. A Swiss physician, studied medicine & psychiatry. An antimilitarist, revolutionary syndicalist & libertarian socialist, became in particular the friend of James Guillaume, Pytor Kropotkin, Vera Figner & Monatte. Practiced medicine with his wife Paulette Raygrodski, both active in the néo-Malthusian movement, for the right to abortion & a free sexuality. Fritz wrote the introduction to The Confession of the Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin (translated by Paulette), wrote Marx et Bakounine, Bakounine ou le démon de la révolte, & the autobiography 60 Years of Heresy, as well as numerous pamphlets.


"Bakounine redeviendra actuel le jour où l'homme commencera à trouver insupportables le despotisme bourgeois et le despotisme prolétarien."



[7- 30 -1874] -- Aristide Delannoy lives (1874-1911). French artist & contributor, along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Alexandre Steinlen, Van Rysselberghe, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux."



[8- 5 -1874] -- The anarchist Andrea Costa is arrested.

Il 5 agosto viene arrestato Andrea Costa, in seguito ad un fallito tentativo insurrezionale degli internazionalisti. Arrestati anche Malatesta e Cafiero. Bakunin arrivato clandestinamente a Bologna riesce a fuggire vestito da prete. Alla repressione sopravvive il gruppo socialista raccolto intorno alla "Plebe" di Bignami e Gnocchi-Viani. 94 scioperi nel corso dell'anno.





[8- 20 -1874] -- Cunilia Belleria, Bakunin's young Ticinese friend, writes from Locarno to Mikhail Bakunin at Splington: A friend from Naples arrived here [Carmelo Palladino]. He says that nothing can be done. Those whose address you want are hiding or in prison. Errico Malatesta is expected here; if he does not arrive today, this would be a bad sign. At the Naples post office for twelve days a police officer is waiting for people who would call for letters addressed to D. Pasqualio, care of Nicolo Bellerio [Malatesta's address, the same which Bakunin's diary of 1872 contains, as mentioned above]. 
Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist.]

[9- 7 -1874] -- 

Belgium: 3rd Congrés de la fracció Bakuninista de l'AIT, from the 7th to the 13th, in Brussels.

Representing the FRE is Rafael Farga Pellicer (pseudònim de Gómez). [Source: Congressos Obrers]



[10- 23 -1874] -- Germany: Otto Rühle lives (1874-1943), Großvoigtsberg bei Freiberg in Sachsen. Left council communist of the Spartacist League (anti-Leninist, it included Liebknecht, Luxemburg, Mehring, et al.; much in common with libertarian communism & most strains of anarchism,)

& what does this wonderful standard design look like ?



"The revolution is a party affair. The State is a party affair. Dictatorship is a party affair. Socialism is a party affair."



& moreover:

"The party is discipline. The party is iron discipline. The party is the power of the leaders. The party is the most rigorous centralism. The party is militarism. The party is iron militarism, absolute, the most rigorous."



Translated concretely this design means:



Up above the leaders, down below the masses.



Above: authority, bureaucracy, personality cult, dictatorship of the leaders, power to the headquarters.



Below: blind obedience, subordination, stand to attention.



— Otto Rühle, "Moscow & Us," Die Aktion, 18 September 1920.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_communism



[1- 17 -1875] -- Uruguay: Frorencio Sánchez lives. Periodista & dramaturgo anarquista.


[2- 5 -1875] -- France: Manuel Devaldès (aka Ernest-Edmond Lohy) lives, Evreux.

Libertarian, pacifist & néo-Malthusian. Involved in the "Revue Rouge" in 1895, which included Félix Fénéon, Verlaine, Laurent Tailhade, etc. In 1912 a member of "l'Action d'art." Opposed to WWI, he found refuge in England which granted him conscientious objector (CO) status in 1914.



Collaborated in many newspapers & anarchist reviews, & wrote several books & booklets (La chair à canon (1908), Contes d'un rebelle (1925), La maternité consciente (1927), Anthologie des écrivains réfractaires (1927), etc.)



[5- 28 -1875] -- France: Fernand Elosu lives, Bordeaux. Doctor & a propagandist for néo-Malthusian ideas of maternity, free love, etc.

In 1910, Elosu became president of the League of the Humans Rights in Bayonne. Collaborated with numerous libertarian papers, as well as contributing to Sébastien Faure's 'Encyclopédie Anarchiste. A pacifist, Elosu was imprisoned during WWII as a "communist" & died in prison in 1941 of pneumonia. Author of L'amour infécond (1908).



[6- 25 -1875] -- Uruguay: In Montevideo the Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Uruguayenne is founded. It adheres to the antiauthoritarian A.I.T. & becomes, in August 1876, a section of the International at the time of the Congress of Verviers. It is the primary vehicle for workers' & revolutionary fights in this country during the first quarter of the 20th century.

[6- 30 -1875] -- Italy: The Florence trial begins (June 30-August 30, 1875) — of which the republicans published a long report (Dibattimenti; Rome, 1875; 529 pp.). This is another in a series of monster trials (like those in Bologna, Perguia, Leghorn, Massa Carrara, etc.).



This trial is simultaneous with Malatesta's trial at Trani. The good news from Trani (most acquitted) cheers up everybody at Florence.

See Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist by Max Nettlau.


[8- 1 -1875] -- François-Henri Jolivet lives (1875-1955), Paris. French working poet, anarchist & pacifist songster. 

Jolivet joined the revolutionary singers, "La Muse Rouge" (at age 17), participated in the worker festival, "Vache Enragée" of Montmartre, the pacifist "La Patrie Humaine," etc.

In the 1920s he frequented the "Musée du Soir" of Henry Poulaille, who wrote the preface to his collection, Chansons Sociales et Satiriques (1956). 

Encouraged by Edith Piaf, Jolivet continued appearing in the cabarets of Montmartre until the end of his life, on October 31, 1955.



"PAPIERS A CUL

Un jour souffrant et tout pâle
D'une colique autoritaire,
Je me suis servi de mon livret militaire.
N'allez pas m'accuser ici
De façon trop peu délicate,
Ils usent à peu près ainsi
De leurs traités, les diplomates."(...)


[Details / context]



[8- 17 -1875] -- France: Georges Gillet lives (1875-1951), Hardivillers dans l'Oise. Militant syndicaliste et propagandiste anarchiste, antimilitariste.


[1- 26 -1876] -- Gérard Lacaze-Duthiers lives (d.1958). French Individualist anarchist, friend of the arts, pacifist intellectual, Professor of Letters, member of l'Union Anarchiste & the Groupe "l'Action d'Art." Involved with the review "L'action d'art" with André Colomer & Manuel Devaldès. President of l'Union des Intellectuels pacifistes, responsible for the Parti Pacifiste Internationaliste, president of Syndicat des journalistes et écrivains. Collaborated on the Anarchist Encyclopedia of Sébastien Faure, & author of over 40 books & pamphlets, mostly involving literature & pacifism.


[2- 27 -1876] -- France: François Segond Casteu lives (1876-1935), Nice. Anarchist who attended Sebastien Faure's "Ruche" & a collaborator on "Libertaire" & "Germinal," a weekly magazine of the Somme. Partner of the teacher Eugènie Trébuquet. His remarks often caused problems with authorities, &, in September 1927, he was imprisoned at Amiens for a series of anticlerical articles. Casteu was released following a hunger strike.
'Ephéméride Anarchiste'

[3- 2 -1876] -- Switzerland: Meeting of the Jura Federation in Lausanne.

Elisée Reclus provides an early explication of anarcho-communist ideas here. By summer leading Italian anarchists (Malatesta, Cafiero, Covelli & Costa) had decided to abandon collectivism & to persuade delegates at the forthcoming Congress of the Italian Federation to make a declaration for libertarian communism. There was no strong sympathy for this movement amongst mainstream European anarchists, but by 1883 Kropotkin began to emerge as a major exponent of anarcho-communism.



[Details / context]



[4- 4 -1876] -- Maurice Vlaminck lives (d.1958). Artist & a founder of Fauvism. A racing cyclist as a young man. In 1900 he met Derain & began to paint seriously, earning his living by playing the violin. At this time he also contributed to anarchist magazines. 

"Many modernists — including Pablo Picasso, Frantißek Kupka, Maurice Vlaminck, & Kees van Dongen — thought anarchist politics to be inherent in the idea of an artistic avant-garde & created new formal languages expressive of their desire to effect revolutionary changes in art & society. Yet while Fauvism, Cubism, & Orphism radically altered the art of this century, the social-esthetic theories that nurtured some of their most significant manifestations were discredited by the decline of the anarchist movement after 1914, the rightward swing of political discourse during & after the war, & the concurrent advent of a resolutely apolitical formalist art criticism. Thus a "revolutionary esthetics" — a "politics of form" — played a crucial role in the development of modern art in prewar France, but its significance was first suppressed & then forgotten."  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck See also "Cubism, Futurism, Anarchism: The 'Aestheticism' of the "Action d'art" Group, 1906-1920" by Mark Antlif,f"Oxford Art Journal," Vol. 21, No. 2 (1998), pp. 101-120. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0142-6540(1998)21%3A2%3C101%3ACFAT'O%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H




[5- 8 -1876] -- Peter Maurin, co-founder of the Catholic Worker movement, lives.



[5- 10 -1876] -- France: Victor Meric lives (1876-1933), Marseille. Close friend of the anarchist journalist/lawyer Henri Jullien.French journalist, libertarian author & antimilitarist. Meric went from from anarchism to revolutionary socialism, wound up a Communist Party member, then devoted himself to pacifism.


[5- 12 -1876] -- France: Louis Eugène Jakmin (aka Jacquemin) lives, Paris. Blacksmith, anarchist propagandist, antimilitarist, militant syndicalist.


Secretary of la fédération communiste anarchiste (1913), manager of "libertaire," & participant in the newspaper "Le réveil Anarchiste ouvrier," from 1912 to the end of 1913.

[Details / context]




[5- 18 -1876] -- Gigi Damiani lives (1876-1953). Italian anarchist who emigrates to Brazil, directs various publications (Battaglia, Plebs, Guerra Sociale, etc.). Editor, with Errico Malatesta, of "Umanita Nova" (an anarchist daily paper published by Malatesta in Milan, along with Damiani, Camillo Berneri, Nella Giacomelli, Armando Borghi, Luigi Fabbri, etc). Under attack by fascists, Damiani was exiled in Tunisia. Active there with Giuseppe Pasotti, then returned to Rome in 1946 & involved again with "Umanita Nova" until his death.

[5- 30 -1876] -- Russia: During this month Prince Peter Kropotkin is finally transferred from the prison at Peter & Paul Fortress to the St. Petersburg Military Hospital (I don't have the exact day — ed.). His mental & physical health improved but he hid this from his doctors. The security here is much more lax & Peter immediately begins planning an escape.
[Further details]

[6- 2 -1876] -- Christo Botev (Khristo Bôtef) (1848-1876) dies. Bulgarian poet & revolutionist, writer; early anarchist & propagandist.

Christo Botev is killed today in battle, age 28 — but his life & writings remains an inspiration for many Bulgarians.

[Details / context]



[6- 17 -1876] -- Italy: Bologna anarchist trial ends, after three months' duration. Endless months of preliminary arrest had been followed by a series of monster trials, (Florence, Perguia, Leghorn, Massa Carrara, etc). But the Marches & the Abruzzi (Aquila) prisoners were tried with the Bolognese & Romagnols in the largest of all trials, that of Bologna — March 15 to June 17, 1876 — where Andrea Costa was the leading spirit.

Errico Malatesta had been tossed in prison, then tried, along with six others, at Trani (Apulia) in 1875 & acquitted.



On August 29 Carlo Cafiero wrote to Michael Bakunin,

"The effect of the trial of Malatesta & Co. in the three Apulias is incredible.



The jury — the richest men of the province even — immediately after the verdict shook hands with the accused who were received in triumph."



Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist.




[7- 1 -1876] -- Switzerland: Michael Bakunin dies at noon today, Berne. Conspirator, anarchist, rival of Marx, assassin of God.
[Background Details / context]

The liberty of man consists solely in this: that he obeys natural laws because he has himself recognized them as such, & not because they have been externally imposed upon him by any extrinsic will whatever, divine or human, collective or individual.


— Mikhail Bakunin, God & the State



"No theory, no ready-made system,
no book that has ever been written will save the world.

I cleave to no system. I am a true seeker."



— Mikhail Bakunin




[7- 4 -1876] -- US: Albert Parsons joins the Knights of Labor. Later president of the Trades Assembly of Chicago, ran for County Clerk, & the first workingman nominated by workingmen to run for the office of President of the United States Parsons became an anarchist & was one of the Haymarket Martyrs wrongly hanged.
[Details / context]


[7- 13 -1876] -- Auguste Durand lives, in the Tarn. French antimilitarist, militant anarchist & Marseilles revolutionary syndicalist.
[Details / context]

[8- 29 -1876] -- Italy: Carlo Cafiero writes to the anarchist Michael Bakunin: 

"The effect of the trial of Malatesta & Co. in the three Apulias is incredible. The jury — the richest men of the province even — immediately after the verdict shook hands with the accused who were received in triumph." 

The jury was composed of the richest landowners & there was military display. The public prosecutor told the jury verbatim:



If you do not find these men guilty, they will come some day to abduct your wives, violate your daughters, steal your property, destroy the fruits of the sweat of your brows, & you will be left ruined, miserable & branded with dishonor.

The jury after the verdict mixes with the cheering crowd & publicly & privately in Trani the acquitted meet with the most cordial expressions of sympathy. If only the government would multiply the trials, Cafiero concludes, they may cost years of prison to some of us, but they will do our cause immense good. 

See Daily Bleed, June 17.

[9- 24 -1876] -- Italy: A trial of 33 Umbrian anarchists & internationalists, at Perguia, ends. Part of series of monster trials (Bologna , Perguia, Leghorn, Massa Carrara, etc). See June 30, 1876.See Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist by Max Nettlau.


[10- 14 -1876] -- France: Jules Bonnot lives, Pont-de-Roide (Doubs). Auto mechanic, vegetarian, tea-totaller, anarchist "illegalist," of the Bonnot Gang — the most famous of the "bandits tragiques."

"... They were "good guys" & the flics were "baddies" because the Parisians understood that when the chips were down the Bonnot Gang was ultimately on their side & the police with their clubs would be on the other (even in time of war, even in time of foreign occupation)...the Bonnot Gang went down fighting as the last of the Apaches."

[Details / context]




[10- 16 -1876] -- 

Switzerland: October 16 - 19th, 1876

The Bakuninist (anarchist) section of the IWA (International Workingman's Association, the first Communist International) meets in Bern. [Source: Congressos Obrers]



[10- 26 -1876] -- Switzerland: From the 26th to 29 October the 8th congress of the A.I.T. is held, Bern.

[11- 22 -1876] -- France: René Darsouze lives (1876-1962), in Limoges. French typographer, anarchist. Co-founder, in 1908, of a community, "Le Phalanstère du Clos-des-Brunes," near Limoges. Member of the l'Association des Fédérations Anarchistes founded by Sebastien Faure & from 1929 to 1932 a writer for that organizations newspaper, "La Voix Libertaire."


[12- 5 -1876] -- Monkey Is As Monkey Do?: Anarchist Daniel Stillson patents first practical pipe wrench; forms a gang, then throws it in the works.

Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2002 14:02:41 -0500 (EST) 
[.....] Published by Congressional Quarterly & the CQ Daily Monitor:

TODAY'S TRIVIA: The first monkey wrench was produced in 1854 at Bernis & Call in Springfield, Mass., part of the state's 2nd District.

[Of course I have Dec 5, they have the 6th.... Just another monkey in the works(!?) —ed.].






[1- 26 -1877] -- Netherlands: Kees van Dongen lives (d.1968). Artist & a founder of Fauvism. In 1903 Félix Fénéon got him started working for the anarchist magazine"La Revue Blanche" for which he produced light-hearted drawings.

"Many modernists — including Pablo Picasso, Frantißek Kupka, Maurice Vlaminck, & Kees van Dongen — thought anarchist politics to be inherent in the idea of an artistic avant-garde & created new formal languages expressive of their desire to effect revolutionary changes in art & society. Yet while Fauvism, Cubism, & Orphism radically altered the art of this century, the social-esthetic theories that nurtured some of their most significant manifestations were discredited by the decline of the anarchist movement after 1914, the rightward swing of political discourse during & after the war, & the concurrent advent of a resolutely apolitical formalist art criticism. Thus a "revolutionary esthetics" — a "politics of form" — played a crucial role in the development of modern art in prewar France, but its significance was first suppressed & then forgotten."  http://dl.lib.brown.edu:8080/exist/mjp/plookup.xq?id=DongenKees




[2- 14 -1877] -- Julia Bertrand lives (1877-1960). French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist & free thinker. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, 
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/BertrandJulia.htm

[2- 17 -1877] -- Switzerland: Isabelle Eberhardt lives. Explorer & writer who lived & travelled extensively in North Africa dressed as man, using the name "Si Mahmoud Essadi." Swiss explorer & writer who lived & travelled extensively in North Africa dressed as man, using the name "Si Mahmoud Essadi." Daughter of the Armenian-born Alexandre Trophimowsky, an anarchist, ex-priest, & convert to Islam, Isabelle was an extremely liberated individual, rejecting conventional European morality in favor of her own path & that of Islam. She died in 1904, in a flash flood in the Egyptian desert at the age of 27. Among her books, see The Oblivion Seeker & Departures: Selected Stories


[3- 1 -1877] -- Milly Witkop Rocker (1877-1955) lives, Ukraine. Exiled to London, she was an activist in the Jewish anarchist movement among the Lower Eastside sweatshop workers.



In London, in 1896, she met Rudolf Rocker who became her lifelong companion. Their son is the artist, Fermin Rocker.



[Details / context]



[3- 16 -1877] -- France: Antoine Bertrand lives (1877-1964). French anarcho-syndicalist, member of the "Free Youth" group.

[3- 17 -1877] -- Austria: Psychoanalyst, sexologist & libertarian revolutionary Otto Gross (also Grob; also Grob) lives (1877 - 1920). Involved in the development of psychiatry & psychoanalysis as well as in the modern literature of Expressionism & Dadaism.

A generation before Wilhelm Reich, Gross was the first analyst to emphasise the dialectical interdependence between individual inner change & collective political change. He tried to live his radical ideas in both his private & professional life — which he refused to separate— & thus became anathema to those trying to establish the credibility of analysis as a science in the eyes of society & academe.



Less than a year after his death, Anton Kuh wrote of Gross as "a man known only to very few by name — apart from a handful of psychiatrists [Freud, Jung, et al] & secret policemen — & among those few only to those who plucked his feathers to adorn their own posteriors."







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexology
http://www.ottogross.org/english/documents/BiographicalSurvey.html




[3- 18 -1877] -- Switzerland: Workers celebration in Bern, organized by the anarchists Peter Kropotkin & Paul Brousse, leads to clashes with the police when the latter try to seize their red flags.

[3- 21 -1877] -- Anna Strunsky Walling lives. A family story says that because Anna was small at nine her parents misstated her age to get a cheaper ticket, hence much subsequent confusion over her real birthdate, which is today.

In her novel, The Heart's Country (1914), labor journalist Mary Heaton Vorse created a fictional character, Roberta, who concluded that women would be judged far differently than men:

"I fancy that women will have another bar of judgment & that the question asked of us there will be: Have you loved well?" 

For Vorse as for Anna Strunsky Walling, dancer Isadora Duncan, anarchist Emma Goldman, Mabel Dodge, & many other notable radical women of the 1910s, loving well was critical to their identity...

[Details / context]



[3- 25 -1877] -- France: Jean-Baptiste Knockaert lives (1857-1957), Tourcoing (northern). Anarcho-syndicalist, communist, then a free thinker. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/KnockaertJeanBaptiste.htm

[4- 5 -1877] -- Italy: Debut of the anarchist "Gang of Matese." 

Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta, Pietro Cesaré Ceccarelli & the Russian militant Sergei Stepniak are among the 26 dubbed the "Gang of Matese" (la “banda” del Matese) by the government after the town of Letino declares a social revolution & libertarian communism three days hence. 

Le forze armate soffocano una insurrezione nel Matese (Campania) guidata da Carlo Cafiero ed Errico Malatesta, a cui avevano aderito anche i parroci dei paesi di Letino e Gallo.
[Source: Crimini e Misfatti]
[Details / context]



[4- 8 -1877] -- Italy: In the township of Letino (Matese) the "Gang of Matese" hand the city clerk an official notice before giving a speech, burning land deeds, & heading off to liberate yet another town:

[4- 9 -1877] -- Louis Rimbault, French anarchist & vegetarian, lives (1877-1949). 
(See 10 November 1949 & Bonnot Gang).


[4- 13 -1877] -- México: Enrique Flores Magon (1877-1954) lives, Teotitlan del Camino, Oaxaca. Mexican revolutionary anarchist & brother of anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón.


[7- 2 -1877] -- Hermann Hesse lives (1877-1962), near the Black Forest. 

German poet/novelist, depicted the duality of spirit & nature, body versus mind & an individuals spiritual search outside the restrictions of society. Won the 1946 Nobel Prize for Literature. 

Worked in several jobs, as a bookshop clerk, as a mechanic & as a book dealer in Tübingen, where he joined literary circle called Le Petit Cénacle.
There is a scene in Herman Hesse's novel, STEPPENWOLF, where the central character Harry Haller is invited to attend an: 

"Anarchist Evening at the Magic Theatre
For Madmen Only
Price of Admission Your Mind"



In 1967 John Lion, a Graduate student at U.C. Berkeley working under the tutelage of Professor Jan Kott, directs Ionesco's THE LESSON at the Steppenwolf Bar. The company names itself "Magic Theatre", from the above passage.

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hhesse.htm


---




[7- 21 -1877] -- US: 30,000 Chicago workers rally on Market Street, by Madison. Speaking to the crowd, Albert Parsons advocates use of the ballot to obtain "state control of the means of production," & urges workers to join the workingmen's party. 

Later armed men came to Parsons' place of work (a socialist newspaper), claiming Mayor Heath wished to see him. 

Reaching city hall, the future anarchist was taken to a room filled with officers, where Police Chief Hickey waited for him.

"He wanted to know who I was, where born, raised, if married & a family, etc. I quietly answered his questions. He then lectured me on the great trouble I had brought upon the city of Chicago...."

This was in July, during a massive railroad strike, sometimes called the Great Upheaval.
http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-831/syllabus.html




[8- 19 -1877] -- Algeria: Pierre Jules Ruff lives (1877-1942), Algiers. Militant anarchist & antimilitarist. Arrested & perished in a Nazi concentration camp. 
[Details / context]


[9- 5 -1877] -- Belgium: Verviers, from the 5 to the 8 5è. Congrés of fracció Bakuninista of l'AIT.

5th Congress of the Bakuninist section [anarchist] of the International Workingman's Association (IWA, the first Communist International); See also September 9 regards the Universal Socialist Congress (convened in Ghent, Belgium, intent on reunifying the various fractions within the AIT).
[Background, source materials, links]




[9- 9 -1877] --  

Belgium: Universal Socialist Congress convenes in Ghent, from the 9th-15th.

The 5th Congress of the anarchist Bakuninist section of the International Workingman's Association (IWA, the first Communist International), having concluded yesterday, today this Congress convenes, intent on reunifying the various fractions within the AIT, organitzat per partits polítics i associacions obreres. Representing the FRE (Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT), as in Verviers, are Trinidad Soriano & González Morago. [Source: Congressos Obrers]


[Further details]

[12- 23 -1877] -- Luigi Fabbri lives, Fabriano, Italy. Professor, Italian anarchist, theorist, writer. 

Fabbri & Pietro Gori participated in the review "Il pensiero". Contributed to "Umanita Nova", an anarchist daily paper published by Errico Malatesta in Milan, along with Gigi Damiani, Camillo Berneri, Nella Giacomelli, Armando Borghi, etc. Fabbri escaped the fascist regime in 1926, seeking refuge in France, Belgium, &, finally, after being expelled several times, in Uruguay. In Montevideo he began, in 1930, the review "Studi sociali" (Social Studies), faithfully promulgating the ideas of Malatesta. In addition to writing for many newspapers, he wrote L'organizzazione Operaia e L'anarchia; Dictature et Révolution, etc. Died 1935.

Les anarchistes ont: "Le devoir de s'opposer, même violemment, à la dictature révolutionnaire qui constitue toujours une régression conservatrice."

http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/f/10748404full.php
http://www.abanet.it/papini/comunism/indexcl.htm



[12- 31 -1877] -- Gustave Courbet (1809-1877) dies. French painter, revolutionary socialist, man of independent character. Leader of the realist school.



Courbet was placed in charge of all art museums under the revolutionary Paris Commune of 1871 & saved the city's collections from looters.

With the fall of the Commune he was accused of allowing the destruction of Napoleon's triumphal column in the Place Vendôme; he was imprisoned & condemned to pay for its reconstruction, but fled to Vevey, Switzerland, where he died. Camille Pissarro's circle was strongly influenced by Courbet (who painted the famous portrait of the anarchist Proudhon.) 

Courbet is the Daily Bleed Saint for June 10.

http://www.lacan.com/courbet.htm



[1- 5 -1878] -- France: Nelly Roussel lives. Free thinker, anarchist, feminist. Partner of the sculptor Henri Godet.

[2- 11 -1878] -- WhiteWash?: Suprematist painter, anarchist Kazimir (or Kasimir) Malevich lives, Kiev, Russia. Soviet anarchist artist, founder of the Suprematist movement. Perseucted by Stalinist regime. His painting "White on White" drives 'em nuts; Black Square is even worser!


KAZIMIR MALEVICH
Daily Bleed Saint May 15 2006. Soviet anarchist artist, founder of the Suprematist movement.




[3- 7 -1878] -- Italy: Carlo Frigerio lives (d.1966) Italian militant & writer, a principal collaborator, along with Camillo Berneri, Luigi Fabbri & Carlo Molaschi, on "Pensiero e volontà" (Thought & Will; directed by Malatesta, it began publishing in Rome in January 1924).

3

«Q

7


[3- 24 -1878] -- France: Charles Benoit lives, in Rouen. Revolutionary socialist, then an anarchist. Assisted Jean Grave with his paper "Les temps nouveaux." Formed the "propagande par la brochure" group, which actively distributed their very inexpensive — & often free — booklets. During WWI Charles Benoît & Andre Girard, broke with Grave over the "The Manifesto of the 16" ("Manifeste de seize," siding with the Allies during WWI), Benoit publishing "La paix par les Peuples" in response. Benoit was also active in the League for Human Rights.


[4- 6 -1878] -- France: André Mournier (aka "The Agronomist") lives, in Joigny, Yonne. Member of the anarchist Colony of Aiglemont founded by Fortuné Henry.
http://perso.orange.fr/mairie.aiglemont/historique_page2.html

[4- 6 -1878] -- Germany: Erich Muhsam [Muehsam; Mühsam], poet & anarchist militant, lives, Berlin. Assassinated by the Nazis during the night of July 9 / 10, 1934 (Orianenburg Concentration Camp).










       

	Der deutsche Schriftsteller Erich Mühsam lebte in den Jahren von 1878 bis 1934. Er starb in einem national-sozialistischen KZ (Konzentrationslager). Mühsam gilt als Vertreter eines radikalen Anarchismus. Von ihm stammen expressionistische Gedichte und Dramen. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia



[5- 9 -1878] -- Neno Vasco (1878-1920) lives. Portuguese lawyer, journalist & anarchist writer.

Vasco was part of a group of students of the University of Coimbra who became anarchists at the start of the century. Active in both Brazil & Portugal, & one of the most influential militant libertarians in those countries.

[Details / context]






[6- 5 -1878] -- Karl Eduard Nobiling (1848-1878) dies. Doctor of philosophy, anarchist. A month after Maximilian Hoëdel tries to kill King Guillaume I in Berlin, Germany, Nobiling takes his turn, & having failed, turns his gun upon himself. 

It is Paul Brousse (see Jan 23, 1844) who coins the phrase "propaganda by the deed" to describe Nobiling's attempt, which quickly enters the anarchist lexicon. Just as most such acts serve to strengthen the state, German Chancellor Bismarck benefits by adopting repressive laws to destroy any opposition movements.



[6- 25 -1878] -- US: Despite mass protests, Ezra Heywood gets two years hard labor for advocating free love / sexual emancipation as part of women's rights.

Heywood was an individualist anarchist "arrested" by prude & vigilante Anthony Comstock. He was married to Angela Tilton, considered more radical than he in her day. One admirer, the anarchist Dyer D. Lum, was inspired to write a poem to immortalize the phrase that Angela used when she referred tomarriage — that is, 'The Penis Trust.' 

Released on 19 December 1878. Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Rut Hayes issued a pardon the following day.

http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=1105




[7- 16 -1878] -- Emil Heinich Maximilian Hoedel, a 21-year-old worker-anarchist, his last words being "Vive la commune," is executed. Hoedel shot King Guillaume to protest & publicize the misery of the workers.

A month after Hoëdel fails to kill King Guillaume, Karl Nobiling, a Doctor of Philosophy & anarchist, takes his turn, & also failing, turns his gun upon himself.

Paul Brousse (see the Daily Bleed, Jan 23, 1844) coins the phrase "propaganda by the deed" to describe Nobiling's attempt, which quickly enters the anarchist lexicon. These acts often serve to strengthen the state, & Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader German Chancellor Bismarck benefits by adopting repressive laws to destroy any opposition movements.



[8- 2 -1878] -- Italy: During this month [I don't have exact date — ed.] Malatesta, Stepniak, Ceccarelli, Cafiero, & other anarchists branded as the "Gang of Matese" (la “banda” del Matese), are brought to trial after languishing in prison for the past year. They had been captured by the army while liberating towns in the Benevento province. All were acquited.
[Details / context]

[8- 4 -1878] -- Spain: Peter Kropotkin visits the country for six weeks during this summer, meeting up with José García Viñas in Barcelona. He finds the revolutionary character of the trade unions here inspirational & brings a new focus to the anarchist Jura Federation upon his return to Swtizerland.
[I''m unable to determine dates or month(s) of his visit — ed.]
[Details / context]

[9- 8 -1878] -- France: Charles Henri Jean, aka Charles d'Avray, lives (1878-1960). Poète et chansonnier anarchiste; à Sèvres décédé le 7 Novembre 1960 à Paris XXe, il est enterré au cimetière du Père-Lachaise.

En 1950 dans Histoire du Mouvement Anarchiste en France, Jean Maitron, grand historien du mouvement ouvrier français, écrivait:


Charles d'Avray se rallia à l'Anarchisme au moment de l'Affaire Dreyfus et décida de se servir de la chanson "afin de mieux faire connaître l'Idéal anarchiste"... 

[Details / context]




[10- 11 -1878] -- France: Eugène Soullier lives, Lyas (Ardèche). Typographer, militant anarchist & anarcho-syndicalist.


[11- 17 -1878] -- Italy: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader King Humbert I, stabbed & wounded in Naples by the 29-year-old anarchist Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante]. Condemned to death, his sentence was commuted & he died in prison in 1910.

[Details / context]



[12- 16 -1878] -- France: Amédée Dunois lives (pseudonym for Amédée Gabriel Catonne; d. 1945). Anarchist militant, communist, & then a revolutionary socialist trade unionist. Arrested by the Nazis & sent to Bergen-Belsen, he died March 21, 1945. He is the author of several works of history (in particular on the Paris Commune) & of the chapter "Marxism & Socialism" in Sébastien Faure's Anarchist Encyclopaedia.

[12- 19 -1878] -- US: Despite mass protests, Ezra Heywood gets two years hard labor for advocating free love / sexual emancipation as part of women's rights.

Heywood was an individualist anarchist "arrested" by prude & vigilante Anthony Comstock. He was married to Angela Tilton, considered more radical than he in her day. One admirer, the anarchist Dyer D. Lum, was inspired to write a poem to immortalize the phrase that Angela used when she referred tomarriage — that is, 'The Penis Trust.' 

Released on 19 December 1878. Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Rut Hayes issues a pardon tomorrow.




[12- 20 -1878] -- US: Ezra Heywood, anarchist, imprisoned for "obscenity" back in June for his advocacy of "free love," is pardoned by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader US President Hayes after popular agitation for his release.

After the Civil War, the abolitionist Ezra Heywood turned his attention toward the labor movement &, eventually, toward free love. The Heywoods' The Word — subtitled "A Monthly Journal of Reform," — was connected to radical individualism both through its editors & through its contributors, who included Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, & J.K. Ingalls. Initially, The Word presented free love as a minor theme which was expressed within a labor reform format. But the publication later evolved into an explicitly free love periodical.



Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love & Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (University of Illinois Press, 1989).


http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle1996/le961210.html


See also Kennth Rexroth's chapter on Josiah Warren in Communalism: From Its Origins to the 20th Century




[1- 1 -1879] -- US: Hobo King & whorehouse doctor, anarchist, & one-time lover of Emma Goldman, Ben Reitman, lives.


[1- 4 -1879] -- England: German language magazine "Freiheit" (Freedom) begin publishing, in London, today (some sources indicate the 3rd). Founded by Johann Most for illegal distribution in Germany, it evolves with him to anarchism.

[Details / context]



[2- 17 -1879] -- Russian nihilists unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate Czar Alexander in St. Petersburg (see 13 March).

[2- 22 -1879] -- Switzerland: "Révolte" first appears, founded by Peter Kropotkin, François Dumarteray, Élisée Reclus, etc. Jean Grave, director since 1883, moved the paper to France in 1887 & changed the name slightly, to "La Révolte," to avoid possible legal hassles. Errico Malatesta recalls helping out at preparatory meetings while visiting in Geneva. Kropotkin himself recalls how he & comrades in Geneva met in a small cafe when the first number of "Révolte" came out [2,000 copies]: 

"Tcherkesov & Malatesta lent us a hand & Tcherkesov instructed us in the art of folding a paper."

("Temps nouveaux", February, 1904).



[3- 6 -1879] -- Italy: The trial of 29-year-old anarchist Giovanni Passannante [sometimes spelled Passanante], who attempted to kill Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader King Humbert I, is held today & tomorrow.


The trial is a judicial sham & the most elementary procedures are trampled underfoot with brazen cynicism.

Leopoldo Tarantini, appointed to defend the accused, travelled to Rome before accepting the task, to kneel before the king & apologise for the task that he would, as a professional duty, have to perform.

Condemned to death, Passannante's sentence was commuted.

[Details / context]




[3- 9 -1879] -- France: Carloman François Rose lives (1879-1961). Anarchiste, trade unionist (CGT, UD, CGTU), served on the editorial board of "Germinal" & a salesman for "Libertaire". Organized support for the Black Sea Mutineers in 1921.

[3- 9 -1879] -- US: Anarchist militant Carlo Tresca lives.

Tresca was an outspoken foe of Fascism in Germany & Italy & of "Communism" in the Soviet Union. The FBI accumulated a mere 1,358 pages on this outstanding citizen. Murdered by an unknown assailant, presumably by fascists or the Mafia.



"The more things change, the more they stay the same."



Tresca edited a number of papers which stood up for workers rights & denounced the hypocrisy & corruption of those in power. One of his favorite targets was the clergy, whom he attacked relentlessly. Tresca was a skilled labor agitator, leading strikes & urging workers to stand up for their rights.



See Gallagher's All the Right Enemies. See also H. L. Mencken's article on Tresca.




[3- 26 -1879] -- France: Georges Cochon (1879-1959) lives, Chartres, France. Tapestry maker, anarchist & very popular secretary of the "Federation of Tenants" (ancestor of the DAL).

[4- 14 -1879] -- Russia: St. Petersburg. Somebody is about to have a Very Bad Day.


[5- 22 -1879] -- Alla Nazimova (1879-1945) lives, Yalta, Crimea, Russia. Writer, actress, producer & visionary. Married to Paul Orleneff (actor, producer & friend of the anarchist feminist Emma Goldman).


[6- 29 -1879] -- Pedro Vallina lives, Guadalcanal, Spain. Doctor of Medicine, who, while a medical student, was condemned to eight years of forced labor in prison for spreading anarchist propaganda. Worse than spreading a disease.

Vallina escaped the jaws of "justice," however, to France....was expelled, went to London, then various countries before settling in Mexico, where he established his medical practice & anarchist activities...

[Details / context]



[7- 19 -1879] -- Eugène Lanti lives (1879-1947). Attracted to anarchism in his youth, which he abandoned in 1920, as a founding member of the French Communist Party. An ardent Esperantist, he founded Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda (SAT), a broad-based Esperanto-speaking organisation (containing Communists, Social Democrats & anarchists). Anti-Stalinist, founder of the magazine "Herezulo" (in 1935).

[8- 3 -1879] -- Italy: In today's issue of "La Plebe" Andrea Costa una lettera "Ai miei amici di Romagna," critica l'impostazione insurrezionalista e settaria data alla attività dell'Internazionale in Italia. In pratica si distacca dagli anarchici.


[8- 8 -1879] -- México: Revolutionary hero, anarchist Emiliano Zapatalives!

"That Zapata appeared here in the mountains.



He wasn't born, they say. He just appeared just like that.



They say he is Ik'al & Votan who came all the way over here in their long journey, & so as not to frighten good people, they became one. Because after being together for so long Ik'al & Votan learned they were the same & could become Zapata. & Zapata said he had finally learned where the long road went & that at times it would be light & at times darkness but that it was the same, Votan Zapata, & Ik'al Zapata, the black Zapata & the white Zapata.



They were both the same road for the true men & women."




"Zapata will continue to live as long as people believe that they have a right to their land & a right to govern themselves according to their deeply held beliefs & cultural values."


http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Zapata/zapata.htm

[8- 10 -1879] -- France: Paul-Eugene Trouiller (or Troullier) lives. Anarchist militant & antimilitarist. 

Gardener, day laborer, jailbird, travelling singer...police deemed him very dangerous....
[Further Details]



[10- 4 -1879] -- US: "Freiheit," anarchist paper, lives. Johann Most, editor.


[10- 7 -1879] -- Sweden: Joe Hill lives! in Gàule. Labor martyr executed by state of Utah, the famous Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) labor songster/organizer. Workman, popular singer, poet, anarchist trade union militant.









Joe Hill became a martyr upon his execution. Efforts by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Woodrow Wilson, the government of Sweden, & many prominent Americans to get him a new trial failed. On the eve of his execution, Hill telegraphed Big Bill Haywood, head of the IWW: 

"Don't waste any time mourning. Organize."



[Details / context]



[10- 7 -1879] -- Leon Trotsky lives. Russian Jewish communist leader & Bolshevik politician, a close friend of Lenin. Author of In Defense of Terrorism & Literature & Revolution.

"With regard to intellectual creation the revolution must from the very beginning establish & assure an anarchist regime of individual liberty."

— Leon Trotsky & André Breton




"At last the Soviet government, with an iron broom, has rid Russia of Anarchism."

— Leon Trotsky
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/trotsky.htm

The Makhnovists rejected the Bolshevik corruption of the Soviets & instead proposed "the free & completely independent soviet system of working people without authorities & their arbitrary laws."

— Peter Arshinov, History of the Makhnovist Movement
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/MakhnoNestor.htm

---



[10- 12 -1879] -- Jura Federation Congress is held. Kropotkin's anarchist communist ideas are being formulated & presented to the various Jurassic sections today. By the congress of 1880 these displace Bakunin's in the federation & eventually within the growing international movement.
[Details & context]

[10- 26 -1879] -- Colombia: Biófilo Panclasta lives (1879-1942) Chinácota. One of the more original individualistic Latin American anarchists.

Writer, poet, agitator, Panclasta was not distinguished as an organizer, but for the originalidade of his presenceas, an iconoclastic agitator for all Latin America & the irretrievable condition of inqualificável anarchist, said to have lived as "soldado, adventurer, artist & knight, beggar & boêmio; but without horse nor money... "


Viajar, siempre viajar, tal es mi suerte,
y al través de mi rústico camino
soy un eterno peregrino que
sólo busca la deseada muerte.

— Biófilo Panclasta

[Details / context]



[11- 7 -1879] -- France: Benoît Broutchoux lives (1879-1944). French anarchist, adherent of neo-Malthusian ideas & "free love" advocate. 

Broutchoux collaborated with
Sébastien Faure. His son Germinal was killed by the police in 1931. Broutchoux & Charles Malato spoke at the massive gathering at
Louise Michel's final graveside ceremony.



[1- 12 -1880] -- Anglo-American sculptor Sir Jacob Epstein lives. Created the sculpture for the tomb of Oscar Wilde in Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

"I think I am rather more than a Socialist. I am something of an Anarchist, I believe..."



[1- 16 -1880] -- Paulette Brupbacher lives (1880-1967), Pinsk (Pelta), Russia (today in Bielorussia). A physician, militant feminist, anarchist, author of numerous books & articles. An opponent of all conformisms & partisan disciplines. Partner & collaborator of Fritz Brupacher (also a doctor) (1874-1945), friend of James Guillaume, Pytor Kropotkin, et al. Translated The Confession of the Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin.

[1- 22 -1880] -- Alphonse Tricheux lives (1880-1957), Toulouse. French militant anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist & pacifist.


[4- 30 -1880] -- France: A la suite d'un discours qu'elle a prononcé à, Saint-Étienne et de sa participation à, un meeting suivi de manifestations violentes à Vienne, Louise Michel est arrêtée.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[5- 24 -1880] -- Louise Michel: Elle refuse sa mise en liberté provisoire parce que ses coinculpés ne bénéficient pas de la même mesure.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[6- 24 -1880] -- Georges Durupt, French anarchiste, lives.

In 1909 Durupt is one of a group of friends who form the "Fédération révolutionnaire" qui préconise l'emploi de "l'action directe" for "La destruction radicale de la société capitaliste et autoritaire". Others in the group include Rene de Marmande, Jean Goldschild, Miguel Almereyda (Eugène Vigo; his adopted name, Almereyda, is an anagram: Y'a la merde), & others. Vigo, father of the famed film director Jean Vigo, died in prison under mysterious circumstances.

[Details / context]



[6- 26 -1880] -- Aurèle Patorni lives (1880-1955). Anarchist, writer, journalist, pacifist & néo-malthusien; married to typesetter & harpsichordist Régina Patorni-Casadesus. Collaborated on many, many journals & reviews, including Eugène Humbert's "La Grande réforme", with Louis Lecoin on "SIA" (organe de la "Solidarité Internationale Antifasciste"), Louis Louvet's "CQFD" & Louis Lecoin's "Défense de l'homme".

[7- 4 -1880] -- Italy: Leda Rafanelli, mystical anarchist, writer & indefatigable publisher, lives (1880-1971), Pistoia.


Leda was heavily involved in publishing, first with Luigi Polli, then Giuseppe Monanni, her lifelong companion. With Ettore Molinari & Nella Giacomelli they formed "Protesta umana".

A brief meeting & exchange of letters between Leda & Benito Mussolini (some 40 letters, March 1913 - October 1914, during his pre-fascist days) has led to some speculation on the nature of her relationship with him.

[Details / context]



[9- 6 -1880] -- France: Jules Durand (1880-1926) lives, in Le Havre. Anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the Le Havre coalmen's union.

[9- 23 -1880] -- Gaston Coute, French anarchist songster, lives (1880-1911).


http://gastoncoute.free.fr/
http://franceweb.fr/poesie/coute3.htm


[10- 9 -1880] -- Switzerland: The last congress of the Jurassic Federation (Jura Federation), at La Chaux-de-Fonds, adopts anarchist communist goals, "conséquence nécessaire et inévitable de la révolution sociale." Previously there was still no strong sympathy for anarcho-communism among the mainstream of the European anarchist movement despite previous efforts in this direction by Reclus, Malatesta, Cafiero, Brousse, etc.

[Details / context]



[10- 16 -1880] -- France: Louise Michel bénéficie d'une remise de peine. Elle la refuse.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[11- 7 -1880] -- France: Arrivée de anarchiste Louise Michel à Londres.


[11- 9 -1880] -- France: Réception triomphale à la gare Saint-Lazare à Paris. French teacher & socialist, then an anarchist, Louise Michel, freed by amnesty after nine years in prison, is met in Gare Saint-Lazare by an enormous crowd cheering her with cries of,

"Vive Louise Michel,
vive la Commune,
A bas les assassins!"

Louise Michel & the Paris commune:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune
http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel


'Louise Michel' by public transport in Paris: 
http://www.ratp.fr:10001/bin/search/french/france/paris/pont=de=l=alma/louise=michel


[11- 10 -1880] -- Virgilio Gozzoli, anarchist, lives (1880-1964).

[11- 21 -1880] -- France: In 1880, after six & a half years in exile, Louise Michel began her long journey home. Today, November 21, Louise speaks at her first public meeting in Paris. Her anarchist speeches were inspirational & effective.



[11- 22 -1880] -- Uruguay: Edmundo Bianchi lives to ¡Tango! (1880-1965), Montevideo.

Anarchist, poet, song writer for the theater. A worthy exponent of Uruguayan letters, he wrote history & critical texts as well.
Translated Maurice Maeterlinck. Wrote Perdidos en la luz: drama en 4 actos (1913); his song "Ya no Cantas Chingolo" was put to music by Antonio Scatasso, sung & taken to Europe by Carlos Gardel; "Pampero" (tango). Wrote the film script for Dos destinos (1936). Edited the magazine "Futuro", with Leopoldo Durán, which began in Buenos Aires in 1904.



[12- 5 -1880] -- Italy: Anarchist Congress convenes at Chiasso (Tessin), presided over by Carlo Cafiero. Among participants is Kropotkin & G. Herzig, Malatesta & Merlino, Johann Neve, Joseph Lane, Louise Michel, Emile Gautier, Victorine Rouchy, Chauviere, Miss Lecomte, Tchaikowski, etc.
[Details / context]

[1- 1 -1881] -- France: Paris Commune leader Louis-Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881) dies, Paris. A huge crowd attends his funeral. Among delegates & labor figures, anarchist Louise Michel pays a lively homage to him. 
Louise Michel, qui prend la parole au cours de nombreux meetings depuis son retour en France assiste aux obsèques de Blanqui dont elle prononce l'éloge funèbre. 





Daily Bleed Saint 2002-04
Chief architect of the historic
Paris Commune  of 1871.


[1- 15 -1881] --

---



Pierre Monatte lives (1881-1960) .



Monatte was a central figure of French anarcho-syndicalist movement. Influenced by Emile Pouget, friends with Albert Camus, he fought the Stalinist & reformist positions in the trade unions. Monatte had joined the Communist Party for a few years after the Russian Revolution, but was kicked out for challenging its authoritarianism. In 1925, Monatte founded Révolution prolétarienne, an anarchist-syndicalist publication which many anarchists wrote for. The review stopped publishing in 1939, resuming again in 1947. Camus' biographer Herbert Lottman comments on his association with numerous anarchists, with Pierre Monatte, with Giovanna Berneri of Volontà, Jean Paul Samson who published Témoins, Maurice Joyeux of Le Libertaire & Le Monde Libertaire, & with Spanish exiles producing Solidaridad Obrera until, as Lottman explains, "the paper was eventually banned by the de Gaulle government to avoid giving offence to General Franco.'' In his political isolation he had recourse to "the men & women of political movements with which he could still sympathize, those of the far-out left, who on their own chosen terrain were often as lonely as he was." — noted by Colin Ward http://www.socialanarchism.org/mod/magazine/display/20/index.php

---




[3- 13 -1881] -- Russia: Nihilists ("People's Will" group) blow up Czar Alexander II near his palace with a bomb. 

[4- 14 -1881] -- Jean Biso (1881-1966) lives, in Bastia, Corsica. Anarcho-syndicalist, Secretary of the Syndicat des Correcteurs in Paris, participant in support groups for Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Spanish Revolution of 1936.


[5- 13 -1881] -- Brazil: Alfonso Henriques de Lima Barreto lives (1881-1922), Rio de Janeiro.

Important Brazilian novelist, wrote for the labor press, social critic, & an anarchist sympathizer. Author of Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma, (9th edition, 1971; novel of the 1910 Sailors’ "Revolt Against the Lash"). Lima Barreto wrote for the anarchist press, in "A Plebe, "A Voz do Trabalhador" & "A Lanterna".



See Figueiredo, Carmem Lúcia Negreiros de. Lima Barreto e o Fim do Sonho Republicano (Rio de Janeiro, 1995). In French, see  Used books by Lima Barreto at Biblio.com



[5- 22 -1881] --

Scission anarchiste au sein du Parti des travailleurs socialistes de France.



[5- 25 -1881] -- France:

Les 25-29 mai.- Organisation d'un congrès socialiste-révolutionnaire qui marque la naissance d'un "parti" anarchiste distinct.




[5- 29 -1881] -- Li Shizeng lives. Headed the anarchist Jinde Hui group (Society for Progress & Virtue), along with Wu Zhihui, & Zhang Ji. Also a key figure in the attempt to turn the Guomindang on an anarchist course.

[7- 5 -1881] -- US: Corning, Iowa, premier issue of the monthly "Le Communiste-Libertaire", published by the Icarienne community. It follows upon "La Jeune Icarie" (publishing since May 1, 1878).


A dissident paper, it is written Emile Péron & printed on the presses of the anarchist Jules Leroux. Though short-lived, "Le Communiste-Libertaire" testifies to the libertarian elements in this French utopian community founded by Etienne Cabet.
Epigraphe: "De chacun selon ses forces — A chacun selon ses besoins."
(From each according to their ability - To each according to their need).

Stand up, Working Man, stooping in the dust, Now comes the time of the awakening See the banner of the holy Community Floating on the American shores Never again vice, no longer pain No more crime, no sorrow anymore Equality, the majestic, is moving forward...




http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=1370&lang=en
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet05.html



[7- 6 -1881] -- 

London, England International Anarchist Congress

6è i últim congrés of fracció Bakuninista of l'AIT (International Workingman's Association, the first Communist International). Between els assistents i organitzadors emphasizes Kropotkin & Malatesta.   [Source: Congressos Obrers]



[7- 14 -1881] -- England: Today until the 20th, in London, an anarchist Congress of about 30 delegates representing a dozen country meet with an aim of rebuilding the anti-authoritarian A.I.T. (International Workingman's Association). They adopt "propaganda of the deed," signalling an era of "attentats."

The records of this congress show that Peter Kropotkin played an important role in its leadership, indicating he is beginning to gain acceptance in revolutionary circles outside the Jura Federation. At this congress Peter also clarifies his views on violence as a means of encouraging revolution. Although he still has problems justifying all types of violence, he states that an explosion is far more effective than a vote. However, it should be the terrorist act of the people rather than an individual.



[7- 18 -1881] -- Jules Sellenet, known as Francis Boudoux, lives (1881-1941), St Etienne. French militant, antimilitarist & anarcho-syndicalist.

Boudoux was arrested numerous times for his antimilitary activities & also for "offences related to industrial disputes."



In 1926, he served with Pierre Besnard, founder of the C.G.T- S.R. (revolutionary syndicalist), as secretary of the Federation of Builders.



Boudoux fought in Spain in 1936 with the Durruti Column.



[Details / context]



[7- 23 -1881] -- England: London socialist life is enlivened by the International Revolutionary Congress. 

Many advanced parties & groups formed outside of the Marxist-dominated International & felt the need to meet & discuss ideas & action.

Long reports may be found in the "Revolte" (July 23 to September 9, 1881), in the London "Freiheit," etc. Those involved included Kropotkin, G. Herzig, Errico Malatesta, Saverio Merlino, Johann Neve, Johann Most, Louise Michel, Emile Gautier, Victorine Rouchy, Chauviere [a Blanquist], Miss Lecomte, Tchaikowski, etc.

Reports also appeared in the Verviers "Cri du Peuple" (Belgian anarchist paper). See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/IRCongress.htm



[7- 31 -1881] -- Anna Mahe lives (1881-1960), Bourgneuf-in-Retz (Loire-Inférieure). French militant individualist anarchist & free-love advocate. Co-founded "L'anarchie" with Albert Libertad. 

Like her sister Armandine, the partner of the individualist anarchist Albert Libertad...Wrote for many movement papers, author of L'hérédité et l'Education (1908).

"Démontons la pédagojie oficièle faite pour fabriquer des esclaves. Bâtissons une pédagojie qui conviène à des cerveaus d'homes."



[Details / context]



[8- 6 -1881] -- US: "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, these three; but the greatest of these is Liberty. Formerly the price of Liberty was eternal vigilance, but now it can be had for fifty cents a year."

So writes Benjamin Tucker (1854-1939) on the first page of the first issue of the publication "Liberty, issued today.
[Details / context regards the Manifesto]



[9- 21 -1881] -- Ernst Frick lives (1881-1956), Swiss anarchist, artist, archaeologist & scholar of primitive languages (Anarchist - Kunstmaler - Archäologe - Urspracheforscher).

Frick was involved with the circle around Erich Mühsam, Johannes Nohl (anarchist & one ofHermann Hesse's analysts), & the anarchist Freudian Otto Gross. Companion of Frieda Gross.




[9- 23 -1881] -- Spain: Founding Congress of the Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española (FTRE; Spanish Regional Workers’ Federation), Sept. 23-26, in Barcelona.

The FTRE experienced rapid growth (49,561 members within a year). This expansion was brought to an end by internecine strife, & these frictions were evident at the congress in Seville when a minority, southern Andalusians, split off & held a radical anarcho-communist congress of their own. By 1888 it was displaced by the OARE (Spanish Regional Anarchist Organisation).

The FTRE failed to marry the various interests present within it & in terms of profile it cannot stand comparison with the FRE, nor with the CNT....

[Details / context]



[10- 3 -1881] -- Louis Bara lives, Denain. French anarchist, antimilitarist who does prison time for his outspokenness. Collaborator in the antimilitarist newspaper "The Social War ."


[10- 18 -1881] -- Italy: Amilcare Cipriani is arrested & imprisoned for the killing of an Italian in Alexandria in 1867. 

This incident was previously ruled self-defence but was invoked by Italian authorities to put the anarchist Cipriani out of commission during his revolutionary campaigning in 1881. Cipriani's imprisonment became a celebrated case across the left.


[Further details]



[10- 31 -1881] -- Brazil: Edgard Leuenroth lives (1881-1968), São Paulo. Important & influential figure in both the labor & anarchist movements. The most important research archives in Latin America are named after him (Archivo Edgard Leuenroth).

[12- 13 -1881] -- Jules Le Gall (d.1944) lives. French anarchiste.


[12- 24 -1881] -- 

Embarking for his celebrated American lecture tour, Oscar Wilde boards the Arizona, whose captain later swears:

"I wish I had had that man lashed to the bowsprit on the windward side."

 http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws53_wilde.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/ppl/wri/wilde/






[1- 3 -1882] -- US: Docking in New York, Oscar Wilde is asked by customs if he has anything to declare; he replies:

"Nothing but my genius."

"All modes of government are wrong. They are unscientific, because they seek to alter the natural environment of man; they are immoral because, by interfering with the individual, they produce the most aggresive forms of egotism; they are ignorant, because they try to spread education; they are self-destructive, because they engender anarchy."

http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws53_wilde.html



[2- 20 -1882] -- Margarethe Faas-Hardegger lives (1882-1963). Studied law, & was in contact with Munich bohemian & Berlin anarchist circles. 

She was the first secretary for women workers of the Swiss trades unions association. Peace militant & antifascist activist. Preached & practiced free love — lovers with the anarchist writers Gustav Landauer & Erich Mühsam. Friend of the workers' doctor Fritz Brupbacher as well as the chemist & pacifist Gertrud Woker. Establishes an anarchist-communist agricultural community in Minusio. Imprisoned in 1912 for false evidence given in a legal action against the anarchist artist Ernst Frick. Lived with Hans Brunner [1887-1960], in a socialist commune, then from 1919 onwards at Monte Verità in the Villa Graciella.
[Further details]




[2- 23 -1882] -- B. Traven lives (1882?-1969), Poznañ, Poland. Anarchist author/novelist, aka Ret Marut, Hal Croves, Bruno Traven, Traven Torsvan, Otto Feige. Spent a portion of his life hiding his tracks, changing identity, country, & jobs. 
Daily Bleed Saint March 26.alt sp; Posnan, Posanie, Poznan, Posen


[2- 25 -1882] -- Poland (?): According to Dusseldorf police records, today is the birthday of Ret Marut (the anarchist best known as B. Traven, author of such novels as The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, The Death Ship, The Rebellion of the Hanged, The White Rose, etc.).
[Source: Calendar Riots]



"I am no more important than the typographer of my books, than the worker who labours in the factory that makes the paper ...  Without them, there would be no books for the readers & it would do no good that I could write them."




[2- 26 -1882] -- France: Marie Ferré dies; friend of Louise Michel & Paule Mink (Communard, socialist, prominent feminist & the mother of the anarchist Henri Jullien). See Femmes révolutionnaires lyonnaises, Groupe Marie Ferré: Marie Ferré, fragments des discours et articles sur la mort de Marie Ferré, publié au bénéfice des grèves. Impr. A. Reiff, 1882, 36 p.



« O révolution, mère qui nous dévore Et que nous adorons, suprême égalité! Prends nos chemins brisés pour en faire un aurore! Que, sur nos morts chéris, plane la liberté! Quand mai sinistre sonne, éveille-nous encore à ta magnifique clarté! ». — Poem by Louise Michel, dedicated to Marie Ferré Ferré was the best friend of Louise Michel, who carried this picture with her until she died. http://lacomune.club.fr/pages/femme.html http://artic.ac-besancon.fr/histoire_geographie/HGFTP/Autres/Utopies/u3c-ferm.doc [Source: Michel Chronologie]




[3- 4 -1882] --  Russia: Joseph Spivak lives, Uman. Lifelong anarchist who emigrated to the US & during WWI was actively involved around the country in anti-militarist campaigns with Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman. Involved in founding the Libertarian Book Club in New York in 1927.


[3- 5 -1882] -- Dora Marsden (1882-1960) lives.

British individualist anarchist & militant suffragette. Founded a number of libertarian publications: "The Freewoman" (1912), "The New Freewoman" (1913), & "The Egoist" (1914-1919). Between 1912 & 1914 she was influenced by Max Stirner's version of individualist anarchism.





Marsden also edited avant-garde literary journals (1911-1919) where Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, D.H. Lawrence, & James Joyce made their debuts. She later abandoned libertarianism.



[Details / context]



[3- 13 -1882] -- England: The death of Alexander II is commemorated at the Rose Street Club; the speakers are Karl Schneidt & a Berlin socialist, Frank Kitz, of the beginning English movement; Herbert Burrows, of the Democratic Federation; & the anarchists Malatesta & Kropotkin (s. "Revolte," March 18).

[4- 1 -1882] -- Egypt: Coalheavers strike against the Suez Canal Company in Port Said.
http://stiobhard.tripod.com/east/egypt.html

[4- 7 -1882] -- Armando Borghi lives (1882-1968). 




Italian anarchist, friend of Errico Malatesta's, secretary of the large Unione Anarchica Italiana (UAI) as well as the head of the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) in Bologna.




[4- 15 -1882] -- Pierre Ramus (pseudonym of Rudolf Grossman) lives (1882-1942). Propagandist & Austrian anarchist writer. Active in anarchist circles in New York from 1898 till 1903, when he was forced to leave the "Land of the Free" because of his political activities (charged with the heinous crime of instigating strikes). A pacifist militant, he died at sea while attempting to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe.

[6- 21 -1882] -- US: Socialist, anarchist sympathizer, book illustrator Rockwell Kent lives, Tarrytown, New York.

[6- 30 -1882] -- France: Robert Louzon lives (1882-1976). Engineer, revolutionary syndicalist, anarchist. 

Louzon was involved in the CGT, the CNT, helped found Pierre Monatte's journal, "Révolution prolétarienne," joined the SIA (Solidarité Internationale antifasciste), signed Louis Lecoin's "Paix immédiate." During WWII he was arrested & interned in Algeria.



[7- 17 -1882] -- Australia: Australasian Secular Association (ASA) founded, Melbourne. 

As in the USA & England, Free Thought in Australia encompassed breaks with 'traditional' thinking in areas besides religion. Soon a youngish band of free thinkers rebelled against the restrictions of organised Free Thought itself, one result of which was the Melbourne Anarchist Club (MAC). Secularists prominent in Australian anarchism include the brothers David & Will Andrade, Fred Upham, Donovan & George Newberry, "Chummy" Fleming, Rose Stone, William McNamara & J.A. Andrews.  [Details / context]



[7- 22 -1882] -- Brazil: José Oiticica (1882-1957) lives. Lawyer, student of medicine, teacher, & an influential figure in the Brazilian anarchist & labor movement.

Grandfather of the avantgarde artist, performance artist & anarchist, Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980).

[Details / context]




[8- 5 -1882] -- France: Shafted? or Dig This!? The evening of August 5/6 in the Montceau-les-Mines, Burgundy, the famed "Bande Noire" — made up of anarchist miners — makes one of its first attacks against clericalism (supported by the mine employers against the workers), by throwing the Croix de Mission du Bois du Verne to the bottom of the mine where it belongs.
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]

[8- 11 -1882] -- Voline, Russian revolutionary & anarchist historian, lives.

Voline returned to Russia when revolution broke out, doing similar educational writing & distribution, & joined the revolutionary army of Nestor Makhno.

Arrested January 14, 1919, Trotsky had ordered his execution...

[Details / context]




[8- 13 -1882] -- France: Tonight "Bande Noire" strikes up the band(!) in the Montceau-les-Mines. The famed "Bande Noire" — made up of anarchist mine workers — again attack clericalism by cleansing the countryside of the religious trinkets which encumber it.

Following in the grand tradition of the Croix de Mission du Bois du Verne (tossing it down a mine shaft to its proper resting place the night August 5/6), & the Alouettes (the night 11/12), on this night the Croix du Bois Roulot receives the same just fate.

The reactionary clerics have earned such admirable fealty from these rascally "noires" by siding with the mine owners against the workers.

The religious community is very upset, & authorities are especially worried with the upcoming Feast of the Assumption (August 15). 
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]



[8- 28 -1882] -- Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero lives, Los Altos de Ibarra, Guanajuanto. 

Mexican anarchist militant, Magonista insurgent killed while leading an uprising. 

[Details / context]






[9- 20 -1882] -- Switzerland: Jura Federation's annual Congress of 1882 [I don't have the exact date. — ed.]
[Details / Context]

[10- 22 -1882] -- France: During the night a bomb explodes at the restaurant of the Bellecour Theatre in Lyon, killing an employee. 

Antoine Cyvoct was wrongly suspected, because of an article published in the Lyon anarchist paper "le droit social." Cyvoct was sentenced to death, despite no proof he was responsible...

[Details / context]




[11- 13 -1882] -- François Le Leve lives (1882-1945), dans le Morbihan. Militant anarchiste et syndicaliste breton. One of the 15 who signed The Manifeste des Seize, along with Peter Kropotkin, Jean Grave & others, favoring the Allies during WWI. A member of the Resistance during WWII, he was captured & interned. He died while traveling home after being liberated.


[11- 26 -1882] -- Peter Kropotkin begins publishing his ideas on anarchist communism during this month. [I don't have the exact date — ed.]



His first major contribution was in the area of popular expropriation. In November & December 1882, he published a series of articles on the subject, arguing that a libertarian communist revolution would not succeed unless everything that could be used to exploit the people was immediately expropriated & socialized for the benefit of all. [Details / context]



[12- 28 -1882] -- France: Peter Kropotkin is arrested this month (I don't have the exact date — ed.) & spends the next three years in prison despite international protests.

For most of this year Peter was in England, publishing articles about the plight of workers in Russia & government corruption. Despite earning an impressive reputation, Peter was not happy there.

In October, he moved to the French town of Thonon. Unfortunately, his reputation as an anarchist preceded him. He was in France only two months before he was arrested & sentenced to five years in prison for his involvement in the International (which no longer existed).

One of Peter's strongest supporters during this time was Elisée Reclus. Reclus supplied Peter with scientific works & worked continually to improve Peter's living conditions.

Finally in January of 1886, the French government decided Peter would be less of a threat if they were rid of him. He was released under the conditions that he leave France.



[1- 5 -1883] -- Eugene Vigo (1883-1917) dies in prison; also known as Miguel Almereyda (anagram: Y'a la merde). Father of the famed French surrealist/anarchist filmmaker Jean Vigo. 

Like his son, French authorities also give Eugene a big fat Zero for Conduct.




Zero De Conduite  (Zero for Conduct)

Jean Vigo was born to Eugene Bonaventure de Vigo, a militant anarchist, & Emily Clero, another young militant, on April 26, 1906 at rue Polonceau in Paris in an attic full of cats. He was nicknamed Nono, after the hero of Jean Grave's children's stories.  Eugene Vigo died somewhat mysteriously in a Fresnes prison on August 13, 1917.



[1- 8 -1883] -- France: In Lyon the trial of the Internationale, against the anarchists known as "The 66", begins.

"The 66" are accused of promoting workers' strikes, & the abolition of the rights of property, family, fatherland, religion, & thus attacking the public peace.

Stiff sentences were handed down: "Leaders" such as Peter Kropotkin, Emile Gautier, Joseph Bernard, & Toussaint Bordat received four years in prison; 39 of their cohorts received sentences ranging from six months to three years.

"The Sixty-Six"



[1- 9 -1883] -- France: Lyon, 68 anarchists are on trial. These include Peter Kropotkin, Emile Gautier, Toussaint Bordat & Joseph Bernard. They wrote a document, "The Manifesto of the Anarchists," describing what anarchy is, & what anarchists want: 

"We claim bread for all, knowledge for all, work for all, independence & justice for all."

For such perfidy they will get their bread — in prison, some of them for four years.



[1- 12 -1883] -- France: In Lyon at the trial of the workers' International, begun on January 8 against the anarchists known as "The 66", the 'Anarchist Declaration' is read out to the court. Likely written by Peter Kropotkin, one of those tried & convicted, it is a summary of the ideals of the accused.
[Details / context]

[1- 13 -1883] -- Henrik Ibsen play "An Enemy of the People" premiers, Christiania Theatre, Oslo, Norway.


[1- 19 -1883] -- France: The trial to suppress the anarchists involved in the First International, begun on January 8, concludes in Lyon, against those known as "The 66."

"The 66" are accused of promoting workers' strikes, the abolition of the rights of property, of family, of fatherland, of religion, & thus undermining the public peace. Stiff sentences are handed down: "leaders" such as Peter Kropotkin, Emile Gautier, Joseph Bernard, Pierre Martin & Toussaint Bordat are sent to prison for four years, while 39 others receive sentences ranging from six months to three years. Antoine Cyvoct, a Lyon citizen, received five years.



[1- 21 -1883] -- France: Victor Pengam lives (1883-1920), Brest. The government's "Notebook B" (files on radicals & antimilitarists) notes:

"Anarchist propagandist & most militant of antimilitarists (...) Measure to be taken in the event of mobilization: arrest. "



[1- 28 -1883] -- France: The trial of The 66 (anarchists of the First International, including Kropotkin), concludes in Lyon; they get stiff sentences.

[1- 28 -1883] -- Belgium: Edouard Carouy lives.

Anarchist illegalist, member of the Bonnot Gang. Arrested April 4, 1912, condemned on February 27, 1913 to penal servitude for life, Carouy commits suicide (by poisoning) in his cell on ththat same day.  See Doug Imrie's article, "The Illegalists", & background material on the Bonnot Gang.



[2- 7 -1883] -- February 1883 



"La FEDERACIóN IGUALADINA"





The weekly "La Federación Igualadina" first appears during this month [exact date not given —ed.]. Newspaper published in Igualada, Spain, February 1883— July 1885. 

It was launched on the decision of the local council of Igualada labor societies, as the labor weekly for their comarca, & attained a print-run of 5,000 copies."La Federación Igualadina" took an anarcho-collectivist line, sub-titled "Organ of the Igualada Federated Branches & Echo of the Proletariat" & it bore the motto "Anarchy, Federation, Collectivism."

The editorial team made up of Marbá, Font, Llansana, F. Carbonell, Botines, Serret, Carreres & Palomes produced 128 issues, which included writings from Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & Francisco Abayá.

http://www.christiebooks.com/PDFs/Encyclopedia1.pdf.



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[2- 23 -1883] -- Belgium: In Ganshoren, a bomb being carried by the French anarchists Antoine Cyvoct & Paul Metayer, accidentally explodes. Metayer dies tomorrow, refusing to reveal anything to the police about his activities. Cyvoct is extradited to France to be tried (wrongly, it appears) for the Bellcour attack in Lyon.

[3- 9 -1883] -- France: Large demonstration of the unemployed at the Esplanade of Les Invalides is broken up by police. A large contingent marches across Paris, headed by Louise Michel, Joseph Tortelier & Émile Pouget (who initiated the demonstration), waving black flags.

There were three incidents of loaves of bread being looted from bakers' shops. Michel & Pouget were charged as "leaders & instigators of looting committed by a band."



According to historian George Woodcock, Michel flew the black flag today, the earliest instance found of anarchists using a black flag.

Imprisoned again, Louise Michel was condemned to six years of solitary confinement, & 10 years of police supervision, & Pouget got eight years. In her memoirs Louise notes of today's events: 

"It is not a question of bread crumbs. What is at stake is the harvest of an entire world, a harvest necessary to the whole future human race, one without exploiters & without exploited."

http://www.ac-creteil.fr/lycees/93/lmichelbobigny/louise/chrono/chrono.htm




[3- 29 -1883] -- France: Louise Michel

Elle écrit au préfet de police pour lui dire qu'elle se rendra à, son bureau le lendemain. See also tomorrow.


[3- 30 -1883] -- France:

Sur le chemin de la préfecture Louise Michel est arrêtée
et conduite au dépôt.




[4- 1 -1883] -- France: Louise Michel: Elle est incarcérée à la prison de Saint-Lazare.
 [Source: Michel Chronologie]

[4- 30 -1883] -- Jaroslav Hašek lives (1883-1923), Prague. Czech novelist, anarchist, humorist, Bolshevik, story writer, journalist. Editor of the anarchist magazine "Komuna". Austiran police informers considered him "particularly dangerous."

Early in his career an active anarchist. A drunk, a dog-stealer, & a cook who calculatedly pretended to commit suicide & invented animals which did not exist while editing the (serious) magazine "The Animal World." Founder of The Party of Peaceful Progress Within the Limits of Law, he spent the cash collected from this political party partying at the local pub. During WWI Hasek served at various times in Czech, Russian & Austrian armies. Captured on the Russian front, a prisoner of war.



Wrote a four-volume novel, The Good Soldier Schweik, acclaimed as one of the greatest satires in world literature. Hašek died before the whole book was finished & Karel Vanek's completion of the century's bawdiest, disrespectful & immoral novel is weak. Hasek also wrote Shouts in May (1903).



http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hasek.htm




[5- 12 -1883] -- Italy: Article by Errico Malatesta, opposing all parliamentary tactics appears today ("Revolte," May 12, 1883).

The former anarchist militant Andrea Costa entered parliament, winning a seat in the elections of November, 1882, & these new tactics were infesting a part of the Socialist press.

[Details / context]
[Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist]



[5- 20 -1883] -- Italy: First issue (& only) of "Il Popolo," a weekly anarchist-communist paper appears(?) Pre-publication publicity found the editors quickly arrested: Errico Malatesta & Francesco Saveiro Merlino, Dominico Pavani, Camillo Pornier, Edoardo Rombaldoni & Luigi Trabalza are held for the next eight months, then charged in November for criminal association [malfattori].

[Details / context]




[5- 29 -1883] -- France: Eugène Bizeau lives. Vine-grower, pacifist, anarchist poet & songster, member of the "Muse Rouge" who fought for his ideals until his death at 105.


[6- 21 -1883] -- France: Ouverture du procès de Louise Michel.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]


[6- 23 -1883] -- France: Louise Michel, arrested March 9th (when several bakeries were plundered during a popular demontration), is today sentenced to six years réclusion (prison), along with 10 years of monitoring by haute-police.
Le président: Vous prenez donc part à toutes les manifestations ?
Louise: "Hélas ! oui... je suis toujours avec les misérables. (...) Le peuple meurt de faim, et il n'a pas même le droit de dire qu'il meurt de faim. Eh bien! moi, j'ai pris le drapeau noir et j'ai été dire que le peuple était sans travail et sans pain. Voilà mon crime; vous le jugerez comme vous voudrez."
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[7- 3 -1883] -- Franz Kafka (1883-1924) lives, Prague. Czech-born German writer & anarchist sympathizer whose posthumously published novels express the alienation of 20th century man. 

"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect..."

His vision of bureaucratic & totalitarian society with its psychological labyrinths have much in common with the works of George Orwell. Wrote The Metamorphosis; In the Penal Colony; A Hunger Artist; The Trial; The Castle; Amerika...

 http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kafka.htm



[7- 15 -1883] -- France: Louise Michel 

Louise Michel est transférée à, la prison de Clermont-de-l'Oise.



[Source: Michel Chronologie]




[7- 17 -1883] -- Barthélemy De Ligt lives. Outstanding antimilitarist & Dutch libertarian pacifist.

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A pastor, he is repudiated by his church, for encouraging disobediance in the face of full mobilization for WWI. His Christian pacifism evolves to anarchist pacifism. Active following the war, including l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste & the War Resisters International.

On July 27, 1924, at the "Maison du Peuple" in the Hague, he spoke alongside Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Rudolf Rocker, Emma Goldman, Pierre Ramus, et al, for the 20th anniversary of the A.I.A.

He was active in the 1930s also, & De Ligt wrote the handbook of passive resistance, The Conquest of Violence, especially influential amongst English & American pacifists.

"S'il y a des conflits armés entre les pouvoirs réactionnaires et les masses en révolte, les tenants de l'action révolutionnaire non-violente sont toujours du côté des révoltés, même quand ceux-ci ont recours à la violence."

De Ligt did not live to see the government-sponsored butchery of WWII, as he died in 1938.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/DeLigt/search.html

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[8- 12 -1883] -- France: The newspaper "Drapeau noir" (Black Flag) begins publishing in Lyons. ... more 



The use of the black flag goes back as early as 1831, when French workers on strike in both Rheims & Lyons adopted it to signal their revolt against the misery & despair they are subjected to, emblematic of their sadness & their anger during their demands for social justice.



In March 1882 Louise Michel adopted the black flag so as to dissociate herself from authoritarian socialists & parliamentarians & remove any ambiguity about her anarchism. & as recent as March 9, 1883, during an unemployed workers' protest, Louise is seen waving an old black underskirt fixed to a broom handle.



Oh ! flottez sur nous, bannières noires et rouges; flottez sur nos deuils et sur notre espoir dans l'aurore qui se lève!"



— Louise Michel, Extrait de ses mémoires: Symbole du drapeau noir



"Drapeau noir" eventually falls victim of repression & ceases publication with its seventeenth number.



http://drapeaunoir.avenir-geopolitique.net/





[8- 17 -1883] -- France: Jeanne Morand (also called Jane) lives (1883-1969). Anarchist & militant antiwar activist imprisoned for her antiwar activities during WWI. She collaborated on numerous libertarian papers for many years. Companion of Jacques Long (Jacklon).
[Details / context]



[9- 14 -1883] -- US: Reproductive rights activist & antiauthoritian Margaret Sanger lives. Sanger participated in the Patterson Textile Strike of 1913 which she wrote about in Hippolyte Havel's "Revolutionary Almanac." She contributed articles to Havel's cite>"Revolt," Emma Goldman's "Mother Earth," Alexander Berkman's "The Blast", & "The Modern School" magazine.


[9- 29 -1883] -- English language publication of anarchist Johann Most's song The Hymn of the Proletariat.


[10- 2 -1883] -- Louis Laurent (1883-1972) lives, Paris. Libertarian militant & revolutionary trade unionist, member of the Revolutionary Anarchist Union & the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc in the 30s. Helped publish various libertarian journals, worked with league of conscientious objectors & the CGT-SR (revolutionary trade union). Helped found Libertarian in 1968.


[10- 14 -1883] -- US: Two-day founding congress of the International Working People's Association (IWPA; anarchist; precursor of A.I.T.?), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Marks the beginning of the anarchist-trade union movement in the US. Endorses "propaganda by the deed."

[10- 17 -1883] -- England: Anti-authoritarian educator A.S. Neill lives. Establishes his school, Summerhill, with Lyme Regis. Proponent of children sharing in running schools, Neill told of this anarchist experiment in numerous books.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Neill

[12- 17 -1883] -- France: Hoche Meurant lives (1883-1950). Anarcho-syndicalist, antimilitarist.

[12- 22 -1883] -- Italy: "La Questione Sociale" begins publishing (weekly from Dec 22, 1883 to Aug. 3, 1884) in Florence. An anarchist-communist paper created by Errico Malatesta for, inter alia, fighting the parliamentarism now advocated by Andrea Costa. The editor, Pilade Cecchi, is busted in February & sent to prison for 21 months. A complete set of this paper is kept in the British Museum. According to Max Nettlau, "La Questione Sociale" was a remarkably large & well-made paper, with many contributors from all parts of Italy.

[2- 13 -1884] -- Italy: In Florence, the state police seizes, for the third time, the newspaper of the anarchist communists "La Questione Sociale", arresting its editor, Pilade Cecchi, & eventually he is sentenced to four years in prison. / A Firenze, la polizia di stato sequestra, per la terza volta, il giornale dei comunisti anarchici 'La questione sociale', arrestando il suo redattore, Pilade Cecchi, che verrà condannato a quattro anni di carcere.

[2- 18 -1884] -- Moscow police seize all copies of anarchist Leo Tolstoy's What I Believe In at the printers.



[4- 13 -1884] -- France: Jules Vignes lives (1884-1970). Anarchist publisher, propagandist & idist (Ido, international language, a simplification of Esperanto). 

"anti-parlementaire"


En 1936, il soutient la révolution espagnole et, début 1939, accueille plusieurs libertaires espagnols en exil. Il apporte également son aide au réseau de résistance de Francisco Ponzán Vidal (Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, anti-fascist guerrillero, anti-Francoist & resistance fighter captured in 1943, murdered by the Nazis in 1945). 

[Details / context]



[4- 24 -1884] -- France: Pierre Le Meillour lives (1884-1954), in Morbihan. Anarchist & anti-militarist.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LeMeillourPierre.htm


[5- 1 -1884] -- France: Eugène Dieudonne lives (1884-1944), Nancy. Individualist, illegalist anarchist & member of the Bonnot Gang.
[Details / context]

[6- 8 -1884] -- Italy: "La Questione Sociale" fails to appear (June 8 & 22) as Pilade Cecchi, the editor, is sent to prison for 21 months (& fined 2,000 lire). This anarchist publication, which began back in December, was also interrupted after the seventh issue, when the printer, a republican, refused to continue printing it.

[6- 23 -1884] -- José Martins Fontes lives. Brazilian doctor, lecturer, poet, anarchist, militant activist in São Paulo & Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Some of his poems are online, in Portuguese,
[Details / links]



[8- 11 -1884] -- Rumanian novelist & hog farmer Istrati Panaït lives (1884-1935).

Istrati has been called the "Gorky of the Balkans." His young years of  vagabondage through the Mediterranean & Middle East served as the subject matter for many of his works. Istrati worked as a socialist journalist in Bucharest & traveled to the Soviet Union, a trip from which he returned disappointed. 

Most of Istrati's novels were written in France between 1920 & 1929, in French language, including his international successes Kyra Kyralina & The Thistles of Baragan.

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"He did not know anything about Marxism but was not at all worried on that account; his feelings substituted for doctrine, instinct caused him to take the side of the poor, the exploited, the victims. & of rebels of every kind. […] His ideology placed him rather in the rank of a kind of humanitarian anarchism lacking in theoretical reasoning."

— Boris Souvarine



(In 1929, Istrati, Souvarine, & the former anarchist Victor Serge each wrote one of the books in the trilogy Vers l’autre flamme.)



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Istrati later returned to Romania to become a hog farmer, dying there in poverty in 1934 (or 35?) His life is described in one of the novels by the Greek Nikos Kazantzakis.

http://www.corpse.org/issue_9/ficciones/istrati.htm
http://www.corpse.org/issue_9/ficciones/istrati.htm
http://fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ma/ma_2126_p0.html#ma_2126.5
http://www.ateliernet.org/europe/histoire/actes/guerin.htm
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0411588/bio






[9- 18 -1884] -- England: Dan Chatterton, the eccentric anarchist 'Old 48', publishes the wildly individual "Chatterton's Commune — the Atheist Communistic Scorcher", the first of 42 numbers until his death in 1895.

Richard Whiting in his once famous novel No. 5 John Street (An intriguing tale set in London at the time of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, which went through 13 printings by 1899) makes Chatterton one of his main characters under the name of 'Old 48', & says of his paper : 'The journal if I may be pardoned the digression, has no circulation; yet it supports '48 as he supports it....



[10- 4 -1884] -- US: First issue of "The Alarm," a Chicago anarchist paper.


Albert Parsons edited "The Alarm,", the newspaper of the I.W.P.A., — the English-language equivalent to August Spies' German-language paper "Arbeiter-Zeitung," in whose offices it is produced.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/sfeature/pop_haymarket_e4.html



[10- 4 -1884] -- Avant garde writer Jun Tsuji , (who introduced Dadaism to Japan) lives (1884-1944), Tokyo. Author, poet, essayist, musician & bohemian. He translated Max Stirner's The Ego & its Own into Japanese.

[10- 15 -1884] -- Stephen Mac Say lives. French anarchist militant, professor, bee-keeper.

Stephen Mac Say founded, with his life-long partner Marie-Adele Anciaux, the libertarian school at Sébastien Faure's colony "La ruche." He also wrote for "L'en dehors," "Le libertaire," "Les Temps nouveaux," etc., & was a contributor to Sébastien Faure's l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste.

A great nature & animal lover, he opposed vivisection. Mac Say's writings include L'école laïque contre l'enfant; De Fourier à Godin; Les bêtes proches de l'homme, & Propos sans égards.



[11- 8 -1884] -- US: Today's issue of the Chicago Alarm (edited by Albert Parsons): 

"Workers of America, learn the manufacture & use of dynamite ... Then use it unstintingly, unsparingly. The battle for bread is the battle for life ... 

Death & destruction to the system & its upholders, which plunders & enslaves the men, women, & children of toil."
[Source: Calendar Riots]



[11- 15 -1884] -- Though his sentence of 1884 has lapsed, the anarchist Errico Malatesta prefers to live incognito; today the police discover him, dared not molest him, had to leave him alone. 
[Details / context]

[11- 25 -1884] -- Jean Lébédeff lives (1884-1970). Illustrator, anarchiste. His book illustrations of Kropotkin, Ferrer, etc., are well-known. He was included in the 2003 Erich Mühsam exhibition in Germany, which included original art also by Augusts Herbin, George Grosz, Klaus Böttger, Karl George deer & Herweg Zens. See Jean Lébédeff, Les Paris,imaginaires (Plasma 1979).


[11- 27 -1884] -- US: The black flag appears in first known display by anarchists in America, at a demonstration in Chicago.

According to historian Paul Avrich, August Spies, one of the famous Haymarket martyrs, "noted that this was the first occasion on which [the black flag] had been unfurled on American soil."

According to historian George Woodcock, the earliest instance found of anarchists using a black flag is by Louise Michel, who flew it in Paris on March 9, 1883 during a militant demonstration of the unemployed.



http://www.spunk.org/library/intro/sp001492/blackflg.html



[1- 3 -1885] -- France: Louise Michel's mother,Marianne Michel, dies.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[1- 17 -1885] -- Japan: Anarchist Ôsugi Sakae lives.

Daily Bleed Saint 2003-2004
Early 20th Century Japanese anarchist, martyr.

[Details / context]




[2- 7 -1885] --

I have nothing to repent, only that the attempt failed...If I had ten heads I would offer them with joy & lay them on the block for the good cause.



Germany: August Reinsdorf is executed by decapitation, Berlin.



Anarchist & close friend of Johann Most, he was implicated in attentats on Beloved & Respected Comrade Kaiser Wilhelm & his merry band of Princes. Sentenced to death December 22, 1884, by the imperial court of Leipzig, with the anarchists Küchler & Rupsch (true authors of the failed attack) he courageously asserts his anarchism. 

[2- 14 -1885] -- France: Jules Valles dies. Journalist, anarchist propagandist, novelist. Valles was involved in the Revolution of 1848 & a Proudhonist imprisoned in 1853 for a conspiracy against the Emperor. He launches the weekly magazine "The Street," on June 1, 1867, involving artists & writers such as Emile Zola & Gustave Courbet, before it was eventually suppressed. See 
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/VallesJules.htm

[3- 7 -1885] -- 

France: Premier issue of the weekly magazine "L'Audace", in Paris, organe communiste-anarchiste, which follows upon the newspaper "Terre et Liberté" (whose manager, Antoine Rieffel, is sent to prison for two years on March 12).  Three numbers only will appear, the last on red paper in commemoration of the Paris Commune of 1871.  "L'Audace" sports two epigraphs from the French Révolution, quoting Danton's celebrated phrase (on what is needed win) & also Marat:  “Audacity, always audacity, still more audacity”  “Die if necessary but speak the truth”  http://www.ephemanar.net/mars07.html



[3- 8 -1885] -- Argentina: Juan de Dios Filiberto tangos (1885-1964), in Buenos Aires, in the barrio of La Boca, a known haven for prostitutes & anarchists...

“Orquesta Porteña”





Apprentice of several trades & office boy at a shop. When he was around 13 or 14 he was feared & respected among the boys of his age, he was the “pesado” (bully, quarrelsome), later he worked as stevedore in the dock & became an anarchist.

«He was my music god.» In his early 20s, while working as a machinist at a theater he heard Beethoven's Ninth ... & never tuned back...






Compositor y Director de Orquesta, fue un hábil interprete de piano, guitarra ,violín y armonio, instrumento este ultimo en el cual creara gran parte de su repertorio. One of the most important figures in the history of tango. Among those he collaborated with was Augusto Berto, & Luis Teisseire, another anarquista of similar background.



[3- 12 -1885] -- [March 12] France: Antoine Rieffel, manager of "Terre et liberté" goes to prison...





Antoine Rieffel, manager of "Terre et liberté" (Land & Freedom), is sentenced to prison for two years. The paper was founded in 1884, but is forced to cease publication during anti-anarchist repression, after police ransacked the paper & arrested Rieffel for his political activites.



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[3- 26 -1885] -- France: Louis Montgon lives (1885-1972), Lorlanges (Haute-Loire). Militant et propagandiste anarchiste et syndicaliste.

[4- 9 -1885] -- France: During this month, début de la parution, à Paris, sous la direction de Jean Grave, de la deuxième série de l'organe anarchiste Le Révolté.


[4- 26 -1885] -- Carl Einstein (1885-1940) lives, Neuwied (Allemagne). 

Poet, writer (anti-novel 'Bebuquin or the Dilettantes of Wonder'), dadaist, art historian (The first to understand Cubism as a movement, he was a well-known & influential art critic & theorist in his own day.

Among many other groundbreaking efforts, his Negro Sculpture (1915) was a pioneering work of art theory).

Einstein was an anarchist combatant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, with the famed Durruti Column.

Nephew of the famous physicist, Albert Einstein. Committed suicide to prevent his capture by the Nazis.

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A plaque in the Boel-Bezing cemetery (Atlantic Pyrenees) remarks on his fight for freedom in Spain:

Where the Column advances, one collectivizes. The land is given to the community, the agricultural proletarians, slaves of caciques which they were, metamorphose themselves as free men.



One passes from agrarian feudalism to free Communism.

— Extract, Einstiein's funeral speech for Durruti 

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/EinsteinCarl.htm



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[6- 12 -1885] -- France: Adrienne Montegudet (née Victorine Valdant) lives (1885-1948). Militante communiste et syndicaliste révolutionnaire puis libertaire.

[6- 13 -1885] -- France: Le 13 juin 1885, à Marseille, le journal anarchiste "Le Droit social" après s'être proposé de démontrer l'inanité du suffrage universel, donne dans son n°2, un conseil aux compagnons pour "voter en anarchiste" (en réalité, provoquer l'incendie des urnes), et "faire flamber tous les torche-culs" se trouvant à l'intérieur. Il suffirait pour cela de glisser un bout de phosphore plié dans un bulletin. On ne sait si ce conseil fut mis en pratique, mais les anarchistes préfèrent encore bouder les isoloirs ces "pissotières républicaines," et pratiquer comme Octave Mirbeau "la Grève des électeurs."

[6- 28 -1885] -- Francesco Saverio Merlino is in Paris in an effort to coordinate Italian & French anarchist groups. He recommends activity within organized labor & opposes acts of individual reprisal (using the example of Pini).

[7- 5 -1885] -- Friedrich Engels, in his letter of reply to the German anarchist Gertrude Guillaume-Schak (London, about July 5, 1885), he notes,

It is my conviction that real equality of women & men can come true only when the exploitation of either by capital has been abolished & private housework has been transformed into a public industry....



[8- 1 -1885] -- Pierre Mualdes lives (1885-1966). French anarchist.

[8- 17 -1885] -- Germany: Clara Meijer-Wichmann lives (1885-1922), German/Dutch anarchist, anti-war activist, feminist (Wife & Society). «Commission Internationale Antimilitariste» (IAK) avec les néerlandais Arthur Müller-Lehning & Albert De Jong.

http://www.bewoners.net/nieuws/views.asp?view=full&bericht_id=3453




[9- 13 -1885] -- 

Aquilino Ribeiro lives (1885-1963). The great Portuguese novelist of the first-half of the 20th century, a life-long activist & youthful militant anarchist (arrested in 1907 for an explosion in his room in which a carbonário was killed). Nominated in 1960 for a Nobel Prize. From the pine-nut, which a sudden gust of wind had torn from the mother-cone, & from the acorn, which the bird had dropped onto the ground, when the act was repeated a thousand times, the forest was born.  — A Casa Grande de Romarigães (excerpt)



[9- 18 -1885] -- Paul Roussenq lives (1885-1949). Best known as the "anarchist convict."

Roussenq began years in prison began at age16, when arrested & sentenced to 3-months in jail for vagrancy. He threw a bread crust at the prosecutor, & with this dastardly terrorist act he remained in prison until 1932(!), when a massive protest campaign finally gained his release.

[Details / context]



[10- 1 -1885] -- 'L'Ordre', prefaced by Elisée Reclus, dated October 1, 1885, is first published... & in the book later the same month, & reprinted In 'Le Révolté' on October 11/24, 1885. 

Words of a Rebel
Preface by Elise Reclus



FOR TWO & A HALF YEARS Peter Kropotkin has been in prison, cut off from the society of his fellow-men. His punishment is hard, but the silence imposed on him concerning the things he cares about most is much harder: his imprisonment would be less oppressive if he were not gagged. Months & years may perhaps pass before the use of speech is restored to him & he can resume interrupted conversations with his comrades. . .

'L'Ordre' was first published in Le Révolté on October 1, 1881, a few weeks after Kropotkin had been expelled from Switzerland ... It was reprinted as the ninth chapter of Paroles d'un Révolté in 1885. A translation by William C. Owen was published in the Chicago anarchist paper The Alarm on June 23, 1888; & a full translation by David Nicoll was published in the Sheffield anarchist paper The Anarchist on September 23, 1894.

... It also foreshadows the parallel conceptions of topia & utopia in Gustav Landauer 's The Revolution (1907) & of entropy & revolution in novelist Yevgeni Zamyatin's On Literature, Revolution & Entropy (1924).





[10- 23 -1885] -- France: André Lorulot (aka André Georges Roulot) lives (1885-1963). French free-thinker, anarchist individualist, lecturer & propagandist.

"Andre Lorulot, a leading French individualist before the First World War, was then a leading freethinker for half a century."

— Nicolas Walter, Anarchism & Religion



[11- 5 -1885] -- US: Will Durant, historian (The Story of Civilization), lives, North Adams, Massachusetts. A teacher & a director at the anarchist Modern School movement.

"I had been led to believe that most of these men & women were criminals, enemies of all social order, given to presenting their arguments with dynamite. I was amazed to find myself, for the most part, among philosophers & saints."



http://members.aol.com/JAMIETAMPA/Durant/




[12- 5 -1885] -- Italy: Maria Rygier lives.

October 1911: Trooper Augusto Masetti fires a gunshot at his colonel on the parade ground of the Cialdini barracks, in Bologna, while shouting out 'Down with the war! Long live Anarchy!' in protest of the war in Libya.

Armando Borghi & Maria Rygier immediately composed a special edition of "L'Agitatore" welcoming the action of the rebel soldier.



The newspaper was impounded & a round-up of anarchists began. Maria Rygier was the first to be arrested. Borghi got away by the skin of his teeth & slipped off to Paris.



He stayed abroad until the end of December 1912, involving himself in active anti-militarist propaganda, giving lectures in France & Switzerland. After the Italian government offered an amnesty to mark the conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey, he returned to Italy.



[12- 12 -1885] --

They found no clue to home or name,
     But tied with ribbon blue
They found a package, & it held
     A baby's tiny shoe.
Half worn & old, a button off,
     It seemed a sacred thing:
With reverence they wrapped it close
     & tied the faded string...



— excerpt, "The Dead Tramp"



from, The Alarm. December 12, 1885. Vol.II, no.9.




[12- 17 -1885] -- Alphonse Barbé lives. French anarchist & antimilitarist. Barbe met Sébastien Faure who introduced him to anarchism. 

Barbe was briefly involved the Communist Party for short periods before 1934 when he began running "Le Semeur de Normandie," a newspaper devoted to cultural ideas & the defense of conscientious objectors. In 1936 Barbe was actively aiding the Spanish revolutionists & also published Lu dans la presse libertaire syndicaliste espagnole (1937-38).



[Details / context]





[1- 2 -1886] -- Elise Ottesen-Jensen lives. Norwegian-Swedish sexuality educator, journalist & anarchist agitator, whose main mission was to fight for womens' rights to understand & control their own body & sexuality. 

She is considered a pioneer in the field of womens' rights & feminism & was dedicated to the poor & the down & out in her later life. As a teenager she became affiliated with the labor movement & was a delegate to the founding congress of the SAC Syndikalisterna in 19101.  See Crusader for Sex Education: Elise Ottesen-Jensen (1886-1973). Ottar skrev under flera år aktivt ibland annat den anarkistiska tidskriften "Brand och Arbetaren." (The socialist "Brand" & other publications presented syndicalism, anarchism, Marxism & other schools of thought which the editors, with a zeal for adult education, believed young working Swedes should be familiar with). She was married to Albert Jensen, the anarcho-syndicalist editor of the daily paper "Arbetaren". http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Ottesen-Jensen



[1- 2 -1886] -- 

Le 2 janvier 1873, à Córdoba (Cordoue), Andalousie, se clôt le troisième Congrès de la F.R.E "Fédération de la Région Espagnole." Le congrès qui avait débuté le 24 décembre 1872 dans le Théâtre Moratín, adopte à l'unanimité les positions de l'Internationale anti-autoritaire de Saint-Imier. Il peut à juste titre être considéré comme le premier congrès anarchiste du mouvement ouvrier.



[1- 4 -1886] -- Armand Guerra (born José Estivalis Calvo) lives (1886-1939), Valence, Spain. Writer & Spanish anarchist scenario writer, filmmaker, member of the young C.N.T. Fought fascism with a camera.

As a 20-year old anarchist in France Guerra helps found a film co-operative where he did several films (two have recently been found: "The Old Docker" & "The Commune" [1914; 13 min.]) Guerra was both a producer & actor in his films & used old Communards & anarchists in his films.

His life is recalled in the film, Armand Guerra: Requiem for an Anarchistic Scenario Writer by Ezéquiel Fernandez & produced by Zangra productions (available in video).

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,




[1- 8 -1886] -- France: Décret du président de la République accordant sa grâce à, Louise Michel. Elle refuse, puis consent.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]


[1- 14 -1886] -- France: Louise Michel est conduite par la police au domicile que lui ont trouvé ses camarades, 89, route d'Asnières, à Levallois.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]


[1- 14 -1886] -- France: Peter Kropotkin, imprisoned for the past three years, is released from prison, on or about today, due to pressure from national & international protests. (I don't have the exact day — ed.)

"In the middle of January, 1886, both Louise Michel & [Emile] Pouget, as well as the four of us who were still at Clairvaux, were set free..."

— Memoirs of a Revolutionist, pp485
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[2- 1 -1886] -- Manuel Pardinas lives. Anarchist gunman who assassinated Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Premier Jose Canalejas in 1912 for his role in suppressing a railroad strike, then turned the gun on himself.

[2- 28 -1886] -- Spain: Numéro 2 of the bimonthly "El Socialismo" appears today.

Le journal créé par l'anarchiste andalous Fermín Salvochea  (qui vient de sortir de prison pour sa participation  à la "Commune de Cadix" durant l'été 1873), va tenter  de remobiliser les anarchistes andalous>victimes de la répression en 1882-1884. Mais le journal sera à son tour persécuté par les autorités, ce qui vaudra à Fermín Salvochea plusieurs séjours en prison qui le contraindront à arrêter la publication du journal en août 1891. Salvochea was one of the most influential figures in Andalusian anarchism. 50,000 people attend his burial in 1907 & his tomb never lacks a daily renewal of flowers since. http://www.andalucia.cc/almenara/105-11.htm http://www.ephemanar.net/fevrier28.html#socialismo



[3- 5 -1886] -- France: In Paris, the 27-year old anarchist Charles Gallo tosses a bottle of hydrocyanic acid into the Stock Exchange. 

The bottle fails to explode, spreading a baaaad stink...



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[3- 28 -1886] -- France: Peter Kropotkin's The Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution, an address delivered in Paris, first appears in "Le Révolté," March 28-May 9 (translated by H.Glasse. London: William Reeves).




[4- 30 -1886] -- US: On the eve of May 1, 50,000 workers in Chicago are on strike. 30,000 more swell their ranks tomorrow, bringing most of Chicago manufacturing to a standstill. Chicago cops kill four unionists on the 3rd. A demonstration will be held on the 4th in Haymarket Square; a cop is killed by a never identified assailant & eight anarchists (some not in attendance) are tried for murder & sentenced to death.

This evening fears of violent class conflict grip the city. No violence occurred on May 1 or May 2. But on May 3, Chicago's finest, swollen in number & heavily armed, attacked a demonstration & lilled four unionists. Angered, a group of anarchists, led by August Spies & Albert Parsons, called for a massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square for May 4. The demonstration appeared to be a complete bust, but someone threw a bomb that killed seven cops...



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[5- 1 -1886] -- US: First nationwide General Strike for 8-hour day, commemorated in 1889 as the first International Labor Day. 340,000 workers in Chicago, Milwaukee & other cities strike. Four demonstrators are killed & over 200 wounded when police attack the Chicago rally. The US will set another day as Labor Day to undercut world solidarity.

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[5- 1 -1886] -- Australia: Fred Upham from Rhode Island, U.S.A. & the Australian-born Andrade brothers, David & William, form the Melbourne Anarchist Club (M.A.C.). This, the first formal anarchist organisation in Australia reflected the Boston Anarchist Club. The Andrade brothers also started Melbourne's first anarchist bookstore. (See John Sendy, Melbourne's Radical Bookshops (International Bookshop, 1983).)


[5- 3 -1886] -- France: Robert Collino lives (1886-1975), Marseilles. Wrote under the pseudonym Ixigrec; a science fiction author, & anarchist, who wrote for many, many anarchist publications, including those of E. Armand & Louvet, as well collaborating on Sébastien Faure's Anarchist Encyclopedia, etc. His science fiction novel, Panurge au pays des machines (1940) denounced the dangers of totalitarianism, followed in 1966 by Essais fantastiques du Dr Rob.



[5- 4 -1886] -- US: Haymarket Square Bombing. A bomb kills seven Chicago cops as they attack demonstrators at a rally protesting police brutality yesterday at McCormick Reaper Works. 


Eight — including speakers at the meeting — are arrested. Four anarchists (August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer & George Engel) are subsequently hanged for murder after a show trial & another (Louis Lingg) killed himself. No evidence linking them with the bombing has ever been found & the Chief of police manufactured his own evidence. Illinois governor John P. Altgeld denounced the trial as a travesty & pardoned some (knowingly destroying his political career).

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[5- 7 -1886] -- Percy Bysshe Shelley's play The Cenci is presented privately by the Shelley Society.

[5- 30 -1886] -- US: Randolph Bourne lives, (1886-1918). American literary radical, anarchist.

It is in literature itself that Randolph Bourne appears most unforgettably, in a haunting stanza from 1919 (1932), centerpiece of the U.S.A. trilogy by John Dos Passos:



This little sparrowlike man,  tiny twisted bit of flesh in a black cape,  always in pain & ailing,  put a pebble in his sling,  & hit Goliath squarely in the forehead with it.  . . . If any man has a ghost, Bourne has a ghost,  a tiny twisted unscared ghost in a black cloak  hopping along the grimy old brick & brownstone streets  still left in downtown New York,  crying out in a shrill soundless giggle:  War is the health of the State.  [Details / context]



[6- 3 -1886] -- France: Anarchiste Louise Michel

Louise, qui ne cesse de prendre la parole au cours de multiples réunions, participe au théâtre du Château-d'eau (Paris) à, un meeting en faveur des mineurs de Decazeville. Elle y prononce un discours, Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue et Susini y interviennent à, ses côtés. 
[Source: Michel Chronologie]



[6- 19 -1886] -- US: Kangaroo trial of eight anarchists for the Haymarket bombing begins, Chicago.
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/haymarket.html

[6- 26 -1886] -- France: Charles Gallo, hauled to court for sentencing for his attack of March 5, 1886 on the Stock Exchange is expelled from the courtroom shouting "Death to bourgeois judges! Long live dynamite! Long live anarchy!" On July 15 Gallo receives a 20-year prison sentence.
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[7- 15 -1886] -- France: Charles Gallo appears again before "justice" for his failed attack on the Paris Stock Exchange (March 5). Quite the repentant, he defiantly expresses regret for his failure.

"I was certain to get a speculator or a tripoteur who speculates in the misery of the people. I threw the bottle (of hydrocyanic acid), unfortunately I did not kill anybody."



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[8- 8 -1886] -- France: Emile Aubin (aka Marat) lives, Paris (birth date March 8 according to the police). Sailor, electrician, militant anarchist, songster & antimilitarist.

As a sailor aboard the battleship "Vérité," in 1908 Aubin's belongings were searched, exposing him as the author of revolutionary songs under pseudonym of "Marat." He was arrested & sent to a disciplinary battalion until 1910.


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[8- 14 -1886] -- 14 August:Louise Michel est condamnée à quatre mois de prison et à 100 francs d'amende.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]

[8- 18 -1886] -- Samuel Schwartzbard, Jewish watchmaker, anarchist & poet, lives (1886-1938). 

Escaped the Russian pogroms in 1905, settled in Paris & active in local anarcho-communist groups with Alexander Berkman, Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin, & Nestor Makhno.alt; Nestor Machno In 1926 he gunned down Simon Petliura, who had directed the Ukrainian pogroms in which some of his family were murdered. He fired three times, declaring:

"This, for the pogroms; this for the massacres, this for the victims."

Schwartzbard confessed to the crime, but was acquitted by a jury & freed, & the verdict interpreted as confirmation of Petliura's responsibility for the pogroms.

He wrote: Dreams & Reality (1920; Yiddish) & A Fight With Oneself (1933), etc.



[8- 19 -1886] -- Joseph Conrad, Polish-born, becomes a British subject.

---

Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent … [constructs] anarchism as a form of fraudulent self-deception symptomatic of a widespread social degeneracy in British society. The...novel's ambivalent engagement with Nietzsche, showing how through a dialogue with Nietzschean intertexts anarchism is constructed as a form of religious fanaticism that is connected with the dangers of both foreign imperialism & the lower classes.

---




[8- 20 -1886] -- US: Sentences are handed down against The Haymarket Trial defendants. Found guilty despite the obvious innocence of some, seven anarchists are condemned to death: George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Albert Parsons, Michael Schwab & August Spies. Oscar Neebe is sent to prison for 15 years. A small measure of grace intervenes for Schwab & Fielden, their sentences reduced to life imprisonment on November 10, 1887. The hangings take place on November 11, 1887.


[9- 24 -1886] --

24 septembre 1886: Lafargue, Guesde et Susini, qui avaient également été condamnés, ont fait appel (ce que Louise Michel avait refusé de faire) et sont acquittés. Le gouvernement est fort embarrassé. Que faire de Louise ? Après des démêlés ubuesques, elle finit par bénéficier d'une remise de peine en novembre 1886. Elle continue à, prononcer des discours à travers la France.
[Source: Michel Chronologie]



[10- 8 -1886] -- France: Pierre Besnard lives. 

French anarcho-syndicalist active in the AIT (International Workers Association), who met with Buenaventura Durruti & fought in Spanish Revolution of 1936. Besnard wrote Le monde nouveau (1936), Les syndicats ouvriers et la révolution sociale (1930) & contributed to l'Encyclopédie anarchiste.



"L'anarcho-syndicalisme est la forme organique que prend l'Anarchie, pour lutter contre le capitalisme. Il est en opposition fondamentale avec le Syndicalisme politique et réformiste. Il est représenté dans le monde par l'A.I.T."

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm




[10- 12 -1886] -- Norway: The anarchist author Hans Jæger, writing from prison during this month, describes his Munch picture "Hulda" in the first number of his periodical Impressionisten.

[Exact day unknown. — ed.] See: Johan H. Langaard, Edward Munch. Fra Ar Til Ar. A Year By Year Record of Munch's Life, (Oslo: H. Aschehoug, 1961) 91pp.

alt: Hans Jaeger



Jaeger was an important friend & influence on Edvard Munch. Munch's association with Jæger & his circle of anarchists was a crucial turning point in his life & a source of new inner unrest & conflict.



[10- 24 -1886] -- France: Letter from Clément Duval, member of the anarchist group "Panther of Batignolles," justifying its activities, appears in "Revolt": "Le vol n'est que la restitution, opéré à son profit par un individu conscient des richesses produites collectivement, et indûment accaparée par quelques-uns." See also tomorrow.

[10- 25 -1886] -- France: The episode which brings Clément Duval to his ruin, & a place in the iconography of the French regime, occurs. 

The anarchist burglar Duval was arrested for breaking into a rich woman's apartment, stealing her jewels, & setting the place on fire (accidentally ).

Clement Duval's trial was far from tranquil ...



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[10- 26 -1886] -- France: Justin Olive (1886-1962) lives, à Fabrezan (Aude). Militant anarchist & revolutionary syndicalist.
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[10- 28 -1886] -- US: Free Erections? Statue of Liberty dedicated — just two months after the show trial of the Haymarket anarchists — on Bedloe's Island in NY harbor. The island is later renamed Liberty Island.

[10- 29 -1886] -- England: "Freedom" newspaper begins publication in London, as a monthly, in October 1886. 



From the start it was intended not as the mouthpiece of a particular group but as an independent voice in a wider movement. At first described as a journal of "Anarchist Socialism," in June 1889 it became a "Journal of Anarchist Communism"; it attempts to represent the mainstream tradition of anarchism, through giving a voice to differing views. Continues to publish today.


[11- 3 -1886] -- Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) lives, Bad-Bramstedt (northern Germany).



Wilckens was a German anarchist, a member of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), & a pacifist.  A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina.  In Argentina, in 1923, he attacked the infamous Varela ("The Killer of Patagonia," responsible for the torture & massacre of more than 1,500 workers a year earlier).  Condemned to life in prison, Wilckens was shot in his cell, June 16, 1923, by the rightwing fanatic nationalist, Perez Millan, while sleeping. Despite government attempts to cover up his murder, a nation-wide General Strike was called in protest, shutting down the country.  Millan was in turn killed on November 9, 1925, by another internee when the Russian anarchist German Boris Vladimirovitch failed to get close enough to do the job. See on this subject Osvaldo Bayer's "Les anarchistes expropriateurs." Also "Kurt Wilckens, la eterna justicia," http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4351/kurt.htm  http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue54/wilckens.html

In French see Ephéméride anarchiste,

[11- 5 -1886] -- England: Guy Aldred, British anarchist anti-militarist, lives, London. At various points between 1910 & his death in 1963, Guy Aldred edited five Glasgow based anarchist periodicals - The Herald of Revolt, The Spur, The Commune, The Council, & The Word.

As for Aldred & Patrick, their United Socialist Movement had become a populist organisation, espousing things like World Government & fellow-travelling with Russia after Stalin’s death. As Nicolas Walter says in his article in the Raven No 1., Aldred was an: "extraordinarily courageous but essentially solitary man whose vanity & oddity prevented him from taking the part which his ability & energy seemed to create for him in the revolutionary socialist movement."



[11- 6 -1886] -- England: First issue of "Die Autonomie", a German language anarchist weekly published in London & edited by Josef Peukert. The Autonomy group opposed Johann Most's "Freiheit" group, advocating instead the ideas of Kropotkin.
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[12- 4 -1886] -- André Colomer lives, Cerbère (Catalonia). Poet, anarchist &, ultimately, a Communist.

In 1913 Colomer is involved in the review "L'action d'art" & also the trade union of writers & dramatic authors. Also a founder of "Libertaire" & manager of "La revue anarchiste" before he broke with anarchism, in 1927, to become a "true Communist."



[1- 11 -1887] -- Jean-Jacques Liabeuf lives. French shoe-maker guillotined in 1910 despite massive protests initiated by the anarchists. Gustave Hervé, the revolutionary socialist & publisher of "The Social War", got four years in prison for writing articles defending Liabeuf.


[1- 11 -1887] -- France: The anarchist thief Clément Duval goes on trial at the Seine Court of Assizes. Duval had broken into the apartment of a rich woman (25th October 1886), stolen her jewels & accidentally set it on fire.

From being the accused Duval became the accuser... The crowd which packed out the court-room was carried away by his vehemence, & echoed his words.

The hearing ended uproariously with Duval expelled, shouting "Long live anarchy", the police overwhelmed by the crowd, the judges in flight to their chambers, insults & blows, fights & arrests.

But freedom was closing its doors on him, & the inferno was to take him in, seemingly forever...

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[1- 26 -1887] -- Mikhael Guerdjikov (1877-1947) lives. Bulgarian anarchist influenced by Bakuninist ideas. Started the first Bulgarian anarchist paper, "Free Society."


[2- 11 -1887] -- France: Clément Duval, anarchist expropriator & member of the "Panthers of Batignolles" is condemned to death. See also March 29, 1935.Clement Duval

[2- 18 -1887] -- Spain: Juan Peiro Belis (1887-1942) lives. Anarcho-syndicalist theorist & militant in the CNT. An assiduous contributor to the libertarian press with his many reviews & newspapers. 

During the Spanish Revolution Peiro became Minister of Industry (three other pajaros carpinteros — 'woodpeckers' — also took major government posts). His brief participation was heresy to libertarian principles...



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[2- 19 -1887] -- Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820-1887), best known under his pseudonym, Multatuli (Latin, "I have suffered much"), dies in Germany.



Great Dutch anarchist writer/novelist, a one-time civil servant who wrote the autobiographical novel Max Havelaar, reflecting his disgust with Dutch colonialism & racism. Dekker despised middle-class conformism, excoriating religion, the family, & prejudices of all kinds — racist, sexist or sexual.

Multatuli's ideas influenced the socialist & libertarian milieu of his time & practicing his anarchist ideals scandalized his contemporaries, living as he did with two women & their children.

Among his other acclaimed works is the seven-volume Radical Ideas.



[2- 27 -1887] -- Italy: Giuseppe Monanni lives (d.1952). Editor, journalist & propagandist of individualist anarchism (ala Nietzche & Palante).


Typographer by trade; founder of the review "Vir," in Florence & collaborater on many other journals & reviews. Monanni was Leda Rafanelli's lifelong companion & together with Ettore Molinari & Nella Giacomelli they formed “Protesta umana”. Under the fascists his activities were constrained, but post-WWII he wrote for the paper "Libertario" under the pseudonym "Mony." [Details / context]



[2- 28 -1887] -- France: The anarchist burglar & member of the "Panthers of Batignolles," Clément Duval, has his death sentence (see 11 January 1887) commuted to life by the President of the Republic.(alt spelling: Clément Duval





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[3- 8 -1887] -- France: Marie-Adele Anciaux lives (1887-1983).

Militant & libertarian teacher, life-long companion of Stephen Mac Say. Her teaching work included "la Ruche," the famed libertarian school created by Sébastien Faure. In addition to her educational activies, she & Stephen were ardent naturists & especially committed to animal rights within the "Ligue contre la vivisection."



[4- 20 -1887] -- Oscar Wilde today writes:



[4- 27 -1887] -- France: Claude Le Maguet (known as Jean Salivas) (1887-1979) lives. French poet, trypographer, anarchist & miltant pacifist.

[4- 28 -1887] -- France: Anarchiste Gaston Rolland lives.

[5- 14 -1887] -- US: Lysander Spooner (1808-1887) dies. Utopian, individualist anarchist Massachusetts abolitionist & anti-monopolist.

Spooner set up a private postal service so successful that the federal government decided to outlaw it.



Author of No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, arguing the Constitution & the basic assumptions of government is binding on no one.



This book has been described as "possibly the most subversive document ever penned in this nation."



Those who attack the rationale of the game, & not the players, are its most formidable adversaries.



— James J. Martin, from the introduction to Lysander Spooner's No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority.






[5- 16 -1887] -- Brazil: Maria Lacerda de Moura lives (1887-1945), Barbacena, Minas Gerais. 

Teacher, one of Brazil's first feminists, a journalist & anarchist writer.


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[5- 23 -1887] -- Spain: Felipe Alaiz de Pablo lives (1887-1959), Belver de Cinca Huesca. Anarchist [anarquista individualista] & journalist. Director of "Revista" de Aragon, writer for "El sol" de Madrid, "Heraldo" de Aragon, "La Revista Blanca," "Solidaridad Obrera" de Valencia & Sevilla, & "Ruta". Published novels & works on anarchism & translations. Died in exile in France.

[7- 10 -1887] --


    

Corto Maltese lives, La Valetta, Malta
Friend of Jack London, Butch Cassidy & the Sundance Kid He was in Ancona, Italy in 1907 (the year of the anarchist uprisings), where he met future dictator Josef Stalin.   Corto saved the life of John Reed, smuggled guns for the IRA, witnessed the death of the Red Baron, & while in Argentina he killed Estevez, the corrupt Chief of Police of Buenos Aires... See Hugo Pratt & Corto Maltese Tribute Site Hugo Pratt (1927-1995), Italian artist, cartoonist, whose best-known character is the existentialist adventurer, Captain Corto Maltese.		Corto was born to an Andulasian Gypsy, Amalia, a prostitute known as "la Niña de Gibraltar."  Corto Maltese is therefore a British subject. Corto's official residence is Antigua, in the British West Indies, but the only home of his depicted in the series is in Hong-Kong.  We learn a little about the childhood of Corto in "Ballad of the Salt Sea," notably that he was living in the Jewish Quarter of Cordoba, Spain at the age of 10.



When a fortune-telling friend of his mother read his palm, she noticed that he had no 'Fateline'.  The young Corto thereupon took his father's razor & single-handedly cut a line of Fate to suit him...   Corto disappeared during the Spanish Revolution, in 1937.



[7- 18 -1887] -- Argentina: In Buenos-Aires, at the initiative of anarchist Ettore Mattei, "La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos," the first organized workers' resistance society, is founded. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina, at the time, wrote its statutes for them.
 http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&q="Ettore+Mattei"

[7- 21 -1887] -- Poland: A small booklet entitled The First Book appears in Warsaw (Varsovie) (or on the 26th?), signed by a certain "Doktoro Esperanto," pseudonym of the linguist Dr. Louis-Lazare Zamenhof (1859-1917).

The 40 pages present a program for an international auxiliary language which spreads around the world under the name Esperanto. This neutral & easily learned idiom (at least for Westerners), is designed to facilitate comprehension & communication between peoples.

Among its early enthusiasts were many anarchists, seeing here not only a means of countering warmongering nationalisms, but also a way to diffuse the libertarian ideal beyond the official statist borders.

"& as you can imagine, Esperanto, without any difficulty, has also crossed the seas. Travel to America, Africa or Oceania & you will find Esperantists everywhere who will be able to understand you when you speak the language. Esperanto is the surest & the speediest vehicle of civilization."

— Jules Verne, Voyage of Discovery
http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/1146/27579
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/eu/poland/




[8- 3 -1887] -- Ovide Ducauroy lives. Anarchist.


[8- 14 -1887] -- France (?): Rirette Maitrejean (Anna Estorges) lives. French individualist anarchiste. Companion of Mauricius (Maurice Vandamme) & also Victor Serge (aka Kibaltchiche); arrested with Serge & tried (February 3-27, 1913) for her involvement with the Bonnot Gang (acquitted). 

... show details




Maitrejean was part of a young group of an anarchist bent, drawn together by their passion for art & literature, which included Robert Desnos, Henri Jeanson, Armand Salacrou, & George Limbour. She also wrote for many anarchist publications, such as "La Revue Anarchiste", "La défense de l'homme" & "La liberté" (founded by Louis Lecoin in 1959).



"It was in the black mirror of anarchism that surrealism first recognised itself."


— André Breton, 1952



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[9- 16 -1887] -- Ferdinand Gambon dies. French lawyer, magistrate, initially moderate republican, Gambon became a socialist, anarchist & pacifist revolutionary. Elected member of the Paris Commune. Defense lawyer for the Lyons anarchists in the 1883 trials.

Wrote Le cri du peuple, & coined the famous pacifist slogan,

"War Against War!"

[11- 6 -1887] -