Antoine Cyvoct was also a defendant in the "Trial of the 66," (see 28 January 1883) & sentenced to five years in prison. Cyvoct had taken refuge in Switzerland & Belgium but was extradited to France in 1883, tried for the October 22 attack, & sentenced to death, despite the court's failure to prove he was responsible. His sentence was commuted to forced labor. Despite a massive campaign by the anarchists in 1895 to gain his release, Cyvoct was not amnestied until March 1898. This same year, Cyvoct was nominated for the legislative elections, "To draw attention to the cases of the anarchists remaining in prison."

Cyvoct then worked in the bookstore business, & gave talks in the anarchist circles on living conditions in the prisons.


 Standing from left to right: Felix Feneon, Henri Gheon. Seated, left to right: Feliz Le Dantec, Emile Verhaeren, Francis Viele-Griffen, Henri-Edmond Cross, Andre Gide, Maurice Maeterlinck.http://www.kalin.lm.com/gide.html

Thadee Natanson sat in the audience during the Process de Trente of August 1894 and took notes on the proceedings. He was so impressed by Felix Feneon's performance at this trial of anarchist intellectuals and militants, as well as by his earlier art criticism, that he hired him for the Revue Blanche staff after the trial. & Feneon soon became its editor in chief, a position he retained until the journal ceased publication in 1903.

http://www-fa.c4systm.com/Fine-art/Signac_Paul/index2.php3
http://www.pitzer.edu/~fhernand/test/grave.html

At the exhibition at the Grand Palais: there is a documentary side to all exhibitions that look at both painters & writers. Verhaeren was painted by many of the artists he knew, notably by Theo van Rysselberghe (his Pointillist portrait is at the Orsay show). The same painter's ''La Lecture'' (1903) could be seen as the key to the whole show, as Verhaeren reads to a small group that includes the Frenchmen Andre Gide & Felix Feneon as well as the Belgian Maurice Maeterlinck, whose ''Pelleas et Melisande'' was the basis for Debussy's opera.

"OK, then, let's think of agricultural machinery, many kitchen appliances, a karateka's fist, a guard dog, a motor boat, a seadoo, a bow, a chainsaw, any electrical or gaz appliance, a bicycle, a vibro-masseur, many sado-masochist appliances, a penis*, etc, etc.

 --- *To anarchist Felix Feneon charged with illegally carying a firearm, the judge said: "You know you had on you everything you need to commit a murder?" Feneon replied: "Yes, but I also had on me everything I needed to commit a rape." http://www.iht.com/IHT/KK/98/kk032297.html

11- 16 -1861 -- Arvid Järnefelt lives. Finnish writer, pacifist, lawyer & farmer, influenced by anarchist Leo Tolstoy's Christian thinking & philosophy. Met Tolstoy in Moscow & translated his works into Finnish. Arvid's brother Armas (1869-1958) famed as a composer & conductor, & brother Eero (1863-1937) was a painter. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/arvidj.htm


12- 7 -1861 -- Algeria: Han Ryner lives (1861-1938), Nemours. French teacher, anticlerical, pacifist, anarchist, philosopher (called a "contemporary Socrates"). Lecturer & speaker of talent, Ryner collaborated with many reviews as well. Writer of a rich & varied work whose principal books are: Le crime d'obéir (1900), L'homme fourmi (1901), Les voyages de Psychodore (1903), Le sphinx rouge; Le père Diogène (1920), Bouche d'or, patron des pacifistes (1934), etc. Married to poet/author Georgette Ryner.

"L' individualisme dans l' antiquité (histoire & critique)" Ed. de l' idée libre 1924, in12 br. 77 pp. , index, portr. de Han Ryner.

  RYNER Han - Jeanne d'Arc fut-elle victime de l'Eglise ? Conférence contradictoire donnée à Paris en Mai 1926 - Ed. de l'Idée libre 1927, in-12, broché, 34 pages avec Allocution d'André LORULOT. Non coupé.

 RYNER (Han) Le Livre de Pierre. 2è éd. P. , Ed. de la Revue des Primaires "Les Humbles" 1919; plaq. in-12 br. 30 pp.

 RYNER, Han: Les voyages de Psychodore, philosophe cynique. Portrait dessiné et gravé par Gabriel Belot. 'Maîtres et jeunes d'aujourd'hui'. Paris, Crès, 1924, gr. in-8°, 248 p. , couverture originale conservée, reliure en demi-cuir d'amateur. Tiré à 1300 exemplaires numérotés, n° 865.

 Ryner (Han) Prenez mois tous. Editions du tambourin, 1930, In8, Br, 252pp. Edition originale, un des 25 exemplaires sur hollande van gelder, celui ci N P, exemplaire de grand papier. Hommage manuscrit de Han Ryner.

 http://subsociety.free.fr/livres/individualisme.htm
http://student.ulb.ac.be/~xbekaert/Anarch/Ryner.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#7
http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/labos/cht/biblio/themes/themek.htm

In June Bakunin contrives to escape Siberia, arrives in Nikolavsk in July, sails on the Strelok to Kastri where he boards an American merchant ship, Vickery, to Hakodate, Japan. Next he makes his way to Yokohama, &, in October, sails to San Francisco. In November he crosses to New York, & from there to London.



"Nothing is more dangerous for man's private morality than the habit of command. The best man, the most intelligent, disinterested, generous, pure, will infallibly & always be spoiled at this trade. Two sentiments inherent in power never fail to produce this demoralization; they are: contempt for the masses & the overestimation of one's own merits."

http://nif.www.media.mit.edu/people/dan/bakunin-power.html
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/writings/index.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm

Wrote Psychologie de l'anarchiste-socialiste (1895). Participated, on July 27, 1896, with Malatesta, Pelloutier, etc, in the International Congress in London, which finishes six days later with the expulsion of the anarchists by the Marxists. Hamon reported these events in Le socialisme et le congrès de Londres. Collaborated on Jean Grave's newspaper, "Les temps nouveaux". As a translator & libertarian teacher, he gave free courses at universities in Paris, London & Brussels. Hamon later moved away from anarchism, becoming a socialist & member of the SFIO. Wrote Les hommes et les théories du l'anarchie (1893), Patrie et Internationalisme (1896), Un Anarchisme, fraction du socialisme (1896).

"Le caractère le plus important de toute mentalité anarchiste est l'Esprit de Révolte. Alors que cette tendance existe, latente, chez tous les hommes et s'atrophie le plus souvent sous l'influence des milieux,chez les anarchistes elle est, dès l'origine, très prononcée. Les milieux ne font que l'exacerber".

---Psychologie de l'anarchiste-socialiste (1895)

  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier3.html#20



1- 27 -1862 -- France: Anarchist Louise Michel, spending years teaching, writing, & educating herself -- including on the political level -- becomes a member of the Union of the Poets. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://www.web.net/~blakrose/louise.htm
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

10- 25 -1862 -- Ernest Coeurderoy dies, a suicide (or the 21st). Intern, writer, anarchistic Socialist forced into exile because of his radical positions. Wrote numerous books based on his experiences: Jours d'exil; De la révolution dans l'homme et dans la société; Hurrah! Ou la révolution par les Cosaques. Because of his suicide other books, planned & announced, were never published.

"Pour faire passer la révolution, comme un fer rouge, à travers ce siècle, une seule chose est à faire : démolir l'Autorité. (...) Que chacun s'interroge et qu'il dise si c'est de gré ou de force qu'il supporte qu'un autre se proclame son maître et agisse comme tel."

--- in Jours d'exil, 1853-1855

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#22


11- 19 -1862 -- Liard-Courtois (Auguste Courtois) lives, Calais, France. Militant labor & anarchist speaker. Sentenced to two years prison & a strong fine, for a lecture tour in 1891 advocating the General Strike. Formed the anarchist group "La Revanche Fourmisienne," forced into exile in Belgium & England. Returned to France, got five years in prison. In 1914 he aligns with Jean Grave & the "Proclamation of the Sixteen." Wrote Souvenirs du bagne (1903) & Après le bagne. Died early November 1918. http://www.dnai.com/~figgins/generalstrike/index.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#19

11- 28 -1862 -- Theo van Rysselberghe (1862-1926) Belgian painter (pointillisme), lives (or 11-23?). Contributor, along with Paul Signac Maximilien Luce, Aristide Delannoy, Alexandre Steinlen, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux".

At the exhibition at the Grand Palais: there is a documentary side to all exhibitions that look at both painters & writers. Verhaeren was painted by many of the artists he knew, notably by Theo van Rysselberghe (his Pointillist portrait is at the Orsay show). The same painter's ''La Lecture'' (1903) could be seen as the key to the whole show, as Verhaeren reads to a small group that includes the Frenchmen Andre Gide & Felix Feneon as well as the Belgian Maurice Maeterlinck, whose ''Pelleas et Melisande'' was the basis for Debussy's opera.

---

http://www.worldzone.net/ss/awg/visualart/awgartrysselberghe.htm


12- 17 -1862 -- Urbain Gohier (Urbain Dégoulet) lives (1862-1951), Versailles. French writer, journalist, lampoonist, antimilitarist, burning supporter of Dreyfus, & writer for the anarchist "Libertaire". Author of L'armée contre la nation (1898), Les prétoriens et la Congrégation & A bas la caserne, etc. Sank gradually into anti-semitism & patriotism, becoming a collaborationist during WWII.

The very existence of the State demands that there be some privileged class vitally interested in maintaining that existence. & it is precisely the group interests of that class that are called patriotism.

--- Michael Bakunin, Letters on Patriotism, 1869

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#29


12- 19 -1862 -- Nicolas Stoinoff lives, Choumen, Bulgaria. The "patriarch" of Bulgarian anarchism, antimilitarist, writer, journalist, teacher, author of several books & many articles. Stoinoff never ceased denouncing the odious crimes of the Soviet occupation during his 101 years. His last book: Un centenaire bulgare parle:

"Peuples du monde entier, décidez:
la suppression du militarisme!
la suppression du service militaire!
l'éducation de la jeunesse dans l'esprit d'humanisme et de paix!"





"C'est aussi la conclusion de ma vie, la clameur d'un centenaire, mes dernières paroles aux hommes".

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#19
http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/labos/cht/biblio/mots/mot1466.htm

11- 11 -1863 -- Paul Signac lives, (1863-1935), Paris. French artist & contributor, along with Aristide Delannoy, Maximilien Luce, Alexandre Steinlen, Theo van Rysselberghe, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux".

Dave,
I have checked a used book -- your stock in trade, I believe. It is in fact a very well used book, the 1961 edition, revised & enlarged, of John Rewald's basic book on Impressionism.

Paul Signac was the last painter to join the Impressionist group before it dissolved. At the age of sixteen. Signac was excited about new art. He visited the fifth exhibition of the group, which took place throughout the month of April, 1880. Gauguin exhibited seven paintings & a marble bust. When Signac started making sketches after Degas, Gauguin threw him out, saying "One doesn't copy here, sir." In June, 1880, Claude Monet organized a one-man show which made a great impression on Signac. In March, 1882, the group pulled together another exhibition, & among the visitors were Seurat & Signac, who came separately to study the works of their elders. & this is when Felix Feneon first comes into the story. He was at the time recently appointed to a position in the War Ministry, but he was interested in art, & he closely examined the paintings in the show. In 1886 Signac became a follower of Pissarro by definitely adopting divisionism as a technique. In the eighth (& last) exhibition of the group, Seurat & Signac were included. That summer he was with Lucien Pissarro, Camille's son, & exchanged some letters with Seurat. & after that, it is no longer a part of the History of Impressionism, which I have at my fingertips, but a part of the History of Post-Impressionism, which is at my daughter's house on the other side of town...

More on Paul Signac & selected associates. "Seurat would meet his friends at . . . The regular Monday gatherings in Signac’s studio in the Avenue de Clichy, where Signac welcomed his painter friends & some men of letters such as . . . Paul Adam . . . etc.

"On other occasions, Seurat, together with Signac . . . joined a group of poets & writers where from 1884 to 1886 almost every day gathered . . . Félix Fénéon, Paul Adam . . . & their friends.

"At this brasserie, symbolism was born.

"All the little reviews had in common a feverish eagerness, a self-righteousness, a lofty intolerance, & an even loftier independence of spirit, together with a great frugality. They practically never paid contributors, & Fénéon . . . far from drawing a salary, actually sometimes defrayed printer’s costs.

"Their fondness for . . .the most precious, archaic, & unusual words . . . took such proportions that Paul Adam soon felt compelled to issue a Small Glossary to Serve for the Comprehension of the Decadent & Symbolist Authors.

"At the Taverne Anglaise, there appeared most of Fénéon’s painter friends, Pissarro, Seurat, Signac . . ."Those who were born between 1855 & 1865 were . . . Seurat . . . Signac . . . Fénéon (born in Italy of French Parents)"Some had means which permitted them to work independently . . . Seurat, Signac . . .

"Paul Adam, who bore the enviable distinction of having been condemned for the alleged immorality of one of his novels was [a dandy] & in addition was generally accompanied by a ‘rheumatic greyhound.’

"Fénéon shared their pencant for oddities; when he did not wear his silk top hat he would sport a greatcoat or full tippet cape . . . hispointed beard contributed to making him look like Uncle Sam. Fénéon’s attire was completed by a small black felt hat, dark red gloves,& . . . black patent leather shoes.

"Fénéon occasionally told stories that would have made young maids blush . . . Signac was . . . outspoken & loud; he reveled in theuse of an extensive but unprintable vocabulary.

" . . .all were committed to the extreme left. Political matters were of grave concern to them, & their convictions were . . .inseparable from their works."
-- John Rewald, Post Impressionism





---Wild Bill Koehnline
http://artchive.com/artchive/S/signac.html
http://artcyclopedia.com/artists/signac_paul.html

2- 6 -1864 -- Gay individualist anarchist novelist/poet John Henry Mackay lives. As noted in the Encyclopedia Britannica, he is instrumental in making prominent the writings of Max Stirner's anarchism.
See Daily Bleed Saints Page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/saints/stJohnMackay.htm

ANARCHY

Ever reviled, accursed, ne'er understood,
Thou art the grisly terror of our age.
"Wreck of all order," cry the multitude,
"Art thou, & war & murder's endless rage."
0, let them cry. To them that ne'er have striven
The 'truth that lies behind a word to find,
To them the word's right meaning was not given.
They shall continue blind among the blind.
But thou, O word, so clear, so strong, so true,
Thou sayest all which I for goal have taken.
I give thee to the future! Thine secure
When each at least unto himself shall waken.
Comes it in sunshine? In the tempest's thrill?
I cannot tell - but it the earth shall see!
I am an Anarchist! Wherefore I will
Not rule, & also ruled I will not be!

 — John Henry Mackay





5- 16 -1864 -- Auguste Delale (1864-1910) lives, in Tours. French anarcho-syndicalist. Collaborated on Jean Grave's journal "La révolte," with Emile Pouget on "Père Peinard," "Libertaire," etc. Delale was also a founding member of l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste at the 1904 Congress in Amsterdam. Emile Pouget: http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts.htm
Anarchist art & education, see (in French): http://www.club.innet.be/~ind0793/anarchie.htm
See the forthcoming book, Reflecs d'un Gnaiff: Images of Insurrection in Emile Pouget's Le Pere Peinard,http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/histart/faculty-staff/hglay.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai3.html#16
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/christian.domec/

5- 24 -1864 -- Zo D'Axa lives. French lampoonist, publisher, writer & anarchist propagandist. Published "La Feuille," & ran an ass in the elections, which caused street brawls. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/D'AxaZo.htm
http://membres.tripod.fr/libertad/


6- 21 -1864 -- Emile Louvigny lives, Sugny, Belgium. Settled in Ardennes, France, initially joining the socialist circle "L'étincelle de Charleville" before joining the anarchist group "Sans-patrie". Louvigny was expelled in March 1894 & returned to Belgium where he remained active. In Brussels in 1906, he helped found the anarchist newspaper "Jean Misère".

9- 3 -1864 -- Leo Tolstoy, Russian author, royalty, mystical anarchist, is seized with terror in a country inn & imagines he is confronting death, an incident that furnishes the basis for Notes of a Madman.
http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/anarchism.html


9- 17 -1864 -- Albert Theodore Schroeder lives (1864-1953), in a log house near Horicon, Wisconsin. He met & came to know the liberals,socialists, radicals & anarchists whose civil liberties he worked to uphold; the other defenders of civil liberties; & leading personalities in the field of psychology. http://www.lib.siu.edu/spcol/SC017.html


12- 11 -1864 -- Maurice Leblanc lives. French author/journalist, known as the creator of Arsène Lupin, French gentleman-thief turned detective.

Marius Jacob (1879-1954), the anarchist bandit credited with over 150 burglaries, is the original "Arsene Lupin" in the French detective novels of Maurice Leblanc, with only slight exagerations which made him a sensational "fictional" character.



"…As I see things, I am not a robber. In creating man, Nature gave him the right to live & man has the duty to exercise that right in full. So if society fails to provide him with thewherewithal to survive, the human being is entitled to seize what he needs from wherever there is plenty."



---Marius Jacob

See Jacob (Alexandre Marius, alias Escande, alias Attila, alias Georges, alias Bonnet, alias Féran, alias Georges, alias the Burglar), Bernard Thomas, Introduction Alfredo M. Bonanno, Elephant Editions

Marius Jacob was a member of "Les travailleurs de la nuit" (Workers of the Night) gang, credited with 150 burglings. Marius Jacob & Felix Bour recieved life in prison & 14 others got sentences ranging from 5 to 20 years, while another seven were freed.



http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/leblanc.htm
http://users.servicios.retecal.es/gritoprimal/jacob.htm

http://www.thrillingdetective.com/eyes.html

1- 19 -1865 -- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dies. Early French anarchist philosopher/economist, author of What is Property?. His famous answer?:

"Property is theft!"

If I had to answer the following question, "What is slavery?" & if I should respond in one word, "It is murder," my meaning would be understood at once. I should not need a long explanation to show that the power to deprive a man of his thought, his will, & his personality is the power of life & death.

So why to this other question, "What is property?" should I not answer in the same way, "It is theft," without fearing to be misunderstood, since the second proposition is only a transformation of the first?

 — (pg. 13) What is Property?

http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/pierre.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier3.html#15
http://www.cpm.ll.ehime-u.ac.jp/akamacHomePage/akamac_E-text_Links/Proudhon.html

4- 30 -1865 -- Max Nettlau lives (1865-1944), in Neuwaldegg, a suburb of Vienna. Austrian anarchist, historian, bibliographer, philologist. Edited & financed "The Anarchist Labour Leaf". Member of the Freedom Group & helped fund the "Torch for Freedom." Sold his collection of anarchist materials to the International Institute of Social History (IISG) in Amsterdam in 1935. His writings include Bibliographie de l'Anarchie (1897); Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist (NY: Jewish Anarchist Federation, 1924), among many others. In German, see http://www.free.de/dada/btip002.htm
In English, see the Bright Lights page, http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/nettlau/nettlau.htmhttp://www.tao.ca/~freedom/Raven/nettlau.html

6- 14 -1865 -- Bernard Lazare lives, Nîmes, France. Author, journalist, anarchist, defender of Dreyfus. Collaborated on "Les entretiens politiques et littéraires" & "Temps nouveaux".


• With the passing of the "Laws scélérates", Jean Grave was prosecuted February 26, 1894, for writing La société mourante et l'anarchie (1892), prefaced by Octave Mirbeau. Bernard Lazare, like Mirbeau, Elisee Recluse, & Paul Adam, testified in Grave's behalf to no avail. Grave went to prison for two years & the court ordered the book destroyed.

  Max Nettlau, in his biography of Malatesta, notes Lazare's presence at the anti-authoritarian Congress in London at Holborn Town Hall, where the speakers were J. Presberg, J. Keir Hardie, Paul Reclus, C. Cornelissen, Tom Mann, Louise Michel, J. C. Kenworthy, Tortelier, Kropotkin, Bernard Lazare, Touzeau Parris, F. D. Nieuwenhuis, W. K. Hall, E. Malatesta, P. Gori, G. Landauer, Louis Gros (a Marseille syndicalist), & at the overflow meeting W. Wess, F. Kitz, S. Mainwaring, A. Hamon, P. Pawlowitsch (a Berlin anarchist metal worker).

• 1896, il fonde la revue "L'Action d'Art" dans laquelle écrira Fernand Pelloutier et André Girard, partisan d'un art social, opposé à un art de classe.

In French, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin2.html#14

8- 15 -1865 -- Pietro Gori lives. Italian lawyer, ardent defender of the anarchists & himself an anarchist & labor propagandist. Forced into exile numerous times. Founder of the FORA (in Argentina), the review "Criminologia moderna" &, with Luigi Fabbri, the journal "Il pensiero". Wrote poetry & plays & author of the famous song Addio Lugano bella. Died at age 46.

In 1894 he escaped the repression in Italy, attending conferences & agitating in England & the US. Returned to Italy in 1898 to defend the many defendants (including Malatesta) indicted after the General Strike against the increase of bread prices on January 17-18, in Ancône. The movement grew &, on May 7, riots took place in Milan. The army fired on demonstrators, killing hundreds. Repression was wild & Gori went into exile in Buenos Aires, & initiated, in 1901, the FORA (Federation Obrera Regional Argentina). He returned to Europe in 1902. The FORA grew to 250,000 members. In 1909 split into two organizations, FORA du IXe Congrès (reformist), & FORA du Ve Congrès (maintaining the libertarian ideals).

In Spanish see the entry for 1898 at http://www.ainfos.ca/A-Infos98/1/0733.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/3671/italian.htm
http://www.ecn.org/a.reus/cntreus/ado/ado9.htm

11- 30 -1865 -- Spain: Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mané) lives, Villanova. Catalan anarchist free thinker, she met Joan Montseny (Federico Urales) at a conference she had just given (with Anselmo Lorenzo). Their relationship results in a daughter, Federica Montseny (12 February 1905), a controversial figure in Spanish anarchism. Very cultivated, she was one of the first lay teachers in Spain. With her companion Montseny, she founded "Revista Blanca" in 1898. Gustavo wrote El sindicalismo y la anarquia. Died in Perpignan February 2, 1939.

"Towards the end of the 19th century, Soledad Gustavo & Federico Urales were the founders, first, of Tierra y Libertad & of the Revista Blanca. The latter achieved a print-run of 12,000 copies." http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/meltzer/articles/utopia.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

12- 10 -1865 -- Birth of August Spies, one of the Haymarket anarchists, labor agitator, victim of anti-anarchist repression.

"That I have made myself generally obnoxious to the extortionists & fleecers during my management of the Arbeiter Zeitung [the Chicago German labor newspaper Spies edited] -- this I need hardly add... I am proud of the enemies, & no less of the friends I have made.




"A time will come, when from our coffins
"Will rise a powerful voice,
"Stronger than that which you want now to choke,
"A thousand times stronger, more striking!"

These were the last words of Spies...
Hangmen, what do you gain from this?
Did you annihilate the spiritual giant?
Did you extinguish the sun?

"August Spies," by David Edelshtat (Oct 10, 1890; translated from Yiddish by Ori Kiritz) from, Kiritz, Ori. The Poetics of Anarchy: David Edelshtat's Revolutionary Poetry. Frankfurt: Lang, Europaischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1997.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAspies.htm
http://athena.louisville.edu/a-s/english/subcultures/anarchists/mainpages/texts.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/Haymarket.html
http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/haymarket.html

11- 17 -1866 -- Anarcha-feminist Voltairine de Cleyre lives, Leslie, Michigan. Atheist & free-thinker, she taught in Philadelphia. She made many lecture tours, including in Europe, where she met Kropotkin, Louise Michel, Sebastien Faure & many other anarchists. She was an ardent supporter of Ricardo Flores Magon & the Mexican Revolution & wrote for his magazine, "Regeneracion".

In his biography of Voltairine de Cleyre (1866-1912), Paul Avrich describes her as "A brief comet in the anarchist firmament."

De Cleyre's anarchism is intimately related to her battle for women's rights, for they have the same root -- the hatred oftyranny. Her condemnation of man's dominance over woman led her to condemn marriage & question the wisdom of livingwith the men who were her lovers. Such an arrangement too easily stifled independence. "To me," wrote Voltairine deCleyre, "any dependence, any thing which destroys the complete selfhood of the individual, is in the line of slavery." To her,equality & dignity for both sexes led to anarchism.



--- Wendy McElroy, Freedom, Feminism & the State

 http://www.luminist.org/Archives/Voltairine.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/cleyre/Cleyrearchive.html
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet15.htm#Faure
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/afem_kiosk.html
http://www.smokylake.com/Christy/people.htm#D


12- 15 -1866 -- Luigi Molinari, Italian anarchist, lives.

Molinari was arrested & convicted by a military tribunal as instigator of an insurrection in Lunigiana in 1894, where armed bands of anarchists supported Sicilian victims of the State of Siege (the government was repressing revolts against increased flour prices.) Molinari was sentenced to 23 years in prison, but was released in 1895 as the result of massive protests.



2- 27 -1867 -- Paulin Mailfait (1867-1927) lives, Charleville. Ardennes anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Nicolas Thomassin, Pierre Leroux, etc. Did 8 months in prison for helping a soldier desert in 1892. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#27


6- 1 -1867 -- Jules Valles, French novelist, journalist, anarchist propagandist, launches the weekly magazine "The Street," involving artists & writers such as Emile Zola & Gustave Courbet before being suppressed. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/VallesJules.htm




9- 25 -1867 -- Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist & mystical anarchist, visits the battlefield of Borodino to visualize the scene 55 years before. http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/anarchism.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tolstoy/tolstoy.html

10- 1 -1867 -- Fernand Pelloutier lives, Paris. Socialist who became an anarchist through the influence of Augustin Hamon. Encouraged anarchist participation in the trade unions, which were revolutionary then, favoring direct action, sabotage, the general strike, & rejection of political parties.

"We are men without God, without Masters & Fatherland, irreconcilable enemies of any despotism, moral or collective, i.e. laws & dictatorships (including that of the proletariat), & impassioned lovers of the culture of oneself ".

---Fernand Pelloutier

http://http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts/workers.htm
http://www.dnai.com/~figgins/generalstrike/index.html

10- 1 -1867 --

Fernand Pelloutier (1867-1901) lives. Pelloutier, in the words of Pierre Monatte, can be 'justly regarded as the father of revolutionary syndicalism'. He rejected parliamentary reformism & anarchist revolutionary violence, favoring instead the General Strike.

 http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts/pelloutier.htm
http://mfanarchy.tripod.com/Op/pelloutier_fernand.htm

1- 24 -1869 -- Spain: In Madrid, Giuseppe Fanelli (sent by Bakunin) gathers the first Spanish group to join the First International & sows the seeds of anarchism among the peasants & workers with lasting effect for over the next century.

Branches of the International were established by Guiseppe Fanelli in Barcelona & Madrid. By 1870, there were over 40,000 Spanish Anarchists members; by 1873, 60,000, mostly organized in workingmen's associations, but in 1874 the movement was forced underground.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html



2- 10 -1869 -- Octave Jahn (1869-1917) lives, Cherbourg. French anarchist who founded, with Tortelier & others, the "League of the Anti-patriots" in 1886.

Jahn went to Belgium during the French repression, & did 2 1/2 years in prison there for his vehement & revolutionary speeches during a strike in May 1897. He emerged, despite numerous trials & several stays in prison, an untiring, much-traveled anarchist propagandist, in France, North Africa, Switzerland, England, Spain, & Mexico, where he settled. 

Jahn participated in the Mexican Revolution supporting Emiliano Zapata. Jahn further helped establish a rationalist school on the Ferrer model, wrote for the anarchist press, provided articles on the Mexican revolution for Sebastien Faure's "CQFD" & wrote the song "Les pieds plats" (The Flat Feet).

Octave Jahn was married to the anarnchist Salud Borras (daughter of the Spanish anarchist Martin Borras).

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/noms.html


3- 30 -1869 -- Anarchist writer/activist Emma Goldman lives, Kaunas, Lithuania.
 http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/Goldmanarchive.html

6- 27 -1869 -- Anarchist rebel, feminist & anti-militarist Emma Goldman lives, Kaunas, Lithuania.

"As to the great mass of working girls & women, how much independence is gained if the narrowness & lack of freedom of the home is exchanged for the narrowness & lack of freedom of the factory, sweatshop, department store, or office."

Emma Goldman daughter of Taube Bienowitch & Abraham Goldman in a province of the Russian Empire. Siblings include step-sisters Helena (b. 1860) and Lena (b. 1862) Zodikow, & brothers Louis (b. 1870), Herman (b. 1872), & Morris (b. 1879, "Yegor" in Goldman's autobiography, Living My Life). Goldman's girlhood & adolescence spent in Kovno, Popelan, Königsberg, & St. Petersburg.
http://www.worldmedia.com/manucon/cards/goldman.htm
http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm

9- 9 -1869 -- Anarchist, Haymarket martyr Louis Lingg lives. Convicted of Haymarket bombing, blew himself up in jail.

"...I despise you. I despise your order, your laws, your force-propped authority. Hang me for it!"  ---Louis Lingg's last words in his address to the court in theHaymarket Trial Lingg was one of eight men accused of the bombing in the notorious Haymarket Riot. He was found guilty (on very weak evidence) &, along with four others, sentenced to be hanged. Lingg however, had a dynamite cap smuggled into his cell & detonated it in his mouth, cheating the State of all its glory. (All the anarchists were posthumously pardoned.)  "The Words of this man seemed like deeds..." --- FRANK HARRIS, author & editor

http://www.ellaguru.freeserve.co.uk/harris/
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlingg.htm


1- 21 -1870 -- Russian anarchist Alexander Herzen dies, Paris, France

There is nothing in the world more stubborn than a corpse: you can hit it, you can knock it to pieces, but you cannot convince it.

       — Herzen, remarking on tradition

http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html
http://www.cyber-nation.com/victory/quotations/authors/quotes_herzen_alexander.html

3- 6 -1870 -- Eugene Humbert, French anarchist militant & companion of Jeanne Humbert, lives, in Metz. Also a pacifist & néo-Malthusian. Humbert was killed in prison during WWII Allied bombing, the day before his scheduled release. Jeanne Humbert wrote a biography of their lives.

See the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/EugeneHumbert.htm


4- 7 -1870 -- Munich Soviet leader, anarchist Gustav Landauer lives, Karlsruhe, Germany. Anarchist theorist, introduced to the ideas of Proudhon & Kropotkin by Benedikt Friedlander, & pacifist influenced by Leo Tolstoy's anarchist-pacifism. Landauer, along with Ret Marut (aka B. Traven, the novelist) & Erich Muhsam were part of the Workers' Councils which, on this day in 1919, declared a Workers' Republic in Bavaria -- in spite of the opposition of the Communists. Landauer was Minister of Education, & sought to introduce the ideas of Francisco Ferrer. On May 2, 1919, he was shot down in the street by soldiers, sent by the Socialist Gustav Noske, to subdue the Bavarian insurrection. Landauer wrote The Revolution (1908) & Call to Socialism (1911), etc.

"The State is a condition, a certain relationship between human beings, a mode of human behavior; we destroy it by contracting other relationships, by behaving differently."

       — Gustav Landauer

• "An anarchist case for social transformation", http://www.art.net/Poets/Jennifer/anarchy/archy.html
  
• See Walter Benjamin pages, http://www.wbenjamin.org/aufbruch.html
  
• http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/18rev1918.html
  In German, see:
• http://www.weltkreis.com/mauthner/land1.html
  
• http://www.dradio.de/literatur/kritiken/landauergustav.html
  

6- 16 -1870 -- Louis Segaud lives, Châteauroux, France. Anarchist in Roanne, member of "Les révoltés" & correspondent for Emile Pouget's "Père Peinard". Persecuted for his activities, he took refuge in 1891 in Luxembourg & England, returning in 1903 to head the syndicat desouvriers couvreurs in Roanne. See, in French, Ephéméride anarchiste, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#16


8- 15 -1870 -- France: Louise Michel, anarchist, takes part in a demonstration organized in favor of the Blanquists Eudes & Brideau, stopped the day before. She carries to the General Trochu, military governor of Paris, a petition in their favor, launched by Michelet. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

9- 13 -1870 -- French anarchist Louise Michel visits with Victor Hugo, from the 13 to 18th. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://www.geocities.com/Paris/LeftBank/9640/

10- 31 -1870 -- Louise Michel, anarchist, takes part in a massive demonstration supporting the Paris Commune in front of the Town hall. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/paris.html

11- 21 -1870 -- Alexander Berkman lives, Vilna, Russia. Wrote one of the classics of prison literature, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist. 

Berkman's Prison Memoirs has gone through numerous editions & reprints, including one prefaced by poet Kenneth Rexroth.

Berkman also wrote one of the earliest expose/denunciations of the failure of the Russian Revolution in The Bolshevik Myth (1921). He also provided his lifelong pal Emma Goldman with his own writing & research materials & helped her with editing her books.  Nestor Makhno & Alexander Berkman hanging out...up to no good no doubt. "Free thought, necessarily involving freedom of speech & press, I may tersely define thus: no opinion a law -- no opinion a crime."        — Alexander Berkman http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html

12- 15 -1870 -- Achille Daude-Blancel lives (1870-1963), Bancel, Gard. French anarchist, trade unionist & especially involved in co-operatives.

A journalist, then a pharmacist, he joined the anarchist group "l'homme libre" in Montpellier. Became involved in the cooperative movement after meeting Charles Gide & sold his pharmacy to contribute to the creation of consumer co-ops. In 1918, he was elected to the Conseil supérieur de la coopération. He wrote for the libertarian press as well as for Sebastien Faure's l'encyclopédie anarchiste . Daude-Blancel is the author of many works on cooperatives, as well as works on food & social questions, including . Le coopératisme devant les écoles sociales (1897) Pain riche ou pain appauvri (1916) Une coopérative de consommation.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril1.html#daude


12- 15 -1870 -- Achille Daude lives. French anarchist, trade union activist, &, especially, advocate of cooperatives. Daude contributed to Sebastian Faure's Anarchist Encyclopaedia as well as writing numerous works on cooperatism, food & social questions.See Daily Bleed Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AchilleDaude.htm



1- 22 -1871 -- France: For the first time, anarchist Louise Michel, armed with a rifle, takes a shot against the Breton mobiles of Trochu in front of the Town hall. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

1- 25 -1871 -- Emile Roger lives, France. Ardennes anarchist, member of "Les desherities" & "Les libertaires de Nouzon". Correspondent for the newspaper "La guerre sociale", died in 1917 during the war. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#25


1- 30 -1871 -- Stoyanov Parachkef (1871-1941) lives, Giurgiu. Significant figure of Rumanian & Bulgarian anarchism. 

While studying medicine in Switzerland Parachkef aligned with Kropotkin, Élisée Recluse, etc., & founded the first libertarian group in Romania. In 1890, in Paris, he signed an antimilitarist manifesto & was forced out of France but continued a large, active correspondence with Louise Michel. Named professor of surgery at the University of Sofia in 1918, he continued collaborating with the Bulgarians -- Stoinoff, Kilifarski, etc -- & with libertarian publications & the clandestine activities of the movement. Died in November 1941. Elisee Recluse

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#30

3- 17 -1871 -- Louise Michel takes an active part in the business of the guns of the national guard on the Montmartre Hillock. After the proclamation of the Commune, the French anarchist works primarily with social & teaching issues. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

3- 31 -1871 -- France: Commune of Narbonne falls, as incarnated by Emile Digeon. Digeon (1822-1894) was a revolutionary journalist who headed the Commune, proclaimed in conjunction with Paris Commune. In 1883 Digeon was "an anarchist candidate"(!) in the Narbonne elections & in 1885 published La Commune de Paris devant les anarchistes.

"Je regarde comme nuisible à l'Humanité tous les individus qui aspirent à gouverner les autres sous une forme quelconque et surtout ceux qui causent la misère des travailleurs en accaparant les richesses que ces derniers produisent". 


• See article, "Emile Digeon & Socialism in the Narbonnais," by Christopher Guthrie, in the British journal "French History," Winter 1998 issue.

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#24

http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html

5- 28 -1871 -- The Paris Commune, initiated two months ago, is crushed; some 25,000 people massacred. End of the "Bloody Week" (Semaine Sanglante). The Belleville district, which resisted to the end, has spent its last cartridges & has fallen silent. The reactionary forces of Versailles controls Paris entirely, but continues to slaughter the Communards. This includes Eugene Varlin (1839-1871) an anarchist bookbinder who had been elected a member of the Commune. 

"The Commune is the end of the old governmental & clerical world, militarism, officialism, the exploitation, agiotage, the monopolies, of the privileges, to which the proletariat owes its serfdom, the Fatherland, its misfortunes & its disasters."

--- Eugene Varlin, during the Paris Commune




French government troops put down the Paris Commune, a revolt of city workers and other Republicans in the wake of the Prussian seige of Paris. The savage fighting kills 20,000 people.

Some 4,000 Communards will be sentenced to death. The police will dissolve workers' syndicates and, encouraged by the state, employers will no longer tolerate union organizing.

In 1884, the Third Republic parliament will be forced to pass legislation recognizing workers' organizing right, but will include no provisions encouraging collective bargaining. The labor movement will declare itself an enemy of the Republic and will resort to repeated strikes. The government will put down the strikes until the weakened nation falls to Germany during World War II.  http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/paris.html


6- 23 -1871 -- Marc Pierrot lives (1871-1950), in Nevers, France. Doctor of medicine, anarchist propagandist. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PierrotMarc.htm



6- 23 -1871 -- Louis Lecoin lives. French antimilitarist, pacifist, anarchist. Signatory to the "Manifesto Against the War", signed by 35 anarchists, including Errico Malatesta, Domela Nieuwenhuis, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Alexander Schapiro, etc., opposing WWI. Lecoin formed the "Comité pour l'Espagne libre," in the 30s (later the SIA [solidarité internationale antifasciste]), issued the anti-war leaflet, "Paix immédiat," (signed by a number of people who were jailed for doing so), published "La liberté" (founded 1959), & was a lifelong agitator for the of rights of conscientious objectors (CO). Many anarchists over the years were involved with Louis Lecoin -- including Henry Poulaille, Germaine Berton, Robert Proix, Nicolas Faucier, Pierre Le Meillour, Roger Paon, Rirette Maitrejean, Marc Pierrot, & Pierre Martin.

"If it were proved to me that in making war, my ideal had a chance of being realized, I would still say "No" to war. For one does not create human society on mounds of corpses."

---Louis Lecoin

http://users.skynet.be/AL/LIBRAIRIE/increva/vol3/1418.htm


9- 22 -1871 -- Shusui Denjiro Kotoku (1871-1911) lives. Journalist, writer, one of the most outstanding figures of Japanese anarchism. Imprisoned for articles against the Russo-Japanese war, where he discovered Kropotkin's works. Active in organizing the trade union movement before being arrested January 18, 1911 with 24 others for a plot on the emperor. Kotoku & 11 other anarchists were hanged, including his partner Yugetsu Sugo Kanno. Wrote Imperialism, Monster of the 20th century. 
See John Crump’s The Anarchist Movement in Japan http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/japanbiblio.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#24

11- 5 -1871 -- Carlo Cafiero & Tucci, at an anarchist Congress in Rome, distribute the proclamation of Bakunin, against nationalism, republicanism & Marxist authoritarianism. Cafiero, with Errico Malatesta, was one of the main founders of the italian anarchist movement.For Cafiero, "One cannot be... anarchist without being communist... For the least idea of limitation contains already... the germs of authoritarianism."Bakunin began the translation of Capital into Russian and the Italian anarchist Carlo Cafiero published a summary of the same work in Italian.

"Freedom without Socialism is privilege & injustice, & Socialism without freedom is slavery & brutality"



--- Mikhail Bakunin

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/cafiero/index.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/rbr1_marxstat.html
http://iww.org/~galt/marxism.html


11- 12 -1871 -- Switzerland: anarchist Jurassic Federation adopts constitution designed to counter the Marxist influenced International.

Comment voudrait-on qu'une société égalitaire et libre sortît d'une organisation autoritaire? C'est impossible. L'internationale, embryon de la future société humaine est tenue d'être, dès maintenant, l'image fidèle de nos principes de liberté et de fédération, et de rejeter de son sein tout principe tendant àl'autorité et à la dictature".

12- 16 -1871 -- France: Louise Michel, 36-year old popular anarchist & teacher, is brought to trial by the Versailles Government. She is accused of:

1. Trying to overthrow the government.
2. Encouraging citizens to arm themselves.
3. Possession & use of weapons, & wearing a military uniform.
4. Forgery of a document.
5. Using a false document.
6. Planning to assassinate hostages.
7. Illegal arrests, torturing & killing.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html


2- 6 -1872 -- Luigi Bertoni (1872-1947) lives, Milan, Italy. Swiss anarchist, typographer, & an untiring participant in the newspaper "Il Risveglio" (the "anarchist alarm clock" of Geneva) founded in July 1900. Fought on the Huesca front with Italian comrades during the Spanish Revolution.


2- 10 -1872 -- Eugene Bigel lives. French Ardennes anarchist & proponent of direct action. Dynamited numerous police stations, inflicting material & psychological damage. His last attempted bombing, July 15, 1891, at the residence of an industrialist, failed to explode & was traced to him. Bigel received heavy sentences & was sent to the prison colony in Cayenne.


3- 26 -1872 -- Ernest Armand (1872-1963), individualist, free love activist, lives. Wrote l'Initiation individualiste anarchiste" (1923) & La révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse (1934). See 31 October 1858. http://www.alumni.umbc.edu/~akoont1/tmh/revintro.html



8- 31 -1872 -- Italy: The resolutions of the Rimini Conference (August 1872) printed in the Bollettino dei Lavoratori (August 31), then secretly issued at Naples. No detailed report exists of the anarchist Conference, only an oblong sheet. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/nettlau/nettlauonmalatesta.html


9- 2 -1872 -- Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist nemesis to Karl Marx, booted from the Communist International.

—Si quieren sembrar, siembren en macetas.



Matones y leguleyos se ocupan del despojo, mientras los devoradores de comunidades escuchan conciertos en sus jardines y crían caballos de polo y perros de exposición.



Zapata, caudillo de los lugareños avasallados, entierra los títulos virreinales bajo el piso de la iglesia de Anenecuilco y se lanza a la pelea. Su tropa de indios, bien plantada, bien montada, mal armada, crece al andar.



http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/19111125.htm

"It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees."

        — Emiliano Zapata http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
http://www.indians.org/welker/zapata.htm

[ Texto del Plan de Ayala ]
[ Este hombre les enseñó que la vida no es sólo miedo de sufrir y espera de morir ]

11- 26 -1911 -- Death of Paul Lafargue (son-in-law of Karl Marx). Went to Spain in a foolish effort to counter the Bakuninist ideas spread there by Fanelli. No anarchist he, but he's not all bad — after all, he wrote The Right to Be Lazy in 1893 while in prison. Translated & published by Charles Kerr publishing coop in Chicago, 1907.



PAUL LAFARGUE 1997 SAINT 29 MARCH
Karl Marx's bum of a son-in-law, the lay-about author.



"Hélas! Les loisirs que le poète païen annonçait ne sont pas venus; la passion aveugle, perverse et homicide du travail transforme la machine libératrice en instrument d'asservissement des hommes libres : sa productivité les appauvrit."

 http://black.cat.org.au/dwu/lafargue-part1.html
http://reflect.cat.org.au/dwu/

12- 11 -1911 -- Mexico: Yaquis in Sonora, influenced by the anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón ("Tierra y Libertad"), reclaim stolen communal lands. Their war with government lasts, officially, until 1929.



http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html

12- 13 -1911 -- American poet Kenneth Patchen lives. Author (The Journal of Albion Moonlight; Memoirs of a Shy Pornographer) poet (Sleepers Awake, Poems of Humor & Protest), playwright, member of the San Francisco Anarchist Group in the 1940s along with Gary Snyder, et al. Pioneered jazz poetry ("Kenneth Patchen Reads with the Chamber Jazz Sextet"). See also Kenneth Rexroth's Bird in the Bush.



His writings remain youth cult classics, from the Beats, to the hippies to today. Written before widespread public awareness of modern threats such as nuclear war & environmental devastation, portended today's concerns with clarity & gentle humor. Among his most charming/eloquent works are "picture poems," intuitive free verse combined with his fanciful paintings.

See the very fine fan site, Kenneth Patchen Homepage: http://www.connectotel.com/patchen/
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~hreh0001/patchen.html

Bonnot Gang, a group of anarchist bandits, pulls off the first bank robbery using an automobile, in broad daylight, in the midst of a populous Paris district.

During the mid-1930's Ellul was a member of the French Communist Party, & fought with the Resistance during WWII. Primarily known as a theologian, Ellul wrote 43 books, mostly about theology & ethics & his concerns of how to maintain moral values in a technological society. In 1988 he published Anarchie et Christianisme, made available in the U.S. in 1991defining his anarchism, explaining why he admires the likes of Bakunin & the early anarcho-syndicalists. While not believing anarchism a realistically attainable goal, Ellul considers anarchism among the most admirable of goals.

If I rule out violent anarchism, there remains pacifist, antinationalist, anticapitalist, moral, & antidemocratic anarchism (i.e., that which is hostile to the falsified democracy of bourgeois states). There remains the anarchism which acts by means of persuasion, by the creation of small groups & networks, denouncing falsehood & oppression, aiming at a true overturning of authorities of all kinds as people at the bottom speak & organize themselves. All this is very close to Bakunin.

       — Jacques Ellul, Anarchie et Christianisme, (1991)

Throughout his long life, George Woodcock stressed the primacy of the moral over the political & steadfastly defended the natural human tendency to rebel against artificial restraints. He never doubted Kropotkin' s confidence in mutual aid & the great maxims of Proudhon continued to guide him until the end: "Anarchy is Order" but "Property is Theft".

--- Peter Marshall's obituary, http://freedom.tao.ca/marshall.html

Featured author at Black Rose Books, http://www.web.net/blackrosebooks/woodcock.htm
Woodcock Obituary by Kevin Doyle, http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws95/woodcock45.html
George Woodcock Page, http://www.swifty.com/cdn_lit/about/Woodcock/gw_resources.html
Woodcock Resources, http://www.cdn-lit.ubc.ca/resources/woodcock.html


Spunk Press features his article "The Tyranny of the Clock", http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/woodcock/sp001734.html


Archived at University of British Columbia, http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/ubc_arch/u_arch/woodcock.html#top


"Tradition & Revolution" from Kick It Over, http://www.tao.ca/~freedom/wood.html


A three-part profile of George Woodcock aired on the Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC) May & June 1995, http://www.radio.cbc.ca/programs/ideas/calendar/1995/95may.html & http://www.radio.cbc.ca/programs/ideas/calendar/1995/95jun.html


"Unconsciously, the generation of the 1960s, as well as that of the 1970s, picked up the longstanding libertarian dynamic that Arendt, Bookchin, Paul Goodman, George Woodcock & others had detected in the historical upheavals of the past."

---Our Generation

http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/cleyre/presley.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/afem_kiosk.html
http://www.people.memphis.edu/~dhenke/poetrydecleyre.htm http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet15.htm#Faure

6- 22 -1912 -- Mexico: A group formed by the Colombian anarchist Juan Francisco Moncaleano, takes the name of "Grupo Luz" (Light) & creates a school based on the Modern School model of the Spaniard, Francisco Ferrer, in Mexico City.
http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/radicaled.html


7- 16 -1912 -- Her lecture circuit completed, Emma Goldman stops at the Waldheim cemetery in Chicago to visit the anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre's grave. http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/cleyre/presley.html
http://www.people.memphis.edu/~dhenke/poetrydecleyre.htm

8- 8 -1912 -- Ross Winn, Texass-born anarchist, dies. Revived the Alarm, founded by Albert Parsons, & later published by Dyer D. Lum, after the judicial murders of the Haymarket Anarchists. Also published a little paper called The Co-operative Commonwealth; then in 1898, The Coming Era; in 1899, Winn's Freelance. In 1901, Winn's Firebrand, subsequently called The Advance, & later the Red Phalanx. He was preparing copy on the very last day before his death, for the August issue of his paper. http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet11.htm#Winn


9- 5 -1912 -- Anarcho-musicologist John Cage lives, Los Angeles.



mAdness coLd-water fLats thE braiNs throuGh wIth aNd academieS Burning monEy maRijuana niGht After endLess cLoud thE motioNless Green joyrIde suN aShcan Brain drainEd of bRilliance niGht "Writing through Howl" (1984)

In Italian, French, Spanish, English: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4737/


12- 6 -1912 -- US: Anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman scheduled to lecture on syndicalism in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn.


12- 11 -1912 -- US: Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman speak at the Chicago celebration of Peter Kropotkin's (the "Anarchist Prince") birthday. They had previously celebrated his 70th birthday in New York City on the 7th.


12- 24 -1912 -- US: Mother Earth anarchist Grand Ball & Reunion in New York. Who sez there is no Anarchist Party? http://www.cd.sc.ehu.es/FileRoom/documents/Cases/85motherEarth.html


2- 3 -1913 -- Opening of "Casa del Obrero Internacional," in Los Angeles, California. One of the founders is Juan Francisco Moncaleano. Anarchist activities housed here include a Ferrer school & the offices of the newspaper "Regeneracion."


2- 3 -1913 -- France: Beginning of the trial of the surviving members of the anarchist Bonnot Gang, in Paris. The trial will conclude on 27 February. http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bonnot.htm


2- 19 -1913 -- Remei Lissaraga Varo lives, Anglès, Catalonia. Spanish artist who exhibited with the surrealist-influenced "logicophobist" group & a close friend of painter Esteban Francès. 

In the midst of the 1936 revolution, she met the French surrealist poet Benjamin Péret, who was a Trotskyist volunteer in the anarchist militia. Moved to Paris with him & active in the Paris Surrealist Group from 1937 to 1942, when the Nazi occupation forced her & Péret to emigrate to Mexico. Key figures in the informal surrealist community there included Leonora Carrington, Wolfgang Paalen, Alice Rahon, Luis Buñuel, Frida Kahlo, Kati Horna, & the young Octavio Paz. Varo's paintings were included in the International Surrealist Exhibitions in Paris and Amsterdam (1938), Mexico (1940), & Paris (1947).

One piece concerned the contrast between the will of the banker J. Peirpont Morgan & the last letter of A. Monier-Simentof, one of the Bonnot Gang of "anarchist-illegalists" guillotined in 1913:

"One need not be an advocate of 'individual resumption,' of 'propaganda by deed,' or even of 'direct action,' in order to prefer the petty bandit who, having a social ideal, seeks to further it by an isolated act of violence, though knowing thereby he bares his neck to the knife, to the giant bandit who, believing in society as it is, & having no ideal but his own aggrandizement, realizes it by forging & wielding the mighty weapon of legal monopoly to despoil a whole people of their products & their liberties, & who, wolfish devourer of the flock, continues, even after his death, to bathe in the Blood of the Lamb."

---Benjamin Tucker, in Dora Marsden's paper "The New Freewoman"

http://alumni.umbc.edu/~akoont1/tmh/marsden.html
http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bonnot.htm

5- 30 -1913 -- US: Emma Goldman delivers a series of anarchist propaganda lectures in San Francisco, May 25-June 8, followed byseveral talks on the modern drama, including Stanley Houghton's Hindel Wakes, John Galsworthy's The Wheels of Justice Crush All, & Charles Rann Kennedy's The Dignity of Labor.


6- 8 -1913 -- Italy: "Volonta" begins publishing in Ancona, continuing under Malatesta's immediate editorship until the "Settimana Rossa" [Red Week] in June, 1914. 

As Max Nettlau put it, anarchism during this period in Italy "can symbolically be expressed by the advance from South to North of Malatesta's centers of activity." During the upcoming general election (autumn of 1913) the anarchists made a vigorous anti-electioneering campaign by meetings, papers, manifestos & Malatesta traveled to many parts to address meetings and to explain why anarchists do not vote, do not believe in the State & what their ideas are.

"J'ai vécu heureux toute ma vie et le serai jusqu'au bout, car elle a toujours eu un sens qui ne m'a jamais échappé".

• André Bosiger appears in Bernard Baissat film series Listen (along with Andre Claudot, Jeanne Humbert, Eugene Bizeau, May Picqueray, Marcel Body, Aguigui Mouna, Robert Jospin, & Rene Dumont.

  

• For the CIRA (Centre international de recherche sur l'anarchisme) see:  http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/cira/
  

It used the Esperanto name, La Voco de La Popolo, & after the first few issues, changed its Chinese title to Min Sheng, "The Voice of the People." By 1913, a number of intellectual groups were cultivating anarchist theories & values, especially in south China. Most active, & producing the great bulk of publications during this period, were Shih Fu & his group, Hui-ming Hsueh-she.

In mid-1914, a Society of Anarchist Communist Comrades was established in Canton & anarchist associations were also formed in Nanking, Shanghai, & elsewhere. In August, 1914, Shih Fu wrote a report to the International Anarchist Congress on the history & current condition of the Chinese anarchist movement. Exchanges were established with foreign anarchist movements such as those in Japan & the US. The Esperanto movement was strongly pushed, & Shih Fu became an officer in the international Esperanto Association.

Shih Fu, under threat of arrest, moved to Macao. Here the third & fourth issues of his journal were published, but pressures put upon Portuguese officials again forced him to move. Shanghai, & especially the International Settlement, provided the greatest safety for subversive movements during this era. Min Sheng continued to be published there until its demise, with issue number 29, on November 28, 1916.

 See The Chinese Anarchist Movement, by R. Scalapino & G. T. Yu (1961). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/scalapino.html


10- 18 -1913 -- Annual "Mother Earth" reunion concert & ball takes place in New York to help support the anarchist publication.


10- 28 -1913 -- France: Paris, "Le Cinéma du Peuple", a co-operative film company, is created by a group of anarchists. It seeks to promote a true social cinema involved in the reality of workers' struggles, & raising "l'intellectualité du peuple" through the awareness that only they can emancipate themselves. The company produces & distributes several films (including the first full-length film on the Paris Commune), before WWI brought the project to an end. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre4.html#28
http://www.versobooks.com/books/nopqrs/porton_film_anarchism.shtml

10- 31 -1913 -- Historians Will & Ariel Durant, 27 & 15, are married at New York's City Hall. 

In 1912 the youthful Will Durant headed the anarchist Modern School, which became one of the most important centers of the Radical movement in New York. The adult classes thrived; students flocked to art classes conducted by Robert Henri & George Bellows, originators of the realist Ashcan School, who counted among their students several artists who would later become famous such as Man Ray, Max Weber & John Sloan. Communist writer Mike Gold & best-selling novelist & short story writer Manuel Komroff were also associated with the school, as were poets Lola Ridge & Edwin Markham; Durant himself lectured on the history of philosophy. Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, Margaret Sanger, writers Jack London, Lincoln Steffens & Upton Sinclair & labor activist Elizabeth Gurley Flynn delivered individual lectures at the center.

His father worked as a secretary for the anarchist Emilio Zapata. In 1937 during the Spanish Revolution, participated in the Second International Congress of Anti-Fascist Writers in Valencia & met, among others, André Malraux, André Gide & Ilya Ehrenburg (recorded in the collection Bajo Tu Clara Sombra Y Otros Poemas (1937)). By the time the Cold War began, Octavio Paz rejected the Marxist left. His works show in turn influence by Marxism, surrealism (together with Andre Breton & Benjamin Peret) , existentialism, Buddhism, & Hinduism. Central themes were history, violence, lies & truth, corruption & revolution as reflected in the reality of Latin American & its literature. Many of Paz's later poems are based on paintings by Joan Miró, Marcel Duchamp, Antoni Tapies, Robert Rauschenberg, & Roberto Matta.

http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/literature-1990-1-bio.html

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/opaz.htm

4- 11 -1914 -- "Explaining the term 'Anarchist-Communism'," appears in Min Sheng, No. 5, April 11, 1914, pp.1-5. 

Another significant article seeking to define anarchist communism was written by Shih Fu in April, 1914. Since both the terms "anarchism" & "communism" were new to the Chinese language, many misunderstandings had resulted, he stated. Anarchism advocated the complete freedom of people, unrestrained by any controls, with all leaders & organs of power eliminated.
Later, Wu Chih-hui was to write: "Since the death of Shih Fu, the Anarchist Party of China has been scattered & indifferent it seems as if Shih Fu's death from tuberculosis has caused the Chinese Anarchist Party to suffer also from this disease." The death of Shih Fu removed a dynamic figure from the Chinese anarchist movement & certainly damaged it severely.

The Chinese Anarchist Movement, by R. Scalapino & G. T. Yu (1961). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/scalapino.html


5- 6 -1914 -- Louis Mercier-Vega lives (1914-1977). Anarcho-syndicalist, propagandist, libertarian thinker who joined the movement at 16. Lifelong writer for the libertarian press & creator of several reviews like "Revision" (1938) "Aporte" (trilingual review, 1966-1972), "Interrogations" (1974), & author of numerous works, such as Anarcho-syndicalisme & syndicalisme révolutionnaire; La chevauchée anonyme; L'increvable anarchisme.

Member of l'Union Anarchiste & its delegate to the Congress of Orleans (1933), where he met Charles Carpentier. They joined the International Group of the Durruti Column to fight in the Spanish Revolution, July 1936. On October 17, 1936, in Perdiguero, their group was decimated by Moroccan cavalry & they escaped to France to organize support for revolutionary Spain. Quit l'Union Anarchiste November 1937 because of differences. In 1939, went to Belgium, then embarked for South America, Argentina & Chile. Travelled to Africa, in Brazzaville, where, on June 26 1942 he joined the free French forces. Demobilized in 1945, wrote for "Dauphiné Libéré". In 1958, founded "commission internationale de liaison ouvrière" ( international network of libertarians & revolutionary trade unionists).

Anti-radical sentiment gripped the city & they were sentenced to 6 to 12 years on April 9, 1915, in a prelude to 1918 when the government & press whipped up an anti-radical hysteria following America's entry into the war. Goldman helps raise money for their defense fund.

(This date according to the page "Radical Educators in New York City, 1909-1915"; Emma Goldman archives indicates date of arrest as March 2, 1915)
http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/radicaled.html
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology0119.html

General lecture topics include "War & the Sacred Right of Property," "The Betrayal of the International," "The False Pretenses of Culture," "The Psychology of War," "The Tsar & 'My' Jews," "The War & 'Our Lord'," "The Misconceptions of Free Love," & "Woman & War."

Her English series on the drama, titled "The Modern Drama as a Mirror of Individual, Class & Social Rebellion Against the Tyranny of the Past," takes place in Chicago's elegant Fine Arts Building, made possible by the financial backing of a wealthy supporter. Goldman's usual focus on European dramatists is expanded to include for the first time Swedish dramatist Hjalmar Bergman; French playwrights Paul Hervieu, (Félix) Henry Bataille, & Henri Becque; Italian dramatists Gabriele D'Annunzio & Giuseppe Giacosa; Spanish playwright José Echegaray; Yiddish dramatists Jacob Gordin, Sholem Asch, David Pinski, & Max Nordau; & American playwright Butler Davenport.

Goldman describes the audience of her Chicago Press Club luncheon lecture on "The Relationship of Anarchism to Literature" as "500 hard-faced men."




11- 13 -1914 -- Part one of the anarchist Peter Kropotkin's 1913 essay, "Wars & Capitalism," reprinted in Mother Earth, in an effort to refute Kropotkin's new stance in favor of the war.

Kropotkin, Peter. "Milkhomes un kapitalizm". [Wars & Capitalism] Trans. Rudolf Rocker. London: Arbayter Fraynd, 1914. 31pp. A translation of four chapters from Modern Science & Anarchism.

11- 30 -1914 -- Anselmo Lorenzo, Spanish anarchist, dies.


12- 1 -1914 -- Famed labor song "Solidarity Forever" written by IWW songwriter Ralph Chaplin for a hunger march to be lead by anarchist Lucy Parsons in Chicago (on January 17 1915).

When the union's inspiration through worker's blood shall run,
There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun;
Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one,
For the union makes us strong.
[Chorus]
Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite
Who would lash us into serfdom & would crush us with his might?
is there anything left to us but to organize & fight?
For the union makes us strong
[Chorus]
In our hands is placed a power greater than their hoarded gold,
Greater than the might of armies magnified a thousand fold;
We can bring to birth a new world from the ashes of the old,
For the union makes us strong.
[Chorus]: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever,
For the union makes us strong

--- Words by Ralph Chaplin
http://www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/parton/2/solid.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAchaplin.htm
http://www.stliww.org/
http://digital.library.arizona.edu/bisbee/main/iww.php

1- 15 -1915 -- US: During these winter months, despite a heavy lecture schedule, Emma Goldman helps organize defense of Matthew Schmidt & David Caplan, arrested for complicity in the 1910 bombing of the Los Angeles Times building. Today she attends concert of her nephew David Hochstein, a violinist with exceptional talent.

January-April, Goldman delivers series of lectures on the war & on sexuality in New York City, Albany, Schenectady, & Boston. Topics include "Anarchism & Literature," "Feminism--A Criticism of Woman's Struggle for the Vote & 'Freedom'," "Nietzsche, The Intellectual Storm-Center of the Great War," "The Intermediate Sex (A Study of Homosexuality)," & "Man--Monogamist orVarietist?" By the end of the year Ben Reitman reports that Goldman has delivered a total of 321 lectures.




1- 17 -1915 -- Anarchist Lucy Parsons leads hunger march in Chicago; IWW songwriter Ralph Chaplin wrote his famous labor song, "Solidarity Forever" for the march.

When the union's inspiration through worker's blood shall run,
There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun;
Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one,
For the union makes us strong.
[Chorus]
Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite
Who would lash us into serfdom & would crush us with his might?
is there anything left to us but to organize & fight?
For the union makes us strong
[Chorus]
In our hands is placed a power greater than their hoarded gold,
Greater than the might of armies magnified a thousand fold;
We can bring to birth a new world from the ashes of the old,
For the union makes us strong.
[Chorus]: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever,
For the union makes us strong

Words by Ralph Chaplinhttp://iww.org/
http://www.normalindustries.com/stliww/Home.html
http://digital.library.arizona.edu/bisbee/main/article.php

1- 24 -1915 -- Italy: In Pisa, the Italian anarchists, faithful to their convictions, declare themselves against the war. (Malatesta having already protested vigorously, in December 1914, in the English newspaper "Freedom", against the interventionist's "Manifesto of the 16" issued by Kropotkin & Jean Grave.


2- 15 -1915 -- Publication of "Manifesto Against the War", signed by 35 anarchists, including Errico Malatesta, Domela Nieuwenhuis, Louis Lecoin, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Alexander Schapiro, etc. A number of others had issued a manifesto in support of the allies.

"Propaganda & anarchist action must endeavor with perseverance to weaken & disaggregate the various States, to cultivate the spirit of rebellion & to give birth to dissatisfaction in the people & the armies."

       — from "Manifesto Against the War ". 

Anti-radical sentiment gripped the city & they were sentenced to 6 to 12 years on April 9, 1915, in a prelude to 1918 when the government & press whipped up an anti-radical hysteria following America's entry into the war. Goldman helps raise money for their defense fund.
(This date according to the Emma Goldman archives; "Radical Educators in New York City, 1909-1915" indicates date of arrest as October 13, 1914)
http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/radicaled.html
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology0119.html

John Rompapas founded the RabelaisPress, a New York radical publishing house that funded the Revolutionary Almanac, a journal edited by the notoriousanarchists, Hippolyte Havel. Rabelais Press published Sanger's sex hygiene articles in book form with the titles What EveryMother Should Know and What Every Girl Should Know. And we know from the only surviving letter of Rompapas toSanger (the Yeânnis letter) that he supported the Social War, another anarchist publication edited by Havel and Robert LeeWarwick. In an interview with historian Paul Avrich, writer Manuel Komroff called Rompapas a tobacco importer (PaulAvrich, ed. Anarchist Voices, 1995, p. 202). Several sources confirm that he frequented both the Ferrer Center and Mabel Dodge Luhan's salon. Dodge contended that after she rejected his overtures, "John Rompapas turned away from me then to Margaret Sanger, who was at the beginning of her birth control movement. He helped her a great deal." (Mabel Dodge Luhan, Movers and Shakers, 1985, pp. 65-66)

http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/yeann3.htm

Caplan-Schmidt Defense League



• Barker, Tom: Letter to Eugene Debs, on Caplan-Schmidt Defense League letterhead, 7/17/15. Says that he appreciated Debs' contribution of $2.00 to the David Caplan & Mathew Schmidt defense fund. 

During the course of Schmidt's trial, it is revealed that Donald Vose, the son of an anarchist friend of Goldman's, had been employed since May 1914 by detective William J. Burns to spy on Goldman in order to locate Schmidt. Vose resided at Goldman's apartment & at her farm in Ossining the previous year, & witnessed Schmidt visiting Goldman. Schmidt was later arrested.




10- 26 -1915 -- Anarchist feminist Emma Goldman delivers five lectures--including "Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter" inPhiladelphia, October 26-30. Scott Nearing of the University of Pennsylvania attends one of her lectures. During this period her friend Ben Reitman, a champion of women's reproductive rights, begins work on a book about venereal disease.


11- 11 -1915 -- Twenty-eighth anniversary of the death of the Haymarket anarchist martyrs. Emma Goldman, having completed lectures in Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Akron, & Youngstown, Ohio, delivers her "Preparedness" lecture to 3,000 employees of a Westinghouse defense plant at a street lecture in East Pittsburgh. http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/hayplak.htm


11- 28 -1915 -- Emilio Covelli, Italian anarchist organizer, dies. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre4.html#28


1- 15 -1916 -- US: Alexander Berkman announces publication of the first issue of his San Francisco-based anarchist journal The Blast.  His editorial for the first issue of The Blast published in San Francisco on 15th January 1916, http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet12.htm

• The Blast was co-edited by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, a Wisconsin labor advocate, political lecturer, & theatrical manager. Through her involvement with the anarchist movement, Fitzgerald met Emma Goldman & Berkman, joining them in the publication of the Mother Earth Bulletin around 1906.

http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/berkman/berkman.html

1- 30 -1916 -- Giuseppe Scarlatti dies, in Florence. Author, in 1909, of the book on the anarchist Cafiero, L'internationale des Travailleurs et l'agitateur Carlo Cafiero. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#30


2- 16 -1916 -- Land of the Free: The anarchist feminist Emma Goldman arrested for lecturing on birth-control in New York City.

http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm

When a law hasoutgrown time &
 necessity, it must go
 & the only way to get
 rid of the law is to
 awaken the public to
 the fact that it has
 outlived its purpose
 & that is precisely
 what I have been doing
 & mean to do in the
 future.

 ---Emma Goldman to the Press, a
 few days after her arrest in New
 York City, February 11, 1916.

2- 18 -1916 -- US: The anarchist brothers Enrique & Ricardo Flora Magon arrested at their Community Farm near Los Angeles, California. Enrique is beat by the police & hospitalized. The Magon brothers are charged with mailing articles inciting "murder, arson & treason," & go on trial May 21. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html


5- 21 -1916 -- US: The anarchist brothers Enrique & Ricardo Flora Magon go on trial. Arrested at their Community Farm near Los Angeles, California. Enrique was beat by police & hospitalized. The Magon brothers are said to have mailed articles inciting "murder, arson & treason". http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html


5- 27 -1916 -- US: Late May-July Emma Goldman conducts lecture tour in Philadelphia, Cleveland, Denver, Los Angeles, & San Francisco; topics include "Free or Forced Motherhood," "Anarchism & Human Nature--Do They Harmonize?," "The Family--Its Enslaving Effect upon Parents & Children," "Art & Revolution: The Irish Uprising," in addition to lectures on the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, & Walt Whitman. Emma Goldman plans meeting with Arturo Giovannitti & others to begin work on an anti-militaristmanifesto.


7- 1 -1916 -- US: Social dance & benefit for the defense funds of David Caplan & Enrique & Ricardo Flores Magón held in Los Angeles. Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman celebrate their success in raising the $10,000 bail for the Mexican anarchist Magon brothers.
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html

7- 14 -1916 -- Federal authorities, mid-July, demand removal of the office of the anarchist journal "Mother Earth" from its location at 20 East 125th Street; M. Eleanor Fitzgerald relocates office to 226 Lafayette Street.


7- 22 -1916 -- Bomb explodes during a "Preparedness Day" parade in San Francisco, killing 10 & injuring 40. Tom Mooney, a labor organizer & Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker, were convicted, but were both pardoned in 1939.



San Francisco Parade the day Mooney's sentence was commuted.



Surprisingly, authorities immediately suspect anarchist involvement in the bombing. A few days later, they search & seize material located at the offices of The Blast, & threaten to arrest Alexander Berkman & M. Eleanor Fitzgerald. Emma Goldman today proceeds with her scheduled talk on "Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter." Later this week, Warren Billings, Israel Weinberg, Edward Nolan, Thomas Mooney, & Rena Mooney are arrested. Goldman & Berkman immediately begin organizing their defense support.

 See: Frame-up by Curt Gentry & Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader, ed. Gene Fellner (NY: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1992) http://www.shapingsf.org/ezine/labor/mooney/


10- 20 -1916 -- Appearing in court to testify on behalf of Bolton Hall, anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman is arrested for having distributed birth control information on May 20. (Hall is later acquitted of the charge.) Goldman released on $500 bond; Harry Weinberger serves as her attorney. Her friend Margaret Sanger is also arrested, on the 26th, for distributing birth control information. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/modsch.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/goldman/living/living2_43.html

11- 11 -1916 -- Twenty-ninth anniversary of the death of the Haymarket anarchist martyrs. Bill Haywood, Lucy Parsons, & Emma Goldman speak at a large memorial meeting in Chicago. Collections are made for, in Goldman's words, "the living victims in the social war," including Tom Mooney, Carlo Tresca, Caplan, Schmidt, & the IWW members arrested in Everett Massacre in Washington state.

11- 19 -1916 -- Anarchist terrorists?: 1.03 million fatalities at the first battle of the Somme.


11- 20 -1916 -- James Guillaume dies. Anarchist militant & historian of the International.

Guillaume met Mikhail Bakunin in 1869 & adopted his collectivist (anarchistic) ideas. April 11, 1870 he became a writer for "Solidarity" for the French federation of the A.I.T. He founded the "Bulletin" for the Swiss craftsman of the Jurassic Federation, which first appeared February 15, 1872 in Sonvillier. Its libertarian federalism ran afoul the authoritarian centralism of the Marxists & at the Congress of the Hague in 1872, he & Bakunin were both expelled from the First International.

In Paris, 1878, Guillaume wrote for the "Teaching Review" & became a French citizen in 1889. Became a supporter of Fernand Pelloutier & the revolutionary syndicalist movement. Wrote a history of the International, the results of his meticulous research, published between 1905 & 1910.

http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/firstinternat.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#guillaume
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html

11- 28 -1916 -- Min Sheng ("The Voice of the People") ceases publication, with issue number 29.

In this journal & in pamphlets, were reprinted various original articles & translations from Hsin Shih-chio. In this manner, anarchist thought was widely disseminated. The names of Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, & Malatesta -- & some of their theories -- were now introduced into the main stream of Chinese "progressivism."

See The Chinese Anarchist Movement, by R. Scalapino & G. T. Yu (1961). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/scalapino.html


12- 12 -1916 -- Dr. Ben Reitman arrested in Cleveland for organizing volunteers to distribute birth control information at Emma Goldman's lecture "Is Birth Control Harmful--a Discussion of the Limitation of Offspring."


1- 3 -1917 -- US: Tom Mooney trial begins in San Francisco.

Martin Swanson, a detective with a long involvement in strikes, & various labor confrontations in Frisco, spent a couple of months trying to frame Mooney for an earlier bombing of PG&E power lines, offering bribes of $5,000 to several of Mooney's allies. He also maintained constant surveillance & harassment of Mooney, Billings, & the anarchists Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman, who were living at 569 Dolores in the Mission District.

Over the next two years it was gradually revealed that Martin Swanson was primarily responsible for finding & coaching false witnesses for the District Attorney. In spite of revelations showing all the evidence against them was faked, & a convincing demolition of the state's case in each of the trials, Warren Billings & Tom Mooney were both convicted of first degree murder.

See Frame-up by Curt Gentry, & Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader ed. Gene Fellner



February 9, 1917 -- American labor agitator Tom Mooney falsely convicted of fatal bombing. He will be pardoned & released 22 ½ years from now.



January 7, 1939 -- Tom Mooney, labor activist, freed after 22 ½ years in jail on false charges. Convicted of murder in connection with a 1916 San Francisco bomb explosion.



A series of lithographs (1933) by Ben Shahn depicting the Tom Mooney trial aided their cause & helped establish his reputation as an activist artist.



August 28, 1968 -- Chicago FBI agents report "GINSBERG chanted unintelligible poems . . ."





AMERICAAmerica free Tom Mooney America save the SpanishLoyalistsAmerica Sacco& Vanzetti must not die



---

http://www.shapingsf.org/ezine/labor/mooney/



1- 4 -1917 -- Leo Voline lives, in Paris, third child of anarchist historian & Russian refugee, Voline. Shares with his father the libertarian ideal. At age 20 (in 1937) he left for Spain to fight in one of the military columns of the CNT. In February 1938, his unit was encircled & decimated by the fascists.


5- 31 -1917 -- US: Emma Goldman speaks before a Jewish audience in Philadelphia on "Victims of Morality," addressing morality as it relates to private ownership, government & laws, & women. The police warn the anarchist against speaking out against conscription when she begins to urge mothers to prevent their sons from fighting in the war. The event inspires the formation of a No-Conscription League in Philadelphia.


6- 1 -1917 -- US: At a peace meeting in Madison Square Garden, Morris Becker, Louis Kramer, & two others are arrested for circulating leaflets advertising a June 4 mass meeting of the No-Conscription League. Although anarchists Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman attempt to claim full responsibility for the event, Becker & Kramer are later found guilty of conspiracy to advise people against militaryregistration.


6- 4 -1917 -- US: On the eve of the official military registration day, Emma Goldman, among others, addresses a mass meeting organized by the No-Conscription League;



Emma Goldman's paper, Mother Earth News, cover by Man Ray. Man Ray (Emmanuel Radnitsky) was a Modern School artist. Like the anarchist Emma Goldman, he opposed conscription, & his antiwar cartoons appeared often in her paper.

 Hunts Point Palace--8pm in NY, attended by 10,000 people. Goldman stops the meeting when a conflict with uniformed soldiers & sailors breaks out. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Speeches/170604.html
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/c.o.list.htm

6- 9 -1917 -- Octave Jahn (1869-1917) dies, Mexico City. French anarchist who founded, with Tortelier & others, the "League of the Anti-patriots" in 1886.

Jahn went to Belgium during the French repression, & did 2 1/2 years in prison for his vehement & revolutionary speeches during a strike in May 1897. He emerged, despite numerous trials & several stays in prison, an untiring, much-travelled anarchist propagandist, in France, North Africa, Switzerland, England, Spain, & Mexico, where he settled. Jahn was involved in the Mexican revolution, helped start a rationalist school on the Ferrer model, wrote for the anarchist press, provided articles on the Mexican revolution for Sebastien Faure's "CQFD" & wrote the song "Les pieds plats" (The Flat Feet).

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/noms.html


6- 14 -1917 -- Emma Goldman ignores rumors of a death threat, speaks at an anti-conscription meeting chaired by her anarchist pal Alexander Berkman. Police raid & arrest all men of draft age who cannot show proof of registration.


6- 15 -1917 -- Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman arrested & charged with conspiring to "induce persons not to register" for World War I military service. Both were sent to prison, then deported & banned from the land of the free.

A group circulated a manifesto to over 100,000 people; today the anarchists Goldman & Berkman are arrested by U.S. Marshal Thomas McCarthy, charged with conspiracy to obstruct the draft. Found guilty, the judge sentenced them to two years in prison & recommended deportation once they had served their sentence.President Wilson signed an Espionage Act, setting penalties of up to 20 years imprisonment & fines of up to $10,000 for persons aiding the enemy, interfering with the draft, or encouraging disloyalty of military members; also declares nonmailable all written material advocating treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance to the law.



http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Accounts/NYT61617.html
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Essays/TrialSpeeches/trialandconviction.html

6- 21 -1917 -- Emma Goldman freed on $25,000 bail for her anti-war agitation; the press spreads charges that the anarchist's bail was provided by the German Kaiser. Alexander Berkman will be released on bail June 25.


6- 24 -1917 -- Jean-Louis Pindy (1840-1917) dies. Member of the Internationale, communard, anarchist, carpenter.

Pindy was arrested & sent to prison for a year in the third trial against the First International, April 1870, & released September 4, when the Republic was declared. 

Elected to the Paris Commune, it was Pindy who ordered the Hôtel de Ville burned down during the Bloody Week. Condemned to death, he slipped into Switzerland, where, in contact with James Guillaume, he joined the Jurassic Federation. On September 16, 1872, Jean-Louis Pindy attended the anti-authoritarian Congrès de l'AIT (International Workers Association /Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores), as well as later congresses. In 1877, with Paul Brousse & François Dumartheray, Pindy co-founded a French section of AIT, with its newspaper "L'Avant-Garde". In French, see http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#3

6- 26 -1917 -- Anarchist Emma Goldman consults with close associates -- including writer & editor Frank Harris, journalist & socialist John Reed, Max Eastman, & Gilbert Roe -- about her disbelief in courtroom justice & her decision to participate minimally in her pending trial. Meanwhile the first U.S. troops arrive in France to fight the War to End All Wars. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTmasses.htm


7- 9 -1917 -- When Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, charged with conspiracy to defeat military registration under the conscription law, were sentenced today to serve two years in prison, to pay fines of $10,000 each, & to be probably deported to Russia at the expiration of their prison terms, US Marshal McCarthy said: 

"This marks the beginning of the end of Anarchism in New York."

 http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Essays/TrialSpeeches/trialandconviction.html

Anti-conscription speeches by Emma, & also speeches delivered by her, Paul Robeson & Rebecca West in London, 1933: http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm

7- 10 -1917 -- US: Jerome Deportation, Arizona. Although the Bisbee Deportation is better documented, the Jerome Deportation of agitating mine workers was the precursor for what was to follow on July 12, 1917. 

At 4:00 am over 200 men armed with rifles, pick handles & “billies” swarmed over and into any place where the Wobblies (IWWs) might bed down, & about a 135 men were rounded up. Each man received a “trial.” 75 men were loaded into cattle cars. One man said he was leaving behind four children, the youngest of whom was only four days old. He was told that he had had his chance and that it was “too late.”

 The vigilantes and their supporters justified the deportation as a legitimate act of a community protecting itself from traitors, spies and anarchists who were determined to undermine the war effort.

 The Deportations of the summer of 1917 poisoned labor-industry relations in Arizona for many years.

 http://azjerome.com/wobblies.htm
http://www.alhn.org/topic/topic/mine.html

7- 17 -1917 -- The anarchist Alexander Berkman wrongly indicted in absentia in San Francisco for complicity in three murders stemming from the bombing at the 1916 Preparedness Day parade. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


9- 1 -1917 -- The People's Council in Minneapolis convenes; although elected by various anarchist groups toserve as a delegate, Emma Goldman refuses, objecting to its implicit prowar stance. Also this month, Mother Earth denied second-class mailing privileges by Post Office authorities.


9- 9 -1917 -- Anarchist Antonio Fornasier is killed by Milwaukee police after heckling a priest. 

His comrade Augusta Marinelli, wounded on the same occasion, dies five days later. Ten men & a woman are arrested for inciting the riot; later linked to Nov. 24 bomb explosion that occurred while they were still imprisoned; each found guilty & sentenced to between 11 & 25 years imprisonment. Emma Goldman will later protest the injustice of their case, claiming a frame-up.

9- 30 -1917 -- US: Labor delegation organized by Emma Goldman calls on New York Governor Whitman to protest threatened extradition of the anarchist Alexander Berkman to California. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


11- 13 -1917 -- California District Attorney Charles Fickert temporarily withdraws demand for Alexander Berkman's extradition. Berkman, the anarchist who attempted to kill Frick, released from prison tomorrow. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


12- 19 -1917 -- US: During this month anarchist & feminist poet Louise Olivereau is convicted for antiwar activities & sent to a Colorado prison.

"Through the length & breadth of the country stalked the madness of jingoism. One hundred & sixty I.W.W.'s were arrested in Chicago & held for trial on charges of treason. Among them were Bill Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Arturo Giovannitti, Carlo Tresca, & our old comrade Cassius V. Cook.

Dr. William J. Robinson, editor of the New York Critic & Guide, was imprisoned for expressing his opinion on war. Harry D. Wallace, president of the League of Humanity & author of Shanghaied in the European War, was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment for a lecture delivered in Davenport, Iowa. Another victim of this frightfulness was Louise Olivereau, an idealist of the finest type of American womanhood, who was condemned in Colorado to 45 years' imprisonment for a circular in which she voiced her abhorrence of human slaughter. There was hardly a city or town in the wide United States where the jails did not contain some men & women who would not be terrorized into patriotic slaughter.

 The most appalling crime was the murder of Frank Little, a member of the executive board of the I.W.W., & of another poor fellow who happened to bear a German name. Frank Little was a cripple, but that did not deter the masked bandits. In the dead of night they dragged the helpless man from his bed in Butte, Montana, carried him to an isolated spot, & strung him to a railroad trestle. Theother "alien enemy" was similarly lynched, whereupon it was found that the man's room was decorated with a large American flag & his money was invested in Liberty Bonds."



---Emma Goldman, Living My Life(Goldman herself was only free during appeal of her own conviction for antiwar speeches)
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/goldman/living/living2_46.html



Olivereau, Louise, defendant. Typescript trial transcript, 1917. 1 ms. box. [ID: CSUZXX305-A]American anarchist. Summary: Relates to the trial of L. Olivereau in U.S. District Court, Western District of Washington, Northern Division, on charges of inciting insubordination & obstructing recruitment in the U.S. Army during World War I. Includes text of indictment.
http://www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/comment/hoover.htm



[Agent Report] In re: Louise Olivereau--Violation of Espionage & Conscription Acts, New York, 1917 Oct. 8 Reel 59
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/titleindex.html



Flood, Sally (Jarrett). "The Search for a Cause; Louise Olivereau" [1979] http://carmen.artsci.washington.edu/cmu/grad/projects.html



Kathleen Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers & Scurrilous Citizens: Women & Subversion during World War I (1999)
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/brundage/20thcentury_grad_course/davies_review.html


Sharbach, Sarah E. "A Woman Acting Alone: Louise Olivereau & the First World War." Pacific Northwest Quarterly 78(1987):32-40.



(In the Pacific Northwest Louise Olivereau's name was used to kick the Cooperative Campers out of Mt. Rainier camping areas when Park Supervisor Reaburn argued "that [Anna Louise] Strong had been recalled from the School Board for her anti-war statements, & that "her bosom companion, Miss Olivereau was given a penitentiary sentence of 10 years.")



12- 26 -1917 -- José Peiro Olives lives. Son of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist theorist & militant, Juan Peiro Belis.

In 1923, attends the rationalist school of Mataro, then a young militant in the CNT. In 1936, volunteered in a confederal column & fought Franco's fascists in the fronts at Aragon, Raising & Catalonia. With the defeat of the Republic, sought refuge in France & was interned in refugee camps. Participated in the resistance in France & Spanish exile organizations, agitating for the re-establishment of freedoms in Spain. Collaborated on newspapers published in exile & wrote a biography of his father, Juan Peiro (1978).

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


1- 6 -1918 -- Russia: Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, by a detachment led by the anarchist sailor Zheleznyakov, who announces:

"The guard is tired."

1- 14 -1918 -- Anarchist/feminist Emma Goldman fined & sentenced to 2 years prison for obstruction of justice (opposing the draft). She will soon be deported from the land of the free.
http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm

1- 14 -1918 -- U.S. Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of the selective service law, affirms all criminal charges arising from non-compliance with the draft.

On the 28th the Court mandates return of Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman to begin prison sentences. On the 30th, from Petrograd, the U.S. ambassador notifies the State Department of the Russian anarchists' threat to hold him personally responsible for Goldman's & Berkman's safety in prison.

1- 28 -1918 -- Germany: General Strike in the large cities. In Munich, the anarchist Erich Muhsam, at a meeting of 10,000 workers, calls for the continuation of the strike movement & is subsequently stopped by police & put under house arrest.

Erich Mühsam (Germany)




• Erich Mühsam (1878 - 1934)

• KZ Sachsenhausen

• From Bohemia to the Barricades - Erich Muhsam

• Munzinger Personen - Erich Mühsam

• Erich Mühsam: Rendezvous


http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm
http://www.dnai.com/~figgins/generalstrike/


3- 1 -1918 -- Marie Louise Berneri (1918-1949) lives, Arezzo, Italy, the elder daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. Editor of "Freedom", author of Neither East Nor West & Journey Through Utopia. See Anarchist Encyclopedia,

Maria Luisa Berneri
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/BerneriMarieLouise.htm


3- 16 -1918 -- US: "Regeneracion" publishes proclamation "With the anarchists of the world & the workers in general." The authors, Librado Rivera & Ricardo Flores Magon, argue that the social revolution approaches & that all anarchists must infuse it with their energies & possibilities. This text gets the paper seized in the land of the free, & this was its last published appearance in the US.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html
http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/~getty/html_pages/koyok7.html


3- 18 -1918 -- US: Mexican anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón is arrested for the final time on March 18, 1918 under the Espionage Act.

He is charged with hindering the American war effort with his ideas, & imprisoned in the federal penitentiary of Leavenworth, causing outrage at the time among both Mexicans & even US liberals.

Ricardo Flores Magon died in prison under highly suspicious circumstances, supposedly of a "heart attack," but at the hands of prison guards, according to Chicano inmates who rioted & killed his principal "murderer," (Gómez Quiñones, pp. 68-69).

 Ten years after the student riots & their massacre in 1968 & five years after the appearance of Gómez Quiñones' influential book in 1978, Carlos Cortez produced his linocut of Ricardo Flores Magón which commemorates this rehabilitated figure (he now has a city named after him) both in Mexico & among Chicanos.

http://www.nscds.pvt.k12.il.us/nscds/arts/cortez/cortez3.htm
http://www.artscope.net/VAREVIEWS/cortez1299.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html



3- 26 -1918 -- As anarchist draft resister Philip Grosser reports from Alcatraz Prison that he & other opponents of World War I are being tortured. Minneapolis is the scene of the first so-called "Slacker Raid," a dragnet of men without draft cards. Throughout the war, the raids will seize more than 40,000 non-registrants across the country. On July 15th, 1919, the U.S. War Department will announce that it has classified more than 337,000 American men as "draft dodgers." http://cinepad.com/reviews/slacker.htm


4- 6 -1918 -- The French captain Jacques Sadoul, on a mission in Russia, wrote in a report dated today: "The anarchist party is the most active, the most militant of the opposition groups & probably the most popular.... The Bolsheviks are anxious."

Scarcely a major city was without an anarchist or anarcho-syndicalist group, spreading a relatively large amount of printed matter--papers, periodicals, leaflets, pamphlets, & books. There were two weeklies in Petrograd & a daily in Moscow, each appearing in 25,000 copies.

Anarchist sympathizers increased as the Revolution deepened & then moved away from the masses.

At the end of 1918, according to Voline [the premier historian of the anarchists during the revolution, as well as an active participant in the events described--cf], "this influence became so great that the Bolsheviks, who could not accept criticism, still less opposition, became seriously disturbed." Voline reports that for the Bolshevik authorities "it was equivalent... to suicide to tolerate anarchist propaganda. They did their best first to prevent, & then to forbid, any manifestation of libertarian ideas & finally suppressed them by brute force."

From Daniel Guerin's Anarchism (Monthly Review Press)

 http://www.spunk.org/texts/misc/sp001169.txt


4- 12 -1918 -- Russia: Moscow headquarters of the anarchists surrounded & attacked by Bolshevik troops. For the past two days Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police has carried out raids on Moscow anarchist groups & making arrests. Under false pretenses & absurd pretexts, the quarters of all anarchist organizations & groups in Moscow are attacked & sacked by troops & cops. Very similar to what happens to anarchists, radical & labor activists in the US during this period.



According to Voline the anarchists' influence "became so great that the Bolsheviks, who could not accept criticism, still less opposition, became seriously disturbed." Voline reports that for the Bolshevik authorities "it was equivalent... to suicide to tolerate anarchist propaganda. They did their best first to prevent, & then to forbid, any manifestation of libertarian ideas & finally suppressed them by brute force."

The Bolshevik government "began by forcibly closing the offices of libertarian organizations, & forbidding the anarchists from taking part in any propaganda or activity." In Moscow, on this evening, detachments of Red Guards, armed to the teeth, took over by surprise 25 houses occupied by the anarchists. The latter, thinking that they were being attacked by White Guards, replied with gunfire. According to Voline, the authorities soon went on to "more violent measures: imprisonment, outlawing, & execution." "For four years this conflict was to keep the Bolshevik authorities on their toes... until the libertarian trend was finally crushed by military measures (at the end of 1921)."

"At last the Soviet government, with an iron broom, has rid Russia of Anarchism."

       — Leon Trotsky, who prepared the military action against the anarchists

Apparently he missed a few; for current Russian anarchist groups:http://iww.org/~jah/russgroups97.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2724/russrbr2.html

http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Jack.Jansen/spunk/spunk150/contacts.html
http://www.weltkreis.com/mauthner/anar3.html


ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/jack/spunk/texts/misc/sp001169.txt

5- 2 -1918 -- Amilcare Cipriani, Italian anarchist, dies. Friend of Lissagaray, a socialist whose sympathies lay with Blanquistes anticlericals, to theanarchists, & Cipriani.Condemned to death for his role in the Paris commune, but sent to a prison colony at Nouvelle Calédonie. Returned to France in 1880 with the amnesty of 1880, but quicly expelled. Arrested in Italy, January 1881 for "conspiracies", & condemned to 20 years in prison. A campaign to secure his release gets him out in 1888. Cipriani returned to France & collaborates in the anarchist press, with"Le Plébéien", etc. In 1897, he went to Greece to fight against the Turks (he was wounded). July 30, 1898, in Italy, he is sent to prison with five other anarchists, for three years.

"Distinctly foreign events & concerns, such as the plight of Russian nihilists or of Irish tenants, often received more attention from Liberty than American concerns. Tucker was outraged by the imprisonment of the Italian Amilcare Cipriani, the trial of Louise Michel, & the plight of Russian refugees in Paris."

"Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, & Individualist Anarchism," Wendy McElroy

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre3.html

6- 3 -1918 -- During this month, while anarchist feminist Emma Goldman is in prison in Missouri: Goldman granted permission to write two letters every week, in addition to her letters to Harry Weinberger. Contemplates writing about the situation of women in prison. Receives news that William Marion Reedy & attorney Clarence Darrow are interested in the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners, but believe that nothing can be done until after the war. Anticipating orders for her deportation, Emma Goldman begins to investigate her citizenship status. Following suspension of the Mother Earth Bulletin, her niece Stella Ballantine publishes a mimeographed newsletter, Instead of a Magazine. http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/living/Goldmanforeward.html

6- 15 -1918 -- Jules Durand, French anarchist & revolutionary trade unionist, sentenced to death in 25 November 1910 ( victim of corrupt witnesses & vilification by the local press for a crime he did not commit), is declared innocent in a new trial. Unfortunately, by this time, he has gone insane from being forcibly subdued in a strait jacket for 40 days, & his last years are spent in an asylum. See 20 February 1926. One may now stroll down Boulevard Jules Durand in Paris. The Kenneth Fiske Museum has a horn, Upright Alto in Eb of French origin, ca. 1910, stamped: "Jules Durand, Paris".

http://users.skynet.be/AL/LIBRAIRIE/increva/vol2/incre2.htm


6- 29 -1918 -- US: Because of Emma Goldman's anti-war activities, Federal agents raid the apartment of Emma Goldman's associate M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, seizing mailing lists & other relevant material. The anarchist Goldman's associates Carl Newlander & William Bales arrested for draft evasion following the raid of their apartment.

7- 15 -1918 -- U.S. intelligence agencies begin to circulate the names & addresses of over 8,000 "Mother Earth" subscribers, targeting them for investigation. Emma Goldman reluctantly concurs with Stella Ballantine's decision to close the Mother Earth Bookshop.

BleedMeister starts a small bookstore of the same name in Seattle, Washington, on or about 1971, shortly after the Id Bookstore closes in the University District. Anarchist Stan Iverson worked at the Id, was a co-founder of Mother Earth Books, & Red & Black Books. Other participants included Paula Silverman, Joy Cameron Knox. This Mother Earth was superceded eventually by Red & Black Books & Left Bank Books & aka Used Books, all collective efforts in which BleedMeister was involved. Red & Black closed its doors this year after 25 years, but Left Bank continues. Recollection Books has more or less taken up where aka Books left off.



9- 14 -1918 -- Anarchist Ben Reitman is released from prison.


10- 2 -1918 -- Amilcare Cipriani, Italian anarchist, lives (1844-1918), Rimini, Italy. Friend of Lissagaray, a socialist of no party, whose sympathies lay with Blanquistes anticlericals, to the anarchists, & Cipriani.

Condemned to death for his role in the Paris commune, but sent to a prison colony at Nouvelle Calédonie. Returned to France with the amnesty of 1880, but was expelled. Arrested in Italy, January 1881 for "conspiracies", & condemned to 20 years in prison. A campaign to secure his release gets him out in 1888. Cipriani returned to France & collaborates in the anarchist press, with "Le Plébéien", etc. In 1897, he went to Greece to fight against the Turks (he was wounded). July 30, 1898, in Italy, he is sent to prison with five other anarchists, for three years.



http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre3.html#18


10- 20 -1918 -- With the spread of a deathly strain of influenza, a quarantine is established at the penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo., during this month, where Emma Goldman is imprisoned; all outside visits are suspended.

Also during the month, Anti-Anarchist Act passed by Congress, granting the government authority to deport aliensliving in the United States, & this will be applied by renegade law enforcement officers under Mitchell Palmer. Roger Baldwin is tried before U.S. District Judge Julius Mayer for failure to register for the draft; sentenced to a year in prison. Goldman congratulates her lawyer Harry Weinberger for his brave defense in the Abrams case; Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, & Hyman Lachowsky are convicted on charges of violating the Espionage Act & sentenced to 20 years in federal prison; anarchist Mollie Steimer sentenced to15 years. Emma Goldman's nephew, the talented violinist David Hochstein, dies in battle; news about his death does not reach family members until Jan. 1919.

11- 6 -1918 -- Revolt in shipyards in Kiel & Hamburg & the creation of Workers' Councils. In three days, Berlin follows suit, then all Germany, marking the beginning of the Sparticist Revolution, involving anarchists, socialists, communists & people in all walks of life. http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/9973/council.html


11- 7 -1918 -- "Red Bavaria" Revolution. Workers revolt in Germany. The Bavarian monarchy is overthrown & a Republic is declared by the Socialist Kurt Eisner, who becomes its president. Eisner proposes a ministry position to the anarchist Ehrich Muhsam. Muhsam refused, preferring to fight, along with Gustav Landauer, Ernst Toller, Ret Marut (B. Traven), & others, for the development of Workers' Councils & self-managed co-operatives.

B. Traven (The Death Ship; The Treasure of the Sierra Madres, etc):http://www.torget.se/users/c/Chilli/BTintro.htm
http://lib-www.ucr.edu/spec_coll/traven.html
http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.htm


Erich Muhsam:
http://web.hamline.edu/personal/jgeorge/erich.html
http://www.plusloin.org/textes/erich_muhsam.htm



Landauer:



Denn in der Poesie sind Worte und Begriffe das Instrument, das uns zur Musik führt, -zum Rhythmus, zum Unsagbaren, das in uns einschwingt und uns mitschwingen läßt.


http://www.bdp.de/utopie.htm
http://www.plusloin.org/textes/gustav_landauer.htm

Ernst Toller, playwright, became chairman of the Central Council of the farmer & soldier, & leader of a Red Army:
http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/modlang/german380/toller.html

The Munich Soviet (or "Council Republic") of 1919 exhibited certain features of the TAZ, even though -- like most revolutions -- its stated goals were not exactly "temporary." Gustav Landauer's participation as Minister of Culture along with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics & other anti-authoritarian & extreme libertarian socialists such as the poet/playwrights Erich Muhsam & Ernst Toller, & Ret Marut (the novelist B. Traven), gave the Soviet a distinct anarchist flavor. Landauer, who had spent years of isolation working on his grand synthesis of Nietzsche, Proudhon, Kropotkin, Stirner, Meister Eckhardt, the radical mystics, & the Romantic volk-philosophers, knew from the start that the Soviet was doomed; he hoped only that it would last long enough to be understood.

---Peter Lamborn Wilson


http://www.cia.com.au/vic/taz/index5.html


11- 15 -1918 -- Gabriella Segata Antolini, a 19-year-old anarchist arrested & convicted for transporting dynamite in Chicago, is imprisoned in the Jefferson City, Mo., penitentiary; she & fellow prisoner Emma Goldman become good friends.


11- 18 -1918 -- First Conference of the Anarchistic Organizations of Ukraine (N.A.B.A.T), organized by Voline,

"sets for itself the goal to organize all the critical forces of anarchism; to link the various anarchistic currents; to link by a common work all the anarchists who want to seriously take an active part in shaping the Social Revolution."

1- 7 -1919 -- Argentina: Beginning of "Bloody Week" ("Semaine Sanglante") in Buenos Aires. 

The Argentine police invent the electric prod to convince those in doubt & straighten out those who buckle...Discepolin's last tango sings that the world was & will continue to be a dirty joke...



Workers, demonstrating for the 8-hour work day, are fired on, leaving four dead & about 30 wounded. Clashes with authorities the day of the funerals left another 50 dead. Workers seeking refuge in the Vasena factory were driven out as 30,000 infantrymen were called out. A General Strike shut down the trade unions, printing works, libraries, etc. The anarchists involved were attacked by trade union reformists & paramilitary groups ("Les défenseurs de l'Ordre") acting in concert with the police.

By January 16 the strike was crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. Argentinean anarchism was decimated by repression, & the reformist trade unions were in control.


1- 10 -1919 -- Germany: Arrest of the author, publisher, anarchist Erich Muhsam [Muehsam] & 11 other radicals.

Erich Mühsam (Germany)




• Erich Mühsam (1878 - 1934)

• KZ Sachsenhausen

• From Bohemia to the Barricades - Erich Muhsam

• Munzinger Personen - Erich Mühsam

• Erich Mühsam: Rendezvous

• Die Erich Muhsam Site


           

	Der deutsche Schriftsteller Erich Mühsam lebte in den Jahren von 1878 bis 1934. Er starb in einem national-sozialistischen KZ (Konzentrationslager). Mühsam gilt als Vertreter eines radikalen Anarchismus. Von ihm stammen expressionistische Gedichte und Dramen.

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier2.html#10
http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/MuehsamErich/objekte.html


http://www.friedrichshagener-dichterkreis.de/dmuehsam.htm

http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm

1- 10 -1919 -- US: Prison quarantine lifted during this month; influenza outbreak under control. Emma Goldman visited by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, who brings her a smuggled communication from Berkman.

Goldman reads & responds to Louise Bryant's book Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer's Account of Russia before and during the Proletarian Dictatorship; Goldman is critical of Bryant's portrayal of the Russian anarchists.

1- 14 -1919 -- Russia: Voline, Russian revolutionary & anarchist historian, arrested & dragged from one prison to another. 

Trotsky already had ordered his execution, & Voline escaped death only by sheer accident: In 1921 the Red Trade Union International held a Congress in Moscow, which included delegates from anarcho-syndicalist organizations in Spain, France, & elsewhere. They arrived just as anarchists in the Taganka prison went on a hunger strike. This caused a scandal at the Congress, forcing the Bolsheviks to release the hunger-strikers (on condition they leave Russia); the anarchists were the first political prisoners deported from the vaunted Red Fatherland of the Proletariat.

http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html

1- 16 -1919 -- Argentina: End of the "Sanglante" ("Bloody Week") in Buenos Aires. The General Strike begun a week ago is crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. Argentinean anarchism was decimated by the following repression, & the trade unions reformists are left fully in control. http://www.dnai.com/~figgins/generalstrike/index.html


1- 23 -1919 -- First Regional Conference of Peasants, Workers & Insurgents (anarchist Makhnovists), held in Bolché-Mikhailovska (Ukraine). See Alexander Skirda's Makhno, le cosaque de l'anarchie. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre4.html#27

http://people.nirvanet.net/m/makhno/public_html/

2- 8 -1919 -- Spain: "La Canadienne" strike in Barcelona, taking its name from the principle electrical company involved, begins. Lasts 44 days, & extends to other companies, & becomes a General Strike -- paralyzing the whole city & industry. The government responds by imprisoning 3000 strikers of the anarchist CNT, & declares martial law.

The workers refused to be cowed by the government & the army. They win a favorable agreement in mid-March when the company agrees to reinstate all workers with wage increases & grants the 8 hours day; those imprisoned during the strike are also to be released. Over 20,000 people turn out to greet the release of the CNT leaders & hear them (including Salvador Segui) speak. The end of the strike is proclaimed, but in the face of the refusal of the army to release a score of still imprisoned militants, they will strike again in a beautiful show of solidarity on March 24, 1919. 

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier2.html#8


2- 19 -1919 -- The 23-year-old anarchist, Louis-Emile Cottin fires on the car of Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Clemenceau, who is wounded. Cottin was tried & sentenced to death, a sentence commuted to 10 years imprisonment following a protest campaign organized in the pages of "Libertaire". See 8 October 1936. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars2.html#cottin



2- 21 -1919 -- In Munich, the socialist Kurt Eisner, principal in the Bavarian revolution & president of the Republic of Councils, is assassinated by extremists. The Central Council of the Republic, composed of 11 members, including the anarchist Erich Muhsam, declare a general strike & state of siege.

Gustav Landauer's participation as Minister of Culture along with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics & other anti-authoritarian & extreme libertarian socialists such as the poet/playwrights Erich Muhsam & Ernst Toller, & Ret Marut (the novelist B. Traven), gave the Soviet a distinct anarchist flavor.

---Peter Lamborn Wilson

http://www.cia.com.au/vic/taz/index5.html
http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm

B. Traven (The Death Ship; The Treasure of the Sierra Madres, etc):http://www.torget.se/users/c/Chilli/BTintro.htm
http://www.oneworld.org/ni/issue263/reviews.htm
http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.htm
http://www.geocities.com/jhbadbad/traven.html

Erich Muhsam:
http://www.american.edu/academic.depts/cas/lfs/bohemia.html

Landauer:

http://www.weltkreis.com/mauthner/fm/land4.html
http://www.bdp.de/utopie.htm

http://www.swan.ac.uk/german/1900-33.htm



2- 23 -1919 -- Portugal: "A Batalha", the second daily newspaper in the country begins, published by the anarcho-syndicalist CGT (the General Confederation of Workers in Portugal comprised of 150,000 workers). It prints 25,000 copies a day before being suppressed after the military coup d'etat in 1926. http://flag.blackened.net/agony/syndical.html


3- 1 -1919 -- US: Man Ray, artist & photographer, publishes the only issue of "TNT", an anarchist magazine, this month.
http://www.manray-photo.com/html
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/man_ray.html

3- 3 -1919 -- Ruling on the conviction of anarchists Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, the Supreme Court upholds the Espionage Act. Goldman & Berkman were arrested during World War I for so-called conspiracy against the draft. Today's court ruling thus puts draft resistance outside First Amendment protection.

Emma Goldman's last act before entering prison was organizing the Political Prisoners' Amnesty League. During the war, thousands of dissenters have been sentenced to long prison terms. At Angel Island, a concentration camp for dissidents, many have been systematically tortured. At the federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, prisoners have hung by their wrists for weeks at a time.

3- 11 -1919 -- Mollie Steimer, free on appeal for her 15-year sentence for handing out leaflets, is arrested at the Russian People's House on the East 15th Street during a raid by US federal & local police which netted 164 radicals.

Charged with inciting to riot, Mollie was held for eight days in the notorious Tombs prison before being released on $1000 bail, only to be arrested again & taken to Ellis Island for deportation. Locked up for 20 hours a day in the Land of Freedom, denied exercise & fresh air & the right to mingle with other political prisoners, she went on a hunger strike until authorities met her demands.



"The entire machinery of the United States government was being employed to crush this slip of a girl weighing no less than eighty pounds," Emma Goldman complained.

 Among Goldman's closest comrades were Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin, who also left Soviet Russia after conditions there became intolerable for anarchists. On Steimer, see Marsh, Anarchist Women, Avrich, Anarchist Portraits; Polenberg, Fighting Faiths; and the pamphlet, Sentenced to Twenty Years Prison (New York: Political Prisoners Defense & Relief Committee, 1919). See also the memorial volume edited by Abe Bluestein, Fighters for Anarchism: Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin ([New York]: Libertarian Publications Group, 1983).

 http://au.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm

3- 14 -1919 -- The 23-year-old Louis-Emile Cottin sentenced to death. Commuted to 10 years in prison following a protest campaign organized in the pages of the anarchist "Libertaire". See 2 February 1919.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars2.html#cottin


3- 21 -1919 -- Hungary: Insurrection of the Councils with the participation of the anarchists in the commune of Budapest. The Communists will seize power in the new Republic & repress the revolutionists before being swept in their turn, at the beginning of August, by the reactionary armies of Czechoslovakia & Rumania. The latter occupy Budapest.


4- 7 -1919 -- Workers' Councils declare a Republic in Bavaria, in spite of the opposition of the Communists. The anarchists are the principal actors: Erich Muhsam, Gustav Landauer, Ret Marut (B. Traven), Ernst Toller, etc. But the troops sent in by the socialists will crush the revolutionaries between April 30 & May 2, 1919, killing over 700 victims. http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm
http://www.workersliberty.org/wlmags/wl53/germany.htm
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~roehrigw/schmitt/text4.htm

4- 10 -1919 -- Mexican anarchist revolutionary hero Emiliano Zapata ambushed & assassinated by Mexican troops, age 29, Chinameca, Mexico. One of the main -- & best known -- participants in the peasant uprisings against the central government's authority from 1910 until his death.

Born into a poor peasant family in 1883, Zapata united Mexican peasants behind agrarian reform with the motto "land, liberty, & death to the hacendados." From his base in the southern state of Morelos, Zapata organized guerrilla bands & led devastating attacks on haciendas & sugar refineries, joining forces with Francisco Madero in 1911 to oust Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz. But once Madero became president & ignored the landless peasants, Zapata united with Pancho Villa to advance the revolution. But a string of military defeats forced Zapata to confine his struggle to an area south of Mexico City.

http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
http://www.zapatistas.com/gallery.html
In Spanish, http://spin.com.mx/~hvelarde/Uruguay/Galeano/memoria/19190410.htm
http://www.ingeb.org/songs/emiliano.html

4- 12 -1919 -- Italy: The founding congress of the l'Union Anarchiste Communiste held, 12-14 April.


4- 13 -1919 -- Bavaria: A military attempt at a putsch against the Republic of the Workers Councils is repelled by the workers, led by the anarchists. Unfortunately the Communists of the KPD capitalize on the event to increase their power. It is the second phase of the Council Republic.

4- 19 -1919 -- Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea (19 to 21 April). Several French warships around Sébastopol (brought in to aid in stopping the advances of the Red Army) are subject to mutiny. Begins with the sailors on the battleship "France," & spreads. A delegation, made up partly of anarchist sailors, demands suspension of the war against Russia, the return of the ships to France, & no disciplining for their actions. In Sébastopol, French officers massacre participants in a demonstration to prevent them from fraternizing with the mutineers. Despite the promises of the officers, the mutineers (such as Alphonse Sauveur Cannone; see 15 February) are treacherously arrested & receive from 10 to 20 years of prison.


4- 28 -1919 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Seattle mayor Hanson gets a bomb in the mail. He declares the government should "buck up & hand or incarcerate for life all the anarchists." This was one of 36 bombs which turn up in the mails across the nation.


4- 29 -1919 -- Germany: From April 29 to May 2, Munich: Government forces crush in blood the Republic of the Councils of Bavaria. Resistance results in many hard-fought street battles. Many resistors (workers, socialists, anarchists, sympathizers) are summarily executed, leaving over 700 dead. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril1.html#baviere


5- 2 -1919 -- Gustav Landauer murdered. See April 7, 1870. Called a "mystical" anarchist, Landauer was involved in the "Red Bavaria" uprising & murdered by soldiers.

http://www.dradio.de/literatur/kritiken/landauergustav.html


http://www.comlink.de/~graswurzel/223/landauer.html


Gustav Landauer was a signatory to the Ernst Joël Petition (1915), among other leading cultural figures of the day, including Walter Benjamin, Martin Buber, Kurt Eisner, S. Fischer, Alfred Kerr, Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann, Fritz Mauthner and Frank Wedekind. http://www.wbenjamin.org/joel_frankel.html


http://www.fes.de/culture/galery/Landauer/in-land.html


http://www.spunk.org/texts/biblio/sp001652.html


http://www.mdejongh.com/013.html


Cited at CIRA:
YASSOUR, Avraham. Gustav Landauer's anarchist theory. [In Hebrew] Haifa, 1985. 18 p. –Broch 7633 hb
YASSOUR, Avraham. Gustav Landauer, Communal settlement and its industrialization (anexchange of letters between Landauer and Nachum Goldman). Haifa University, s.d. 27 p. ms. –Doc
YASSOUR, Avraham. Gustav Landauer: a man, a jew, an anarchist [in hebrew]. Ya'ad 2/1989,p. 85-96. – Br 8904 hb


http://www.comlink.de/~graswurzel/wri-sh/utopie.htm
http://www.weltkreis.com/mauthner/land1.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril1.html#7

5- 4 -1919 -- Roger Paon, lives, Maritime Seine. French socialist, then an anarchistic & pacifist. Joined the Socialist Youth for a brief period in 1933, before turning to the libertarians, particularly the group l'Union Anarchiste de Rouen. A member of the Ligue Internationale des Combattants de la paix, which aided in the resistance to the occupation during WWII. Lived in Nice following the war, collaborating on libertarian publications, & publishing his own newspaper, "L'ordre Social" (1950-1953). Agitated, too, with Louis Lecoin for the recognition of rights of conscientious objection. Roger Paon is the author of Marine de Rivière, a work on shipping.


5- 8 -1919 -- Vera Zassoulitch (1849-1919) dies. Russian anarchist, then a Menshevik. Left a family of nobility for revolutionary activities. Arrested May 1869, for her correspondence with the nihilist Netchaiev & imprisoned at the Peter & Paul fortress until March 1871. In 1878 she shot & wounded General Trepov, who was responsible for torturing the radical A.S Emelianov (Bogolioubov). A jury refused to convict her, dismissing the charges, & the secret police, without success, attempted to prevent her from leaving the country. Zassoulitch went to Switzerland, then returned & joined an anarchist group. By 1883, however, she moved away from anarchism, increasingly adopting Marxist positions, & eventually joined the Mensheviks.

"As to Vera Zassoulitch, who also was acquitted by the jury, the Government ordered her re-arrest at the very doors of the court, & re-arrested she would have been if her comrades had not rescued her, leaving one dead in the riot which ensued."

---Peter Kropotkin, In Russian & French Prisons

http://gallica.bnf.fr/Fonds_Tables/M0087075.htm


6- 2 -1919 -- On June 2nd, 1919, Galleanist Anarchists carried out a series of coordinated bombings across the Eastern United States.

Includes Squirrel Hill house...

"I grew up in Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, and I never dreamed that anarchists had blown up a house there many years before..." http://www.eclipse.net/~basket42/blowup.html


6- 5 -1919 -- US: 67 anarchists are arrested & face deportation in the wake of a bomb explosion marking the beginning of the famous "Palmer raids." (See June 2).

6- 14 -1919 -- Russia: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Trotsky, chief of the Red Army, (aka The Red Butcher of Kronstadt) drafts an order banning the Makhnovist (anarchist) Congress, accusing them of opposing Soviet power in the Ukraine. Trotsky calls for the arrest of the delegates.

The Makhnovists rejected the Bolshevik corruption of the soviets & instead proposed "the free & completely independent soviet system of working people without authorities & their arbitrary laws". Their proclamations state the "working people themselves must freely choose their own soviets, which carry out the will & desires of the working people themselves, that is to say, ADMINISTRATIVE, not ruling soviets."

---Peter Arshinov, History of the Makhnovist Movement

 http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/98aar.html#makhno
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/makhno/Makhno.html

6- 24 -1919 -- US: Following an attack on the house of Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Attorney General Palmer on June 2, 1919, theItalian anarchist Luigi Galleani & collaborators on the newspaper "Cronaca Sovversiva" are expelled from the country.

8- 28 -1919 -- Seattle mayor demands "hang or incarcerate all anarchists for life."


9- 12 -1919 -- Still in prison for opposing the war once opposed by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Woodrow Wilson, the anarchist Emma Goldman is served a warrant for her arrest & deportation; bond set at $15,000.


9- 24 -1919 -- The Ukrainian Anarchists, seeing themselves about to be caught in Denikin's vise, wheeled, turning suddenly east. They saw only one hope, to break through his lines. Denikin thought the move was a feint or reconnaissance. His principle forces, concentrated near Peregonovka, continued chasing Makhno westward, thinking the Anarchists were still in retreat. Never did Denikin's staff dream that Makhno would turn to attack the bulk of the White army.



Suddenly they found the town had been occupied by the concentrated Anarchist forces. They were taken completely by surprise. The Anarchists had stolen a march on them. The Peregonovkans welcomed the Anarchists with open arms. They opened their cupboards, their homes, & their hearts. They rolled up their sleeves. They threw in their arms. What else could they do? Better to die on your feet. The battle commenced at 3 AM, on September 26, 1919. Peregonovka awoke to the rattle of Lewis & Vickers. Makhno himself, with his cavalry escort of 150-200 men, had disappeared at nightfall, seeking to turn the enemy's flank. During the whole battle that ensued there was no further news of them. The battle reached it's peak at 8:00am. By 9:00am the outnumbered & exhausted Anarchists had begun to lose ground.  "The staff of the insurrectionary army as well as everyone in the village who could handle a rifle, armed themselves & joined in the fighting. This was the critical moment when it seemed that the battle & with it the whole cause of the insurgents was lost." — Peter Arshinov   http://people.nirvanet.net/m/makhno/public_html/TEXT/makshina.html http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia/makhno_notes.html http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/Russia.html http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/graphics.html



9- 25 -1919 -- Russian Revolution: after brutal repression at the hands of the Bolsheviks, Cheka raids on anarchist groups & the banning of the Anarchist Congress by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Trotsky in June, underground anarchists retaliate by bombing the Communist headquarters in Moscow. http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html



10- 7 -1919 -- Nicolas Thomassin (1849-1919) dies. French weaver, socialist, anarchist, participant in "Sans patrie" (formed October 18, 1891) with Gustave Bouillard, Pierre Leroux, Paulin Mailfait, etc.

Supported Jean Baptiste Clement for legislative election in 1884, lost his job & became a news vendor for "Le père Peinard" & "La révolte." Started the anarchist groups "Les sans Patrie" & "Les deshérités de Nouzon" in 1891 -- which resulted in police harassment & numerous arrests. In 1916, Thomassin was still listed as a subscriber to "Cubilot", published by the libertarian colony of Aiglemont. 

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#7


10- 8 -1919 -- US: General strike called to demand Tom Mooney's release & amnesty for all political prisoners.

American labor agitator Tom Mooney was falsely convicted of a fatal bombing. He will not be released until 1939. meanwhile, Bureau of Investigation Director & famed cross-dresser J. Edgar Hoover, in NY to review evidence collected for Emma Goldman's deportation, monitors a protest rally that night. In search of further evidence, Hoover personally pokes around in a storage room leased by the anarchists M. Eleanor Fitzgerald & Ben Reitman.

http://www.shapingsf.org/labor/mooney/mooney.html
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Nov1989/LB-N89-VClose2.html

10- 16 -1919 -- Deportation Act to rid US of anarchist aliens. Thousands, including Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, jailed, sent packing. Harbinger of US government anti-labor & anti-Red attacks in the 1920's when Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Attorney General Mitchell Palmer & his pal J. Edgar go after American citizens thinking they live in the land of the free.

See Aliens & Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 by William Preston, Jr.

http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology6900.html
http://www.standingstones.com/goldman.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/bright.html
 http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Accounts/NYT61617.html


"& you, are you so forgetful of your past, is there no echo in your soul of your poets' songs, your dreamers' dreams, your rebels' calls?"

--- Emma Goldman



11- 2 -1919 -- Laurent Tailhade (1854-1919), French poet, writer, anarchist polemist, opium addict (La noire idole), translator (Satyricon de Pétrone), dies. His first poems were published in 1880, but it was his polemical writings which gained the most attention, being lambasted by the press & a year in jail for "provoking murder".

Des âges évolus j’ai remonté le fleuve
Et, le cœur enivré de sublimes desseins,
Déserté le Hadès et les ombrages saints,
Où l’âme d’une paix ineffable s’abreuve.



---Laurent Tailhade, "Helene (Le laboratoire de Faust à Wittemberg)"


http://www.gatzke.org/tiplta.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#16

11- 7 -1919 -- US: "Palmer's Reign of Terror" begins: 3,000 anarchists imprisoned without bail, Ellis Island in NY harbor.


11- 18 -1919 -- Domela Ferdinand Nieuwenhuis dies. Elected to office in Amsterdam, as a socialist, in 1891 before giving up politics to adopt the anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin. Published Le socialisme en danger (1894) (preface by Elisée Reclus); "Socialisme libertaire et socialisme autoritaire (1895).

An ardent proponent of the General Strike, & an organizer of the congresses of antimilitarists in Amsterdam (June 1904 & August 1907).

In 1914, faithful to the libertarian ideal, he opposed the "Manifesto of the 16" (anarchists favoring Allies in WWI), & signed, with Emma Goldman, Malatesta, etc, a proclamation opposing the war:

"Il n'y a pas de distinction possible entre les guerres offensives et les guerres défensives" Constatant qu'il serait "naïf et puéril (...) de chercher à établir les responsabilités de tel ou tel gouvernement". "Nous devons profiter de tous les mouvements de révolte, de tous les mécontentements, pour fomenter l'insurrection, pour organiser la révolution, de laquelle nous attendons la fin de toutes les iniquités sociales".

---excerpt, "L'internationale et la guerre".

Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis:

http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/d/10749151.html

We determined to repudiate Peter's [Kropotkin] stand, & fortunately we were not alone in this. Many others felt as we did, distressing as it was to turn against the man who had so long been our inspiration. Enrico Malatesta showed far greater understanding & consistency than Peter, & with him were Rudolph Rocker, Alexander Schapiro, Thomas H. Keell, and other native & Jewish-speaking anarchists in Great Britain. In France Sebastien Faure, A. Armand, & members of the anarchist & syndicalist movements, in Holland Domela Nieuwenhuis & his co-workers maintained a firm attitude against the wholesale murder. In Germany Gustav Landauer, Erich Muhsam, Fritz Oerter, Fritz Kater, & scores of other comrades retained their senses. To be sure, we were but a handful in comparison with the war-drunk millions, but we succeeded in circulating throughout the world the manifesto issued by our International Bureau, & we increased our energies at home to expose the true nature of militarism.

--- Emma Goldman, Living My Life

http://www.antenna.nl/~assata/activist26/klein.html

11- 19 -1919 -- Brazil: In Sao Paulo, João Penteado, a teacher & anarchistic militant, is ordered to close the Modern School n°1 -- open since May 13, 1912 (founded by Neno Vasco, Edgard Leuenroth, Oreste Ristori & Gigi Damiani) -- when a bomb explodes (accidental?) in a house & killed four anarchists, including José Alvés, the principal of l'Ecole moderne de São Caetano (a school in the suburbs). http://www.ceca.org.br/edgar/BrasilAn.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3471/
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#19

11- 20 -1919 -- Liu Shih-p'ei dies, at the early age of 36. Chinese anarchist, involved in the Chinese anarchist movement which emerged in Tokyo about the same time as another important group emerged in Paris, France.

Liu Shih-p'ei, his wife Ho Chen, Chang Ping-lin & Chang Chi were leading members of the group in Japan & were in touch with the Japanese anarchist movement & activists such as Kotoku Sh-usui & Osugi Sakae. Liu helped found the "Society for the Study of Socialism". Liu & Ho Chen began publishing the anarchist journal, "T'ien-i Pao," in June of 1907. When all anarchist journals were ordered to cease publication in 1908, Liu & his wife returned to Shanghai where it became known that they were serving as informers for the police.

 See John Crump’s The Anarchist Movement in Japan & The Chinese Anarchist Movement, by R. Scalapino & G. T. Yu (1961). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/scalapino.html


11- 23 -1919 -- The anti-war activists & anarchists Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman begin a short lecture tour in Detroit; Nov. 23 event attended by 1,500 people; Goldman claims 2,000 people had to be turned away for lack of space. Large Jewish audience attends a meeting on Nov. 25.


11- 25 -1919 -- US: Amid a strike for union recognition by 395,000 steelworkers (ultimately unsuccessful), approximately 250 "anarchists," "communists," & "labor agitators" were deported to Russia yesterday, marking the onset of the so-called "Red Scare." http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology2040.html

The United States:
"a country where truth is tarred & feathered, lynched, imprisoned, clubbed, & expatriated as undesirable...

       — George Bernard Shaw (1925)



11- 25 -1919 -- US Department of Labor orders antiwar activist & anarchist Alexander Berkman's deportation to Russia. Emma Goldman's deportation order follows on Nov. 29. Their lawyer Weinberger meets in Washington, D.C., with immigration officials, including Anthony Caminetti & Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post.


12- 1 -1919 -- US: Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman & other anarchists & radicals are forced to leave the "Land of the Free", deported to Russia.


12- 5 -1919 -- Representative Isaac Siegel, after a trip to Ellis Island yesterday, declares he has discovered



how anarchists are made.

"Books in our public libraries help to make anarchists," he said. "I found a boy on the Island -- Thomas Buhokanob, 17 years old, a native of Russia, who came here seven years ago. He was educated in Public School 38. He read anarchist books out of the Harlem Public Library. Then he helped circulate Emma Goldman's 'Mother Earth.' After that he went to Greenpoint, where he organized Russians who could not speak English and taught them what he had learned about anarchy.

 "He told me he did not believe in the Constitution, in any form of government or in God."

Mr. Siegel is a member of the House Congressional Committee appointed to investigate conditions at the Island.

 Mr. Siegel said the committee would meet in Washington on Monday, when it will question Secretary of Labor Wilson, Louis F. Post, Assistant Secretary of the Department of Labor, & other officials.

12- 5 -1919 -- "Made Anarchists" -- Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman -- detained at Ellis Island. Goldman & Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, December 8th, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island & will be kicked out of the "Land of the Free" before month's end, sent to Red Russia on a leaking scow that is in danger of sinking with them & 247 other deported radicals & labor organizers.


12- 8 -1919 -- Jailed at Ellis Island on the 5th, "Made Anarchists" Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island.

Coming from exile in Cardiff, England, the anarchist Errico Malatesta slips clandestinely back into Tarente (southern Italy) & takes the train for Gènes, where an immense crowd greets his return.  Malatesta was a wealthy man who put his entire fortune at the disposal of the cause. He won the militant support of broad sections of his countrymen whose demonstrations & strikes on his behalf saved him from death & imprisonment many times. In exile in Argentina & also the US he published radical newspapers. Malatesta took part in the Xeres insurrection in Spain, in the General Strike of 1895 in Belgium, & spent years of exile & imprisonment in England, France, & Switzerland. In 1907 he attended the anarchist congress at Amsterdam & made speeches on anarchist organization that were to shape the anarchist movement. Kropotkin left us a picture of Malatesta's life in exile:  "Without even so much as a room that he could call his own, he would sell sherbet in the streets of London to get his living, & in the evening write brilliant articles for the Italian papers. Imprisoned in France, released, expelled, re-condemned in Italy, confined to an island, escaped, & again in Italy in disguise; always in the hottest of the struggle...."   Through the systematic destruction of its finest radical leadership by big business & royalists, Italy eventually succumbed to fascism. Malatesta remained in Italy, under house arrest, until he died. Authorities ordered his body thrown into a common grave.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/errico48.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

12- 30 -1919 -- Germany: On the initiative of Rudolf Rocker, the founding Congress of F.A.U.D. (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland), free union of the German workers, is held in Berlin, from the 27th-30th. The union declares itself anarchist-syndicalist & opposed to the State & parliamentarism. It eventually counts 125,000 members.
http://www.fau.org/


1- 2 -1920 -- U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer unleashes a nationwide reign of terror, raids on suspected anarchist, communist, unionist & radical Americans, arresting at least 2,700 (possibly as many as 8,000) after issuing orders for the arrest (without warrants), & illegal detention of 10,000 Americans, many of them trade union members & officials. Thugs with badges destroy personal property, printing presses, books, etc.

Palmer, in coordination with Justice Department agent J. Edgar Hoover & immigration commissioner Anthony Caminetti, orders the arrest of approximately 10,000 alien radicals. U.S. Bureau of Investigation carries out nationwide Palmer Raids. Federal agents seize labor leaders & literature in the hopes of discouraging labor activity. A number of citizens are turned over to state officials for prosecution under various anti-anarchy statutes.




1- 6 -1920 -- José Lluis Facerias lives, Spanish anarchist guerilla. 

Member of the Ascaso column during the Spanish Revolution, freed from a Francoist jail in 1945, lived illegally in Carrara after 1952. In August 1957, Facerias bicycled across the Pyrenees with Goliardo Fiaschi to join the guerrilla struggle against Francoism. They were detected within a fort night; Fiaschi was arrested in a forest hideout & Facerias murdered in a guardia civile ambush in the Barcelona suburbs. (Following an international campaign, Fiaschi was released from prison in 1974. He ran a bookshop & a cultural circle in Carrara, & was a key figure in the local anarchist movement.) Jose Lluis Facerias

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


1- 17 -1920 -- Italy: Luigi Galleani & Raffaele Schiavina begin publishing their anarchist paper, N°1 of "Cronaca Sovversiva," in Turin.

"When we talk about property, State, masters, government, laws, courts, & police, we say only that we don't want any of them."

       — Luigi Galleani, The End of Anarchism?

dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/galleani/
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA4.html
http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/galleani.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1884/ana-links.htm

2- 19 -1920 -- John Creaghe dies in Washington DC. Doctor & Irish anarchist. 

Active in the US, England, & Argentina. Creaghe collaborated on Regeneracion, among many other journals, & participated in the Mexican Revolution.

Joint founder, with Fred Charles, of 'The Sheffield Anarchist'. He took part in the "no rent" agitation before leaving leaving Sheffield in 1891. He went on to become the founding editor in Argentina of the anarchist paper, 'El Oprimido', which was one of the first to support the 'organisers' current (as opposed to refusal to organise large scale organisations).

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#19
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/history_anr_irl.html

2- 25 -1920 -- US: Arrest of Andrea Salsedo & Roberto Elia (or March 8?), anarchist editors, for "interrogation" about the anarchist attacks of the previous year. Andrea Salsedo was suicided 3 May 1920, defenestrated from the 14th floor of the "Department of Justice" where he was being questioned.

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer's reign of terror was going fullsteam against immigrant radicals. To Palmer and his zealous band of immigrant pursuers, they were on a mission to rid thecountry of "red Satans" or anarchists who seemed bent on dismantling America's free enterprise system. 

Roberto Elia & Andrea Salsedo, anarchists who worked for the Cronaca Sovversiva, are taken into custody by the Department of Justice without a warrant or being arrested. They are held & beaten for 8 weeks, not allowed to contact family or friends or lawyers, in an effort to get them to inform on their fellow anarchists.

Salsedo was a member of the Galleani group & a comrade of Sacco & Vanzetti. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#25
http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/saccvanz.html
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Zinn/WarHealth_PeoplesHx.html

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/chronology.html

2- 26 -1920 -- Last appearance of Umanita Nova, anarchist daily paper published in Milan & Rome, Italy (circulation 50,000). Founded by Errico Malatesta, with many contributors, including Luigi (Gigi) Damiani, Luigi Fabbri, Camillo Berneri, Nella Giacometti, etc.

In 1919 Malatesta returned for the last time to Italy, landing at Genoa where his arrival was greeted with great enthusiasm. At once he threw himself into the struggle. Settling in Milan he accepted the editorship of the newly founded daily "Umanità Nova" which soon had a circulation of 50, 000. At the end of 1920 he was arrested along with 80 other militant anarchists & held in prison for almost a year before being brought to trial & acquitted.
Upon release Malatesta moved to Rome & continued to edit "Umanità Nova" until it was forced to close down after Mussolini's 'March' on Rome (during which a portrait of Malatesta was burnt by the fascists in the Plaza Cavour).

http://www.ecn.org/uenne/
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/malatesta/bio.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/errico48.html
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/b/10729154.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/Malatestaarchive.html
http://www.radio4all.org/redblack/books/a_violent.html


3- 15 -1920 -- Italy: The council movement in Turin begins a strike combined with occupation of the factories & resumes production under their own control. 

By April 14 the strike is general in Piedmont; in the following days it spread through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers & railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin. 

While the councilist program was later approved by the Congress of the Italian Anarchist Union when it met at Bologna on July 1, the Socialist Party & the unions succeeded in sabotaging the strike by keeping it isolated: when Turin was besieged by 20,000 soldiers & police, the party newspaper Avanti refused to print the appeal of the Turin socialist section. 

The strike, which would clearly have made possible a victorious insurrection in the whole country, was vanquished on April 24.

 http://www.slip.net/~knabb/SI/12.councils.htm

http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts/italy.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5602/italfasc.html

4- 20 -1920 -- US: Man Ray, surrealist, anarchist & photographer, signs the constitution of "Société Anonyme Inc". (Museum of Modern Art) with Marcel Duchamp & Katherine Dreier. http://www.manray-photo.com/html


4- 24 -1920 -- Italy:

The strike, which would clearly have made possible a victorious insurrection in the whole country, was vanquished on April 24.

The council movement in Turin begins a strike on March 15, combined with occupation of the factories & resumes production under their own control. <

By April 14 the strike is general in Piedmont; in the following days it spread through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers & railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin. 

While the councilist program was later approved by the Congress of the Italian Anarchist Union when it met at Bologna on July 1, the Socialist Party & the unions succeeded in sabotaging the strike by keeping it isolated: when Turin was besieged by 20,000 soldiers & police, the party newspaper Avanti refused to print the appeal of the Turin socialist section.

 http://www.slip.net/~knabb/SI/12.councils.htm

http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts/italy.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5602/italfasc.html

5- 3 -1920 -- US: Police toss the anarchistic typographer Andrea Salsedo out the 14th floor of the "Department of Justice" where he was being questioned. Salsedo, an anarchist editor, had been arrested with Roberto Elia, & held for two months without charges (February 25) for "questioning" regards a pamphlet. Police deny the charges, but whatever the case, his death testifies to the torture & brutal repression of anarchist, radicals & those who dare think freely or question.

http://www.lib.msu.edu/spc/digital/radicalism/kf224.s2s47.htm


5- 5 -1920 -- Massachusetts: Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-American anarchists, are arrested for murder & payroll robbery & eventually they are executed for a crime they did not commit. Climaxes postwar anti-radical, anti-labor & anti-immigrant hysteria of the Wilson-Mitchell period. http://home.earthlink.net/~dwgsht/sacco.html


5- 5 -1920 -- Charles Ange Laisant dies. French Conseiller Général in Nantes, Député in Paris (18ème) who later became an anarchist. Wrote educational texts for children, in mathematics, physics, etc, as well as radical (La barbarie moderne (1912)). Friend & correspondent with Francisco Ferrer.

Laisant launched a larger letter writing campaign in 1909 when Ferrer was jailed & murdered by the Spanish government. Alphonso XIII was a member of the Astronomy Society of France, & Laisant wanted the king's membership suspended. Laisant corresponded with several important figures, including Gabrielle Camille Flammarion, Alfred Naquet, & Francisco Galceran, accusing the king of being a murderer & thus unfit to be a member of the society. It was decided that the Astronomy Society would publish a pamphlet, A La Porte de L'Assassin (Oust the Murderer!) signed by all senior members of the society. The pamphlet was published in 1910.

http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findaids/historical/ferrer


6- 3 -1920 -- During this month, Emma Goldman nurses John Reed, in poor health following his release from a two-month prison termin Finland for unauthorized travel. Goldman tours two legendary Czarist prisons & is shocked to discover that many members of theintelligentsia were routinely executed following the October Revolution.

John Clayton's interview with Emma Goldman is published in several American newspapers, attributing to her a blunt criticism of the Bolshevik regime & a longing to return to the US. To refute the claim that anarchists Goldman & Alexander Berkman oppose the Soviet government, Stella Ballantine releases a letter written by Goldman last month to demonstrate their support for the Bolsheviks. The support will not last much longer however.


6- 30 -1920 -- Emma Goldman & anarchist sidekick Alexander Berkman travel to Moscow to collect permits necessary for their museum expedition through Russia to gather historical material.


7- 1 -1920 -- Italy: Second Congress of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, Bologna, July 1-4. Malatesta being present, argued for "continuous struggle, pacific or violent, according to circumstances, against the government & the possessors to conquer as much possible of freedom & well-being for all." See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/UAI2ndCongress.htm


7- 15 -1920 -- In this situation the second congress of the Unione Anarchica Italiana was held at Bologna, July 1-4, 1920, Malatesta being present. The idea of international anarchist relations like those formed at the Amsterdam Congress (1907) was approved and the question of an anarchist international national congress for the institution of an Internazionale Anarchica was proposed by Binazzi and Boldrin for examination. A resolution, by Boldrini and Malatesta, I must omit a discussion on syndicalist organizations in which Malatesta said that it was not true that the Anarchists were on cold terms with the Unione Sindicale Italiana; the contrary was the case. He personally was to a great part indebted to the action of the U. S. I., if he had been able to come to Italy. etc. (see "U. W' July10). This is the large organization, dating from the Modena Congress of 1912, of which Armando Borghi, soon his fellow prisoner, was the secretary.The corresponding commission of the Unione Anarchica Italiana resided at Bologna; the declaration of principles. etc., will be found in the pamphlet "Programma anarchico accettato al Congresso dell' U C. I. A."On July 12 the offices of the paper, Malatesta's rooms and the premises of the Unione Anarchica Milanese, of which he is a member, were searched under pretext of a lottery -- which they had never in any form promoted "U. N.," July 15).The conference of delegates from large organizations to liberate the political prisoners me at Florence, Aug. 15. Malatesta and Bonazzi representing the U. A.T. Errico Malatesta The Biography of an Anarchist A Condensed Sketch of Malatesta from the book written by Max Nettlau Published by the Jewish Anarchist Federation New York City. 1924
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/malatesta/nettlau/nettlauonmalatesta.html

7- 15 -1920 -- Russia: July 15-August 6, Eight-member expedition for Petrograd Museum of the Revolution, including Henry Alsberg, travels through the Ukraine.

Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman given responsibility for collecting materials from education, health, social welfare, & labor bureaus. They discover alarming poverty & overt criticism of the Bolshevik regime, but are hesitant to condemn publicly the Soviet experiment until they have more evidence.

Travel to Kursk, a large industrial center. In Kharkov they meet anarchists they worked with in the US, including Aaron & Fanya Baron, Mark Mratchny, & Senya Fleshin. Tour factories, a concentration camp, & a prison, where they meet an anarchist political prisoner. Receive plea to aid Nestor Makhno's movement, but are reluctant to discontinue their museum work. As they learned more & more of Bolshevik misdeeds, they had become reluctant to obtain any position directly accountable to the Bolshevik regime, agreeing to work for the museum because the extensive travel allowed them to study Russian conditions with the least interference from the Bolsheviks.

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/Russia.html


7- 20 -1920 -- Italy: Arrest papers issued in Milan for Armando Borghi, the general secretary of the Unione Sindicale Italiana. The arrest is not executed until October 12, in an effort by the rightwing to destroy the USI. 

The Unione Sindicale Italiana (USI) is a strictly syndicalist body of about 300,000 workers, rather than an anarchist organization. Moderate political leaders, having stabbed in the back the wonderful metal workers' movement arresting that advance towards collective property of the means of production, have implicitly given full power to the reaction (Mussolini, et al) to try to crush the advanced parties. Over the next few months, every day is marked by some act which but a few weeks ago they would not have dared to do.
(See---"Umanita Nova" Oct. 14, 23, Nov. 28 & Feb. 5. 1921; "Vie Ouvriere," Nov. 28. 1919.)

8- 25 -1920 -- Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman visit Kiev, where the majority of the population is Jewish, in late August. Find valuable material on the rightwing Denikin pogroms; interview local Jews whose views on Bolshevik anti-Semitism differ.

Goldman tours local health facilities, including the Jewish hospital & the hospital for disabled children; also visits the local anarchist center. With other members of the museum expedition, Goldman attends lavish functions held in honor of a visiting Italian & French delegation; meets two French anarcho-syndicalists one of whom is preparing a manuscript exposing Bolshevik wrong-doings. Later they are reported to have drowned off the coast of Finland; manuscript never published.

Goldman & Berkman visited by two women representing Makhno, who requests again that they aid him by circulating his call to the international community. They determine it is too risky to meet with him in person as he has proposed.

8- 30 -1920 -- USSR: Henry Alsberg is arrested traveling from Kiev to Odessa with the museum expedition; authorities claim he is traveling without permission. Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman protest the arrest, immediately sending telegrams to Lenin & Chicherin; no response received by the anarchists. Alsberg is temporarily detained while the expedition travels on.


9- 1 -1920 -- Italy:



Between the 1st and 4th of September metal workers occupied factories throughout the Italian peninsula...the occupations rolled forward not only in the industrial heartland around Milan, Turin and Genoa but in Rome, Florence, Naples and Palermo, in a forest of red and black flags and a fanfare of workers bands... Within three days 400,000 workers were in occupation. As the movement spread to other sectors, the total rose to over half a million. Everyone was stunned by the response."

By the middle of September nearly 600,000 workers were occupying and running their factories through their factory councils.



DURING the month of September, 1920, a widespread occupation of Italian factories by their workforces took place, which originated in the auto factories, steel mills and machine tool plants of the metal sector but spread out into many other industries -- cotton mills and hosiery firms, lignite mines, tire factories, breweries and distilleries, and steamships and warehouses in the port towns.

With the mass factory occupations in September 1920 a defining moment was reached. Things had gone so far that turning back was not a real option. As Errico Malatesta predicted: "If we do not carry on to the end, we will pay with tears of blood for the fear we now instil in the bourgeoisie". But there was a loss of nerve, not among those occupying the factories, but among the leaders of the Socialist Party (PSI) and the CGL union. Instead of expanding the industrial struggle and linking it directly with the various community and rural struggles, they negotiated a deal and ordered their members back to work. And at the moment that the momentum was lost the rattled bourgeoisie were given their moment for revenge. The fascist squads were to be the instrument of that revenge. The council movement in Turin begins a strike combined with occupation of the factories & resumes production under their own control. 

By April 14 the strike is general in Piedmont; in the following days it spread through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers and railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin. 

While the councilist program was later approved by the Congress of the Italian Anarchist Union when it met at Bologna on July 1, the Socialist Party and the unions succeeded in sabotaging the strike by keeping it isolated: when Turin was besieged by 20,000 soldiers and police, the party newspaper Avanti refused to print the appeal of the Turin socialist section (see Masini, op. cit.). The strike, which would clearly have made possible a victorious insurrection in the whole country, was vanquished on April 24.http://www.slip.net/~knabb/SI/12.councils.htm

The council movement in Turin of March-April 1920 originated among the highly concentrated proletariat of the Fiat factories. During August and September 1919 new elections for an “internal commission” (a sort of collaborationist factory committee set up by a collective convention in 1906 for the purpose of better integrating the workers) suddenly provided the opportunity, amid the social crisis that was then sweeping Italy, for a complete transformation of the role of these “commissioners.” They began to federate among themselves as direct representatives of the workers. By October 30,000 workers were represented at an assembly of “executive committees of factory councils,” which resembled more an assembly of shop stewards (with one commissioner elected by each workshop) than an organization of councils in the strict sense. But the example nevertheless acted as a catalyst and the movement radicalized, supported by a fraction of the Socialist Party (including Gramsci) that was in the majority in Turin and by the Piedmont anarchists (see Pier Carlo Masini’s pamphlet, Anarchici e comunisti nel movimento dei Consigli a Torino). The movement was resisted by the majority of the Socialist Party and by the unions.

 http://www.slip.net/~knabb/SI/12.councils.htm

http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/texts/italy.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5602/italfasc.html

9- 3 -1920 -- Joseph Lane (1851-1920), British anarchist, lives. A decade after his death Max Nettlau, who had known him in the Socialist League, wrote in his history of anarchism :



I consider him to be the best head English socialism possessed in the years from 1879 to 1889, & I regret that his activity came to an end -- not through his fault -- in the first months of 1889; a man like him has been lacking from that time to this.

 http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/joelane.htm


9- 16 -1920 -- Bomb explosion outside the J.P. Morgan Company on NY's Wall Street kills 40, injures over 100, & does $2 million worth of damage. Authorities blame "anarchists," who subsequently flee to Russia.

Mario Buda, anarchist & Galleanist (practitioners of "propaganda by the deed") bombed Wall Street to protest the indictment of Sacco & Vanzetti.



http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/galleani.html

http://home.earthlink.net/~dwgsht/sacco.html

9- 20 -1920 -- Russian Expedition stops in Odessa; advancement of Polish troops prevents them from traveling further. 

In Odessa, Emma Goldman meets with local officials & again polls members of the Jewish community about their experience with & views about anti-Semitism. Meets the famous Jewish poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik. Attends a gathering of anarchists in Odessa. Later in the month, on the way to Kiev, Alexander Berkman is robbed of a large amount of his & Goldman's savings. The Expedition spends a few days in panic-stricken Kiev as residents brace for a potential attack by Polish forces.




10- 14 -1920 -- Italy: Demonstrations held in support of the Russian Revolution & to demand the release of the political prisoners. In Bologna, where the anarchist Malatesta appears, police open fire on demonstrators, killing several. http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/98aar.html#malatesta
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

10- 15 -1920 -- Italy: Errico Malatesta, anarchist militant/writer, arrested. He is held responsible, along with Armando Borghi, for the worker occupations of the factories in Milan during the summer.

Contents : Reports, letters & telegrams of the police concerning Malatesta's activities & whereabouts, with translations & explanatory notes of Borghi ca.1913-1914, 1917-1920/21, 1927, 1930 & n.d.; a few documents on the attempt to assassinate Mussolini 1926; miscellanea. Supplement: Photocopies of letters & other documents from & relating to Armando Borghi, including letters from Borghi, Luigi Fabbri, Luce Fabbri, Luciano Farinelli & John Sallustio. NB. Originals in the Biblioteca Libertaria Armando Borghi, Castelbolognese, Italy.
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/b/10729154.html
Fabbri, Luce

http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

10- 17 -1920 -- Italy: Errico Malatesta, anarchist militant/writer, remains under arrest for 3 days, held responsible, along with Armando Borghi, for the worker occupations of the factories in Milan during the summer.

When Malatesta returned to Italy in October, 1919, after being smuggled out of England on a coal boat by the head of the Italian Seamen's Federation, all the ships in the port of Genoa saluted his arrival, the city stopped work & turned out to greet him.



---Hippolyte Havel http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html


10- 23 -1920 -- Emma Goldman postpones her return trip to Petrograd to attend John Reed's funeral in Moscow today. 

Reed died on the 17th & Goldman arrived in Moscow a few days later, consoling Reed's wife, Louise Bryant. After the funeral Goldman returns to Petrograd with the museum expedition to deposit the historical material they collected.

Also during this month Makhno's anarchist army defeated Baron Peter Wrangel, the last of the White Army generals, winning himtemporary good favor from the Bolsheviks. Peter Kropotkin & Gorki protest Soviet plan to halt all private publishing establishments, & Maria Spiridonova is arrested. Recent reports in the US & Europe attribute to Goldman a negative view of the Bolsheviks; though she privately acknowledges Bolshevik wrongdoings, at this point she denies all published accounts & refuses to grant any interviews.




11- 7 -1920 -- Russia: Emma Goldman attends the third anniversary of the October Revolution in Petrograd, in her estimation "more like the funeral than the birth of the Revolution."

Also during this month, following the Red Army's killing of Makhno's commanders in the Crimea while negotiating under a white flag, Trotsky orders an attack on Makhno's headquarters; Makhno manages to escape, eventually reaching Paris wherehe lives in exile. Trotsky orders the arrest & imprisonment of Russian anarchist Voline.

11- 14 -1920 -- Congrès of Paris (l'Union Anarchiste).


11- 26 -1920 -- Russia: Red Army led by "Snowball" (Trotsky's name in Orwell's Animal Farm) & Kamenov murders Makhnovist anarchist delegation under a flag of truce & attacks agrarian commune federation.



In the Ukraine, the Bolsheviks break their second alliance with Makhno, & the Red Army attacks Goulai-Polé, seat of Maknovtchina, but Makhno succeeds in evading them.

http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/makhno/sp001781/index.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/makhno/Makhno.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

11- 27 -1920 -- Makhno's anarchist commanders executed yesterday after being lured to a meeting with Leon Trotsky, who now orders an attack on Makhno's headquarters. The Cheka simultaneously arrests members of the Nabat Confederation in Kharkov & raids anarchist clubs & organizations throughout Russia.



Yesterday Makhno's anarchist commanders in the Crimea, fresh from victories over General Wrangel's rightwing White army, met with Trotsky's leftwing Red Army under a flag of truce. They were seized & immediately shot. See http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/1126.htm



 "Your flags black in the wind,
black for our sorrow,
red for our blood."

---excerpt from the song "Makhnovchtchina"

http://people.nirvanet.net/m/makhno/public_html/
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/makhno/Makhno.html
http://an-press.virtualave.net/history/makhno-page.htm
http://www.spunk.org/library/quotes/sp000092.txt
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/inter.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

12- 18 -1920 -- Russia: In Archangel, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman & others in a Museum expedition collect leftist & anarchist underground publications produced during the rule of the Czar. 

The Expedition also obtains letters written by Nicholas Chaikovsky from the period of his provisional government leadership. Goldman, at this point, is favorably impressed with the efficiency & integrity of Bolshevik operations in Archangel. Late in the month they return to Petrograd.

2- 8 -1921 -- The "Anarchist Prince," geographer Pete Kropotkin dies, Dmitrov, USSR. 

Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Lenin offers a state funeral & burial in Kremlin Wall, which is refused.

His funeral procession, 13 February, was attended by 100,000 people & was the last non-state-sponsored mass assembly in Russia for 70 years.



"All things for all men, since all men have need of them, since all men worked to produce them in the measure of their strength, & since it is not possible to evaluate everyone's part in the production of the world's wealth... All is for all!"

"The two great movements of our century -- towards Liberty of the individual & social co-operation of the whole community -- are summed up in Anarchist-Communism."



I remember, said Emma, the cairn on the mountain ridge
 a heap of broken stones & broken branches
 with tokens attached of horsehair or rag
 & the cry: "The waters before us
 flow now to the Amur.
 No mountains more to cross."

--- excerpt from the poem, The Death of Kropotkin, by Herbert Read

 http://www.ecn.org/freedom/kropot.html
http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/kropotkin/kropotkin.html
http://www.worldmedia.com/manucon/cards/kropot.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/Kropotkinarchive.htmlhttp://www.ecn.org/freedom/Raven/nettlau.html

2- 13 -1921 -- Peter Kropotkin's funeral held in Moscow -- the last public anarchist gathering & the last non-state-sponsored mass assembly in Russia for 70 years, as Lenin, Trotsky & the Bolsheviks begin crackdown.

Under pressure of the libertarians, anarchist prisoners were allowed to attend Kropotkin's funeral. A crowd of 100,000 follows the coffin to the cemetery. Black flags are deployed, & banners proclaiming:

"Where there is authority, there is no freedom"

"The anarchists ask to be released from the prison of socialism"

http://www.web.net/blackrosebooks/kropot.htm


http://www.ecn.org/freedom/kropot.html

http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/kropotkin/kropotkin.html

http://www.worldmedia.com/manucon/cards/kropot.htm

dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/Kropotkinarchive.html

3- 7 -1921 -- Russia: Specially selected forces of the Red Army (commanded by Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Field Marshal Leon Trotsky) opens fire on the forts of Kronstadt; the sailors, soldiers, workers & populace of Kronstadt counter-fire & reduce Trotsky's batteries to silence.

In a discussion Voline (known as the "dynamiter of the Bolshevik myth) had with Trotsky in 1919, at the height of the Russian Civil war, they had the following exchange:



Trotsky: "One can't make an omelette without breaking eggs"

Voline: "I see the broken eggs now where's this omelette of yours?"







Reminiscences of Voline by his son Leo at Kate Sharpley Library, http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet12.htm#Voline


Short bio of Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin in French, in the Anarchist Black Book,http://www.morgane.org/blackbook/black.htm


"Kronstadt, Leninists & the Truth",http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001839.html


More on Voline athttp://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/biography.html


A number of articles on the Russian Revolution at Bummery Page,http://www.iww.org/~jah/russia-rev-anar.html


3- 7 -1921 -- US: Man Ray, artist, chess player/designer, anarchist & photographer, between today & the 26th while in Philadelphia, wins $10 for Portrait of a Sculptor Berenice Abbott in John Wanamaker's competition "15th Annual Exhibition of Photographs". Makes a movie with Marcel Duchamp; Elsa, Baroness von Freytag-Loringhoven, shaves her pubic hair. http://www.manray-photo.com/html


3- 8 -1921 -- Grigori Petrovitch Maximov, Russian anarcho-syndicalist, is imprisoned, along with the other members of the NABAT. Not released until autumn, following a hunger strike, when he is expelled from Russia with Voline. See the Anarchist Encyclopediahttp://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/GPMaximov.htm
alt. sp., Gregory Maximov, G.P. Maximov, G.P. Maximoff, Grigori Maximoff
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html


3- 9 -1921 -- Russia: "Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman [part of an anarchist mediation group who had the ear of the Kronstadt Soviet] had an interview with Zinoviev...Their mediation scheme was a complete failure...Most of the Russian members of the mediation groups were arrested. I was not -- an indulgence which I owed to the good opinion that Zinoviev, Zorin & a few others had of me..."

       — Victor Serge, "Kronstadt 1921" (An anarchist sympathizer, believed the Kronstadt rebels right, but went over to the Bolsheviks) http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/rbr4_serge.html



3- 18 -1921 -- Russia: Kronstadt fell yesterday. Thousands of sailors & workers lie dead in the streets. Summary execution of prisoners & hostages continues.

Today the victorious Bolsheviks are celebrating the anniversary of the Paris Commune of 1871. 

Trotsky & Zinoviev, without shame, denounce Thiers & Gallifet for the slaughter of the Paris rebels.



From the Paris Commune to the Kronstadt Rebellion

Remember now there were others before this;
Now when the unwanted hours rise up,
And the sun rises red in unknown quarters,
And the constellations change places,
And cloudless thunder erases the furrows,
And moonlight stains and the stars grow hot.

Though the air is foetid, conscripted fathers,
With the black bloat of your dead faces;
Though men wander idling out of factories
Where turbine and hand are both freezing;
And the air clears at last above the chimneys;
Though mattresses curtain the windows;
And every hour hears the snarl of explosion;

Yet one shall rise up alone saying:
"I am one out of many, I have heard
Voices high in the air crying out commands;
Seen men's bodies burst into torches;
Seen faun and maiden die in the night air raids;
Heard the watchwords exchanged in the alleys;
Felt hate speed the blood stream and fear curl the nerves.

I know too the last heavy maggot;
And know the trapped vertigo of impotence.
I have traveled prone and unwilling
In the dense processions through the shaken streets.

Shall we hang thus by taut navel strings
To this corrupt placenta till we're flyblown;
Till our skulls are cracked by crow and kite
And our members become the business of ants,
Our teeth the collection of magpies?"

They shall rise up heroes, there will be many,
None will prevail against them at last.
They go saying each: "I am one of many";
Their hands empty save for history.
They die at bridges, bridge gates, and drawbridges.

Remember now there were others before;
The sepulchres are full at ford and bridgehead.
There will be children with flowers there,
And lambs and golden-eyed lions there,
And people remembering in the future.



--Kenneth Rexroth, (1936)
Originally titled "March 18, 1871-1921"

From Paul Avrich's Kronstadt 1921 (p. 213):

The next morning [after the final crushing of Kronstadt], March 18, the Petrograd newspapers carried banner headlines commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the Paris Commune. Bands played military tunes & Communists paraded in thestreets, singing the "Internationale." 

"Its strains," noted Goldman, "once jubilant to my ears, now sounded like a funeral dirge for humanity's flaming hope." 

Berkman made a bitter entry in his diary: "The victors are celebrating the anniversary of the Commune of 1871. Trotsky & Zinoviev denounce Thiers & Gallifet for the slaughter of the Paris rebels."

The Berkman quote is from The Bolshevik Myth, p. 303. A fuller passage from it is in Avrich's The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, p. 163 http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html


3- 23 -1921 -- Italy: A bomb explodes at the Diana theatre in Milan, killing & wounding many. The work of an individualist anarchist group believed manipulated & set up by the Chief of Police Gasti, the bombing served as a pretext for a general repression against all anarchists & also served the interests of the fascists, who attacked the offices of the trade unions & leftist organizations. They also destroyed the office of the anarchist paper "Umanita Nova."


3- 23 -1921 -- In the 1914, young one, enter in the group of the " From Milan Rebels " who make head to Offend Rafanelli. During I° world war, deserter, it comes arrested in been involved Switzerland because in the transaction of the " bombs of Zurigo ". Although recognized innocent it is expelled from the Confederation. In 1921 to deep Milan " the Indivi-dualista ", of which only four numbers exit, because editors (Ugo Faithful, Peter Bruzzi, and Francisco Ghezzi) are accused to have participated to the conspiracy of the attack to the Theatre Diana (23/3/1921); Faithfuls come condemned. The pilgrimage from a country begins to the other of Europe. In the same year, having tightened relationships with the Russian anarchical groups, it lives in this country for some months, studies to bottom the uprising of the peasants of the Ucraina and enters in contact with Makhno. To deep Paris the review " Hardening " (1924-1925) with Virgilio Gozzoli. Human Fight " (1927-1929 collaborates to the newspaper "), directed from Luigi Fabbri. In 1929, little months after Hunchback Fabbri and with to Torquato, it emigrates in Uruguay. The three to Montevideo fuse the review " Social Studies " (1930-1935). Re-entered in Italy it is confined to Ponza. To the fall of the fascismo, in 1944, é the entertainer of the Interregional Convention of the " Communist Federation Libertaria the High Italy ", (Milan, 1945) and organizes 1° the anarchical Conference (from presided he) to Carrara. Member of Commission of Correspondence of the F.A.I. and collaborator of many anarchical banns, operates near the Library Olivetti di Ivrea giving a precious contribution to the libertaria cultural propaganda. 

Nel 1914, giovanissimo, entra nel gruppo dei “Ribelli Milanesi” che fanno capo a Leda Rafanelli. Durante la I° guerra mondiale, disertore, viene arrestato in Svizzera perché coinvolto nell’affare delle “bombe di Zurigo”. Benché riconosciuto innocente è espulso dalla Confederazione. Nel 1921 a Milano fonda “L’Indivi-dualista”, del quale escono solo quattro numeri, perché i redattori (Ugo Fedeli, Pietro Bruzzi, e Francesco Ghezzi) sono accusati di aver partecipato al complotto dell’attentato al Teatro Diana (23/3/1921); Fedeli viene condannato. Comincia il pellegrinaggio da un paese all’altro dell’Europa. Nello stesso anno, avendo stretto rapporti con i gruppi anarchici russi, vive in questo paese per alcuni mesi, studia a fondo l’insurrezione dei contadini dell’Ucraina ed entra in contatto con Makhno. A Parigi fonda la rivista “La Tempra” (1924-1925) con Virgilio Gozzoli. Collabora al giornale “La Lotta umana” (1927-1929), diretto da Luigi Fabbri. Nel 1929, pochi mesi dopo Fabbri ed insieme a Torquato Gobbi, emigra in Uruguay. I tre a Montevideo fondano la rivista “Studi Sociali” (1930-1935). Rientrato in Italia è confinato a Ponza. Alla caduta del fascismo, nel 1944, é l’animatore del Convegno Interregionale della “Federazione Comunista Libertaria Alta Italia”, (Milano, 1945) ed organizza il 1° Congresso anarchico (da lui presieduto) a Carrara. Membro di Commissioni di Corrispondenza della F.A.I. e collaboratore di molte pubblicazioni anarchiche, opera presso la Biblioteca Olivetti di Ivrea dando un contributo prezioso alla propaganda culturale libertaria. Set up gallery page http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/fedeli.htm


5- 5 -1921 -- Italy: Fascists in Pisa attack & set fire to the printing works of the newspaper "Avvenire anarchico".


5- 8 -1921 -- Nathalie Lemel (1827-1921) dies, blind & miserable in an old people's home in Ivry. French revolutionist & feminist. Founded a bookshop in Quimper, then moved to Paris & became a bookbinder. 

Lemel joined the International in 1866 & also helped Eugene Varlin ("La marmite") establish a food co-operative. During the Paris Commune, they provided food & meals for hundreds of the most destitute & she & the Russian noble/socialist Elisabeth Dmitrieff, organized "L'union des femmes pour la Défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés". She was found too, with red flag in hand, on the barricades of the place Pigalle before she was arrested arrested June 21, 1871. Despondent over the failure of the Commune, Lemel attempted suicide (by drinking wormwood). Friends intervened to get charges against her dropped, but she wrote the police, rejecting all such efforts in her behalf. Thus she was then sent to prison in New Caledonia (on August 24) with the anarchist Louise Michel. Pardoned in 1879, she returned to Paris, working with "the intransigent". Nathalie Lemel eventually went blind & died in miserable conditions.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#8

5- 24 -1921 -- Beginning of the trial of Sacco & Vanzetti, anarchist labor organizers, in Massachusetts. Their execution was the culmination of a five-year government campaign to crush political dissidents (particularly socialist & anarchist workers) in the U.S. (see April 9 & 22; May 5; Aug 21) See WOODY GUTHRIE, BALLADS OF SACCO & VANZETTI http://www.msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sacco-Vanzetti/
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/SaccoVan/saccovanlinks.htm

6- 3 -1921 -- Alexander Berkman sustains a foot injury, delaying his departure with Emma Goldman from Russia -- the veteran anarchists now being thoroughly disillusioned with the Bolshevik "counter" revolution. The Cheka use the opportunity to raid Goldman's Moscow apartment. Goldman & Berkman meet regularly with the European & Scandinavian anarcho-syndicalists, delegates to the international congresses, & they renew their friendship with Vera Figner, a leader of the Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will") movement. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


7- 9 -1921 -- Russia: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman persuade some of the foreign delegates, including Tom Mann, to protest the imprisonment of Voline, G. P. Maximov, & other anarchists who have begun a hunger strike. 

A delegation meets with Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Lenin today; Lenin is only willing to deport the anarchists, upon penalty of death if they return to Russia. Offer is accepted & hunger strike is terminated on July 13. Goldman notes that the American Communists remain silent on the issue & distance themselves from association with the anarchists.

Goldman attempts also to convince delegates to pressure the Soviet authorities to allow Maria Spiridonova to obtain medical treatment overseas. Meets with German socialist Clara Zetkin. Spiridonova is eventually released from prison.




7- 14 -1921 -- Man Ray, artist, anarchist & photographer, arrives in Paris where Marcel Duchamp intoduces him to Dadaists. http://www.manray-photo.com/html


8- 25 -1921 -- "It seems unbelievable that even today, after everything that has happened & is happening in Russia, there are people who still imagine that the difference between socialists & anarchists is only that of wanting revolution gradually or quickly."



--- Errico Malatesta (Umanita Nova, September 3, 1921)


9- 3 -1921 --

It seems unbelievable that even today, after everything that has happened & is happening in Russia, there are people who still imagine that the difference between socialists & anarchists is only that of wanting revolution gradually or quickly.  --- ERRICO MALATESTA, Umanita Nova, September 3, 1921

 http://www.xchange.anarki.net/~subvert/quotes.htm


9- 21 -1921 -- Russia: The anarchist poet Lev Chernyi is shot by the Cheka.

Thousands died or disappeared in the 'revolutionary tribunals' that followed. 8,000 Kronstadters fled over the ice to Finland,and 15,000 sailers were kicked out of the fleet. A new wave of arrests swept the country and on September 21st the anarchist poet Lev Chernyi was shot by the Cheka. The anarchists were scattered to the prison camps, where they died of illness, hard labour or Cheka executioners. Those who evaded the net fled their homeland to a life of exile. Among them were Emma Goldman and Alex Berkman, who wrote:

 'Grey are the passing days. One by one the embers of hope have died out. Terror and despotism have crushed the life born on October. The slogans of the revolution are foresworn, its ideals stifled in the blood of the people. The breath of yesterday is dooming millions to death; the shadow of today hangs like a black pall over the country. Dictatorship is trampling the masses underfoot. The revolutaon is dead; its spirit cries in the wilderness . . . I have decided to leave Russia.'



http://iww.org/~jah/russia-rev-anar.html


9- 29 -1921 -- Russian Revolution: The Cheka (Bolshevik Secret Police) execute Fanya Baron, poet Lev Chernyi (executed on the 21st) & nine other anarchist prisoners. Emma Goldman, a friend & fellow anarchist, was so outraged that friends had to dissuade her from chaining herself to a bench in the hall where the Third International was meeting to shout her protests to the delegates.

"Anarchists ... are one of the few political forces to be taken seriously in the USSR."

---Anatoly Lukyanov, president of the Supreme Soviet, 1991.


http://www.spunk.org/texts/writers/goldman/sp000184.html
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html
http://www.iww.org/~jah/russanar.html

10- 21 -1921 -- Massive demonstrations all over Europe in support of the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti. In Paris 10,000 police & 18,000 soldiers attempt to control the crowds.
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/sacco_vanzetti.html

10- 22 -1921 -- George Brassens lives, Sète. Anarchist militant, nonconformist poet began writing/singing songs in 1952. Popular, but reclusive as a star. Songs include "La mauvaise réputation", "La non-demande en mariage," "Les copains d'abord".

Je suis anarchiste au point de toujours traverserdans les clous afin de n'avoir pas à discuter avec la maréchaussée.

Not much on Brassens, but Web site " Thank You Ferre ", has some information & resources for French anarchist singers:http://perso.club-internet.fr/leoferre /

10- 28 -1921 -- Argentina: In response to an employers' & government offensive, workers revolt & the anarchist flag of red & black flies. Isolated, the groups are encircled & destroyed by the army. Over 1,500 workers die, including all the leaders of the revolt.

In the late 1980s the labor force numbered about 11.8 million. Most of Argentina's 1,100 labor unions are affiliated with the Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT; a Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization). The right to unionize, suspended in 1976, is restored in 1982, & the labor movement embraces some 3 million workers by the late 80s. In the early 90s, privatization programs result in the loss of several hundred thousand jobs.

http://www.shadow.net/~giorgio/argentina.html

11- 4 -1921 -- Victorine Brocher, French anarchist, dies. Victorine Rouchy, participant in Paris Commune, married G. Brocher (who wrote reminiscences published by Jean Grave).

"Ihre anti-republikanische Grundhaltung machte sie auch für anti-bourgeoise Argumente empfänglich und so wurden sie nun zu wichtigen Stützen der Pariser Kommune. Dabei wirkte sich auch aus, daß Mitglieder der Pariser Internationale - insbesondere Eugène Varlin und Natalie Lemel mit der Lebensmittelkooperative „La Marmite" , oder auch die Internationale Victorine Brocher mit einer Bäckereigenossenschaft - sich schon seit Ende der sechziger Jahre darum bemüht hatten, der Kooperativbewegung ein politisch-sozialistisches Profil zu geben."

http://members.aol.com/AnSchrupp/Pariser-Kommune.html


11- 24 -1921 -- Mollie Steimer, after doing 18 months of a 15-year sentence for handing out leaflets, & three other radicals (Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, & Hyman Lachowsky) deported from "the land of the free" to Soviet Russia. Victims of the Red Scare in America, they were soon victims of the Red Terror in Russia ("Proletarian Democracy") 

Arriving in Moscow December 15, 1921, they learned Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman had already departed for the West, disillusioned by the turn the revolution had taken. Kropotkin had died in February & the Kronstadt Rebellion had been suppressed in March. Makhno's insurgent army had been dispersed & hundreds of anarchists & radicals languished in prison. Amid the gloom, however, there were some bright spots. In Moscow, Mollie met Senya Fleshin, who became her lifelong companion. 

Both Steimer & Senya Fleshin were imprisoned for aiding "criminal elements in 1922 & eventually deported in 1923.

On August 23, 1918, Mollie Steimer was arrested for distributing leaflets against the landing of American troops in Soviet Russia, along with several other members of her group.

The Abrams case, as it became known, is a landmark in the repression of civil liberties in the US. It is cited in all standard histories as one of the most flagrant violations of constitutional rights during the Red Scare hysteria following WWI.

The defendants were Abrams, Steimer, Schwartz, Lachowsky, & Lipman. Schwartz, however, never appeared in court. Having been severely beaten by the police, he was removed to hospital, where he died on October 14.

See Marsh, Anarchist Women, Avrich, AnarchistPortraits; Polenberg, Fighting Faiths; & the pamphlet, Sentenced to Twenty Years Prison (New York: Political Prisoners Defense & Relief Committee, 1919). See also the memorial volume edited by Abe Bluestein, Fighters for Anarchism: Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin ([New York]: Libertarian Publications Group, 1983).

 http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
Picture below, front row, Mollie Steimer is third from the right, in the Bound Together Books Mural.


http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAfleshin.htm

11- 26 -1921 -- France: Second congress of l'Union Anarchiste meets for two days, in Lyon.


12- 1 -1921 -- Under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, & Alexander Schapiro are authorized to leave Russia.

Early this month Goldman & Berkman settle in Riga, Latvia. Write to Harry Weinberger about chances ofgetting back into the US. Allowed only a temporary visa in Latvia, they seek entry toeither Germany or Sweden. They are granted Swedish visas on the 14th & enroute to Germany on a train on the 22nd, they are arrested by the Latvian secret service; accused of being Bolshevik agents.




12- 3 -1921 -- Anti-authoritarian educator A.S. Neill establishes his school, Summerhill, with Lyme Regis, in England. Moves it three years later to Leiston (Suffolk). Proponent of children sharing in running schools, Neill told of this anarchist experiment in numerous books.





" We decided, my wife & I, to have a school where we would grant to the pupils the freedom of expression. For that it was necessary for us to give up any discipline, any direction, any suggestion, any preconceived morals, any religious instruction whatsoever." 



The A.S. Neill Summerhill School maintains a site at
http://www.s-hill.demon.co.uk/index.htm


12- 22 -1921 -- Having left Russia disillusioned with the Bolshevik counter-revolution, on the train to Reval, Estonia, Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman are arrested by the Latvian secret service & accused of being Bolshevik agents. Detained for several days, preventing them from attending the anarchist congress in Berlin.

On December 1, under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin, Goldman, Berkman, & Alexander Schapiro were authorized to leave Russia. Goldman & Berkman briefly settled in Riga, Latvia, writing US lawyer Harry Weinberger about chances of getting back into the US. Allowed only a temporary visa in Latvia, they sought entry to either Germany or Sweden.

Goldman was distressed that she & Berkman depart Russia just before the arrival of Mollie Steimer, Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, & Hyman Lachowsky, deported from the US on Nov. 24.On December 14, Goldman & Berkman were granted Swedish visas.



When we can't dream any longer we die.

--- Emma Goldman

1- 2 -1922 -- Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, & Alexander Schapiro, having left Russia disillusioned with the Bolshevik Paradise, arrive in Stockholm, Sweden, & are met by birth-control advocates Albert & Elise Jensen; Goldman becomes lover with 30-year oldSwedish anarchist Arthur Svensson shortly after arrival. Voline, G. P. Maksimov (alternate spellings Maximoff; Maximov), & other hunger strikers are deported from Russia; resettle in Berlin.


5- 9 -1922 -- Italy: Milan trial begins for the anarchists responsible for an attack on the Theater Diana. Giuseppe Mariani & Giuseppe Boldrini get life sentences, & Ettore Aguggini is only released after many years.


9- 30 -1922 -- Japan: Founding conference of the All-Japan General Federation of Labor Unions (Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Sôrengô) begins in Ôsaka. 

This was the last attempt to form an all-encompassing federation of unions, attended by 106 delegates, representing 59 organisations with a combined membership of over 27,000. The unions represented were split three ways ideologically between anarchists, reformists & Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks & reformists fought over control of a centralised leadership with powers to enforce decisions leading to the Federation collapse in 1925. Significantly, 20 unions revealed their strong preference for anarchist organisational principles, signing in November 1922 the "Announcement to Workers Throughout the Country". Four years later this core support was the nucleus for the first nationwide federation of anarchist-inclined unions, the All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labor Unions (Zenkoku Rôdô Kumiai Jiyû Rengôkai)

See John Crump, The anarchist Movement in Japan Anarchist Communist Editions § ACE Pamphlet No. 8
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/ace/japchap2.html

10- 31 -1922 -- Italy: Head office of the anarchist paper "Umanita Nova" is again ransacked by Mussolini's fascists.


11- 1 -1922 -- Russia: Mollie Steimer & photographer Senya Fleshin arrested & imprisoned for propagating anarchism -- that is, "aiding criminal elements"; released & deported in 1923 only after they begin a hunger strike. See Paul Avrich's Anarchist Portraits. http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm

11- 21 -1922 -- Ricardo Flores Magón, Mexican anarchist, author, dies at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas, USA. Possibly murdered by prison guards. His remains were returned to Mexico, where they rest at the Rotunda of Illustrious Men in Mexico City & he has a city named after him.

"The dreamer is the designer of tomorrow. Practical men... can laugh at him; they do not know that he is the true dynamic force that pushes the world forward. Suppress him, & the world will deteriorate towards barbarism. Despised, impoverished, he leads the way... sowing, sowing, sowing, the seeds that will be harvested, not by him, but by the practical men of tomorrow, who will at the same time laugh at another indefatigable dreamer busy seeding, seeding, seeding." — Ricardo Flores Magon

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws53_magon.html



Ward S. Albro. Always a Rebel: Ricardo Flores Magon & the Mexican Revolution. Texas Christian University Press, 1992


Carlos M. Rama y A. Cappelletti, El Anarquismo en America Latina, Caracas, Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1990. 490pp., http://www.ainfos.ca/A-Infos96/1/0046.html


Flores Magon, Ricardo. Epistolario y textos, M: FCE, 1964.


Semilla libertaria, tomo I, M: Liga de Economistas Revolucionarios, 1975.


Flores Magon, Ricardo y Jesus. Batalla a la dictadura, M: Empresas Editoriales, 1967.


Flores Magon, Ricardo, et al. Regeneracion: 1900-1918, M: Era, 1977.


Cetina, Humberto Escobedo. Ricardo Flores Magon: semblanza biografica.Oaxaca, Mexico : H. Ayuntamiento, 1997.


In Espanol, http://spin.com.mx/~hvelarde/Mexico/ricardo.flores.magon/home.html


"¡Paz! ¡Paz!", http://www.flyingmind.com/plataforma/docs/pacifismo/doc6.html


http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/mexicobiblio.html


http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/magon/home.html



11- 21 -1922 -- 

Muere Ricardo Flores Magón en la prisión de Leavenworth. Es asesinado Ricardo Flores Magón. A los 49 años de edad, casi ciegoy enfermo de los pulmones... Ricardo Flores Magón amaneció muerto el 21 de noviembre de 1922 en su celda del penal de Leavenworth, Kansas, E.U. Ricardo, talented & most dangerous of the brothers Flores Magón, is unable to participate in the revolution he so much helped to unleash. While the destiny of Mexico is gambled in the battlefields, Ricardo breaks stones, engrillado, in a North American jail. A US court condemned him to 20 years forced labor for signing & publishing an anarchist manifesto against private property. Several times he has been offered a pardon by federal authorities, who insist he must only request it. Ricardo Flores Magon, a man of principle, will never do so. —Cuando muera, mis amigos quizás escriban en mi tumba: "Aquí yace un soñador", y mis enemigos "Aquí yace un loco". Pero no habrá nadie que se atreva a estampar esta inscripción: "Aquí yace un cobarde y traidor a sus ideas".



http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html

12- 18 -1922 -- Nelly Roussel dies. Free thinker, anarchist, feminist. Partner of the sculptor Henri Godet.
Roussel worked with Paul Robin to spread néo-Malthusian ideas, opposing the prevalent ideology & laws which repressed contraception & its propaganda. Also closely associated with Marguerite Durand. A beautiful & talented speaker, Roussel agitated throughout France, demanding complete freedom for women, founded on new relationships between the sexes. Among her writings: Paroles de combat et d'espoir (1919); Quelques lances rompues pour vos libertés; Trois conférences.

Women, she insisted, had far more in common than did men of different classes, because whatever their class, they shared a common oppression. Women were, in her view, still the “eternal victims.”

See Waelti-Walters, Jennifer & Steven C, Hause, (ed.), Feminisms of the Belle Eopque: A Historical & Literary Anthology, (University of Nebraska Press, 1994): Nelly Roussel, She Who Is Always Sacrificed; "The Freedom of Motherhood"; On Creating Women Citizens

http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/corehistorians/suffrage/document/theofemm.htm
http://www.actuelles.org/noran/contraception.htm
http://www.unige.ch/lettres/istge/memoires/allegra/Allintro.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#18

12- 18 -1922 -- Italy: In Turin, the fascists attack the "Chambre du Travail", set fire to the Circle of the Railwaymen, the Circle Karl Marx & the seat of Ordine Nuova. 22 workmen, socialists, Communists & anarchists are assassinated. The anarchist Pietro Ferrero, secretary of the trade union of metallurgists (F.I.O.M.) & organizer of the Councilist movement in the factories, is assassinated in atrocious manner -- attached to a truck & dragged in the street.


12- 22 -1922 -- Germany: Founding of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers Association (AIT or IWA), Berlin, on the initiative of Rudolf Rocker.

Rudolf Rocker was responsible for putting together the anti-authoritarian A.I.T.; it is an umbrella organization of various anarchist-syndicalist trade unionists from 12 countries (FORA, USI, SAC, FAUD, CNT, etc.) which numbered several million members over the years. The first secretaries are Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy & Alexander Schapiro.

 http://www.iwa-ait.com/

"Principles of Revolutionary Syndicalism," adopted December 1922 by the Berlin Congress of the International Workers Association http://flag.blackened.net/llr/

FAUD (Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschland): Founded 1919, in Berlin, by Rudolf Rocker & others. Anarcho-syndicalist free trade union of German workers, with about 125,000 members. http://www.free.de/FAU/


USI (Unione Sindacale Italiana): Founded in 1912, Modena, Italy. Anarcho-syndicalist trade union. One year after its creation, it counts nearly 100,000 members. 
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4737/


SAC (Anarcho-syndicalistes suédois): http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/sac.html


CNT (Confederacion Nacional de Trabajo): Founded 1910, Barcelona, Spain. Anarcho-syndicalist trade union, which quickly became the largest union of the Spanish working class. Instrumental in defining the revolutionary character of the civil war begun by the fascists in 1936. (In Castillan):
http://www.cnt.es/




1- 3 -1923 -- Czechoslovakian writer Jaroslav Hasek dies of drunkenness at 39, having finished only four volumes of his projected six-volume anarchist novel "The Good Soldier Schweik". For the first edition Hasek's friend Karel Vanek provides a spurious ending. http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/wri/index.html



1- 20 -1923 -- Varban Kilifarski (1879-1923), Bulgarian anarchist & libertarian teacher, dies. 

Kilifarski founded, with Mikhael Guedjikov, several anarchist papers & a publishing house. Influenced by the experiments of Francisco Ferrer's Modern School, Kilifarski began constructing his own school, which had to be aborted when war broke out in the Balkans in 1912. An antimilitarist, he went into exile, first in Switzerland, then in Paris where he taught at "la Ruche" of Sebastien Faure. When WWI broke out he left for Italy (part of the time under house arrest), returning to Bulgaria after the conflict ended.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai4.html#kilifarski
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet15.htm#Faure



1- 23 -1923 -- France: The young individualist Germaine Berton attempts to kill Leon Daudet, the extreme rightwing propagandist of l'Action Française. A solidarity campaign by "Libertaire" rallied Severine (Caroline Remy), Louis Lecoin, & other anarchists & militants to her defense; she was acquitted. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#7


2- 14 -1923 -- American-Italian anarchist Nicola Sacco goes on prison hunger strike.

Long ago a British judge was quoted as saying he refused clemency at popular demand to uphold the principle of capital punishment & to prove he was not to be intimidated by public protest.

During Hitler's time, Himmler remarked that for the good of the state, popular complaints should be ignored, & if they persisted, the complainers should be punished.

Judge Webster Thayer, during the Sacco-Vanzetti episode, was heard to boast while playing golf, "Did you see what I did to those anarchistic bastards?"

The Never-Ending Wrong



Katherine Anne Porter
http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/oj/porterf.htm http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/sacco_vanzetti.html

2- 27 -1923 -- US: Formation in New York of the Mohegan Colony Association, based on anarchist principles.


3- 10 -1923 -- Spain: Salvador Segui, "El noi del sucre", assassinated with another trade unionist, Francesc Comes (murders financed by the governor of Catalonia). Born in 1890, Salvador Segui was an anarcho-syndicalist in the very active & popular CNT in Catalonia. Fundacion Salvador Segui now exist in Barcelona, Valencia & Madrid.
http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/cira/anarchives.htm


3- 26 -1923 -- Bulgaria: In Yambol, during an anarchist protest against the governments decision to disarm the people, the army shoots into the crowd, wounding the speaker Atanas Stoitchev & massacre others. About 30 are murdered here, including others executed at the Yambol barracks tomorrow. Among them:


• Todor Darzev, born in 1880, great figure of the revolutionary movement, speaker & anarchist propagandist, enjoying a prestigious figure among the working class.
• Pani Botchkov, shoe-maker, secretary of the local anarchist group. 
• Dimitar Vassilev, born in 1897, underground, anti-military activist.
• Cyrille Kehaiov, Spiro Obretenov, Pétar Kassapina, Rousko Nanine, Pétar Glavtchev, etc. 

With the military coup d'etat on 9 June 1923, other activists will be forced underground.
On April 24, 1923 in Sliven (Bulgaria), the anarchists Nicolai Dragnev, the brothers Panayot & Ilia Kratounkov are all shot by the army under the pretext of an "escape attempt."

Nicolai Dragnev, born in Yambol, was one of the significant figures of Bulgarian anarchism. Propagandist & esteemed popular speaker, he was not a part in the March 26 protest, & failed to hide after the repression. This costs him his life.

4- 24 -1923 -- Bulgaria: In Sliven, the anarchists Nicolai Dragnev, the brothers Panayot & Ilia Kratounkov are shot by soldiers under the pretext of "attempting to escape". They are the final victims of the tragedy of Yambol, of March 26, when the army opened fire into a crowd attending an anarchist meeting, leaving 30 dead. Nicolai Dragnev was an important figure in the Bulgarian anarchist movement, a propagandist & esteemed popular speaker. As it happened, he was not at the meeting of March 26, & so failed to hide during the repression following the massacre. That failure cost him his life. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril4.html#24
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#bulgares

6- 16 -1923 -- Argentina: In Buenos-Aires the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens is shot in his cell by a prison guard, a rightwing fanatic. He dies tomorrow & despite government attempts to cover up the crime, a nation-wide General Strike will be called in protest. See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923
. In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#17


6- 17 -1923 -- Argentina: Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) dies after being murdered in his prison cell yesterday by a rightwing guard.

German anarchist, member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), pacifist, responsible for the attack on Varela (known as the "Killer of Patagonia"). A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina. See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923.

In French see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#17


6- 18 -1923 -- Argentina: A nationwide General Strike, protesting the assassination of the anarchist Kurt Wilckens in his prison cell, paralyzes the country. In Buenos-Aires a protest demonstration turns into a shoot-out when police attempt to raid the local offices of the anarchist union, FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine). Two workers killed, 17 wounded (including the Spanish anarchist Enrique Gombas) & 163 arrested; one policeman is killed & three wounded. See Daily Bleed,
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/5166/7tirano.html


7- 9 -1923 -- Russia: Mollie Steimer & photographer Senya Fleshin deported; arrested November 1922 for propagating anarchism -- that is, "aiding criminal elements" (Mollie Steimer had been arrested & booted out of the US for similar activities); released soon after they begin a hunger strike. See Paul Avrich's Anarchist Portraits. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm
http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/10748542.html

7- 21 -1923 -- Prince Caetani was naturally called upon to make a speech. He made one bitterly denouncing the opponents of Fascismo among the American Italians, & arguing that "a certain Italian paper in New York ought to be suppressed."



The assembled apostles of Human Liberty knew that he meant Il Martello, & applauded him heartily. That there was no law in the US forbidding a newspaper to criticize a foreign government did not trouble them; they had been through the late war, & knew what could be done. So did the Department of Justice, then still in command of the eminent Daugherty, & the Postoffice Department. Word was conveyed to Washington, & then back to NY. [Today] the whole issue of Il Martello was held up in the mails. The anarchist Carlo Tresca demanded to know why. The Postoffice gave him no answer. He kept on denouncing the Fascisti.

---H. L. Mencken

 See Daily Bleed Sinner' s Gallery page for Carlo Tresca, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/TrescaCarlo.htm

8- 10 -1923 -- US: Carlo Tresca, Italian-American anarchist, suddenly arrested. The charge was that he had printed an article, three months before, attacking the Italian monarchy & the the Fascists. No such crime, of course, is known to American law, but Tresca was nevertheless arrested.

"On August 18 the whole issue of Il Martello was held up because it contained an account of a raffle; two other Italian papers, containing precisely the same account, went through the mails unmolested. On September 8 it was held up because it contained a two-line advertisement of a book on birth control. On October 27 it was held up because it printed an account of how the Fascisti had forced an Italian woman to swallow an immense dose of castor oil; all the American newspapers printed the same story, but were not molested. On November 10 it was held up because it printed a letter from a reader predicting that Mussolini would come to the same end as Rienzi; other papers had made the same prediction without challenge. On November 24 it was held up for charging Mussolini with misappropriating funds. September 8, announcing a book in Italian on birth control, showed the way. Experienced witch-hunters from the Department of Justice were rushed to New York, Tresca was indicted for advertising a means of preventing conception, & his trial was called in hot haste. He appeared before Goddard, J., in the United States District Court, on November.

So far, indeed, but eight persons in all the United States have gone to Tresca's aid. Four are Italian-American politicians. One is a Liberal pastor. Two are old and battle-scarred libertarians, already marked with the scars of a hundred defeats. The eighth is La Sanger,the birth control agitator, herself an experienced goat of the New Jurisprudence. No one else will take any interest in the case."



---H. L. Mencken

 http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/TrescaCarlo.htm
http://www.freedomsnest.com/fn/mencken_free.html
http://www.pagesz.net/~stevek/europe/lecture9.html

9- 16 -1923 -- Japanese anarchist Osugi Sakae murdered by police.
See John Crump’s The Anarchist Movement in Japan & The Chinese Anarchist Movement, by R. Scalapino & G. T. Yu (1961).
See too, Osugi Sakae, The Autobiography of Osugi Sakae (University of California Press, 1992).
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldmovements.html





9- 20 -1923 -- 

Joseph Spivak (1882-1971) is being watched. . . we think we're not too paranoid...

[Agent Report In re:] Joseph Spivak -- Anarchist Activities, Los Angeles, 1923 Sept. 20  Informant report on Spivak at http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/titleindex.html

 http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/SpivakJoseph.htm



9- 21 -1923 -- Following their deportation from Russia, where they were imprisoned for anarchist activities, Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin join Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman in Berlin. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm


10- 5 -1923 -- Sweden: Stig Dagerman (1923-1954) lives. Playwright, novelist, anarcho-trade unionist. Created the review "40-tal ", & wrote for the libertarian newspaper "Arbetaren". Wrote The Snake (1945), & Island of the Condemned. (see 4 November 1954). Les anarcho-syndicalistes suédois (S.A.C) ont un site (en anglais): http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/sac.html



11- 24 -1923 -- Philippe Daudet, French anarchist, son of Léon Daudet (leader of fascist "Ligue de l'Action Française") dies under mysterious circumstances.


Saint-Pol-Roux, Raymond Roussel, Philippe Daudet, Germaine Berton, Saint-John Perse, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio di Chirico, Pierre Reverdy, Jacques Vachè, Leon-Paul Fargue, Sigmund Freud, your portraits hang on dream's bedroom walls, you are the presidents of the Republic of Dream.

---Louis Aragon, A WAVE OF DREAMS

   http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre4.html#24
http://www.opinion-ind.presse.fr/archives/texte/fajardie1.html

1- 22 -1924 -- 

Joseph Spivak (1882-1971) is being watched, we think...

[Agent Report In re:] Neie Geselshaft, Free Workers Forum, Joseph Spivak -- Russian (Jewish) Anarchist Activities, Los Angeles [19]24 Jan. 22; Reel 66:  Informant report on Spivak at http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/titleindex.html

 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/saints/JosephSpivak.htm



1- 26 -1924 -- Armand Gatti lives, in Monaco. Libertarian playwright, author of more than 40 plays.

A Resistance member during WWII, he was captured in 1943, condemned to death & shipped to Germany, near Hamburg, from which he escaped to England. After the war he became a prize-winning journalist, then devoted himself to the theatre. 

Resistance & exile are themes in his works. His La passion du général Franco (1968) was banned in France, under pressure from Franco's Spain. His father, Gino, was also an anarchist, a comrade of Cafiero, & involved in many struggles in Argentina.
http://www.sv.vtcom.fr/fr3/ecrivain/gatti.html

1- 31 -1924 -- George Simeonov Popov (1900-1924) dies. 

George Popov was a Bulgarian teacher, poet, speaker & anarchist organizer. 

Popov initiated an insurrectionary movement against the coup d'etat of June 1923, which was quelled after a week of fighting against the army. Popov took refuge in the mountains, forming guerilla anarchist groups. When his hiding place was discovered, he committed suicide rather than fall into the hands of the army.

6- 24 -1924 -- 

Anarchitecte  Michel Ragon lives, Marseille, France.After meeting Henry Poulaille & being introduced to the libertarian movement he discovered his vocation as a writer & anarchist critic. A veritable autodidact, he collaborated on various publications like "Les cahiers du peuple". Ragon's thirst for knowledge lead him into the milieu of painters & he became member of the Cobra group in 1949. Ragon published an autobiographical novel, Drôles de métiers, Drôles de voyages & then, in 1954, a collection of poetry Cosmopolites (winner of the "Prix des Poètes"). Michel Ragon then discovered a passion for architecture (he coined the term Anarchitectes) & wrote several works as a result. He wrote also Histoire de la littérature prolétarienne en France (1974), the highly successful novel Les mouchoirs rouges de Cholet (1983), & other books such as La voie libertaire, Terre Humaine (1991), La mémoire des vaincus (1990), Le roman de Rabelais (1993), Un si bel espoir (1998).

Michel Ragon  Proletarian writer, poet, critic & historian of art & architecture, fellow traveller of anarchy.




• Anarchitectes (dixit Michel Ragon), at Outsider Art page, http://www.sai.qc.ca/quebec/
  
• l'exposition "Hommage à Michel Ragon" au Musée d'Art Moderne de Nantes et à l'Art Center de Paris held in 1984 (mentioned at Nicolas Schöffer page http://www.olats.org/schoffer/biograph.htm )
  
• Article in French, "Michel Ragon : la mémoire des deux rives" at, http://www.lmda.net/mat/MAT02237.html
  

http://www.ornitho.org/numero9/livres/liberte.html

7- 26 -1924 -- Leaving Alexander Berkman in Berlin, Emma Goldman travels to the Netherlands; speaks at the celebration organized by Dutch anti-militarist & anarchist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis for the 20th anniversary of the International Anti-Militarist Association.


10- 6 -1924 -- Gandhi ends 21-day fast for Hindu-Moslem unity, India. Pacifist inspired by the christian mystical anarchist & novelist Leo Tolstoy.


10- 24 -1924 -- Italian anarchist Ernesto Bonomini gets eight years in prison for killing, with the blow of a revolver, Nicola Bonservizi, correspondent of the Mussolini newspaper "Popolo d' Italia", & secretary of the Parisian "Faisceau".


11- 6 -1924 -- Spain: Revolt in Vera de Bidassoa. Anarchists & civil guards clash for two days. A guard is killed, two militants die, four wounded, 19 taken prisoner. Pablo Martin, Enrique Gil, & Santillan are condemned & executed. http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/person/DHart/ResponsesToWar/Art/
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

11- 10 -1924 -- Spain: Llacer & Montejo, members of the anarcho-syndicalist union C.N.T, executed for their role in the Spanish uprisings sparked by the revolt in Vera de Bidassoa. http://www.uncanny.net/~wsa/spain.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap6.html

12- 21 -1924 -- Germany: After five years of prison for his participation in the Republic of the Workers Councils, anarchist Erich Muhsam is amnestied. Thousands of workers turn out for his release.

Erich Mühsam (Germany)


• Erich Mühsam (1878 - 1934)

• KZ Sachsenhausen

• From Bohemia to the Barricades - Erich Mühsam

• Erich Mühsam - Nie wieder 1931

• Munzinger Personen - Erich Mühsam

• Erich Mühsam: Rendezvous

http://www.dfg-vk.de/english/book31.htm


1- 3 -1925 -- Italy: Mussolini puts an end to the parliamentary system & issues a decree ordering the dissolution of the USI (Unione Sindacala Italiana) anarcho-syndicalist union.

If it is admitted that the 19th-century has been the century of Socialism, Liberalism & Democracy, it does not follow that the 20th must also be the century of Liberalism, Socialism & Democracy. Political doctrines pass; peoples remain. It is to be expected that this century may be that of authority, a century of the "Right," a Fascist century. If the 19th was the century of the individual it may be expected that this one may be the century of "collectivism" & therefore the century of the State.

 — Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, 1932

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4737/

http://www.pagesz.net/~stevek/europe/lecture9.html

2- 14 -1925 -- A close-up of a lottery list shows the winning numbers drawn in the Mexican National Lottery, dated February 14, 1925.

The camera pulls back to the hands of a man holding a lottery ticket. 

The scraggly-looking bum, a dirty, ragged scrounger [later identified as Fred C. Dobbs "Dobbsie" (Humphrey Bogart)], tears his losing ticket to pieces. 

--- From John Huston's film script of the anarchist B. Traven's book, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.htm
http://www.dreamgarden.com/forthcoming.html

6- 2 -1925 -- George Cheitanov dies. Bulgarian anarchist captured & executed after an attack in Sofia. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/CheitanovGeorge.htm



6- 27 -1925 -- Emma Goldman, on her birthday, marries James Colton, an elderly anarchist friend & trade unionist from Wales, in order to obtain British citizenship & the right to travel & speak more widely.


9- 9 -1925 -- The one-volume English edition of My Disillusionment in Russia, with an introduction by Rebecca West, is published early this month, by C. W. Daniel of London; anarchist Emma Goldman has borrowed $250 from Michael Cohn to underwrite its publication. Also, through the British Drama League, Goldman solicits lecture dates from 250 affiliated local playgoers societies while she continues her reading of Russian dramatists in the British Museum.


11- 9 -1925 -- Argentina: Perez Millan (who killed the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens in his prison cell), is killed in an asylum in Buenos Aires. Boris Vladimirovitch, a doctor & biologist doing time for an "expropriation", feigned madness so as to be transferred to Millan's asylum. Vladimirovitch was unable to get close enough (Millan was "protected"), so another internee killed him. See Daily Bleed,


12- 1 -1925 -- Joseph Tortelier dies. A carpenter, anarcho-syndicalist, ardent proponent & speaker for the General Strike, Tortelier organized "The League of Antipatriots" (with Emile Bidault), to fight militarism, the wars it leads to, along with its corollary, patriotism. Also organized the "League of Antipropriétaires". Along with Peter Kropotkin & Elise Reclus, Tortelier was instrumental in influencing the socialist Sebastien Faure to become an anarchist.

"Aux ventrus déclarant la guerre,
nous avons pour enn'mis: patrons, curés, soldats;
mais c'est contr' le propriétaire
que nous livrons gaiement nos plus joyeux combats.
C'est nous qu'on voit, à l'approche du terme,
à l'appel des copains, accourir d'un pied ferme".




http://www.maitron.org/initiat/Expo/
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#1
http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~louise/faure.html
http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/faure.html

1- 12 -1926 -- MOTA, Pedro Augusto (189?-1926)  Mota, August Peter  (189?-1926)  Graphical laborer, journalist and militant born Brazilian anarchist in the Ceará. He initiated its militancy inyears 20, in $fortaleza, on to the Union of the Graphs, being responsible for the periodical the Voice of theGraph, where he signed some of main articles, many of which, with pseudonym. This periodical was oneof most important publications of the revolutionary unionism in the Brazilian northeast. Mota, however,attracted by the pujança of the anarchic movement in the south of Brazil was for São Paulo, where if itintegrated to the movement anarco-syndicalist. From 1923, the Common people became responsible for theperiodical, where she also kept regular articles on the Ceará. At this time where if they initiated the debatesbetween anarchists and Communists, Peter Mota kept a critical position of the Leninist authoritarianism,divulging in the Common people texts of Emma Goldman and signing articles of critical to the dictatorshipof the communist party and to the positions of Brazilian former-anarchists as Astrogildo Pereira, thenconverted into adept of the leninismo. During the fights against the government of Arthur Bernardes he wasone of the militant ones that " Motion of the Militant Laborers to the Committee of the RevolutionaryForces " signed the document, where the militant laborers and anarchists presented its claims to the militarygroup that if had insurgido in São Paulo. After the defeat of the revolt, the periodical the Common peoplewas closed and some militant ones, between them Peter Mota, had been imprisoned and envoy for Rio DeJaneiro. In 1924 ends north of Brazil, together was deported for the concentration camp of the Oiapoque,located in the extremity with hundreds of other militant laborers, anarchists and Communists. In 1926 itobtained to run away for the French Guyana, where it came to die in 12 of January, consequence ofmaltreatment and of the bad resultant conditions of health of the deportation in the Clevelândia.  Operário gráfico, jornalista e militante anarquista brasileiro nascido no Ceará. Iniciou sua militância nosanos 20, em Fortaleza, ligado ao Sindicato dos Gráficos, sendo o responsável pelo jornal A Voz doGráfico, onde assinou algum dos principais artigos, muitos dos quais, com pseudônimo. Esse jornal foiuma das mais importantes publicações do sindicalismo revolucionário no nordeste brasileiro. Mota, noentanto, atraído pela pujança do movimento anarquista no sul do Brasil foi para São Paulo, onde seintegrou ao movimento anarco-sindicalista. A partir de 1923, tornou-se o responsável pelo jornal A Plebe,onde manteve também artigos regulares sobre o Ceará. Nesta época em que se iniciavam os debates entreanarquistas e comunistas, Pedro Mota manteve uma posição crítica do autoritarismo leninista, divulgandona Plebe textos de Emma Goldman e assinando artigos de crítica à ditadura do partido comunista e àsposições de ex-anarquistas brasileiros como Astrogildo Pereira, então convertido em adepto do leninismo.Durante as lutas contra o governo de Artur Bernardes foi um dos militantes que assinou o documento"Moção dos Militantes Operários ao Comitê das Forças Revolucionárias", em que os militantes operários eanarquistas apresentavam suas reivindicações ao grupo militar que se tinha insurgido em São Paulo. Apósa derrota da revolta, o jornal A Plebe foi fechado e vários militantes, entre eles Pedro Mota, foram presose enviados para o Rio de Janeiro. Em finais de 1924 foi deportado para o campo de concentração doOiapoque, localizado no extremo norte do Brasil, junto com centenas de outros militantes operários,anarquistas e comunistas. Em 1926 conseguiu fugir para a Guiana Francesa, onde veio a morrer em 12 dejaneiro, em conseqüência de maus tratos e das más condições de saúde resultantes da deportação naClevelândia.  http://www.ceca.org.br/edgar/mota.html


2- 20 -1926 -- Jules Gustave Durand (1880-1926) dies. Anarchist, revolutionary trade unionist, secretary of the trade union of the coalmen of Le Havre. Initiator of the general strike of August 1910, Durand fell victim to a politico-legal machination following the death of a "jaune" in a brawl, for which he was wrongly blamed.



The corruption of several witnesses & a ignominious press campaign led to a death sentence on November 25, 1910. November 28, in a show of solidarity & to fight this injustice, a protest strike was called in Le Havre, which spread internationally to English & American docks.

A further protest, initiated by the League of the Human Rights, finally lead to his release on February 15, 1911. Unfortunately, Jules Durand, forcibly subdued in a strait jacket for 40 days, had become insane & spent the rest of his life in an asylum. A reopening of his case cleared his name, & Durand was declared innocent on June 15, 1918.



http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#20
http://jupiter.worldonline.fr/~pau28534/personnage/jdurand.html

2- 26 -1926 -- Georges Butaud (1868-1926) dies, in Ermont. 

French anarchist, partisan of the "Milieux libres". Publisher of "Flambeau" ("an enemy of authority") in 1901 in Vienna (Isère), but most of his energies were devoted to creating anarchist colonies & he participated in several of them: In 1898 founded a radical colony in the Parisian suburbs; another in 1899 in Saint Symphorien d' Ozon, in Isère, then in the "Milieu libre de Vaux" near Chateau-Thierry (1902 to 1906); in 1913 in Saint Maur (the Seine) a community farm devoted to agriculture & breeding. Butaud, sensitive to the problems of food consumption, became an advocate of vegetarianism, which he practised, after the war, in the colony of Bascon (Aisne).

3- 24 -1926 -- Italian playwright, manager-director-actor-mime Dario Fo lives, Leggiuno-Sangiamo, Italy. 


In 1997, the Nobel committee awarded Dario Fo the Literature Prize, noting he "emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority & upholding the dignity of the downtrodden."

Dario Fo´s career started in small cabarets, theatres. In 1959 he founded the Compagnia Dario Fo -- Franca Rame, producing satirical dramas such as Archangels Don´t Play Pinnball & He Had Two Pistols with White & Black Eyes.

In 1968 Dario founded the acting group Nuova Scena, which had ties to the Italian Communist Party, but his satirical views aroused much criticism from the Communist Press -- like earlier from the Catholic Church.

In 1970 Fo started Colletivo Teatrale La Comune. Among Fo´s most famous works are Accidental Death of an Anarchist & We Can´t Pay? We Won´t Pay!

http://thanatos.aspide.it/freeweb/Cucca/fo.htm

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/dariofo.htm

4- 1 -1926 -- Charles Angrand (1854-1926) dies, Rouen. French Impressionist, Pointillist painter & anarchist illustrator. Friends with Seurat, Cross, Luce & Signac & other libertarian illustrators. Designed a famous black cat & provided illustrations to Jean Grave's "Les temps nouveaux" as well as helping to finance it with the sale of his paintings. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/CharlesAngrand.htm



5- 25 -1926 -- Simon Petliura (Petlyura) assassinated in Paris by Samuel Schwartzbard, a young Jewish anarchist, to avenge pogroms against Jews (directed by Petliura, rightwing nationalist & former Hetman of Ukrainian armies) & the murder of his family members. Schwartzbard was set free by a sympathetic jury. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/SchwartzbardSamuel.htm



5- 28 -1926 -- Portugal: A military coup today forces anarchists there to move their planned congress & relocate it to Valencia, Spain, where it proceeded surreptitiously on 25 July 1927. Attended by Francisco Nobrea do Quintal, as the secretary of the Portuguese Anarchist Union. Germinal de Sousa, son of the author of the draft project to launch an Iberian Anarchist Federation, & a refugee in Spain, was also on hand. From the outset, he was a member of the new anarchist body & a participant, along with other Portuguese delegates, in the National Plenum of Regionals held in Madrid on 30 & 31 October 1927. http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#FAI
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

10- 31 -1926 -- Italy: Mussolini (former anarchist-syndicalist) escapes assassination attempt by 15-year-old anarchist Anteo Zamboni (son of anarchist Mammolo Zamboni). Lynched by the fascistes. http://www.pagesz.net/~stevek/europe/lecture9.html


11- 8 -1926 -- Italy: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Dictator Mussolini issues the laws of exceptions. It sets up special tribunals for the "defense" of the state, allowing the arrests & imprisonment of many anarchists without trials.


11- 15 -1926 -- Italy: During this month Mussolini issues the "laws of exceptions", instituting special "tribunals of state defense", with many anarchists arrested & deported.
http://www.pagesz.net/~stevek/europe/lecture9.html

11- 29 -1926 -- Emma Goldman lectures on Ibsen to an audience of 500 at Hygeia Hall; the interest shown persuades her to initiate a series on drama.

Goldman has been doing a series of lectures during the month. Most of lectures in Montreal are in Yiddish; Goldman focuses on raising funds for political prisoners in Russia, an impassioned appeal at one banquet yields $300. She also spoke in Toronto on Nov. 26, where she finds the anarchists more numerous & better organized than in Montreal.

12- 13 -1926 -- Theo van Rysselberghe (1862-1926) Belgian painter (pointillisme), dies. Contributor, along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Aristide Delannoy, Alexandre Steinlen, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., to the anarchist magazine "Temps Nouveaux". http://www.worldzone.net/ss/awg/visualart/awgartrysselberghe.htm
http://www.gent.be/gent/ndl/cultuur/musea/sk/musschk.htm

1- 29 -1927 -- Cactus Ed Abbey, American xenophobic anarchist / ecologist / writer lives, Home, Pennsylvania. His uncompromising works include The Monkey Wrench Gang; Desert Solitaire; Hayduke Lives. 

"I am a redneck myself, born & bred on a submarginal farm in Appalachia, descended from an endless line of dark-complected, lug-eared, beetle-browed, insolent barbarian peasants, a line reaching back to the dark forests of central Europe & the alpine caves of my Neanderthal primogenitors."

       — from "In defense of the Redneck", Abbey's Road

http://www.abbeyweb.net/abbey.html


4- 9 -1927 -- Massachusetts: Death sentences for "those anarchist bastards" (quote from trial Judge Thayer) Nicolas Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti are upheld.

excerpt...AMERICA

...America how can I write a holy litany in your silly mood?
I will continue like Henry Ford my strophes are as individual as his
automobiles more so they're all different sexes
America I will sell you strophes $2500 apiece $500 down on your old strophe
America free Tom Mooney
America save the Spanish Loyalists
America Sacco & Vanzetti must not die . . .

--Allen Ginsberg

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html
http://home.earthlink.net/~dwgsht/sacco.html

6- 10 -1927 -- Italy: The trial (June 8-10) of the anarchist Gino Lucetti concludes. He attempted to assassinate Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Mussolini September 11, 1926. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison; two others receive 12 years. http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/DOF/chron/chronmus.htm


7- 23 -1927 -- The anarchosyndikalistische "Gegenkultur" forms a network of the most diffuse currents & unions, branched out far. 


In the guild of the liberal book friends, the syndicalist women federations, the anarcho-syndicalist youth, the anti-authoritarian children's movement, the cooperative & settlement projects, as well as in the anti-fascist 'black crowds', sexual reform & free-love movements & the entire left culture movement of the Weimar Republic are documented in their contact with the FAUD, as a yardstick reflecting itself..

The FAUD(S) emerged as a principled, nonviolent organization capable of change & adaptation. It never fully integrated anarchism & syndicalism but accommodated their often opposing cultural & labor strategies for revolution. It drew support from a core of highly skilled artisans in well-defined trades, but between 1918 & 1924 also attracted industrial workers disillusioned with the Marxist parties.

http://www.free.de/dada/ask5.htm#INHALT
http://www.free.de/dada/ask5rz06.htm

7- 25 -1927 -- Portugal: A military coup forces anarchists to move & relocate a planned conference to Valencia, Spain, where it proceeded surreptitiously today. Attended by Francisco Nobrea do Quintal, secretary of the Portuguese Anarchist Union. Germinal de Sousa, son of the author of the draft project to launch an Iberian Anarchist Federation, & a refugee in Spain, was also on hand. From the outset, he was a member of the new anarchist body & a participant, along with other Portuguese delegates, in the National Plenum of Regionals held in Madrid on 30 & 31 October 1927. http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#FAI
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

8- 6 -1927 -- Massachusetts: High court hears final plea from "those anarchist bastards", Sacco & Vanzetti; protest bombs hit homes of Baltimore mayor, Boston. (see August 21). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/SaccoVan/SaccoVan.html

http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html

8- 21 -1927 -- U.S. Supreme Court Justice Brandeis refuses to hear request for stay of execution in the case of the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti. (see August 23). 
http://burn.ucsd.edu/%7Emai/sacco_vanzetti.html
http://www.courttv.com/greatesttrials/sacco.vanzetti/ http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/SaccoVan/SaccoVan.html

http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html

8- 23 -1927 -- Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian-born anarchist labor organizers, executed in the electric chair, Boston amid unprecedented protests worldwide. (see August 24).



"Now, we are not a failure. This is our career & our triumph. Never in our full life could we hope to do such work for tolerance, for justice, for man's understanding of man as now we do by accident. Our words--our lives--our pains--nothing! The taking of our lives--lives of a good shoemaker & a poor fish peddler--all! That last moment belongs to us--that agony is our triumph." http://www.crimelibrary.com/sacco/saccomain.htm

Four incidents a good many years apart are somehow sharply related in my mind. Long ago a British judge was quoted as saying he refused clemency at popular demand to uphold the principle of capital punishment & to prove he was not to be intimidated by public protest. During Hitler's time, Himmler remarked that for the good of the state, popular complaints should be ignored, & if they persisted, the complainers should be punished. Judge Webster Thayer, during the Sacco-Vanzetti episode, washeard to boast while playing golf, "Did you see what I did to those anarchistic bastards?" & the grim little person named Rosa Baron ... who was head of my particular group during the Sacco-Vanzetti demonstrations in Boston snapped at me when I expressed the wish that we might save the lives of Sacco & Vanzetti: "Alive--what for? They are no earthly good to us alive." These painful incidents illustrate at least four common perils in the legal handling that anyone faces when accused of a capital crime of which he is not guilty, especially if he has a dubious place in society, an unpopular nationality, erroneous political beliefs, the wrong religion socially, poverty, low social standing -- the list could go on but this is enough. Both of these unfortunate men, Sacco & Vanzetti, suffered nearly all of these disadvantages. A fearful word had been used to cover the whole list of prejudices & misinformation, & in some deeply mysterious way, their names had been associated with it -- Anarchy.  The Never-Ending Wrong  Katherine Anne Porter http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/oj/porterf.htm





What's all this fuss they're making about them guys?









Darned if some people ain't kickin' because they got

What was comin' to 'em;

Sayin', be Jesus,



It's cause they're reds.



That's bad enough,



But that ain't all ---



Not by a damn sight.



Why, man alive,



They're only a couple o' God damn dagoes!...



Now me: I'm an American, I am ...



Send 'em up, say I,



Show 'em that our courts is American.



We don't get our law from Italy.



We don't care whether they done it or not.



To hell with 'em!



They're dagoes.



---Jim Seymour, 1921





http://www.msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sacco-Vanzetti/index.html

The execution of Sacco & Vanzetti inspired Upton Sinclair's novel Boston & Maxwell Anderson's play Winterset.

 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/saints/StBenShahn.htm

8- 27 -1927 -- Paris: Thousands turn out in violent protests over deaths of Sacco & Vanzetti.



Aldino Felicani (1891-1967)

Italian-American anarchist, typographer, editor, publisher. 



In 1918, Felicani settled in Boston & became friends with Bartolomeo Vanzetti. With the arrests of Vanzetti & Nicola Sacco, Felicani organized a support group with the two & created, for their defense, the newspaper "The agitazione" (1920-1925) & "The Lantern" (1927-1929).

For the Sacco & Vanzetti Case resources, see Bright Lights page, the Mid-Atlantic Info-Shop page at http://www.infoshop.org/sacco_vanzetti.html, Al Filreis' page at http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html



9- 3 -1927 -- Man Ray, surrealist, chess player/designer, anarchist, filmmaker & photographer, in this month signs the surrealist manifesto, "Hands Off Love", devoted to Charlie Chaplin, in "La Révolution surréaliste". http://www.manray-photo.com/html
http://www.surrealism-usa.org/
http://www.sfu.ca/english/engl338/transition.htm

9- 7 -1927 -- François Malicet (1843-1927) killed by a burglar. French barber, lifelong anarchist, member of "Les déshérités" group in Nouzon. Met Fortuné Henry at a conference & in 1903 participated in Henry's attempt to establish a libertarian communist colony at Aiglemont. Malicet left the colony over differences with Mounier. Subscribed to the notion "Et du boyau du dernier prêtre, serrons le cou du dernier flic" until his death. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai3.html#15


10- 11 -1927 -- Emma Goldman's ambitious lecture series, October 11-December 8, begins at Hygeia Hall, Toronto; consists of 18 lectures &covers drama as well as social & literary topics, including the plays of Shaw, Galsworthy, & Ibsen, Walt Whitman, "Crime & Punishment," "The Menace of Military Preparedness," "Evolution versus Religious Bigotry," "The Child & Its Enemies," "Sex--A Dominant Element in Life & Art," & "Has Feminism Achieved Its Aim?"

Audiences for her lectures are disappointing, & the aging anarchist-feminist determines to return to Europe in the new year & begin writing her autobiography.


12- 25 -1927 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the National City Bank is bombed, killing two & wounding 23 American & Argentinean customers: it is the work of anarchist (Giovanni & the brothers Scarfo) proponents of violent action.

4- 7 -1928 -- Marcel Wullens dies of tuberculoses. Militant anarchist & syndicalist who participated, with his brother Maurice, in the review "Les humbles," the journal "L'insurgé," & (without his brother Maurice, a novelist, who had broke with the anarchists in favor of the Bolsheviks, & later became an organizer, with Andre Breton & Leon Trotsky, of the F.I.A.R.I. ), helped found "La révolution prolétarienne". http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#9


5- 3 -1928 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, to protest against the Italian dictatorship, the anarchist Severino Di Giovanni bombs the Italian consulate (which was being used eliminate Italian antifascists in exiles). Nine killed, 34 wounded.


5- 13 -1928 -- Man Ray, artist, chess player/designer, anarchist, filmmaker & photographer, premiers L'Etoile de Mer (The Star of the Sea), a film by Man Ray based on a poem by Robert Desnos, at the Studio des Ursulines. It continues to be shown in the same program as The Blue Angel at least until December. http://www.manray-photo.com/html


5- 19 -1928 -- Lucien Tronchet, anarchist & Swiss trade unionist, & Pignat & Vuattolo instigate a 15-day wildcat strike which resulted in a reduction of working hours, minimum wages, etc. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/TronchetLucien.htm



9- 26 -1928 -- US: Man Ray, surrealist, chess player/designer, anarchist, filmmaker & photographer, publishes a photographic report about the big trades of lorraine in the magazine "Vu".
http://www.manray-photo.com/html


11- 23 -1928 -- Albert Laisant (1873-1928), anarchist, dies. Son of Charles Ange Laisant (1841-1920), Albert was introduced to anarchist ideas by Sebastien Faure & turns the whole family into anarchists, including his father & his own two sons, Maurice & Charles. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#1


12- 7 -1928 -- Noam Chomsky lives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Linguist, anarchist, social critic, activist. Critic in the manner of the great I.F. Stone -- & just as ignored & vilified by establishment.

Chomsky learned a lot about linguistics from his father, William. Among his many accomplishments Chomsky is most famous for his work on generative grammar, which he developed from his interest in modern logic & mathematical foundations.

Always interested in politics, & politics brought him into the linguistics field. His political tendencies result from "the radical Jewish community in New York."

Since 1965 Chomsky has become one of the leading critics of U.S. foreign policy. He has many books & essays published arguing against American involvement in Vietnam, Latin America & Indonesia's political involvement in East Timor.

Chomsky has many contributions to anarchism, constantly stressing that we are all capable of become more aware of what is fundamentally right & wrong, & that life itself is bigger & brighter than passively consuming state led propaganda & mis-information. 

http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/chomsky/index.html

" While I have yet to hear him play the accordian, I have been proud to know that he is part of a family as well as a community I have identified with, a man with private moments, & good hearty laughs, of a boat that sails a Cape Cod pond, & so many friends in movements far away who take heart from his words, & passion from his pen.

       — Danny Schechter, one of over 1,500 birthday greetings on Chomsky's 70th birthday
http://www.zmag.org/noambirth.htm
http://www.disinfo.com/pages/article/id589/pg1/
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

12- 14 -1928 -- Emma Goldman, accompanied by Henry Alsberg & Otto Kleinberg, travels in Spain; in Barcelona, she meets anarchist intellectuals Federico Urales & Soledad Gustavo, & their daughter Federica Montseny.



5- 1 -1929 -- Liberal Book Friends (GfB) begins publishing the free monthly illustrated review 'Meditation & Departure'. Nice mix of anarchist & contemporary & critical art-related materials. Included Max Baginski, Karl Roche, Erich Muhsam, Fritz Linow, Arthur Lehning, Rudolf Rocker among many others. Each issue included a booklet by some anarchist or sympathetic author (Emma Goldman & Theodor Plievier, for example). http://www.free.de/dada/ask51121.htm
http://www.free.de/dada/ask5rz06.htm

5- 11 -1929 -- French anarchist propagandist Albin Cantone, aka Albin, dies of cancer, age 41. Born in Italy 1888, metal worker in Lyon. Cantone published the review, "Les Glaneurs", in 1917-18, wrote for "Les vagabonds" (1921-1922), "La brochuremensuelle", "Semeur", etc. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#albin


6- 16 -1929 -- Ronald Creagh lives. French historian of the American anarchist movement. Professor at l'université de Montpellier, author of Histoire de l'anarchisme aux USA (1981), Laboratoires de l'utopie, les communautés libertaires aux Etats Unis (1983), Sacco et Vanzetti (1984). Also moderates the Internet "Research on Anarchism" discussion list. http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/
http://serinf2.univ-montp3.fr/serinf/CIRCAN/Creagh/

9- 30 -1929 -- Publisher Alfred Knopf signs a book contract with Emma Goldman's representatives, lawyer Arthur Leonard Ross & Saxe Commins; she receives an advance of $7,000.

Emma Goldman began writing her autobiography, Living My Life, in March, & many American publishers express interest in it; eight made offers to the aging anarchist. Absorbed in writing her book, the departure in May of Emily Holmes Coleman, whose assistance & companionship have been invaluable, was disruptive; eventually her friend's daughter Miriam Lerner serves as secretary through the summer. As Goldman writes, she contacts friends to corroborate her memory of events & furnish details of personalities; some of her former acquaintances request to be omitted from her book.




10- 21 -1929 -- Ursula LeGuin lives, Berkeley, California. Science fiction/fantasy novelist, anarchist, daughter of famed anthropologist Kroeber. "The Dispossessed," "Left Hand of Darkness".



Examines contemporary problems by restating them in terms of other imagined worlds -- for example, the possibility for perfect anarchic society, in The Dispossessed, (1974); & life in an androgynous world, in The Left Hand of Darkness, (1969). Also wrote a fantasy series for children, the Earthsea trilogy, & has received many awards, including the Boston Globe-Hornbook Award for juvenile fiction (1968) & the National Book Award (1973) for the children's book The Farthest Shore. Her other works include poetry, stories (collected in The Wind's Twelve Quarters, 1975), essays on science fiction, & the novels Malafrena (1979) and The Compass Rose (1982).



 http://www.levity.com/corduroy/leguin.htm

2- 22 -1930 -- Italy: Camillo Berneri sentenced to six months in prison.

The situation became more complicated when Carlo Rosselli & Emilio Dolci managed to escape from Italian prisons & reach Paris. 

A series of bombs exploded in Nice & in bars in Cannes. The responsibility lay with the fascist régime, who expected the anarchists to be blamed, forcing the French government to repatriate them. 

In the meantime, Camillo Berneri had been preparing an 'attentat' on Alfredo Rocco &endash;the man behind the infamous RoccoPenal Code &endash; during his Brussels visit. Menapace arranged it so that Berneri would be arrested in Belgium, in possession of a pistol & some photographs of the Minister of Justice, Rocco. So, he was captured & Menapace returned to Rome. In court on 22nd February 1930, Berneri's friends were acquitted, but he himself was sentenced to six months in prison, while Menapace was sentenced 'in absentia' to two years, since it was accepted that he instigated the whole thing. 

Once back on the other side of the Franco-Belgian border, Berneri went through a second trial for the same events & was sentenced to a year & two months. He was given amnesty on 14th July 1931 & expelled from the country, but, as he had already beendeclared undesirable ('persona non grata') in the surrounding countries, Berneri was again able to stay in Paris.

http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html


3- 29 -1930 -- Claude Rougeot lives, Demigny (Saone & the Loire). French shoe-maker, Lyons anarchist & participant in the insurrection in the Guillotière suburb in Lyon (30 April 30, 1871) where they tried to establish a commune in conjunction with the Paris Commune & similar efforts in other cities in France. http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html


4- 5 -1930 -- Antoine Cyvoct dies. Lyons anarchist militant. Suspected wrongly of being the author of the attack against the restaurant of the Bellecour theatre in Lyon on October 22, 1882. Also implicated during the "Trial of the 66," (see 28 January 1883) & sentenced to five years of prison (Cyvoct had taken refuge in Switzerland & Belgium). Extradited to France in 1883, & tried for the October 22 attack. He was sentenced to death, despite the court's failure to prove he was responsible. His sentence was commuted to forced labor. Despite a heavy campaign by the anarchists in 1895 to gain his release, Cyvoct was not amnestied until March 1898. This same year, Cyvoct was nominated for the legislative elections "To draw attention to the cases of the anarchists remaining in prison."

Cyvoct then worked in the bookstore business, & gave talks in the anarchist circles on living conditions in the prisons.


5- 8 -1930 -- One of the earliest of the Beat Poets, Zen anarchist Gary Snyder, lives in San Francisco, California. http://www.shambhalasun.com/snyder.html


6- 8 -1930 -- Antoine Antignac dies. French anarchist, speaker, bookstore manager, writer for anarchist publications. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AntignacAntoine.htm



6- 30 -1930 -- Francisco Saverio Merlino (1856-1930) dies. Lawyer, theorist, propagandist of Italian anarchism, then a socialist. Continued to defend the anarchists when needed -- which was often.

• Berti, Giampietro. Francesco Saverio Merlino: Dall'anarchismo socialista al socialismo liberale (1856-1930) in the Collana della Fondazione di studi storici Filippo Turati(FrancoAngeli, 1993). 
• Liberali, e quindi anarchici http://www.libertarian.leganord.org/LiberaliAnarchici.htm
  
• See Galleani's Il principio dell'organizzazione alla luce dell'Anarchismo http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/galleani/principio.html
  
• The End of Anarchism? was Galleani's outraged response to an interview of ex-anarchist Saverio Merlino entitled "The End of Anarchism," in which Merlino "pronounced anarchism an obsolete doctrine, torn by internal disputes, bereft of first-rate theorists, & doomed to early extinction."
  http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/galleani.html
  

http://unccvms.uncc.edu/~DRGABACC/mtl.htm



8- 21 -1930 -- Goliardo Fiaschi (1930-2000), Italian anti-fascist & anarchist guerilla in Spain, bookstore owner, lives. See Daily Bleed page,Anarchist encyclopedia
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/FiaschiGoliardo.htm


11- 8 -1930 -- Alexander Berkman, denied renewal of his visa once again, is given 15 days to leave France; by mid-month he receives another three-month extension.

Also during this month, Knopf publishing house postpones publication of Emma Goldman's autobiography until the fall of 1931. Eunice M. Schuster, writing a Master's thesis on anarchism, asks Emma Goldman for information & assistance; Goldman encourages comrades -- W. S. Van Valkenburgh, Hippolyte Havel, Max Nettlau, & anarchist publisher Joseph Ishill -- to assist Schuster; her thesis is published in 1932 as Native American Anarchism, one of the earliest studies of American anarchism.

http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


1- 6 -1931 -- E. L. Doctorow (his historical novel Ragtime, includes such anarchists as Emma Goldman) lives, New York City. http://hs1.hst.msu.edu/~cal/celeb/doctorow.html


2- 1 -1931 -- Severino Di Giovanni dies in shoot-out with the police. 

Typographer. Fled to Argentina in 1923 to escape Italian Fascism. Joined the Anarchist Circle (Renzo Novatore) in Buenos Aires & printed & published the review "Culmine". Organizes a demonstration for the release of Sacco & Vanzetti, but when they are executed, August 23, 1927, Di Giovanni began violent actions with the Scarfo brothers (Alejandro & Paulino); many bombs were set off, especially aimed at North American interests. December 25, 1927, the National City Bank was bombed. May 3, 1928, the Italian consulate. The spiral of violence was condemned by the anarchists of FORA & "La Protesta."See Osvaldo Bayer Severino Di Giovanni, the idealist of violencia (1970).

2- 2 -1931 -- Argentinean anarchist Paulino Scarfo dies in a shoot out with police. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/noms3.html#s


3- 27 -1931 -- Uruguay: Arrest of Miguel Arcangel Roscigna, anarchist Argentinean expropriator who, after being a wrought iron craftsman, went from anarcho-syndicalism to violent action. Initiated by Durruti in bank robberies to finance propaganda & to help prisoners escape.

October 1, 1927, Roscigna & his gang (Andrès Vasquez Paredes, Vicente & Antonio Moretti) netted an impressive 141,000 pesos in a Buenos Aires robbery. A police officer was killed but they escaped to Uruguay. There they financed a spectacular escape from the Punta Carretas Prison in Montevideo, freeing nine men, but resulting in the arrest of Roscigna & Moretti. Sentenced to six years in prison before being delivered to the Argentinean police who then murdered them: the body of Roscigna has never been found (a now familiar "method" of torturing & disappearing the victims). See Osvaldo Bayer's Les anarchistes expropriateurs.

4- 14 -1931 -- Spain: A Republic is proclaimed. Alfonso XIII crosses paths on his way out of Spain with hundreds of returning exiles, among them the anarchists Buenaventura Durruti & Francisco Ascaso. A colleague of Durruti and Ascaso, cíGarcía Oliver, was to recall in 1937, bywhich point he was a minister of the Republic, the years of struggle when manyanarchist militants such as ‘Sugar Baby’ Salvador Segui perished. Juan GARCÍA OLIVER, later a minister of the Republic: (Archive footage): Our anarchist group was formed in1923. The gangs of gunmen from the employer-sponsored Sindicato Libre wereall but masters of the city and the police were conniving in the destruction of ourorganisations and our personnel. We came together and set up an anarchistgroup, an action group to take on the gunmen, the bosses and the government.And we achieved our aim. We beat them. http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/meltzer/utopia.html
Helenio MOLINA: I must have been about 10 years old and the whole of Barcelona seemed to be hawking Tierra y Libertad! Tierra y Libertad! Organ of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI)! ... [its] print run soared from 4,000, when my father took it over, up to 20,000 by 1934–5.

5- 21 -1931 -- Italy: In Rome, 32-year-old anarchist Michele Schirru is executed (shot) by a fascist firing squad. Schirru had emigrated to the US. A committed antifascist, he then returned to Italy, where he was arrested, tried & found guilty by a "special tribunal" of one notorious thug, of wanting to make an attempt on Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Mussolini life. No judge, no jury, no witnesses & no lawyers were allowed. Schirru was shot 8 1/2 hours after sentencing.

Schirru’s execution was plain murder, He had not killed anybody. the death penalty, as capital punishment existed in Italy at that time only for the murder of the king, the crown prince & Mussolini.

---MAN! Vol. 1, Nos 5-6 (May-June 1933)

 http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai4.html#28


8- 26 -1931 -- Writer & editor Frank Harris dies in Nice; Emma Goldman hurries there to be with Nellie Harris, Frank's widow, & to help arrange his funeral.

Emma spends the last week of September in Nice helping Nellie Harris sort out her affairs. She has been preoccupied throughout the summer & into September with the urgency of Alexander Berkman's need to secure new papers & with Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin's precarious financial situation in Berlin, & consumed by mounting disappointment over the prospects for her autobiography Living My Life. Among the visitors to the old anarchist at St. Tropez are Harry Kelly, Anna Strunsky Walling & her three daughters, American sculptor Jo Davidson, & Peggy Guggenheim.

10- 7 -1931 -- André Colomer (1886-1931) dies. Poet, anarchist & finally a Communist. In 1913 involved with Devaldes & Lacaze-Duthiers in the review "L'action d'art". Fled the country during WWI, refusing military service. After the armistice was again involved in "L'action d'art", & joined the trade union of the writers & dramatic authors. In 1922, organizer with the CGTU, & creates theconfederal theatre. Involved in founding "Libertaire" & managed "La revue anarchiste". In 1927, he broke with anarchism, to become a "true Communist" (only a few years before he had denounced the Bolshevik dictatorship). Moved to the USSR & died there.

"Inciter les anarchistes et les syndicalistes fédéralistes à prendre toute leurs précautions, non seulement pour éviter de tomber dans les pièges où se sont brisés et meurtris les anarchistes russes, mais encore pour être capables, aux heures révolutionnaires, d'opposer leurs propres conceptions pratiques de la production et de la répartition des biens nécessaires à la vie à celle des dictateurs communistes".

(In Répression de l'anarchisme en Russie soviétique (1923).

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#4


11- 4 -1931 -- Luigi Galleani, Italian anarchist, dies of a heart attack, at the age of 70.

"When we talk about property, State, masters, government, laws, courts, & police, we say only that we don't want any of them."

       — Luigi Galleani, The End of Anarchism?

http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/galleani.html
http://users.uncanny.net/%7Ewsa/ital1920.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA4.html

1- 1 -1932 -- US: "The Nation" magazine includes anarchist feminist Emma Goldman's Living My Life among its list of most notable books of 1931.


1- 11 -1932 -- Spain: Rising of Casas Viejas Pueblo in Cadiz, Spain, heralds Civil War; anarchist elder "Seisdedos" fights to the death against the hated Civil Guards. See The Anarchists of Casas Viejas by Jerome Mintz.

CASAS VIEJAS TANGO

Quien vivio, quien vivio
en esas casas de ayer,
viejas casas que el tiempo bronceo,
patios viejos color de humedad,
con leyendas de noches de amor.

Platinadas de luna las vi,
y brillantes con oro de sol,
y hoy sumiso las veo esperar,
la sentencia que marca el adios,
y alla van sin rencor,
como va al matadero la res,
sin que nadie le diga un adios.

Se van, se van,
las casas viejas queridas,
Demas estan,han terminado sus vidas.
Llego el motor y su roncar,
ordena que hay que salir.
El tiempo cruel, con su buril,
carcome y hay que morir.

Se van, se van,
llevando a cuestas su cruz,
como las sombras,
se alejan y esfuman, ante la luz

Se van, se van,
llevando a cuestas su cruz,
como las sombras,
se alejan y esfuman, ante la luz

http://www.spunk.org/library/reviews/index.html


1- 18 -1932 -- Spain: In the Catalonia mine fields of High Llobregat, in Berga, Cardona, Fijols, Sallent, Suria, libertarian Communism is proclaimed. The government subdues the insurrection in one week. Over 100 militants, including the anarchists Ascaso & Durruti, were sent to Rio de Oro, a prison colony in Africa.

The Republic had recently been proclaimed, but the hopes of the Spanish people were quickly dashed. Several times, there were open revolts against the State, with numerous attempts to immediately establish libertarian communism.

This began with the rising in Fijols in Catalonia, which was repressed. The socialist Republican government shipped 120 Catalan anarchists to Africa, where several died of fever contracted there.

Libertarian communism is proclaimed in the Alto Llobregat region, with the intervention of the armed forces. There are mass arrests & 125 anarchists, among them Durruti & Ascaso are deported & shipped to Guinea & Fuerteventura.

Released, Durruti, Ascaso & Garcia Oliver form a revolutionary committee that coordinates the uprising of 1933. It was particularly sound in Catalunya, Levante & Andalucia, & significant as a response to the slaughter at Casa Viejas (Cadiz), where the civil guard assasinated several peasants. This event provoked a serious government crisis & President Azana, considered responsible for his infamous declaration, "neither wounded nor prisoners, shoot at their bellies". 

Months later, Durruti & Ascaso who were in hiding were arrested. They tried to applied the vagrancy laws against them. This enraged Durruti:

"There isn't a judge that has the right to convict worker Durruti as a vagrant".

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

1- 19 -1932 -- Spain: Armed miners' uprising in Barcelona region in response to anarchist uprisings in Catalonia. "Libertarian communism" declared, including the abolition of money & property, followed by general strikes & armed uprisings throughout Spain over the next five days.

This mining town I live in is a sad & lonely place
Where pity & starvation is pictured on every face!

Some coal operators might tell you the hungry blues are not there.
They're the worst kind of blues this poor woman ever had.



— Aunt Molly Jackson, mother, miner's wife, songster, "Ragged Hungry Blues" http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersM/protestsongs.html

2- 9 -1932 -- Germany: Last issue of the Syndikalist published by the Dresden FAUD (anarcho-syndicalist Free Worker's Union - Germany), suppressed by the Nazis.

Other anarchist papers FAUD produced were also suppressed: Der Arbeitsloseis shut down March 1933, & the Arbeiter-Echo (Worker Echo), the unofficial organ of the German AnarchosyndikalistInnen, is banned 16 February 1933.

http://www.free.de/dada/ask7.htm
http://m2.aol.com/wellslake/bulletin.htm#FAUD

2- 10 -1932 -- Spain: Anarcho-syndicalist CNT proclaims General Strike; insurrections follow. http://www.dnai.com/~figgins/generalstrike/index.html
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html

2- 16 -1932 -- Spain: The anarchists take the city Terrassa & proclaim libertarian communism. But their action is of short duration. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2419/spaindx.html



2- 25 -1932 -- Pierre Lariviere (1884?-1932) dies. French anarchist, painter & caricaturist who illustrated some of Jean Grave's "Temps nouveaux". Mobilized in 1914, he opposed the "Manifesto of the 16" issued by Kropotkin. In 1916, Lariviere's poems were published in Ce qu'il faut dire, by Sebastien Faure, & began collaborating, until 1927, on "Semeur" with Alphonse Barbe. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier4.html#25
http://www.borg.com/~akoontz/tmh/index/one_t.html

3- 1 -1932 -- Librado Rivera dies from complications following a car accident. 

Mexican anarchist, a school principal, then a professor, & companion in the fight waged by the Magon brothers, Enrique & Ricardo Flores. His libertarian ideals landed him in jail numerous times & in May 1905 Rivera went into exile in the US with Ricardo Magon & was active in the newspaper "Regeneracion". Several times he was jailed & threatened with expulsion. Finally both were arrested & sentenced to 15 & 20 years of forced labor (Ricardo Flores Magon died in the Leavenworth penitentiary). Rivera was released on 2 October 1923, & extradited to Mexico. Imprisoned again in 1927, he continued writing for his paper "Sagitario" until the police banned it. After his release he started "Avante", which was shut down 1929, & the printing shop destroyed. Librado Rivera was arrested, struck & thrown in front of a train in an attempt to kill him, but foiled the attempt, & went on to found yet another newspaper, "El paso", the year before his death.

Ricardo Flores Magon, Antonio I. Villarreal & Librado Rivera were freed from Florence jail, Arizona, where they had been serving an 18 month sentence for the alleged "violation" of the neutrality laws. They immediately went to Los Angeles where they were met at the railway station by hundreds of P.L.M., sympathizers. Praxedis joined them & publication of 'Regeneracion' was resumed.

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/guerrero/biography.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#1


3- 28 -1932 -- Madrid: Spanish Anarchists begin burning monasteries. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


5- 11 -1932 -- Virgilia d’Andrea (1890-1932) dies, NY City, age 43. Italian poet, teacher, writer. Met Armando Borghi while a teacher & from then on was a dedicated anarchist. Her anti-fascist activities forced her to leave Italy, & she continued the struggle in Germany, Holland, France & the US. Wrote Tormento, a volume of poetry published in 1922 in Italy; L’Ora di Marmaldo, a collection of prose published in France in 1928; & Torce nella Notte, a collection of articles & treatises published in NY a few days before her death.



"Virgilia d’Andrea is a reminder of the passion that anarchism could (& should!) inspire. It is the ideal, the source of hope & beauty. Like Luigi Galleani she writes in emotive & powerful language- a far cry from the formulaic and cold prose that can be found in some areas of our movement. Anarchism is about life, about individual realisation, about infinite possibility... "

http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet14.htm#d’Andrea
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#12

7- 22 -1932 -- Errico Malatesta, center fielder for the Armageddonia Anarchists, dies trying to hit a home run all his life. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/malatesta.html

http://members.xoom.com/cba2001/98aar.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/malatesta/Malatestaarchive.html

1- 10 -1933 -- Spain: Rioting, bombings & gunfighting continue throughout the country as the Revolution spreads to the southern cities. Anarchists & Syndicalists besiege Barcelona. http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1997/04/PARDO/8109.html

1- 12 -1933 -- Spain: The anarchist uprisings which began on 8 January are brutally suppressed. Their greatest successes were in Andalusia. Police & army buildings were attacked, & the anarcho-trade unionists seized public buildings & proclaimed Libertarian Communism there. In the small village of Casas Viejas, the government "Gardes d'assaut" demonstrate their cruelty by assassinating many of the the villagers, burning alive others gathered in a thatched cottage. See also 1984 below.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


2- 5 -1933 -- Marinus van der Lubbe crosses Dutch/German border.

Marinus van der Lubbe, born in Leiden 1909, a half blind militant of the Dutch communist party & an ultraleft partisan of workers' councils, confessed to setting fire to the Reichstag in Berlin. He was beheaded in Leipzig on 10 January 1934. Most believe van der Lubbe was framed or set up by the Nazis so they could seize full power in Germany. Some French anarchists, mostly individualists, took his defence, glorifying his action.

Before the trial you were good as dead,
the hangman knew he'd have your head
while you sat in gaol your death to await,
I wept beside you at your fate. . . .

 — Willem Elsschot (1882-1960), Marinus van der Lubbe

http://www.hull.ac.uk/php/abspjl/Dutch/vdLubbe.html


2- 16 -1933 -- Germany: "Arbeiter-Echo" (Worker Echo), the unofficial organ of the German AnarchosyndikalistInnen published by the FAUD in Dresden, is banned by the Nazis. http://www.free.de/dada/ask7.htm
http://m2.aol.com/wellslake/bulletin.htm#FAUD

3- 1 -1933 -- An Anarchist Looks At Life: Speech Before The Foyle's 29th Literary Luncheon. 

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, the
subject this noon is, "An Anarchist Looks at
Life." I cannot speak for all my fellow
anarchists, but for myself I wish to say that I
have been so furiously busy living my life that
I had not a moment left to look at it.



--- Emma Goldman, March 1, 1933



When I was fifteen I suffered from unrequited love, & I wanted to commit suicide in a romantic way by drinking a lot of vinegar. I thought that would make me look ethereal and interesting, very pale & poetic when in my grave, but at sixteen I decided on a more exalted death. I wanted to dance myself to death.

http://gos.sbc.edu/g/goldman4.html


3- 16 -1933 -- Last appearance of FAUDs newspaper for the unemployed in Dresden, which had served as the unofficial organ of the German anarcho-syndicalist movement after the Nazi's banned their two previous papers. http://www.free.de/dada/ask7.htm


5- 1 -1933 -- Christian anarchist "Catholic Worker" founded, New York City. Dorothy Day & Peter Maurin, anarchist-Catholics (!), publish first issue of their long-running newspaper.

"The greatest challenge of the day
is how to bring about a revolution of the heart --
a revolution which has to start with each one of us."



--- Dorothy Day

 http://www.catholicworker.org/


5- 16 -1933 -- Bleed Saint, Swiss-German anarchist, gay writer John Henry Mackay dies. See our Saints Page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/saints/stJohnMackay.htm



10- 7 -1933 -- Joseph A. Labadie

American labor activist, writer, poet, printer, anarchist, dies. Deeply influenced by Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, & Proudhon. The largest labor & radical library collection in the US is named in his honor.
See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/LabadieJoseph.htm
See also, http://users.aol.com/labadiejo/

10- 10 -1933 -- Victor Meric (1876-1933) dies of cancer. French journalist, libertarian author & antimilitarist. Meric went from anarchism to revolutionary socialism, wound up a Communist Party member, then devoted himself to pacifism. In 1928 he became a close friend of the anarchist journalist/lawyer Henri Jullien. Meric wrote many works, including Les bandits tragiques (1926), La der des der (1929), Les compagnons de l'escopette (1930), A travers la jungle politique et littéraire (1930/1931). See the Daily Bleed's Sinner's Gallery, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/MericVictor.htm


10- 15 -1933 -- American liberal Mabel Carver Crouch, during this month, begins working furiously for Emma Goldman's readmission to the United States, organizing a committee & soliciting the help of lawyers & others with contacts in the new administration in Washington, D.C. 

In the summer, Crouch had visited with Goldman in St. Tropez, as did anarcho-syndicalists Milly & Rudolf Rocker. Goldman began considering a tour of Canada in early 1934, following Rudolf Rocker completed his projected tour of Canada & the US. Canadians responded favorably, with Toronto anarchists pledging funds to pay for Goldman's passage to Canada.

12- 13 -1933 -- Spain: From 8th-13th, some provinces (Andalusia, Aragon, Estremadure) experience uprisings, initiated by the anarchists. In several villages, they declare anarchist-communism, destroy property files, & abolish the currency. But these movements remain insulated & on December 10 the Republican government declares a State of Emergency & sends in the army. As in Casas Viejas, repression is severe: 87 dead, many arrests, tortures, & more than 700 imprisoned.


1- 15 -1934 -- Canada: Emma Goldman gives a well-attended series of lectures, January 15-31, at Hygeia Hall in Toronto

Topics include "Germany's Tragedy & the Forces That Brought It About," "Hitler & His Cohorts," "The Collapse of German Culture," & "Dictatorship Right & Left--a Religious Hysteria." A talk to a Jewish meeting also raises money for anarchists forced to flee repression in Nazi Germany.

During this month US Department of Labor approves a three-month visa, effective Feb. 1, for Goldman to lecture on nonpolitical subjects, which may include Living My Life under the category of literature. Once word of her tour leaks out, many lecture agencies in the United States offer their services.

6- 28 -1934 -- Author, poet, anarchist Kenneth Patchen marries Miriam Oikemus. Moves to Greenwich Village, New York. Writes reviews for New Republic. Member of the San Francisco Anarchist Group in the 1940s along with Gary Snyder, et al. Pioneered jazz poetry.



His writings remain youth cult classics, from the Beats, to the hippies to today. Written before widespread public awareness of modern threats such as nuclear war & environmental devastation, portended today's concerns with clarity & gentle humor. Among his most charming/eloquent works are "picture poems," intuitive free verse combined with his fanciful paintings. http://www.connectotel.com/patchen/




"Not long before I worked with a poet named Patchen. He was wearing his scarlet jacket & sitting on a stool on a little stage in a theatre you walk upstairs to down on 14th street. We improvised behind him while he read his poems, which I read ahead of time "It's dark out, Jack" — Patchen's a real artist, you'd dig him, doctor. "I believe in truth" he said, "I believe that every good thought I have, all men shall have. I believe that the perfect shape of everything has been prepared.""

       — Charles Mingus, From Beneath the Underdog [p.330]



6- 30 -1934 -- Erich Mühsam, German anarchist poet, dies in a Nazi concentration camp.


7- 18 -1934 -- The American Mercury accepts Emma Goldman's article, "Communism: Bolshevist & Anarchist, A Comparison," which it publishes -- to Goldman's disgust -- in a truncated form as "There is No Communism in Russia" in April 1935, violating the spirit of the original article. Harper's rejects her article "The Individual, Society, and the State"; unwilling to revise it, she submits instead the article about her U.S. visit that Redbook rejected. She finishes writing "The Tragedy of the Political Exiles," which the Nation accepts.

Goldman hosts a gathering of young people with the aim of starting an anarchist group in Toronto & meets with them weekly throughout the summer. Among her visitors are Jeanne & Jay Levey from Chicago & her brother Herman & his son Allan.

Alexander Berkman's health & mental state decline while translating Rudolf Rocker's manuscript.



7- 25 -1934 -- Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist guerilla leader who fought both the Bolshevik Reds & the reactionary White armies, dies in exile in Paris. (or 24th?) Photo With daughter & wife 1925.
http://an-press.virtualave.net/History/Makhno/makhno-page.htm
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

8- 10 -1934 -- Anarchist conference at Stelton, N.J., August 10-11, organized to discuss the creation of an English-language anarchist weekly; Emma Goldman contributes in writing her ideas on anarchists building alliances with other groups.


10- 2 -1934 -- Emma Goldman delivers a series of eight lectures at Forester's Hall, Toronto, Canada, on literary & political topics, including George Bernard Shaw, munitions manufacturers, Russian literature since the revolution, & German literature & the Nazi book-burnings.

Of five other meetings during the month, only a lecture to a mostly unemployed workers' organization on "The American Labor Movement & the General Strike" today gives her much satisfaction; attendance is mostly disappointing, even a free anarchist meeting on Oct. 31 fails to draw a good crowd. Goldman worries about financial survival if refused permission to reenter the US; she even considers the possibility of dramatizing Living My Life for theater or film.

Civil libertarian Roger Baldwin discusses Goldman's application for a new U.S. visa -- & Rudolf Rocker's application for an extension of his stay -- with the authorities in Washington, who advise him they will deny Goldman's request; only Rocker's application is approved.

10- 5 -1934 -- French surrealist/anarchist filmmaker Jean Vigo dies.
Son of the anarchist Eugene Vigo. Great filmmaker, social rebel -- French authorities gave him Zero for Conduct.



Zero De Conduite (Zéro for Conduct)

His first film, "In Connection with Nice" (1930) is a virulent social satire. "Zero for Conduct" (1933) his most famous film, was banned for "Praise of indiscipline & attacking the prestige of the educational institution." Also filmed "L'Atalante" (1934). Died at the age of 29 from tuberculoses.



Life in a French boarding school, where the authorities attempt to regiment the students — unsuccessfully. The kids are all wonderfully spontaneous; one of the best films ever about children among children. The inspiration for If…. Written by the director.

—Leonard Maltin

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/av-search/q%3Djean%2Bvigo/002-4560245-3031024


 http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/m/mcweaver/public/vigo.html
http://www.videoflicks.com/VF/25/025038.Htm

10- 13 -1934 -- France: First issue of the "Conquest of Bread" appears, as a libertarian review open to all the tendencies of anarchism. It was managed by Emile Bidault (1869-1938), a French anarchist & organizer of the "League of the Antipatriots," who had previously edited "Brochure Mensuelle".


11- 22 -1934 -- Nicolas Walter (1924-2000), lives. British journalist, philosopher, atheist, anarchist.

His passion for accuracy & his loathing of waffle led him to fire off vast numbers of letters to the press; a few years ago, he estimated that he had had over 2,000 published.

Walter was a founding member of the Committee of 100, & of the Spies for Peace. A founder of the Vietnam Action Group, he was imprisoned for two months for interrupting the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, who was reading the lesson at a Brighton church in 1966.

Nicolas Walter was active despite contracting cancer at age 30; he managed a demanding paraplegic life in central London, daring motorists to ignore his manual wheelchair as he shot across busy roads. http://www.ethicalsoc.org.uk/record/nicolaspage.htm
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/joelane.htm

http://www.ecn.org/freedom/nw.html
http://www.normalbooks.com/text/nicolaswalter/aandr.html

12- 12 -1934 -- During this month Harper's publishes Emma Goldman's "Was My Life Worth Living?" & Roger Baldwin advises Goldman that in the current atmosphere of hostility toward alien radicals she is unlikely to be granted a U.S. visa. Today her brother Herman dies.


1- 4 -1935 -- January, in Canada, Emma Goldman is absorbed writing lectures with the hope that a new lecture series & published articles will provide a meager livelihood, as well as spread anarchist ideas. She considers writing a book of portraits of famous people she has known, an idea first suggested by Frank Heiner. She suggests that the sustaining fund Jeanne Levey is helping to raise might be designated to support its writing.


3- 29 -1935 -- Clement Duval dies. Anarchist illegalist, member of "La panthère des Batignolles," sentenced to death by a French court for burglary (in which a policeman was wounded trying to apprehend him). 

Following anarchist protests his sentence was commuted to life. Duval spent 14 years in Guyana where he attempted over 20 escapes. Finally, on April 14, 1901, he made good his escape & after a two year sojourn slipped into New York City, where he lived until age 85, supported & surrounded by Italian & French anarchist comrades. His memoirs, translated by Luigi Galleani, were published in Italian in 1929. In 1980 Marianne Enckell at C.I.R.A. in Lausanne recovered part of his original manuscript, which was published as Clement Duval, Convict & Anarchist.

"Vous m'inculpez de vol, comme si un travailleur qui ne possède rien peut être un voleur. Non, le vol n'existe que dans l'exploitation de l'homme par l'homme,en un mot par ceux qui vivent aux dépens de la classe productrice". 
http://www.sasa.ch/cira/
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#29

http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#duval

6- 24 -1935 -- Luigi Fabbri dies. Professor, Italian anarchist theorist. Fabbri & Pietro Gori participated in the review "Il pensiero".

In 1926 Fabbri went into exile to escape the fascist regime, taking refuge in France, Belgium, &, finally, after being expelled several times, in Uruguay. In Montevideo he began, in 1930, the review "Studi sociali" (Social Studies), promulgating the ideas of Malatesta. In addition to writing for many newspapers, he wrote Dictature et Révolution.

Luigi Fabbri died prematurely in the thick of the struggle on 24 June 1935. The previous December an incident at the oasis of Wal Wal in Ethiopia had provided the spark for a fascist attack on Ethiopia & the start of a spiral of war-mongering which carried the Mussolini dictatorship through events in Spain to the catastrophe of Hitler's war. It was a catastrophe which Fabbri had been awaiting faithfully, hopefully for many a long year, but which he was denied the chance to see.

---Francesco Lamendola, (Unamita Nova, 6-11-1988)

http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/10729154.html
Fabbri,Luce
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet11.htm#Fabbri

10- 11 -1935 -- Founding of Fédération Anarcho-Communiste Argentine. (F.A.C.A).


11- 21 -1935 -- In June of this year Emma Goldman began mobilizing anarchist writers & editors of the movement's press -- for example, Rudolf Rocker, Max Nettlau, & Albert de Jong -- to publish articles to mark Berkman's 65th birthday today.

After traveling to London, where she makes her home for the winter, Goldman begins a series of lectures today with "Traders in Death" to an audience of about 100 at the National Trade Union Club. She follows this with "Mussolini, Hitler & Stalin" at a packed meeting at Workers' Circle House, where she is heckled by Communists, & "Fallacies of Political Action" at Broadway Congregational Hall, Hammersmith.




1- 20 -1936 -- Emma Goldman gives three lectures in London, January 20-30. The first, at the Workers Circle House on "The TwoCommunisms (Bolshevist & Anarchist--A Parallel)," is disrupted by Communists. She also lectures on "Russian Literature" at the National Trade Union Club, & on "Mussolini, Hitler & Stalin (How Far Do Their Common Methods Lead To Similar Results?)" in Hammersmith.


1- 31 -1936 -- Several delegates from the Portuguese Anarchist Federation & from exile attend FAI meeting on 31 January & 1 February 1936. 


It is, as I see it, very important for the historical record & for
ourselves that we call to mind these true stories that sometimes
have a tendency to slip from our memories.

Edgar Rodrigues, Le Monde Libertaire no. 934, 25 Nov.- 1Dec. 1993.
See also: We, The Anarchists, a study of the FAI, 1927-1931
by Stuart Christie, The Meltzer Press PO Box 35,
Hastings, East Sussex, TN34 2UX Fax: (01424) 442913
email: 100104.1406@compuserve.com

http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#duval


2- 16 -1936 -- Spain: Election & formation of the Popular Front government against the fascist Franco. Anarchists, socialists, communists, republicans & labor groups for a republic. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html

5- 2 -1936 -- The "Sterilizers of Bordeaux" trial in France. In April 1935 France, lacking specific laws against voluntary vasectomies, charged Dr. Norbert Bartosek, an anarchist Austrian, & others (among them Aristide Lapeyre & both Andrée & André Prévotel) with the "crime of castration" & "aggravated assault". Bartosek received three years in prison & the others 16 months. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai1.html#2


5- 27 -1936 -- Alexander Berkman, in declining health, is released from a hospital & returns to his domestic life with companion Emmy Eckstein & his old anarchist pal Emma Goldman in Nice. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


6- 26 -1936 -- Death of Régis Meunier, French militant syndicalist, anarchist propagandist. Sentenced to seven years in a penal colony during the anti-anarchist hysteria (see Vaillant), May 30, 1894 for "criminal conspiracy". Became friends with Clement Duval (see Daily Bleed,March 29, 1935
), whom he helped escape. Pardoned June 18, 1901. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#26
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet13.htm#duval

6- 27 -1936 -- Emma Goldman celebrates her 67th birthday with visiting American anarchist & benefactor Michael Cohn & his family. Too ill to celebrate with her, Alexander Berkman telephones in the afternoon.


6- 30 -1936 -- Alexander Berkman is buried in Nice. Lifelong anarchist pal Emma Goldman is in attendance. http://www.havocrex.com/column1.html


7- 19 -1936 -- Spain: The fascists, under Franco, attempt to overthrow the elected government in Spain, triggering the Spanish Civil War & Revolution. Today the rebellious military officers hold most of the garrisons in Barcelona. The workers of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT & socialist POUM attack the barracks, joined by soldiers, civil guards & policemen faithful to the republic.

Gráfic del moviment facciós a Barcelona. 19 de Juliol del 1939. L'esforá del poble guanyá la primera batalla en els carrers de Barcelona. La £ltima la guanyarem treballant i lluitant el máxim possible. El major esforá per a guanyar la guerra.

 [Diagram of the insurgent movement in Barcelona. July 19, 1936. The people's effort wins the first battle in the streets of Barcelona. The last we will win by working and fighting to the limit. The maximum effort to win the war]. Dibujantes C.N.T. Sindicato Profesiones Liberales. Edicions del Comissariat de Propaganda de la Generalitat de Catalunya - Mod. 23. Imp. Elzeviriana i Llib. Camí, E.C., Barcelona. Offset, 4 colors; 87 x 67 cm.

 This poster commemorates the successful resistance of the city of Barcelona to the military insurgency that initiated the Spanish Revolution. It shows a map of the city with a diagram of the movement of forces that participated in the fighting.

The military uprising reached Barcelona the early morning of July 19, when General Fernández Burriel seized some key areas in the city for the rebellion. General Goded, one of the leading military figures in Spain at the time, was then invited to fly in from Majorca to take command of Catalonia for the insurgents. During the next day, a bloody fight took place in the streets of Barcelona, with the resistance to the uprising led by workers from the anarchist trade union CNT, the heterodox Marxist party Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), & Loyalist assault guard companies & civil guards. By the evening of July 19, the military rebellion had failed. The isolated pockets of resistance that remained finally surrendered in the morning of July 20. It would take the insurgent troops more than two long years of war, until January 1939, to finally be able to march triumphantly into Barcelona.



http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html
http://orpheus-1.ucsd.edu/csj/posters/33.html
 http://www.angelfire.com/tx/kaosneverfades/fredy.html

7- 20 -1936 -- Spain: In Barcelona, following the fascist uprising by Franco & the military against the Republic yesterday, the workers of the CNT & POUM counterattacked & today only Atarazanas barracks remains in fascist hands. During the assault the anarchist Francisco Ascaso is killed (see Daily Bleed, April 1, 1901).



 

"Francisco, I'll Bring You Red Carnations," one of the finest poems in 7Years from Somewhere, honors Francisco Ascaso, another powerful figure in the FAI who died in combat. Set in a cemetery in Barcelona, it surveys "the three stones / all in a row: Ferrer Guardia, / B. Durruti, F. Ascaso" & then focuses on the latter. The swift, clean development represents Levine at his best...

For two there are floral displays, but Ascaso faces eternity with only a stone. Maybe as it should be. He was a stone, a stone & a blade, the first grinding & sharpening the other. ---Philip Levine



"Francisco, I'll Bring You RedCarnations" / In Search of a New World: The Anarchist Dream in the Poetry of Philip Levine

 http://www.fut.es/~msanroma/GUERRACIVIL/PERSONATGES/ascasof.html http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/ascaso/

7- 25 -1936 -- Spain: Camillo Berneri arrives in Catalonia with a cargo of rifles & ammunition. 

News of the fascist 'coup d'état' in Spain spread rapidly. With the slogan "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy" on their lips, Italian anti-fascists headed to Spain.

When Berneri arrived he was immediately offered a position in the Council of the Economy, but he refused as soon as he realized he was dealing with a sort of ministry. Berneri instead hosted a rally before 100,000 people in Plaza de los Toros, in Barcelona, bringing with him the greetings of the Italian anarchists & their solidarity with the Catalan revolution.


See Daily Bleed Gallery of Saints & Sinners, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/BerneriCamillo.htm
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5602/scwar4.html

7- 25 -1936 -- 

Barbieri was active as an anarchist from his youth, &with the coming of Fascism, he emigrated to Argentina. Returned to Spain in October 1935. Denounced by the Italian secret police who demanded his extradition, he passed secretly into Switzerland which is where he was when the revolution in Spain began. Barbieri reached Barcelona again, arriving there on 25th July 1936. Because of illness, Barbieri found himself in Barcelona in May 1937 after having fought on the Huesca Front.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/barbieri.html


8- 5 -1936 -- James Colton, who married Emma Goldman in 1925 to provide her British citizenship, dies of cancer. Colton, an elderly anarchist from Wales, married her so she would be free of the problems of travel & speech which plagued her friend Berkman until his death.


8- 19 -1936 -- Spain: Camillo Berneri, after organizing an Italian anarchist column within the Francisco Ascasoformation in the Pedralbes barracks (renamed "Bakunin"), with Angeloni & de Santillán (from the CNT-FAI), leaves Barcelona for the Aragonese front.

Berneri landed in Catalonia on July 25 with a cargo of rifles & ammunition. Berneri hosted a rally before 100,000 people in Plaza de los Toros in Barcelona before departing for the front. His unit engages the attacking Nationalist army on the 23rd of this month & drove them back.

Because of problems with his vision & hearing, Berneri was sent back to Barcelona. There he worked to warn people about the important implications of the imminent fascist landings in the Balearic Isles, did propaganda work, attacked the Madrid government for its politics of compromise which were damaging Catalan autonomy, & criticized the ambiguous behaviour of the French & English governments. He wrote for 'Guerra di Classe', & often visited the 'Amigos de Durruti ' before Communist agents murdered him in 1937.

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm


8- 23 -1936 -- Spain: Camillo Berneri, after organizing an Italian anarchist column within the Francisco Ascaso formation in the Pedralbes barracks (renamed "Bakunin"), takes part in the harsh engagements on the "bare mountain", where the anarchists Angeloni, Perrone & Centrone died, Angeloni singing the Internationale.



After defeating the Nationalist troops, because of problems with his vision & hearing, Berneri was sent back from the front & returned to Barcelona to do propaganda work.

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri.html


9- 16 -1936 -- Based in Barcelona, the anarchist stronghold in Catalonia, from September 16-December 10, Emma Goldman helps write theEnglish-language edition of the CNT-FAI's information bulletin, visits collectivized farms & factories, & travels to the Aragon front, Valencia, & Madrid. Works closely with Russian-born anarchist Martin Gudell of the CNT-FAI's Foreign Propaganda Department & broadcasts two English-language radio addresses; Goldman hopes to conduct publicity from Barcelona, not wanting to leave Spain.


9- 21 -1936 -- "One group of people really get on my nerves, it is the volunteers who have come as observers (French for the most part). They come here with the airs of priests & got up like cowboys to spend half the time in cafes."

— anarchist Camillo Berneri, Spain, 21st September, 1936

http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/bio.html
http://nil.fut.es/~msanroma/GUERRACIVIL/PERSONATGES/berneri.html

9- 26 -1936 -- Spain: Three anarchists -- Doménech, Fábregas & Garcia Birlan -- join the Generalidad government in Catalonia. http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html


10- 2 -1936 -- Spanish anarchist Buenaventura Durruti interview in the Toronto Daily Star published (or Aug 5?), where he declares:



e have always lived in slums & holes in the wall. . . We will know how to accommodate ourselves for a time. For, you must not forget, we can also build. It is we the workers who built these palaces & cities, here in Spain & in America & everywhere. We, the workers. We can build others to take their place. & better ones. We are not in the least afraid of ruins. We are going to inherit the earth. There is not the slightest doubt about that. The bourgeoisie might blast & ruin its own world before it leaves the stage of history.

e carry a new world here, in our hearts, & that world is growing in this minute.

--- Buenaventura Durruti

http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm

10- 3 -1936 -- "We make war & revolution at the same time. The militiaman has to know that he fights for the conquest of the land, the factories, culture ... the pick & the shovel are as valuable as the gun."



--- Buenaventura Durruti, anarchist, interview October 3, 1936

 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm


10- 8 -1936 -- Emile Cottin dies, a combatant in the international group of the anarchist Durruti Column during the Spanish Revolution. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/

10- 9 -1936 -- Anarchist journal "Guerre de classe," appears. Founded by Camillo Berneri. In 1936, Berneri also published the bilingual anarchist & antifascist paper "Italia Libera/Free Italy" in collaboration with Vernon Richards. His daughter Marie-Louise Berneri was a member of the group that edited "Revolt," "War Commentary" & "Freedom," (still publishing today) which were issued by the Freedom Bookstore (co-founded by Peter Kropotkin) in London. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html
http://www.abanet.it/papini/comunism/29bern.html
http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/r/10767583.html
http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/98aar.html
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/PA/zines.html

10- 17 -1936 -- Spain: In Perdiguera (Aragon), the International Group of the Durruti Column, composed of 250 anarchists, engage in a battle against the fascists.

Many companions / partners are killed;

Louis Berthomieu, a close friend of Charles Ridel (Louis Mercier Vega) & François-Charles Carpentier (founder of the international group), blows himself up with dynamite rather than to fall into the hands of the fascists. Four women are shot, including:

Georgette (known as "Mimosa"), a militant participant in the "Revue Anarchiste", & partner of Ferdinand Félix Fortin;

Gertrude, a young German militant, member of the POUM. Also shot:

Giral (or Giralt), an anarcho-syndicalist of the CGT-SR, previously wounded at Sietamo;

Biudeaux, & others.

http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html



10- 18 -1936 -- Spain: Emma Goldman addresses a mass meeting of 16,000 people organized by the FAI (Iberian Anarchist Federation), youth in Barcelona. Also during the month she visits the Aragon front for two days where she is honored to meet Buenaventura Durruti, a leading FAI activist & militia commander. From the 20th to the 26th, in Valencia, with German exiles Anita & Hanns-Erich Kaminski, Goldman tours collectivized villages & farms. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html

11- 4 -1936 -- Spain: Four leaders of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT, the largest union in the country, bag their principles during the Spanish Revolution & join the new Republican "Popular Front" government as Cabinet Ministers: Juan Garcia Oliver (Justice), Juan Peiro (Industry) Juan Lopez Sanchez (Trade), Federica Montseny (Health). Actions such as these undermine the Social Revolution, turning it into just another "Civil War".

See Camillo Berneri's "Open letter to comrade Federica Montseny",http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/in_government.html & also Vernon Richards' scathing critique, Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (Freedom Press).
http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

11- 4 -1936 -- Spain: Juan Peiro Belis appointed Minister of Industry in the Republican government under Caballero Largo. 

Spanish anarcho-syndicalist theorist & militant in the CNT. Assiduous writer for the confederal & libertarian press. His participation, of short duration, was heresy to libertarian principles. Such acts, argued justifiable in a state of war, will not prevent defeat, nor the treason of the Stalinist participants. Peiro took refuge in France in 1939, but was turned over to Franco by Pétain's fascist government. He was shot on July 24, 1942 after refusing to collaborate with the Franco government. (His son, José Peiro, devoted a book to him; see 26 December 17.)

11- 5 -1936 -- Spain: Anarchist Buenaventura Durruti makes a radio broadcast from the Madrid front, in which he opposes the decree issued by the Generalidad militarizing the militias, & calls for greater commitment & sacrifice from the rearguard if the war is to be won.

"We make war & revolution at the same time. The militiaman has to know that he fights for the conquest of the land, the factories, culture ... the pick & the shovel are as valuable as the gun."

In July, 1936, Durruti was one of the most important leaders of the CNT masses that prevented the fascist military coup in Barcelona. After the uprising was suppressed, he inmediately lead militia columns to re-take Zaragoza, which was occupied by these nationalists. He spread his ideas about 'libertarian communism' as he marched into Aragon, as the doctrinal basis of the 'communes' recently established there.
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://www.chisholm-poster.com/chisholm/sCivil/
http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html

11- 6 -1936 -- Spain: The Republic's government (along with the four new anarcho-syndicalist ministers) flees Madrid for the safety of Valencia. The populace of Madrid's response is the cry of "Long live Madrid without government!"

http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/scwgraphics.html

11- 7 -1936 -- Spain: Increasingly aware of her inability to speak Spanish hindering her work in Spain, Emma Goldman plans to shift to publicity work & fund raising in Great Britain or the United States, where she could make a greater contribution.

The threat of Nationalist forces to Madrid prompts the government to relocate to Valencia, including four anarchists who have accepted major ministry posts just days ago, While recognizing the paramount need to fight the fascists, Goldman is troubled by the CNT-FAI's direction, especially its decision to join the government & effectively align itself with pro-Soviet forces. In her correspondence with close friends, Goldman is highly critical of the collaborative direction of the CNT, while publicly she remains supportive.

11- 15 -1936 -- Today 1,800 militiamen from the best of Durruti's anarchist column enter into combat at University City (Madrid). 

Buenaventura Durruti was called to the defense of Madrid, but had refused to leave the Aragon front. Later he was persuaded as his presence would lend moral support to the fighters. The combat & the bombings were terrifying. Madrid was the first civilized city in the world subjected to a fascist attack as a prelude to WWII. Franco initiated the attack he thought would be the final one. At University City combat was hand to hand. By the 18th only 700 of the 1800 anarchist militiamen remained. On the 19th Durruti was told some militiamen were deserting positions as they had been without eating or sleeping for five days. Durruti went by car to the Clinic Hospital & on the way stopped to persuade some militiamen to return to their positions. As he got back in the car he was mortally wounded by a shot to the chest. He died at dawn on November 20.

 www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/DurrutiColumnEarly.htm

http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians.html

11- 19 -1936 -- Spain: This afternoon, Buenaventura Durruti is mortally wounded under uncertain circumstances while helping to defend Madrid. Earlier this month he was persuaded by García Oliver & Federica Montseny to bring his anarchist column (composed of about 3,000 men) to the city to defend it against Franco's fascist army.


http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/durruti.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/bright.html
http://reclus.unizar.es:1024/PERSONAL/JULIO/FEEL/FEEL76.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2724/ws52_durruti.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

11- 20 -1936 -- Buenaventura Durruti y Domingo, the famous Spanish anarchist, shot in the lung yesterday, dies. See also 14 July 1896. Son of a socialist railroad worker, he began working for railroads at age 14.

Durruti's body was taken to Barcelona, where he was buried in a ceremony attended by over 200,000 people.

His total belongings, when he died, were a few clothes, two pistols, sunglasses & a pair of binoculars.

---

Durruti was a member of "Los Justicieros" & "Los Solidarios", who fought against the pistoleros of the capitalist employers & the clergy. But the groups were decimated by repression, leaving only Jover, Ascaso & Garcia & himself. They fled to France & began the "International Bookshop."

Durruti went also to Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay & then was involved in a plot against King Alphonse XIII. Eventually arrested, Spain & Argentina tried to extradite them, but they were successfully defended by Anarchist Union & Louis Lecoin. Released & expelled, they went to Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, & Germany before slipping clandestinely back into France.

In Spain, when Franco & the military attempted to overthrow the Republican government, Durruti participated in an attack on the military garrison of Barcelona, where Ascaso was killed. On July 23 he formed the column which bears his name & defeated the fascists in Aragon, where the liberated peasants & workers reorganized themselves into anarchist collectives.

Attempts to liberate Saragossa failed for lack of weapons & the Durruti column was then asked to defend Madrid, now threatened by the fascists. It is here that Durruti is killed, apparently from a stray bullet to the lung.


Durruti's funeral in Barcelona was attended by 500,000 people



---

http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html
In Spanish: http://members.es.tripod.de/durruti/
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/bright.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/Spanishcivilwar.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html

11- 22 -1936 -- Spain: Over 500,000 attend the funeral of the anarchist Durruti in Barcelona.

It is an immense popular & emotional outpouring for a figure who incarnated the Spanish libertarian revolution so well, the hope of a new world become possible. It was one of the most significant demonstrations in worker history.

Emma Goldman:
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Essays/durruti.html

Peter Newell:

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/durruti.html


 http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html#Organisations

12- 6 -1936 -- Spain: In "Solidaridad Obrera", Balius publishes an article entitled "Durruti's Testament" in which he states: "Durruti bluntly asserted that we anarchists require that the Revolution be totalitarian in character." http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html


12- 17 -1936 -- USSR: In Moscow, Pravda announces that in Catalonia (Spain), the "cleaning" out of Trotskyites & the anarcho-syndicalists has already started. Stalin's agents will carry out these purges:



"As for Catalonia, the purging of Trotskyist & anarcho-syndicalist elements has begun; this work will be carried out with the same energy with which it was done in the USSR."

 http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/in_government.html


12- 23 -1936 -- Emma Goldman arrives in London & finds the propaganda bureau of the Generalitat in a shambles. 

Earlier in the month, while in Barcelona, she was named official representative in London of the CNT-FAI & of the Generalitat of Catalonia. Vernon Richards's twice-monthly Spain & the World appears to be Goldman's most reliable vehicle for communicating about the conditions & aspirations of the Spanish anarchists.

1- 18 -1937 -- Emma Goldman speaks on "The Spanish Revolution & the CNT-FAI" at a large meeting chaired by Ethel Mannin in London.

Goldman begins organizing publicity campaign about the Spanish revolution, including planning mass meetings in London & the provinces, but is hampered by poor communication with & lack of urgency among key anarchist leaders in Barcelona.

Aside from the London anarchists, Goldman finds allies among leading members of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), including Fenner Brockway & especially writer Ethel Mannin, who becomes a close friend. The first fruit of this alliance is Goldman's joining forces with a broad English coalition sympathetic to the Republican cause to mount an exhibition in February of photographs, cartoons, posters, & pamphlets from Spain.

2- 5 -1937 -- Spain: Plenary assembly of the confederal & anarchist militias meeting in Valencia, February 5-8, to consider the militarization issue.  http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html

3- 4 -1937 -- Spain: The newspaper La Noche carries an announcement introducing the aims, characteristics & membership conditions of the anarchist Friends of Durruti Group. Also, the Generalidad issues a decree winding up the Control Patrols. In La Batalla , Nin passes favorable & hopeful comment on an article by Balius carried in the March 2nd edition of La Noche. http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html


3- 18 -1937 -- Spain: Battles in Guadalajara (March 8 through 18) end in victory for the Republican forces (the International Brigades & a division controlled by the anarchist Cipriano Mera) over the fascist nationalist camp composed of Italian, Moroccan troops & strongly armed & motorized Carlists attempting to seize Madrid.


3- 21 -1937 -- CHRONOLOGY

 March 21, 1937: the Iron Column meets in assembly to vote on militarization or disbandment: it agrees to militarization. 

Late March-early April 1937: A flyer bearing the endorsement of the Friends of Durruti Group is issued. 

April 8, 1937: In Ideas, Balius has an article published entitled "Let's make revolution," in which he says: "if [Companys] had a larger contingent of armed forces at his disposal, he would have the working class back in the capitalist harness."  April 14, 1937: the Friends of Durruti issue a manifesto opposing the commemoration of the anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic. 

 (Sunday) April 18, 1937: The Friends of Durruti hold a rally in the Poliorama Theater. Chaired by Romero, it hears contributions from Francisco Pellicer, Pablo Ruiz, Jaime Balius, Francisco Carreño and V. Pérez Combina. 

April 25, 1937: the UGT leader Roldán Cortada is murdered in Molins del Llobregat.  April 27 and 28, 1937: Armed conflict between anarchists and Generalidad forces in Bellver de Cerdaña. Antonio Martin, the anarchist mayor of Puigcerdá, is shot dead. 

 Late April 1937: A poster from the Group is pinned up on trees and walls throughout the city of Barcelona. In it, the Friends of Durruti set out their program: "All power to the working class. All economic power to the unions. Instead of the Generalidad, the Revolutionary Junta."



(Saturday) May 1, 1937: An ordinary working day, for the Generalidad has banned commemoration of the First of May, in an effort to avert disturbances and confrontations. The Generalidad government meets in session, congratulating its Commissar for Public Order on the successes achieved. A panel is made up of Tarradellas (Prime Councilor), Rodriguez Salas (Commissar for Public Order) and Artemi Aiguadé (Councilor for Internal Security): it promptly holds a meeting behind closed doors to tackle urgent business relating to public order and security. The Bolshevik-Leninist Section issues a leaflet.  (Sunday) May 2, 1937: Friends of Durruti rally in the Goya Theater, at which the film "19 de julio" is screened to comments from Balius: there are speeches by Liberto Callejas and Francisco Carreño as well. CNT militants interrupt a telephone conversation between Companys and Azana.

 (Monday) May 3, 1937: A little before 3:00 P.M. three truckloads of Guards commanded by Rodriguez Salas attempt to seize the Telephone Exchange, on the orders of Artemi Aiguadé. Armed resistance from the CNT workers on the upper floors thwarts this. Within a few hours, a host of armed bands has been formed and the first barricades erected. The mobilization resolves into two sides: one made up of the CNT and the POUM, the other of the Generalidad, the PSUC, the ERC and Estat Català. Businesses close down. The train service stops at 7:00 P.M. At that hour, in the Casa CNT-FAI in the Via Durruti, the CNI Regional Committee and the POUM Executive Committee meet. The maximum demand is that Rodriguez Salas and Artemi Aiguadé resign. Companys doggedly opposes this. 

(Tuesday) May 4, l937: Gun-battles throughout the night. Many barricades and violent clashes throughout the city. In the Sants barrio 400 Guards are stripped of their weapons. Companys asks the Valencia government for aircraft to bomb the CNT's premises and barracks.2 The CNT-controlled artillery on Montjuich and Tibidabo is trained on the Generalidad Palace.3 Abad de Santillán, Isgleas and Molina manage to halt in Lerida, "en route to Barcelona," the divisions despatched by the CNT's Máximo Franco (a Friends of Durruti member) and the POUM's José Rovira. At 7:00 P.M. in the Principal Palace in the Ramblas, which has been commandeered by the POUM, Jaime Balius, Pablo Ruiz, Eleuterio Roig and Martin, representing the Friends of Durruti, meet Gorkin, Nin and Andrade, representing the POUM's Executive Committee. Following an analysis of the situation, and in view of the stance adopted by the CNT, they come to an agreement to suggest an orderly armed withdrawal of combatants from the barricades. At 9:00 P.M. the Generalidad radio station issues an appeal from the leaders of the various organizations (Garcia Oliver representing the CNT) for an end to fighting. The POUM Executive Committee releases a manifesto. The Bolshevik-Leninist Section issues a handbill. On the night of May 4-5, the Friends of Durruti Group drafts and prints up a handbill. 

 (Wednesday) May 5, 1937: A handbill is distributed by the Friends of Durruti. Over the radio, the CNT disowns the Friends of Durruti Group. Fighting is now confined to the city center: the rest of the city being in the hands of the confederal Defense Committees. At 1:00 P.M. the UGT leader Sesé, a recently appointed Generalidad councilor perishes in gunfire emanating from the premises of the CNT's Entertainments Union. At 3:00 P.M. the Generalidad transmitter issues a fresh appeal for calm from the leaders of the various organizations (Federica Montseny for the CNT). A brother of Ascaso is killed. Berneri and Barbieri are arrested by Guards and UGT militants from the Water Union. Their corpses show up later. 

 (Thursday) May 6, 1937: La Batalla reprints the Friends of Durruti handbill. In the same edition, La Batalla appeals for workers to back down. Solidaridad Obrera disowns the Friends of Durruti handbill . 

(Friday) May 7, 1937: La Batalla reiterates its appeal, making it conditional upon withdrawal of the security forces and retention of weapons. Transport services are restored and a degree of normality returns. Assault Guards sent by the Valencia government reach Barcelona around 9:00 P.M. Companys surrenders control of public order. The Control Patrols place themselves at the disposal of the special delegate in charge of public order sent down by the Republican government. 

(Saturday) May 8, 1937: Barricades are dismantled, except for the PSUC barricades, which persist into June. The Friends of Durruti distribute a manifesto reviewing the events of May. In that manifesto there is talk of "treachery" by the CNT leadership. 

(Sunday) May 9, 1937: Solidaridad Obrera dismisses the manifesto as demagoguery and the Group's members as provocateurs. 

May 17, 1937: Negrin takes over from Largo Caballero as premier. The UGT Regional Committee for Catalonia demands that all POUM militants be expelled from its ranks and presses the CNT to mete out the same treatment to the Friends of Durruti. 

May 19, 1937: Issue No. 1 of El Amigo del Pueblo appears.  May 22, 1937: A plenary session of the CNT's Local and Comarcal Federations hears a proposal that the Friends of Durruti be expelled. A session of the Sabadell city council agrees that councilor Bruno Lladó Roca (also the Generalidad's comarcal delegate for Economy) be stood down for having displayed a Friends of Durruti poster in his office. 

May 26, 1937: Issue No. 2 of El Amigo del Pueblo appears, having evaded the censor. Balius is jailed a few days later as the director of a clandestine publication, following a complaint from the PSUC.  May 28, 1937: La Batalla is shut down as is the POUM's radio station. The Friends of Durruti's social premises in the Ramblas are shut down. 

 June 6, 1937: The Control Patrols are disbanded.  June 12, 1937: El Amigo del Pueblo No. 3. 

 June 16, 1937: The members of the POUM Executive Committee are rounded up. The POUM is proscribed and its militants persecuted. 

June 22, 1937: El Amigo del Pueblo No. 4.  June 22-24, 1937: Andrés Nin is kidnapped and murdered by the Soviet secret police. 

 June 26, 1937: Showing solidarity with the POUM militants persecuted by the Stalinists and the Republic's police, the Bolshevik-Leninist Section calls for concerted action by the Section, the left of the POUM and the Friends of Durruti.   January 1938: Towards a Fresh Revolution pamphlet drafted by Balius and published by the Friends of Durruti.  February 1, 1938: El Amigo del Pueble No. 12.  July to September 1939: L'Espagne Nouvelle Nos. 7 to 9.  The report just published by the Hague Commission on Mikhail Bakunin's secret Alliance [1] has revealed to the working world the underhand activities, the dirty tricks and phrase-mongery by which the proletarian movement was to be placed at the service of the inflated ambition and selfish ends of a few misunderstood geniuses. Meanwhile these would-be-great men have given us the opportunity in Spain to see something of their practical revolutionary activity. Let us see how they put into practice their ultra-revolutionary phrases about anarchy and autonomy, about the abolition of all authority, especially that of the state, and the immediate and complete emancipation of the workers.THE BAKUNINISTS AT WORK An account of the Spanish revolt in the summer of 1873 by Frederick Engels http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html

4- 1 -1937 -- Abe Bluestein & Selma Cohen head to Spain to aid the anarchists. See Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AbeBluestein.htm


4- 14 -1937 -- Spain: "Friends of Durruti Group," (former anarchists in the Durruti Column) issues a Manifesto opposing commemoration of the anniversary of the Republic, arguing it is merely a pretext for reinforcing bourgeois institutions & the counterrevolution. http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap5.html&docid=37182110


4- 18 -1937 -- Spain: "Friends of Durruti Group," (former anarchists in the Durruti Column) An organisation known as the Friends of Durruti has been organised within the CNT. Although it has a legal status it is being sabotaged by the leadership of the CNT because its policy is far to the left of the reformist top. Sunday, 18 April 1937, they held their first public meeting at a theatre with about 1000 workers present and four speakers. http://csf.colorado.edu/mirrors/marxists.org/ETOL/document/spain07.htm
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap5.html&docid=37182110

5- 1 -1937 -- Spain: "Friends of Durruti Group," (former anarchists in the Durruti Column) Barcelona, 1 May 1937  The only meetings in Barcelona on May Day were an indoor, small meeting by the 'Those of Yesterday and Those of Today' adhering to the Friends of Durruti, and an Anarchist nudist group meeting on the value of music. The Friends of Durruti meeting was Sunday 2 May. http://csf.colorado.edu/mirrors/marxists.org/ETOL/document/spain07.htm
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap5.html&docid=37182110

5- 3 -1937 -- Spain: Republican government attacks workers; beginning of open resistance to both the Republican & Communist authorities by radical workers, anarchists, & others, opposing the regional government takeover of the worker-run telephone company in Barcelona. Fighting spread to all parts of the city, lasting for four days. Stalinists denounce Trotskyite P.O.U.M. as "Franco's Fifth Column" in preparation for its own liquidation (assassinations, etc) of independent radicals & anarchists (similar to purges in Russia as well).
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/csj/posters/2.html

5- 5 -1937 -- Barcelona: "May Days" erupt in Spain, as Communists attack anarchist strongholds. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


5- 5 -1937 -- Spain: This evening, in Barcelona, the Italian anarchist theorist/activist Camillo Berneri & Francesco Barbieri are seized by the Communists, presumably on Moscow's orders. Taken from their homes, their bodies found tomorrow, riddled with bullets. Camillo's eldest daughter, Marie-Louise Berneri, who fought on the front in Aragon, returned to Barcelona for his funeral. There is an excellent collection of articles about Camillo Berneri, as well as by him, at: http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/spain-overview.html

5- 5 -1937 -- When clashes with the Communist Party broke out, his house, where he lived with otheranarchists, was attacked on 4th May 1937. They were all labelled "counter-revolutionaries",disarmed, deprived of their papers and forbidden to go out into the street. There was stillshooting in the streets when, on 5th May 1937, news arrived from Italy of Antonio Gramsci'sdeath in a fascist prison. Then, after writing his last letter home to his daughter &endash; hisspiritual final testament, Berneri went out and walked towards Radio Barcelona where theywere commemorating the death of the Communist Gramsci, who had written in 'Ordine Nuovo'[20] "We must never permit ourselves to be enemies of the anarchists; enemies havecontradictory ideas, not merely different ones [21]".Leaving Radio Barcelona, Berneri set off for the Plaça de la Generalitat [22], where someStalinists shouted out to him. Before he could turn and look, they opened fire with machine guns,and left his dead body there on the street. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/berneri.html


5- 7 -1937 -- Spain: Return to "normalization" in Barcelona. The Republican government had sent troops to take over the telephone exchange on May 3, pitting the anarchists & Poumists on one side against the Republican government & the Stalinist Communist Party on the other, in pitched street battles, resulting in 500 anarchists killed. Squads of Communist Party members took to the streets on May 6 to assassinate leading anarchists. Today, among those found murdered, was the Italian anarchist Camillo Berneri, an outspoken anti-communist.

Chant des journées de mai surl'air de "¡Ay Carmela!":



La Garde d'assautmarche...
Au Central Téléphonique...
Défi aux prolétaires...
Provocation stalinienne...
On ne peut laisser faire...
Le sang coule dans la ville...
POUM et FAI et CNT...
Avaient seuls pris Barcelone...
La République s'arme...
Mais d'abord contre nous autres...
A Valence et à Moscou.
Le même ordre nous condamne...
Ils ont juré d'abattre...
L'autonomie ouvrière...
Pour le lutte finale...
Que le front d'Aragon vienne...
Camardes-ministres ...
Dernière heure pour comprendre...
Honte à ceux qui choisissent...
L'aliénation étatique...
Aie CARMELA, Aie CARMELA!

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/spain11.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/spain/sp001780/chap1.html

5- 20 -1937 -- Spain: Author George Orwell, sympathetic to the anarchists, & fighting for the Republic, is shot on the front lines. His Homage to Catalonia is based on his experiences during the Spanish Revolution.



 "When I see an actual flesh & blood worker in conflict with his natural enemy, the police[man], I do not have to say which side I am on."

       — George Orwell

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/

5- 23 -1937 -- England: Anarchist Emma Goldman speaks on the Spanish revolution in Norwich at a well-attended meeting sponsored by the Norwich Freedom Group, the ILP, and the Labour League of Youth. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html
http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~tovo/auto/fall/research/graves.html

6- 23 -1937 -- Following the Communist suppression of the anarchists & the P.O.U.M., in which he served during the Spanish Civil War & Revolution, George Orwell flees Spain with his wife.

The end of the war on April 1, 1939, did not end the killings. Franco systematically slaughtered some 200,000 of his opponents ... in a carnage of genocidal proportions that was meant to physically uproot the living source of the revolution...

[I]t was a vindictive counterrevolution that had its only parallel, given the population & size of Spain, in Stalin's one-sided civil war against the Soviet people.


http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/bookchin/sp001642/fifty.html

http://www.teleport.com/~jwehling/StalinBarcelona.html
http://www.premier.net/~slash/orwell/
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm
http://www.resort.com/~prime8/Orwell/

6- 26 -1937 -- Spain: Showing solidarity with the POUM militants persecuted by the Stalinists & the Republic's police, the Bolshevik-Leninist Section calls for concerted action by the Section, the left of the POUM & the anarchist Friends of Durruti.


7- 14 -1937 -- Emma Goldman, on or about this day, writes the introduction to a new commemorative edition of Alexander Berkman's ABC of Anarchism to be published by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme. Goldman also views "Fury Over Spain," a film by American Louis Frank; considers organizing a public showing of the film to raise funds for Mujeres Libres.


7- 26 -1937 -- Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980) lives. Brazilian painter, performance artist, & anarchist. 

Created environmental, participatory events—among them Parangolé (1964), Tropicália (1967) & Apocalipopótesis (1968)—either in art centres or in the street. 

One of the leading exhibitors in the exhibition Nova objetividade brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1967), which reactivated Brazil's avant-garde.

See The Grove Dictionary of Art,

http://www.artnet.com/library/06/0633/T063335.asp
 http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/isast/spec.projects/osthoff/osthoffpt2.html

http://www.obraprima.net/materias/html12/html12.html
http://www.artbr.com.br/casa/biografias/helio/
http://www.aestufa.com.br/canibalia/html/oiticica.html
http://art-contemporain.eu.org/base/chronologie/1550.html
http://www.comartevirtual.com.br/oiticica.htm


8- 8 -1937 -- In Paris, Emma Goldman is troubled by the violent opposition among her closest anarchist comrades to the CNT-FAI's unwillingness to confront the Communists' assault on its opponents on the Left & its undermining of the revolution. Obtains Spanish & French visas that will enable her to travel to Spain after all.


8- 21 -1937 -- Emma Goldman travels to Nice & later in the month to St. Tropez for her final stay at Bon Esprit, which is sold shortly after her departure for Spain the following month, temporarily freeing Goldman from financial worries & allowing her to continue her work for the anarchists in Spain.


9- 16 -1937 -- Emma Goldman in Spain, until November 5, primarily in Barcelona.

Goldman finds the agricultural & industrial collectives in Catalonia in better condition than a year before, though overall conditions in Barcelona are very discouraging compared to Madrid & Valencia, especially for refugee women & children. Alarmed by the number of political prisoners being held by the Republican government, especially anarchists & POUM members. Receives promises of support for a more intensive campaign on behalf of the CNT-FAI in England, including funds for an office & for the publication of Spain & the World.

10- 18 -1937 -- Pedro Herrera confirms Goldman's new role as the London representative of the SIA (International Antifascist Solidarity), which formed during the summer to provide relief to Spanish refugees & to promote international solidarity for the Spanish anarchists.

She meets & consults with many anarchists in Paris in November, then in London searches for premises for an SIA office & reading room. In December, Goldman continues her campaign against the imprisonment of anti-Stalinist leftists & anarchists in Spain, writing an article on the subject for "Spain & the World" & trying to enlist the assistance of sympathetic Members of Parliament. During this month she also attends the International Working Men's Association (IWMA) Congress in Paris at Vazquez's request: French comrades, because she is sympathetic to the CNT-FAI's policies, try to prevent her from addressing the Congress because she is not an official delegate, but Spanish & Swedish delegates prevail in their attempt to have her speak, & she defends the CNT-FAI's actions & the difficult decisions it has made against criticism from comrades outside Spain. By January (1938) she moves into new offices for the CNT-FAI, SIA, & "Spain & the World" in central London, but finds little enthusiasm for the SIA venture, as numerous antifascist organizations & Spanish aid committees already exist.

12- 8 -1937 -- Emma Goldman in Paris December 8-17 for the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA) Congress at Vazquez's request:

French comrades, knowing she is publicly sympathetic to the CNT-FAI's policies, try to prevent Goldman from addressing the Congress because she is not an official delegate. Spanish & Swedish delegates prevail to have her speak, & she defends the CNT-FAI's actions & the difficult decisions it has made against criticism from comrades outside Spain.

During the month Emma Goldman continues her campaign against the imprisonment of anti-Stalinist leftists & anarchists in Spain, writing an article on the subject for Spain & the World & trying to enlist the assistance of sympathetic members of Parliament in England.

1- 28 -1938 -- Emile Bidault (1869-1938) dies. French anarchist & organizer. With Joseph Tortelier & others, Bidault founded the "League of the Antipatriots" to combat militarism, the war it promotes & its corollary, patriotism. Editor of the "Brochure Mensuelle" &, in 1934, manager of the "Conquest of Bread," a libertarian review open to all the tendencies of anarchism. (N° 1 appeared on October 13, 1934).



2- 6 -1938 -- Algeria: Han Ryner (1895-1938) dies. French teacher, anticlericalist, pacifist, anarchist, philosopher (called a "contemporary Socrates"). See 7 December & 7 January 1895. Married to poet/author Georgette Ryner.


3- 3 -1938 -- Samuel Schwartzbard, Jewish watchmaker, anarchist & poet, dies, Capetown, South Africa. Escaped the Russian pogroms in 1905, settled in Paris & active in local anarcho-communist groups with Alexander Berkman, Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin, & Nestor Makhno. In 1926 he gunned down Simon Petliura, who had directed the pogroms in which some of his family were murdered. He fired three times, announcing:

"This, for the pogroms; this for the massacres, this for the victims."

Schwartzbard was acquitted by a jury & freed.

He wrote: Dreams & Reality (1920; Yiddish) & A Fight With Oneself (1933), etc. See Anarchist Encyclopedia,
SchwartzbardSamuel.htm

5- 22 -1938 -- W. S. Van Valkenburgh, American anarchist editor & devoted friend & correspondent of Emma Goldman's, dies of a heart attack. http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/living/living2_56.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/living/Goldmanforeward.html

6- 26 -1938 -- Thomas H. Keell, British anarchist & one-time editor of Freedom, dies. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/Freedom.htm



7- 30 -1938 -- At the anarchist Whiteway Colony in Gloucestershire, Emma Goldman examines the late Thomas H. Keell's papers on behalf of IISH, which hopes to acquire part of his collection. http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/Freedom.htm
http://www.iisg.nl/index.html

8- 9 -1938 -- Emma Goldman offers IISH her unpublished sketches & large collection of newspaper clippings as well as Berkman's diary. She agrees to help IISH obtain other collections of personal papers from her circle of anarchist friends. Also receives several hundred dollars from anarchists in New York & Chicago to pay for travel expenses. http://www.iisg.nl/iish.html


9- 15 -1938 -- Many leading anarchists express to Emma Goldman, who is in Spain for the next 6 weeks, their strong opposition to the policies of the CNT's National Committee & its conciliation of the Negrin government. They are especially critical of Vázquez, who now acknowledges the destructive actions of the Communists but still wants them treated gently. 

Goldman complains to him, for example, that all the money raised in other countries for antifascist women goes to Communist organizations & none to the anarchist organization Mujeres Libres. The FAI by contrast is anxious to begin a campaign abroad exposing the activities of the Communists in Spain.

Goldman is shocked by the number of anarchists & other leftists held in prison, among them Jeannette Kiffel, a Polish anarchist & acquaintance of Goldman's, who has been held incommunicado three months but is released after Vázquez & Goldman appeal to Segundo Blanco, CNT minister of education in the Negrín government.

Goldman visits the metal, transport, & milk syndicates; schools modeled on libertarian principles; & the SIA colonies for refugee children. Notes that many collectives have been destroyed & witnesses the continuing bombardment of Barcelona from the air & the chronic shortage of food & electricity.

11- 7 -1938 -- Ethel Mannin, novelist & anarchist, successfully assumes Emma Goldman's role as SIA representative in London; raises significantly more financial support for the SIA than Goldman had. Goldman advises Gudell that the next propaganda campaign undertaken by the CNT-FAI should be aimed at the release of the political prisoners in Spain.

I am purely evil;
Hear the thrum
of my evil engine;
Evilly I come.
The stars are thick as flowers
In the meadows of July;
A fine night for murder
Winging through the sky.



--- Ethel Mannin, 'Song of the Bomber.'

 Irish novelist & author Ethel Mannin (1900-1985) was born in London. Though her parents were British, she became known as an Irish writer. She was a prolific novelist who also wrote biographies, travel books, books for children, & autobiographies. Married to Reginald Reynolds.

"Dig into the novels of Ethel Mannin & you will find anarchism, the Spanish Revolution, Emma Goldman, women’s lib., the colonial struggle, the Arab guerrillas, all dealt with: her factual works include Women & the Revolution & many others."



--- Albert Meltzer

http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet9.htm#Mannin
http://sosig.esrc.bris.ac.uk/roads/cgi/tempbyhand.pl?query=901789170-1522&database=sosig01

11- 7 -1938 -- Charles Malato dies. See entry above, 1879, for Benoît Broutchoux. Malato, a French revolutionary & propagandist, was a close friend of the Spanish anarchist educator Francisco Ferrer. He was one of four anarchists (Pedro Vallina, an English anarchist named Harvey & another named Caussanel) falsely arrested in 1905 for a tossing a bomb into a processsion headed by the French President & the King of Spain. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html


12- 12 -1938 -- England: John McNair of the ILP & Emma Goldman speak at a poorly attended meeting in London on the crisis in Spain.

Goldman spends much of the month in London completing a report on her visit to Spain for the anarchist press. The CNT decides to close its offices in London & North America for economic reasons. Saornil pledges to continue relations with Goldman & author/anarchist Ethel Mannin & hopes that, despite the closure of the CNT-FAI London bureau, the propaganda for the SIA will continue. Goldman sends 500 pounds of clothing to Spanish refugees through the SIA in Perpignan. Goldman also learns friend Emmy Eckstein's health is in serious jeopardy & that she must undergo surgery again.

1- 15 -1939 -- Agustin Gomez Arcos (1939-1998) lives, Almeria, Andalusia. Spanish anarchist, gay dramatist/novelist. Wrote many novels about pro-Franco Spain: L'agneau carnivore (1975), Maria Republica (1976), Ana non (1977), L'enfant pain (1983), Un oiseau brûlé vif (1984).

Often in winter the end of the day is like the final metaphor in a poem celebrating death:

there is no way out.

 — Agustin Gomez-Arcos, A Bird Burned Alive, 1988

see the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/Gomez-ArcosAgustin.htm

2- 2 -1939 -- Soledad Gustavo (Teresa Mañe) dies, in Perpignan. Mother of Federica Montseny (12 February 1905; an important figure in Spanish anarchism). Soledad was one of the first lay teachers in Spain. With her companion Montseny, founded "Revista Blanca" in 1898 & wrote El sindicalismo y la anarquia. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre4.html#30


2- 15 -1939 -- Alphonse Sauveur Cannone (1899-1939) dies of tuberculosis in Paris. Took part in the 1919 Mutiny of the Sailors in the Black Sea, refusing to fight the Russian revolutionists. Condemned to 10 years in prison, Cannone escaped, was recaptured & given another 5 years. Released August 1926, active with the international "Black Group", & a member of the CGT-SR. Cannone fought on the anarchist fronts with the CNT & FAI in the Spanish Revolution of 1936.

"Marins français, ouvriers et paysans russes, femmes et enfants, se tenant par les bras, montaient vers la ville hurlant leur joie et leur espérance en des temps qui permettraient de connaître enfin le bien-être et la liberté".

       — excerpt, Cannone sur les mutineries de la mer noire

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#marinmernoire



3- 9 -1939 -- Spain: In Madrid, the anarchist Cipriano Mera (1896-1975), heading the IV army corps, routs the communist troops which besieged the national Council of Defense. See Cipriano Mera by Joan Llarch. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2419/spaindx.html
http://www.spunk.org/library/places/spain/sp001780/chap7.html

3- 10 -1939 -- Armand Guerra dies. Spanish filmmaker & anarchist. Fought fascism with a camera.

As a 20-year old anarchist in France Guerra helps found a film co-operative (two of his films were recently found: "The Old Docker" & "The Commune").



In the 20s, Guerra worked in Berlin, then the capital of European cinema, & for the studios of the U.F.A. until his expulsion in 1932. In Spain he did his first full-length film, during summer 1936, before going to the front to fight fascism with a camera.

The film "Carne de Fieras" was never released, & thought lost forever, until negative was discovered & released in 1993.


As a journalist, Guerra chronicled his own efforts, & the collected articles constitute an unique view on the Spanish conflict: Through the grapeshot. Exhausted, he dies in Paris today, after 20 days in exile.

Armand Guerra: Requiem for an Anarchistic Scenario Writer by Ezéquiel Fernandez & produced by Zangra productions is a recent video which touches on aspects of his life.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/GuerraArmand.htm


5- 22 -1939 -- Despite success as playwright & poet, Ernst Toller hangs himself in his Manhattan hotel room, convinced his plays are passé. A German Expressionist involved with other writers & anarchists in forming an insurrectionary Bavarian government. Forced to flee Nazi Germany. Wrote Man & the Masses (1920). http://www.neuburg.baynet.de/toller/


6- 8 -1939 -- Emmy Eckstein, anarchist Alexander Berkman's longtime companion, dies.


6- 22 -1939 -- American individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker (1854-1939) dies, in Monaco. See Daily Bleed, April 17, 1854 http://www.zetetics.com/mac/tir1.htm
In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#tucker

8- 15 -1939 -- The fiftieth anniversary of Goldman's entry into anarchist ranks; she organizes a celebration for September to mark the occasion & to create a long-term Spanish Relief Fund.


9- 19 -1939 -- Canada: Anarchist Emma Goldman delivers a lecture in Toronto on the Nazi-Soviet Pact to an audience of 800.


9- 30 -1939 -- Emma Goldman addresses two long-promised, though poorly attended meetings, in Windsor, Canada, on the 27th & today. At a dinner to honor Goldman & to launch the Emma Goldman Spanish Refugee Rescue Fund, labor leader Rose Pesotta (ILGWU,) is guest speaker & attracts the attendance & financial support of many of Goldman's closest friends & family.

Rose Pesotta (1896-1965), American radical, active in the labor organizing movements especially in Los Angeles, California during the 1930s. She was also active in the defense of anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti.

Labor activist, the only woman on the General Executive Board of the International Ladies' Garment Workers (ILGWU) from 1933-1944, but returned to organizing, her real passion. Selected as Pitcher for baseballs' 1998 Armageddonia Anarchists.
http://www.geocities.com/cosmicbaseball/98aar.html#pesotta


http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/pesotta/pesotta.htm
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~perl/labadie/subject.html

10- 4 -1939 -- Under the provisions of Canada's War Measures Act, three Italian immigrant anarchists, Arthur Bortolotti, Ruggero Benvenuti, Ernest Gava, & a Cuban, Marco Joachim, are arrested for possession of antifascist "subversive literature," including anarchist classics;Bortolotti is also found in possession of a handgun & faces deportation to Mussolini's Italy if convicted. Emma Goldman works tirelessly over the succeeding months for Bortolotti's defense, organizing a committee, hiring counsel, & raising funds from sympathizers in Canada & the US. Goldman postpones her proposed lecture tour to western Canada in order to give her fullattention to the defense of the Italian comrades.


10- 21 -1939 -- Serge Livrozet lives, Toulon. A French burglar sent to prison numerous times who became an anarchist & writer who, after meeting Biker Michel Foucault, formed the "Comités d'Action des Prisonniers". Livrozet wrote a dozen books involving the world of prison life. (Le sang à la tête; La rage des murs; L'outrage en plus, etc.)

Poeme de Serge Livrozet



"Sur ces murs froids, le temps sale a passé
Et des hommes, des fous
Ont signé de leurs noms
Cette vie disparue
Riri de Saint-Ouen, Jojo de Nanterre
Et chaque homme violé qui a foulé ce parterre...
Je les vois tous
Lécher le mur crasseux de la vie
Ils ne sont pas toujours mes frères
ils sont mes "précédents"
Ils sont passés par où
La vie ne passe plus
Ils ont compté les heures
Là où le temps ne compte plus." 




11- 1 -1939 -- US: Fortieth anniversary of the New York Yiddish anarchist weekly, the Freie Arbeiter Stimme (Free Voice of Labor). 

Editors included S. Yanofsky, who roundly condemned Alexander Berkman for his act against Frick, & later Emma Goldman for supporting Czolgolsz. Yanofsky had come from England, where he had edited the Arbeiter Freund; he was clever & wielded an incisive pen. He also accused of Makhno of anti-Semitism, but failed to produce any proof when challenged by Makhno. Contributors were diverse, including Thomas Bell, Harry Kelly, Anatol' Konse, Max Nomad, Rudolf Rocker, Augustin Souchy, Max Nettlau & Christian Cornelissen. Mark Mratchny was an editor in the 1930s. 

See the documentary by Steve Fischler & Joel Sucher: Free Voice of Labor: The Jewish Anarchists (1980) focusing on the lives & ideas of the Jewish anarchists associated with Freie Arbeiter Stimme (1890-1977). Participants recall labor struggles, especially in the needle trades, the repression of radicals during the post-World War I "Red scare," & the cooperative ventures they undertook in such areas as housing & free schools. The film includes interviews with the anarchists, rare newsreel & feature film footage, still photographs, Yiddish "songs of struggle," & music from the Yiddish theater.

http://www.spunk.org/library/biblio/sp001652.html

12- 8 -1939 -- Jean Grave dies. An important activist in the French anarchist movement. Involved with Élisée Reclus' "Révolté". A popularizer of Kropotkin's ideas, Grave wrote La société mourante et l'anarchie (1892), prefaced by Octave Mirbeau, for which he was sentenced to two years in prison. In 1895 he began publishing "Les temps nouveaux," influential in literary & artistic circles of the time. A signatory to the "Proclamation of the 16" (favoring the allies during WWI), Jean Grave incurred the wrath of antiwar anarchists. Wrote Mouvement libertaire sous la IIIe république.

We determined to repudiate Peter's stand, & fortunately we were not alone in this. Many others felt as we did, distressing as it was to turn against the man who had so long been our inspiration. Enrico Malatesta showed far greater understanding & consistency than Peter, & with him were Rudolph Rocker, Alexander Schapiro, Thomas H. Keell, & other native & Jewish-speaking anarchists in Great Britain. In France Sebastien Faure, A. Armand, & members of the anarchist & syndicalist movements, in Holland Domela Nieuwenhuis & his co-workers maintained a firm attitude against the wholesale murder. In Germany Gustav Landauer, Erich Muhsam, Fritz Oerter, Fritz Kater, & scores of other comrades retained their senses. To be sure, we were but a handful in comparison with the war-drunk millions, but we succeeded in circulating throughout the world the manifesto issued by our International Bureau, & we increased our energies at home to expose the true nature of militarism.

---Emma Goldman, Living My Life

http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/living/living2_43.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre2.html#8
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/mirbeau.html

12- 10 -1939 -- Canada: Emma Goldman spends the first two weeks of this month in Winnipeg & speaks five times, reaching 1,400 people in two weeks: once in Yiddish to a women's organization on Living My Life; to a large audience on the Nazi-Soviet Pact; a lecture on Hitler & Stalin; a talk to the IWW; & a lecture on "The Jew in Literature in England until the End of the 19th Century" to the Jewish Woman's Cultural Club. 

During this month Goldman, with the help of Dorothy Rogers, attempts to raise $5,000 bail for the anarchist Bortolotti's release.Under provisions of Canada's War Measures Act, three Italian immigrant anarchists, Arthur Bortolotti, Ruggero Benvenuti, Ernest Gava, & a Cuban, Marco Joachim, were arrested in October for possession of antifascist "subversive literature," including anarchist classics; Bortolotti faces deportation to Mussolini's Italy if convicted. Emma Goldman works tirelessly over the succeeding months for Bortolotti's defense, organizing a committee, hiring counsel, & raising funds from sympathizers in Canada & the US.

12- 29 -1939 -- Madeleine Pelletier (1874-1939) dies. French doctor & feminist, member of the Socialist Party, later a Communist, then an anarchist. Founded the review "La suffragiste", & collaborated on other néo-Malthusian & libertarian newspapers. Pelletier wrote La femme en lutte pour ses droits (1908), L'émancipation sexuelle de la femme (1911), L'éducation féministe des filles (1914), Idéologie d'hier: Dieu, la morale, la patrie (1910).

Pelletier participated in "L'encyclopédie Anarchiste", & in the defense of Nestor Makhno in La fronde (1927). A pioneer of abortion rights, she was condemned in 1939 for practicing abortions -- declared irresponsible for her acts & committed to a mental asylum, where she died. Ironically, she had begun her career as psychiatrist.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm

"Tout cela me décourage, l'émancipation de la femme ne viendra donc jamais. Autrefois, mes allures d'affranchie ne me valaient que des lazzi des voyous, maintenant, on m'arrête parce que je n'ai pas l'air d'une asservie, comme les autres femmes, évidemment, je suis née plusieurs siècles trop tôt".

 — September 16, 1914.

1- 12 -1940 -- Canada: Emma Goldman's mail is intercepted by pinch-faced censors, their suspicion raised by the many letters containing money pouring into her address for the defense of Arthur Bortolotti, whose case attracts further attention in the US through articles in the Nation & the New Republic by Goldman.

Bortolotti is released on bail, charged now with immigration violations rather than a breach of the War Measures Act. By mid-January, Goldman returns to raising funds for the Spanish anarchists & continues to raise funds & awareness about Bortolotti's case. [Also during this month Goldman's niece & one-time secretary, Stella Ballantine, recovers from a nervous breakdown after nearly two years.]




1- 30 -1940 -- Denis Langlois lives, Etrechy, France. Lawyer, anarchist & pacifist writer who does prison time for his beliefs ("Le cachot.)

From 1967 to 1971, Langlois was legal adviser to the "League of Humans Rights." Party to many political lawsuits in Africa & Greece (expelled in 1969; see Panagoulis, le sang de la Grèce). He wrote Les dossiers noirs de la police française (1971), Le guide du militant, L'injustice racontée aux enfants (1978), Les partageux ne meurent jamais (1992), Un assassin très ordinaire (1978), La révoltution (1985), L'affaire Seznec (1988). 

During the Gulf War Langlois organized, with other intellectuals, antiwar demonstrations. He was also a supporter of ethnic minority militants in France, particularly Basques & Bretons.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#30

5- 14 -1940 -- Death of feminist anarchist Emma Goldman (1869-1940) while in Toronto, Canada raising money for anti-Franco forces in Spain. (See also Dec 21). Outspoken birth control advocate & champion of women's rights. Wrote My Disillusionment in Russia; Living My Life; Anarchism & Other Essays; The Place of the Individual in Society. See also Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman edited by David Porter. Left fielder for the 1998 Armageddonia Anarchists baseball team.

"If I can't dance I don't want to be part of your revolution."

After growing up in the US, then deported by the government during the Red Scare years, she has been banned from the country (called the "land of the free" by some), since 1931, except for a brief visit in 1934. Anti-anarchist laws are still used to prevent certain people from entering the US with their tainted foreign ideas. Her death finally allowed her a visa back into the US, where she was buried in Waldheim Cemetery, next to the Haymarket Martyrs in Chicago.



---

Goldman

---



The Emma Goldman Papers

The Place of the Individual in Society, by Emma Goldman

Patriotism: A Menace to Liberty, by Emma Goldman

Minorities versus Majorities, by Emma Goldman

excerpt from Living My Life, by Emma Goldman

---

http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-40997/emma.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#14

9- 19 -1940 -- Journalist 'discovers' Jay Fox, the "sole surviving anarchist" farming at Home Colony, Washington.


1- 19 -1941 -- Paul Reclus (son of Elie, nephew of Élisée) dies, Montpellier, France. Anarchist militant, engineer & professor.

Reclus went into hiding then joined his family in Switzerland with the crushing of the Paris Commune in 1871. Returned to Paris in 1877 & became an engineer in 1880. A proponent of "propaganda by the deed", he was charged in the "Lawsuit of the 30" & took refuge in London, living in a small anarchist community. In 1895, he moved to Scotland, working as a cartographer, then as a professor. In 1903, at the request of Elisee Recluse, he moved to Belgium to help him with L'Homme et la Terre". Allowed to re-enter to France in 1914, Paul Reclus was a signatory to the "Manifesto of the 16" (favoring participation in the allied cause during WWI). After the war he devoted himself to scientific work. In 1925, he joined with Dr. Marc Pierrot in producing the anarchist newspaper "Plus loin". In 1937, he was involved with "Secours International Antifasciste" (SIA). He died at young age of 82.

2- 6 -1941 -- Maximilien Luce, 82, dies. French painter & engraver. A reader of Jean Grave's "La révolte", & eventually his friend. In 1887, Pissaro, Seurat & Signac inducted him into their group of neo-impressionists.

Luce produced many drawings for anarchist newspapers such as "Le père Peinard", "La révolte", "L'en dehors".

In 1894, during the repression following the attacks of Ravachol, Valiant & others, Luce was imprisoned -- indicted as a "dangerous anarchist" whose drawings were judged "inciting people to revolt". Luce produced a series of lithographs based on this prison experience, accompanied with text by Jules Vallès. After his release he collaborated on the review "Les temps nouveaux". Became President of the Society of Independent Artists in 1934, & signed a petition calling for antifascist fighters. Luce left many thematic works involving the Paris Commune, the daily life of the common worker & peasant, etc.

• Three pieces by Luce inhttp://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/SMART/SMART.artists.html
  
• Luce Maximilien (1858-1941) (France): Prices up for works before 1904. Between $80,000 & $450,000 http://www.artcult.com/index.htm
  

 http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/mirbeau.html


2- 8 -1942 -- Lucien Barbedette (1890-1942) dies, Luxeuil-the-Baths. French professor, anarchist who wrote for many newspapers & reviews: "L'en Dehors", "La voix libertaire", "Terre libre", "Le semeur", "Le combat syndicaliste". Also participated in Sebastien Faure's Anarchist Encyclopedia.



"La violence appelle la violence ; les révolutions sont les contre-parties fatales de l'oppression légalement organisée".

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier2.html#8


3- 7 -1942 -- IWW founder, anarchist labor organizer Lucy Parsons dies, Chicago, Illinois.
http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/parsonsl-bio.html
In French, see l'éphéméride Anarchiste,
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#7

4- 8 -1942 -- Andre Girard (known as Max Buhr) (1860-1942) dies. Anarchist militant & trade unionist. See the Daily Bleed page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AndreGirard.htm


5- 11 -1942 -- Georges Yvetot dies, Paris. French typesetter & corrector, anarchist, syndicalist, anti-patriot, pacifist. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai2.html#11


5- 27 -1942 -- Pierre Ramus (aka Rudolf Grossman) (1882-1942) dies, fleeing from Nazi-occupied Europe. Austrian writer, pacifist & propagandist. Wrote for Johann Most's newspaper & organized the German FKAD (Federation of Anarchistic Communists of Germany) parallel to Rudolf Rocker's FAUD. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/RamusPierre.htm



6- 8 -1942 -- José Pellicer-Gandia executed. Spanish anarchist, member of the famed the "Iron Column" during the Spanish Revoluton of 1936. After the defeat of the Republicans Pellicer was arrested & condemned to death by a fascist military tribunal.See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/Pellicer-GandiaJosé.htm



6- 21 -1942 -- Spain: Agustin Remiro Manero (1904-1942) killed during an attempted prison escape. Spanish anarchist, joined the Durruti column in July 1936, commander of a battalion of machine-guns. Interned like thousands of other refugees in the camps in southern France, Agustin Remiro returned to Spain to continue fighting against the fascists. Arrested & condemned to death. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#21


7- 24 -1942 -- Spain: Juan Peiro Belis (1887-1942) dies, executed by the fascists, in Valencia.

Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, appointed Minister of Industry in the government of Caballero Largo. His short participation was anathema to libertarians holding to principle. Such participation undermined the Revolution (turning it into simply a "civil" war), did not prevent defeat, nor the treason of the Stalinists who murdered the anarchists & other "renegades". Peiro took refuge in France in 1939, but was turned over to the fascists by Pétain & shot today for refusing to collaborate with the Franco government. (His son, José Peiro, devoted a book to him; see 26 December 17.)

11- 17 -1942 -- Hobo organizer, anarchist & cultural drop-out Ben Reitman dies.



Dr. Ben Reitman crusaded, was beaten, tarred, feathered, jailed, and run out of town for his efforts on behalf of the rights of women to control their own bodies; and "his lifetime efforts to educate and improve the health of hoboes," of which he had been and at heart remained one, "addressed conditions of the homeless that are with us today."



Mecca Reitman Carpenter's book, No Regrets: Dr. Ben Reitman & the Women Who Loved Him, is a careful & loving biographical memoir of her father, the colorful & controversial subject of two other recent studies (Roger Bruns, The Damndest Radical: The Life & World of Ben Reitman, Chicago's Celebrated Social Reformer, Hobo King, & Whorehouse Physician [1987] & Suzanne Poirier Chicago's War on Syphilis, 1937-1940 [1995]).
http://www.infoshop.org/texts/no_regrets.html
http://www.aufbau2000.com/issue14/Seiten/12.html
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Curricula/WomensRights/lecture.html

1- 9 -1943 -- Giovanni Rossi (aka Cardias) dies, aged 87. Italian veterinarian, teacher, collectivist anarchist, a founder of Cittadella Colony &, in Brazil, the Cecilia Colony. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/RossiGiovanni.htm



1- 11 -1943 -- US: Assassination of anarchist militant Carlo Tresca, New York City. 

Murdered by an unknown assailant. Gentle & courtly in person, Tresca was an outspoken foe of Fascism in Germany & Italy & of Communism in the Soviet Union. The FBI accumulated a mere 1,358 pages on this outstanding citizen, they revealed on February 25, 2000, under the Freedom of Information Act.

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia entry,http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/TrescaCarlo.htm


Coppola describes his opera as "a presentation of the circumstances & the characters involved in a dramatic tragedy." In Sacco & Vanzetti, the characters in the prologue are Carlo Tresca, a Protestant Minister, a Roman Catholic Priest & a congregation of worshippers. Carlo Tresca was a leader of the Italian Anarchist Movement in America. His ghost functions as the narrator throughout the entire opera, introducing & commenting on characters & situations as they arise... We are shown the suspicion, hatred, & fear of those already in America toward those newly arrived. This darkness of humanity stands in contrast to the seeming piety of the religious faithful. Those 40 years have not changed anything. Tresca forewarns us that they will be no different in the 1920s & beyond, saying (in French), "The more things change, the more they stay the same."

http://www.saccoandvanzetti-theopera.org/html_docs/eng/study_guide.html


Tresca edited a number of papers which stood up for workers rights & denounced the hypocrisy & corruption of those in power. One of his favorite targets was the clergy, whom he attacked relentlessly. Tresca was a skilled labor agitator, leading strikes & urging workers to stand up for their rights. Served on the famed John Dewey Commission, which declared Trotsky "not guilty" of the charges presented at the Moscow Purge Trials. Once Tresca took such positions, the Communists conducted a campaign of character assassination aimed at destroying his influence in the antifascist movements. See Gallagher's All the Right Enemies.

See also H. L. Mencken article on Tresca, http://www.freedomsnest.com/fn/mencken_free.html

From left, Patrick Quinlan, Carlo Tresca, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Adolph Lessig, & Bill Haywood at Paterson, 1913

http://foia.fbi.gov/tresca.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/Tresca.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAtresca.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/tresca/index.html

3- 5 -1943 -- Bernard Baissat lives, Nabeul, Tunisia. 

French journalist, pacifist & libertarian filmmaker. Professor of Italian & French Letters, in 1967 he becomes an alternative journalist.

An "historian with camera", from 1980 to 1998 Baissat wrote & produced many documentary films on older anarchists & pacifists who, by their testimony before his lens, help us not to let "lose" our past & understanding of events through a rich tapestry of personal histories. Through his series "Listen", Bernard Baissat enables us to hear & see: Andre Claudot, Jeanne Humbert, Eugene Bizeau, May Picqueray, Marcel Body, Aguigui Mouna, Robert Jospin, Rene Dumont & André Bosiger. Baissat also made films on the labor movement, the labor market of Paris & also worked on the newspaper "le Canard enchainé".

3- 29 -1943 -- Spain: Nine members of the "Juventudes libertarias" (anarchist youths) an underground group opposing the fascist military takeover, are arrested & garroted at the "Modelo" prison. They are just a few of the tens of thousands who met, or will meet, a similar fate in the first years of the Franco dictatorship. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars4.html#29


7- 8 -1943 -- Spain: Esteban Pallarols Xirgu (aka Riera), dies, shot in Barcelona. Militant Spanish anarcho-trade unionist. Involved in clandestine activities & first secretary on the national Committee of the C.N.T. One among so many others, known or anonymous, victims of pro-Franco fascist repression.  
Ephéméride anarchiste, 8 juillet

8- 24 -1943 -- Simone Weil dies, Ashford, Kent, England. Seven people attend her funeral. Mystic & anarchist sympathizer.

"As I worked in the factory, the affliction of others entered into my flesh & my soul....

  
There I received for ever the mark of a slave, like the branding of the red-hot iron which the Romans put on the forehead of their most despised slaves.

Since then I have always regarded myself as a slave.''

http://www.rivertext.com/simone_weil.shtml
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier1.html#5

11- 24 -1943 -- Max Baginski dies, New York (born, 1864, in Eastern Prussia), a Social Democrat turned anarchist, is condemned in 1891 to 2 1/2 years in prison for "violation of the press laws". Exiled to the US, Baginski collaborated on Johan Most's paper, "Freiheit", then as publicity agent for Emma Goldman's newspaper, "Mother Earth", as well as many other papers into the 30s. Rudolf Rocker calls him, "One of the most enlightened & perspicacious spirits of the German movement."

"The Free Society group was doing splendid work in Chicago, & a series of 15 lectures had been arranged by them for me.

The gatherings themselves were of the usual character, with no special incidents occurring. But several events lent significance to my stay in the city, proving a lasting factor in my life. Among them were my meeting Moses Harman & Eugene V. Debs, & my rediscovery of Max Baginski, a young comrade from Germany."

       — Emma Goldman, Living My Life

http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/living/living1_17.html


1- 29 -1944 -- France: Death of the anarchist Gérard Duverge, aka Fred Durtain, aka Chevalier, following his arrest & torture yesterday by the Gestapo. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin3.html#duverge


2- 17 -1944 -- Italy: Pietro Bruzzi captured & shot by the fascists, in Melegnano. 

Bruzzi was a young anarchist who spent several years in France & in 1936 fought in Spain. He was extradited to Italy & sent to the island of Ponza during WWII. He escaped & joined the anarchist resistance in Lombardy & began publishing the clandestine newspaper "L'adunata dei libertari" in 1943.

http://www.fiapitalia.org/anaresist.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/csj/posters/40.html

3- 5 -1944 -- Pasquale Binazzi, 71, dies, Spezia. Italian anarchist, secretary of the "chambre du travail," & organizer of the "syndicat de l'arsenal" in Spezia. Founder of the weekly magazine "il libertario" (published from 1903 - 1922) & author of many popular booklets. "Il libertario" was vital part of the Italian trade union movement & agitation at the beginning of the century, in the debates over WWI & during the events of 1919-1921.

• See Raccolta periodici, http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/periodici.htm
  
• See "Umanità Nova",
  http://www.ecn.org/uenne/archivio/archivio1999/un13/art488.html
  
• http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#5
  




6- 2 -1944 -- France: Benoît Broutchoux dies (1879-1944). French anarchist, adherent of neo-Malthusian ideas & "free love" advocate. Collaborated with Sebastien Faure. His son Germinal was killed by the police in 1931. It was Benoît Broutchoux & Charles Malato who spoke at the massive gathering at Louise Michel's final graveside ceremony.

October 2nd 1993, Lille, France: Meeting & discussion organized by F.A. Group "Humeurs noires", CNT, Centre Culturel Libertaire following the 2nd edition of the comics "Benoit Broutchoux".

Centre culturel libertaire Benoit Broutchoux, Groupe May Picqueray 1-2, rue Denis-du-Peage 59800 Lille. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#2


6- 25 -1944 -- Eugene Humbert (1870-1944) dies. French anarchist, companion of Jeanne Humbert. Also a militant pacifist & néo-Malthusian. Killed in prison during WWII Allied bombing -- the day before he was to be released.

See the Daily Bleed Gallery of Saints & Sinners,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/EugeneHumbert.htm


7- 23 -1944 -- Max Nettlau (1865-1944) dies of stomach cancer in Amsterdam. Austrian anarchist, historian, bibliographer, philologist, insatiable collector. Edited & financed "The Anarchist Labor Leaf". Nettlau belonged to the Freedom Group & helped fund the "Torch for Freedom." Sold his immense collection of anarchist materials to the International Institute of Social History (IISG) in Amsterdam in 1935. Wrote Bibliographie de l'Anarchie (1897).


http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/rev/nettlau/bio.html

http://www.free.de/dada/btip002.htm

12- 21 -1944 -- France: The anarchist paper "Libertaire," originally published by Sébastien Faure & Louise Michel, begins publishing once again after the defeat of the Nazis. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre3.html#libertaire


1- 4 -1945 -- Italy: In Raguse, Sicily, Maria Occhipinti, lies down in front of army trucks which come to find new young conscripts to incorporate into the new Italian army. Within minutes, a crowd surrounds the soldiers, forcing them to release their recruits, but kill a demonstrator & set off a major revolt.



The city falls to the insurgents & resists government troops for three days. The revolt is subdued only at the cost of many deaths. Leaders in the revolt, including Maria, accompanied by the young anarchist Erasmo Santangelo, organizer of the revolt, were imprisoned until the end of 1946, (except Santangelo, who was sentenced to 23 years & later found hung in his cell).The Communist Party, seeking to help restore the capitalist state & its national army in its bid for a piece of the power pie, condemned this revolt as a "soulèvement fasciste", whereas the insurrectionists claimed only bread & freedom. Maria Occhipinti told her memories of the fight in A Woman of Sicily (Italy, 1957; translated into French, 1980.)

1- 23 -1945 -- Georges Gourdin dies in the Nazi camps of Elbruck (Germany). French anarchist, born around 1916. Active in Jeunesses Anarchistes & l'Union Anarchiste. Gourdin was active in the Resistance during WWII & in rebuilding, underground, the anarchist movement & aiding many comrades in trouble. Gourdin was arrested & tortured in May 1944 before being sent to Germany.


4- 27 -1945 -- England: Three anarchist editors jailed for nine months for "incitement to disaffection", London.


9- 18 -1945 -- Voline (1882-1945), Russian revolutionary & anarchist historian, dies. (See 11 August.)

In 1907 a Tsarist tribunal banished him, & he escaped to France & the US. Voline became associated with various libertarians, among them Sebastian Faure, the eloquent orator of the French anarchists. He also had connections with the small circle of Russian Anarchists in Paris, with A. A. Kareline & his group, & other organizations of Russian exiles.

Moving to NY, Voline joined the Union of Russian Workers in the US & Canada, a formidable organization with about 10,000 members which entertained ideas similar to those of the Confederation Generale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour) in France. Thus he found a rich field for his activities, serving on the editorial staff of Golos Truda ( The Voice of Labour), the weekly paper of the Federation, & was one of its most gifted lecturers.

In 1919, the Bolshevik government began persecuting anarchists, suppressing their papers & arresting militants en masse. It was then that Voline joined the revolutionary army of Nestor Makhno, heading their special department to enlighten the people & prepare them for a new social order, based on common ownership of the land, home rule of communities, & federative solidarity.

Voline was arrested January 14, by military agents of the Moscow government & dragged from one prison to another. Trotsky already had ordered his execution, & according to Voline, he escaped death only by sheer accident: in 1921 the Red Trade Union International held a Congress in Moscow. It included representatives of some anarcho-syndicalist organizations in Spain, France, & other countries, who had come to ascertain whether an alliance with this new International was feasible. They arrived just as anarchists in the Taganka prison went on a hunger strike for over 10 days.

The Bolsheviks, publicly embarrassed & embroiled with the scandal in the Congress, released the hunger-strikers on the condition that they leave Russia.

It was the first time political prisoners were deported from the vaunted Red Fatherland of the Proletariat.

http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/

See Andre Prudhommeaux- Profile, by Charles Jacquier, which is primarily about Voline.
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html

12- 2 -1945 -- France: First congress, of the post-war period, of the Fédération Anarchiste Française. http://federation-anarchiste.org/



1- 2 -1946 -- Jean Bernard Pouy lives, Paris. Writer, author of many detective novels. La belle de Fontenay (prix mystère de la critique en 1993) features an old Spanish anarchist. Began the "Le poulpe" (The Octopus) series, featuring Gabriel Lecouvreur, libertarian investigator & destroyer of injustice. After having written La petite écuyère a cafté (1995), he began finding different, & often new, authors to continue the now popular series in the same vein.




"Il devait y avoir aussi un complément de fiche un peu plus long, disant peut-être que j'étais un bagarreur, un emmerdeur de première, un violent, un tueur dans l'âme, un psychopathe, peut-être la réincarnation de Jules Bonnot, solitaire et désespéré, le profil du terroriste moyen. Il devait y avoir aussi le témoignage de quelques flics à qui j'avais tenu tête pendant qu'ils me la mettaient au carré".

 — Extrait de La belle de Fontenay roman de Jean-Bernard POUY, où le vieil anar espagnol se fait interroger par la police.

http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bande.htm
http://hlm.le-village.com/vache-folle/n12/picto2.htm
http://www.multimania.com/lepoulpe/liens.html
http://www.mygale.org/~lepoulpe
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier1.html#2



4- 23 -1946 -- Korean Anarchist Congress concludes (April 20-23), in Anwui. Establishes the considerable influence of Peter Kropotkin's ideas in post-war Asia. Shin Chae-H0 (1880-1936), a Korean historian, was one of the precursors of anarchism in this country. Then, later, the brothers Li Jung-Kyu (1897-1983) & Li Eul Kyu (1894-1972) -- called the "Korean Kropotkin -- are the architects of this congress, along with another outstanding figure in modern Korean anarchism: Ha Ki Rak, who takes part, in 1987, in the congress of the Korean Anarchist Federation. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril4.html#23


5- 12 -1946 -- Founding Congress of the Anarchist Federation of Japan held in Tokyo.


8- 5 -1946 -- Boris Vian begins writing J'irai cracher sur vos tombes (I'll Spit On Your Graves), which he completes in 15 days, on the 20th of this month. J'irai cracher sur vos tombes sold in excess of half a million copies. (Also included among Favorite Anarchist/Libertarian Novels compiled on the anarchy-list in July 1998.)

"In the tradition of Karl May &Franz Kafka, Boris Vian imaginesan America even more amazing than the land he has never visited. I Spit on Your Graves is the first novel to put quotation marks around the 'hardboiled' -- a vivid & startling performance."

--- J. Hoberman

"To Americans Boris Vian has long been one of the hidden glories of French literature. In I Spit on Your Graves, he wrote an utterly untypical work, a blast from his Id that may well have killed him. Even now, withmisogyny disguised as racial justice, its venom remains potent & disturbing, in equal parts appalling & riveting. It is a singular book, not for the squeamish, & not to be passed by."

---Jim Krusoe

http://www.toadshow.com.au/rob/vian/vian.htm
http://www.franceweb.fr/poesie/vian.htm

http://www.cad.polito.it/~squiller/Heroes/BorisVian.html

12- 19 -1946 -- Reenactment of Boston Tea Party in Boston. (Fashionably late?) Glorifies the destruction of property by vandals -- who inspire "Eugene anarchists" during WTO protests in Seattle 1999. http://reason.com/0002/fe.jw.blue.html
http://agitprop.org/artandrevolution/
http://www.videoactivism.org/hotlinks.html#wto
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/wto.htm


1- 19 -1947 -- Luigi Bertoni (1872-1947) dies in Geneva. Swiss anarchist, typographer, & an untiring participant in the newspaper "Il Risveglio" (the anarchist alarm clock of Geneva) founded in July 1900. In 1936 he left to fight in Spain, with Italian companions, on the Huesca front. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


2- 19 -1947 -- Pierre Besnard dies. French anarcho-syndicalist involved in the AIT (International Workers Association /Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores), met Durruti, fought in Spanish Revolution of 1936. Wrote Le monde nouveau (1936), Les syndicats ouvriers et la révolution sociale (1930) & contributor to l'Encyclopédie anarchiste. http://www.federation-anarchiste.org/ml/numeros/1205/article_11.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre2.html#8
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9820/

3- 18 -1947 -- Mikhael Guerdjikov (1877-1947) dies. Bulgarian anarchist involved in the Macedonian liberation movement, & editor numerous papers (starting the first Bulgarian anarchist paper, "Free Society"). His burial was the last gathering of Bulgarian anarchists for many years. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/MikhaelGuerdjikov.htm


5- 22 -1947 -- The manifesto Freedom is a Vietnamese Word, published in the anarchist paper "Le Libertaire", signed by the surrealists Bonnefoy, Bousquet, Breton, Peret, Tanguy & 10 others, condemning the French imperialistic adventure in Indochina.
http://csl.tao.ca/anarquia/surrealismoya.html


11- 17 -1947 -- Victor Serge dies. Novelist, poet, historian, & political activist. Sympathetic to anarchists but rather badly treated by them.

Lived in Paris in 1909, associated with individualist anarchists, particularly his childhood friend Raymond Callemin. Collaborated on the newspaper "L'anarchie". In Barcelona, involved in the newspaper of the CNT, "Tierra y Libertad." Went to Russia in 1918, a supporter of the communists. Critical of the direction of the party, he was imprisoned, but release in 1935 through the appeals of French intellectuals.

Wrote Le rétif (1909-1912), The Anarchists & the Experiment of the Russian Revolution, Memoirs of a Revolutionist, The Obscure Turning, Midnight in the Century (1939), Conquered City, etc. City Lights books recently published his poems (a fine little volume entitled Resistance, translated Jim Brook).
http://users.skynet.be/johneden/fiction/resist.htm
http://tigerden.com/~berios/libertarians2.html




     

Red granite outcrops through the red clay,
the world's first days show in the pain of living,
the street wanders off, huddled under its tottering,
tumble-down
     houses like old women squatting in the sun,
it takes up scant room between the sky and the endless
steppe,
a ragged Kirgiz walks alone, mournfully pursued by the dogs'
      barking,
nothing to steal, nothing to eat, lousy beggar! and even the dogs
     know you're hungry ...
I met his black look from the depths of time,
he's gone past, it's the past.

---excerpt, "On the Ural River"

Very fine collection of material, Victor Serge Homepage:
 http://users.skynet.be/johneden/

6- 26 -1948 -- Spain: Raul Carbeillera, an Argentinian anarchist who led the action groups of the CNT against Franco's fascist state, surrounded police & the Guardia Civil in Montjuich, kills himself. Carbeillera had several times slipped into Spain to fight with the Resistance. http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/meltzer/books/spanishanarchy1961-75/22years.html


12- 25 -1948 -- Bulgaria: The Bulgarian Communist Party declares as "outlaws" the anarchist founders of the FACB (Federation Bulgare Anarcho-Communist) & its newspaper "Rabotnitche Skamisal".


4- 13 -1949 -- Marie-Louise Berneri, anarchist activist, author, dies. Involved with short lived "Revision," with Luis Mercier Vega. Her father Camillo Berneri, was assassinated in Spain in 1937 by the Communists. Member of the group that edited "Revolt," "War Commentary" & the still publishing "Freedom," issued by the Freedom Bookstore (co-founded by Peter Kropotkin) group in London. Wrote Journey Through Utopia; Neither East Nor West. George Woodcock & Ivan Avacumovic dedicated their biography of Peter Kropotkin, The Anarchist Prince (1950) to Marie-Louise Berneri, "a true disciple of Kropotkin."
http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/libertarians.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berneri/berneri.html
http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm
http://www.euro.net/mark-space/bioMarieLouiseBerneri.html

4- 13 -1949 -- Marie Louise Berneri (1918-1949) dies, age 31. The elder daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. Editor of "Freedom", author of Neither East Nor West & Journey Through Utopia. See Anarchist Encyclopedia,

Maria Luisa Berneri

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/BerneriMarieLouise.htm


7- 24 -1949 -- Jean Roumilhac dies in car accident. Fought with the Spanish Republicans. President of S.I.A. (International solidarity Antifascist). In the 1940s, created, in the Rhone delta, an agricultural company, "legally" enabling Spanish anarchist refugees to obtain residence permits. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre1.html#2


10- 5 -1949 -- Madeleine Vernet dies. French anarchist, radical educator. Gets a street named for her in Paris.

Although Cempuis was closed by the French government on charges of coeducation, which at the time was prohibited under law, other similar educational attempts were undertaken in France by Madeleine Vernet & Sebastian Faure. Faure developed in the children a love of study by awakening "the child's interest in his surroundings by mak(ing) him or her realize the importance of observation, investigation, & reflection" & by teaching the student to never accept anything on blind faith.

Ferrer followed these precedents in developing his child-centered theories of education. John Dewey of Columbia University was one of the earliest proponents of the Modern School movement in America.

http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/radicaled.html


11- 8 -1949 -- Italy: Group of anarchists attack the Spanish consulate with grenades in Gènes. Eugenio de Luchhi, Gaetano Busico, & Gaspare Mancuso arrested. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html


11- 10 -1949 -- Louis Rimbault dies. French libertarian militant & proponent of of vegetarianism.

Rimbault lived in the libertarian communist Colony of Bascon (Aisne) (1910-1912). When convicted for "complicity" in Bonnot Gang activities, he feigned mental illness to gain his release. He was an active opponent of state communism, & a propagandist of vegetarianism, writing for the newspaper "Néo-naturien".

Rimbault is credited for "the basconaise", a single dish recipe made up of about 30 vegetables, which he believed would aid in reconstituting the human body. Victim of an accident in 1932, he was an invalid until his death. Rimbault wrote numerous booklets on vegetarianism, & contributed to Sebastien Faure's famed Anarchist Encyclopaedia.

http://www.multimania.com/lanarcho/7peaev.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril2.html#9
http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bonnot.htm
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet15.htm#Faure

1- 10 -1950 -- Clovis-Abel Pignat (alias "Tschombine Pategnon") dies. Anarcho-syndicalist, militant with FOBB (fédération des ouvriers du bois et du bâtiment, en Suisse Romande). http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier2.html#10


2- 24 -1950 -- Spain: Manuel Sabate Llopart is garrotted in Barcelona prison. An anarchist militant, he was accused of having secretly crossed the frontier to take part in the Resistance. One of the main reasons for his harsh sentence of death sentence is that he is the brother of Francisco Sabate, a well-known member of the anarchist action groups. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia entry, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FranciscoSabate.htm


3- 11 -1950 -- Cuba: Beginning of the third national anarchist congress "to reorganize the libertarian labor movement & adopt concrete practical measures, enabling its militants to reorient themselves & to play a decisive part in the regeneration of the Cuban labor movement."


3- 13 -1950 -- Hippolyte Havel dies in psychiatric hospital, New Jersey. Wrote for Emma Goldman's Mother Earth, involved in the Modern School in NY, & wrote biographies of fellow anarchists such as the walking she-devil, Emma Goldman (he was also one of her lovers) & Voltairine de Cleyre, along with various reviews & booklets. Edited "Revolt". Just before WWI he opened a restaurant in NY City's Bohemian Greenwich Village which was a great meeting place for artists & intellectuals.

Hippolyte Havel - Luxury, XH chassis, heavy suspension, Sport PP w/SC, 4 SB PR tires, driver, gunner, VMG w/HD ammo in turret, smartlinked to VMG w/HD ammmo in rear sponson. Armor (Sloped): F33, R30, L30, B34, T20, U10, 10 pt. CA on driver, 10 pt. CA on gunner. Targeting computer, fire extinguisher. Accel. 10, HC 3, top speed 120; 6,600 lbs., $27,879.http://www.io.com/~sjohn/hastur.htm
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/emmabio.html

3- 16 -1950 -- Grigori Petrovitch Maximov (1893-1950), Russian anarcho-syndicalist, dies. Writer for "Golos Truda" (The Voice of Labor", & author of a history of Leninism in Russia, The Guillotine at Work. See Daily Bleed Page http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/GPMaximov.htm



3- 19 -1950 -- Charles Benoit dies, in Paris. Revolutionary socialist, then an anarchist. Assisted Jean Grave with his paper "Les temps nouveaux". Created a group, "propagande par la brochure" & actively distributed their very inexpensive (& often free) booklets. During WWI Charles Benoît & Andre Girard, broke with Jean Grave & "The Manifesto of the 16" (siding with the Allies during WWI), Benoit publishing "La paix par les Peuples" in response. He was also active in the League for Human Rights. (Same Benoit, Karl Rickert, who fled in 1913 to Morocco with Ernst Jünger?) http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars3.html#19


4- 8 -1950 -- Spain: José Lluis Facerias, anti-fascist, anarchist guerilla, blows up the Lonja police station in Barcelona.


4- 13 -1950 -- Hoche Arthur Meurant, French anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist, antimilitarist, dies. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/MeurantHocheArthur.htm



12- 10 -1950 -- Italy: 42nd national Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation held (8th-10th), Ancône.


1- 4 -1951 -- Bob Black, anarchist critic, lives.

"A Critic is like the house-niggers of yore who looked down on the field hands because, as household servants, they got to dress up & bask in the presence of quality folks. The Critic is Culture's liveried footman. But just beneath the surface (there isn't much room down there) he seethes with impotent envy like a eunuch in a seraglio....The Critic is nothing in particular...is only an nth-generation photocopy...who in turn might best be characterized as what Jean Baudrillard calls a "simulacrum": a copy without an original."

       — Bob Black

http://www.t0.or.at/bobblack/bobblack.htm


4- 7 -1951 -- Gustave Henri Jossot dies, in Sidi Bou Saïd. French painter, illustrator & caricaturist who targeted the mainstream institutions of family, army, justice, churches, schools, etc. Jossot, deeply libertarian, refused to be labeled an anarchist. Depressed for years, he gave up caricatures in 1907, moved to Tunisia in 1911, converted to Islam in 1913 for a short period before denouncing religion & agitating again, for the rights of Moslem women, etc. Jossot confined his artistic endeavors to painting landscapes & Tunisian everyday life.  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#jossot


4- 16 -1951 -- Gustave Henri Jossot lives (1866-1951), Dijon. French painter, illustrator & caricaturist who targeted the mainstream institutions of family, army, justice, churches, schools, etc. Jossot, deeply libertarian, refused to be labeled an anarchist. Depressed for years, he gave up caricatures in 1907, moved to Tunisia in 1911, converted to Islam in 1913 for a short period before denouncing religion & agitating again, for the rights of Moslem women, etc. Jossot confined his artistic endeavors to painting landscapes & Tunisian everyday life.  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/avril3.html#jossot


4- 21 -1951 -- Giuseppe Pasotti (1888-1951) dies. Italian anarcho-syndicalist & member of the Italian League of Human Rights. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PasottiGuiseppe.htm



6- 5 -1951 -- Japan: The Japanese Anarchist Federation reconstituted this month, but the organisation which continuedunder this name was largely composed of those sympathetic to syndicalism. 

In the same month the anarchist communists set up the Japan Anarchist Club (Nihon Anakisuto Kurabu), with the result that the Japanese anarchist movement was once more back to the divided condition it had been in between 1928 and 1934.46 To a large extent, this was a re-run of previous history and even some of the principal figures involved were the same. Hatta Shûzô might have died in 1934, but Iwasa Sakutarô was still very much the key personality on the anarchist communist side, while Ishikawa Sanshirô once more supported the anarchist syndicalists. The Anarchist Federation limped on until 1968.

the Anarchist Club long outlived its anarchist syndicalist rival & continued to publish the journal Anarchist Movement (Museifushugi Undô) until March 1980.

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/ace/japchap3.html


6- 29 -1951 -- Urbain Gohier (1862-1951) dies. French author, journalist, lampoonist, antimilitarist, lawyer, burning supporter of Dreyfus, wrote for the anarchist "Libertaire". Author of L'armée contre la nation (1898), Les prétoriens et la Congrégation & A bas la caserne, etc. Arrested & tried for one of his books (acquited), did a year in prison (1905) for his activities in "l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste". Gohier sank gradually into anti-semitism & patriotism, a collaborationist during WWII. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#29


8- 14 -1951 -- Spain: José Luis Facerias is assassinated by the police in Barcelona.


Facerias was a veteran leader of the anarchist action groups, which had been operating since the end of the civil war. The ‘implacable fighter’ died riddled with bullets in an ambush laid by the police at the intersection of Urrutia & Verdun Streets.”

http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/meltzer/books/spanishanarchy1961-75/22years.html



11- 16 -1952 -- Roman Delgado (1894-1952) dies. Spanish-Mexican anarchist, who emigrated to America at 16 & joined a Magoniste group in San Antonio, Texass. Denounced by the police, he went to Tampico, Mexico & participated in "La casa del Obrero Mundial" & "Los hermanos Rojos," publishing the newspaper "Germinal." Imprisoned in 1916 for participating in a strike, Delgado went to NY when he was expelled from the country, but returned & was active with anarchist groups in Mexico City until his death.

"(..) Le gouvernement n'est rien d'autre que le gendarme du Capital,l'épouvantable flic qui garde les coffres forts des vautours des banques, ducommerce et de l'industrie. Pour le Capital il a du respect et lui est entièrement soumis; pour le peuple, il a les prisons, les casernes et le gibet."

       — "Regeneracion," February 11, 1911.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier1.html#2


2- 10 -1953 -- Albert Theodore Schroeder dies (1864-1953), age 88. He met & came to know the liberals, socialists, radicals & anarchists whose civil liberties he worked to uphold; the other defenders of civil liberties; & leading personalities in the field of psychology. 

Schroeder's interest in free speech & press as well as social injustices grew to the point where he led the movement to incorporate the Free Speech League. Schroeder took part in such cases as that against Moses Harmon, editor of Lucifer The Light Bearer, the San Diego Free Speech Fight, involving the well-known anarchists Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman. Schroeder took an interest in the Denver Free Speech Fight involving Emma Goldman & Ben L. Reitman, The Blast Case (Alexander Berkman); The Masses Case; the Margaret Sanger Case & the jailing of Emma Goldman & Ben Reitman;. the La Follette Case; in the Debs & La Follette cases among many, many others.

http://www.lib.siu.edu/spcol/SC017.html


11- 16 -1953 -- Gigi Damiani (1876-1953) dies, Rome. Damiani emigrated to Brazil, & directs numerous anarchist publications (Battaglia, Plebs, Guerra Sociale, etc). In Italy he was editor, with Errico Malatesta, of "Umanita Nova". Under attack by fascists, Damiani was forced into exile in Tunisia. He was active there with Giuseppe Pasotti, returning to Rome in 1946 where he was involved again with "Umanita Nova" until his death. Author of several books, including Razzismo e Anarchismo; Carlo Cafiero; Saggio su di una concezione filosofica dell'Anarchismo. http://www.ceca.org.br/edgar/BrasilAn.html
http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/vanza/archivio/d.htm

12- 25 -1953 -- France: Anarchist Federation & the Libertarian Communist Federation founded by the FAF (French Anarchist Federation). http://federation-anarchiste.org/


10- 28 -1954 -- Enrique Flores Magon (1877-1954), Mexican revolutionary anarchist & brother to the better known Ricardo Flores Magon, dies.



Magon brothers pictured in a contemporary mural gracing the wall of Bound Together Books in San Francisco. Enrique Flores Magon is cited as 3rd from the left in the front row (to the right of Sacco & Vanzetti), but this is surely Ricardo, so Enrique must be 4th from the left.

http://www.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/mexicobiblio.html
http://www.brownpride.com/murals.html
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/mexico/history.html

11- 4 -1954 -- Sweden: Stig Dagerman, 31, dies. Playwright, novelist, anarcho-trade unionist. Created a review "40-tal ", & wrote for the libertarian newspaper "Arbetaren". Wrote The Snake (1945), & Island of the Condemned. Deeply pessimistic, he committed suicide: "Our need for consolation is impossible to satisfy."

"Je crois que l'ennemi héréditaire de l'homme est la macro-organisation, parce que celle-ci le prive du sentiment, indispensable à la vie, de sa responsabilité envers ses semblables.(...)
Car qu'est-ce que le pouvoir si ce n'est le sentiment de n'avoir pas à répondre de ses mauvaises actions sur sa propre vie mais sur celles des autres?"

http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/sac.html


11- 23 -1956 -- Milly Witkop Rocker dies. Anarchist, labor organizer, lifelong companion of Rudolf Rocker. See March 1, 1877.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars1.html#1

http://flag.blackened.net/rocker/

12- 22 -1956 -- Manuel Devaldes (aka Ernest-Edmond Lohy) dies. Anarchist, pacifist & neo-Malthusian. 

Manuel Devaldes was involved in the "Revue Rouge" in 1895, which included Felix Feneon, Verlaine, Tailhade, etc. In 1912 he was a member of "l'Action d'art". Opposed to WWI, he found refuge in England which granted him conscientious objector (CO) status in 1914. Devaldes participated in many newspapers & libertarian reviews, & wrote several books & booklets (La chair à canon (1908), Contes d'un rebelle (1925), La maternité consciente (1927), Anthologie des écrivains réfractaires (1927), etc.



"En tout esclave consentant à sa servitude est un maître qui sommeille. Qui obéit volontiers à plus fort que soi est prêt à imposer à plus faible sa volonté".

http://www.cafemo.com/wanda/feneon.html
http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/labos/cht/biblio/auteurs/auteur1805.htm

8- 30 -1957 -- Spain: José Luis Facerias is assassinated by the police in Barcelona. He was a veteran leader of the anarchist action groups, which had been operating since the end of the civil war. The ‘implacable fighter’ died riddled with bullets in an ambush laid by the police at the intersection of Urrutia and Verdun Streets. http://www.afmltd.demon.co.uk/meltzer/books/spanishanarchy1961-75/22years.html


3- 12 -1958 -- Manol Vassev (1898-1958), true name Yordan Sotirov, dies. Poisoned by prison guards one day before his scheduled release. A popular Bulgarian militant anarcho-trade unionist & a living symbol of resistance of both fascism & Bolshevism. Spent several years in Stalinist concentration camps before his prison years. 

Manol Vassev was an anarcho-syndicalist who, as a factory worker, fought clandestinely most of his life, agitating, initiating & carrying out strikes & fights under the name Vassev. After arrests & being thrown in prison -- whether by the fascist or Bolshevik regimes -- he would emerge only to immediately begin the struggle anew. 

The Stalinist regime sent him to concentration camps for several years, then to prison where they murdered him rather than let him out yet again.

5- 3 -1958 -- Gerard de Lacaze-Duthiers (1876-1958) dies. French Individualist anarchist, friend of the arts, pacifist intellectual, Professor of Letters. member of l'Union Anarchiste & the Groupe "l'Action d'Art". Involved with the review "L'action d'art" with Andre Colomer & Devaldes. President of l'Union des Intellectuels pacifistes, responsible for the Parti Pacifiste Internationaliste, president of Syndicat des journalistes et écrivains. Collaborated on the Anarchist Encyclopedia of Sebastien Faure, & author of over 40 books & pamphlets, mostly involving literature & pacifism.


5- 28 -1958 -- Catholic anarchist Ammon Hennacy ends 40-day fast against U.S. nuclear weapons tests. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/HennacyAmmon.htm



9- 13 -1958 -- American immigrant anarchist leader Rudolf Rocker dies, Mohegan, Maine. Anarchosyndicalist, anti-fascist. A Gentile, he became involved in the Jewish anarchist movement. Learned Yiddish, lived in the Jewish community, & became the lifelong companion of Milly Witcop (1877-1953).

http://flag.blackened.net/rocker/
http://tigerden.com/~berios/liberty.html
http://user.tninet.se/~pka447m/A/rudolf.htm
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/tragedy1.html
http://www.iisg.nl/~w3vl/vl-alph.html







10- 29 -1958 -- Boris Pasternak, under intense pressure from the Soviet government & press, wires the Swedish Royal Academy his "voluntary refusal" of the Nobel Prize for Literature. One of his crimes is to have written -- in his novel, Dr. Zhivago -- too sympathetically of the anarchists, & not kindly enough of the Bolsheviks.

"Am I a gangster or murderer?

Of what crime do I stand condemned?

I made the whole world weep at the beauty of my land."



http://www.nobel.se/

http://www.rjgeib.com/heroes/pasternak/paster.html

2- 18 -1959 -- Jacques Doubinsky (1889-1959) dies. As a young Russian labor radical he joined the Ukrainian peasant uprising in 1918, fighting with the insurrectionary Makhnovist army.

When betrayed & crushed by their one-time Bolshevik allies, Doubinsky went to Bulgaria, active with the anarchists. Arrested & tortured after the coup d'etat of 1923, he escaped to France & met up with Voline. With his companion Rosa, he directed the Jewish anarchist library "L'autodidacte". Following WWII & Voline's death, he formed the "Friends of Voline", publishing Voline's book The Unknown Revolution (1947) (translated by Fredy Perlman & a group in Chicago; published by Black & Red in Detroit, Free Life Editions in NY & Black Rose Books in Canada.) Jacques Doubinsky was also involved with the Jewish anarchist "La libre Pensée" in Paris & assisting Bulgarian refugees. 

He is the grandfather of the anarchist & writer, Sebastien Doubinsky:



"He died before my birth; I cannot really speak about him, but I can speak about his heritage which I assert fully. To have an anarchist like him in the family, which did so much for Bulgaria, the Spanish revolution, etc, it is for me the image of insubordination, the image of freedom, & the image of a worthy fight. It is a heritage of freedom, of courage also,because my grandfather suffered in his flesh, especially in Bulgaria, & Russia, where he was tortured several times."

http://www.federation-anarchiste.org/ml/numeros/1137/article_13.html
  http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier3.html#18

2- 28 -1959 -- The playwright most known for his verse tragedy, Maxwell Anderson dies in Stamford, Connecticut. His tragedy Winterset (1935), a poetic drama inspired by the Sacco & Vanzetti anarchist case is his most famous, but Anderson also wrote musicals, such as Knickerbocker Holiday (1938) & Lost in the Stars (1949).


4- 25 -1959 -- Georges Conchon (1879-1959) dies. French tapestry maker, anarchist & very popular secretary of the "Federation of Tenants" (ancestor of the DAL). See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/ConchonGeorges.htm




1- 4 -1960 -- Albert Camus (The Plague) killed at 46, in an automobile accident near Sens. French-Algerian author who wrote for many years for the anarchist & left wing press in France.

"You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life."

       — Albert Camus

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/1311/camus.html

Albert Camus und der Anarchismus


Select Bibliography for Albert Camus


Colin Ward, Albert Camus & the Algerian Legacy


1- 4 -1960 -- Spanish anarchist guerilla Francisco Sabater (Sabate; El Quico) wounded as his group has a shoot-out with the Guardia Civil.

At dawn, in the neighbourhood of Banolas (Gerona), a fight occurred between the forces of the Guardia Civil & an anarchist commando group which had crossed the frontier six days before. Four members of the commando group died in the gunfire, as well as the officer commanding the Civil Guards, Francisco de Fuentes. The leader of the group, Francisco Sabate , was wounded, & although he managed to escape, was killed the next day in San Celoni by a sometén (Catalan militia). The episode caused a sensation in the country as a survival from the old resistance days.

 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FranciscoSabate.htm


1- 5 -1960 -- Spanish anarchist/guerilla Francisco Sabate dies after a shoot-out with fasciste garde civile. Wounded yesterday, he escaped & killed today in San Celoni by a sometén (Catalan militia). The episode caused a sensation in the country as a survival from the old resistance days. Sabate figures in at least two movies, including Behold The Pale Horse, with Gregory Peck as a character very closely on the Spanish guerilla. An excellent biography by Antonio Tellez Sola, Sabaté, guérilla urbaine en Espagne 1945-1960, was translated by Stuart Christie & published in English. See Daily Bleed page for Sabate,
 http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FranciscoSabate.htm


3- 20 -1960 -- Big Belly Ache?: Cuba: Anarchist-syndicalist workers' papers -- including Solidaridad Gastronomico -- forced to cease publishing.


3- 25 -1960 -- Julia Bertrand (1877-1960) dies. French teacher, militant anarchist, feminist & free thinker. See Daily Bleed Gallery page at http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/JuliaBertrand.htm


6- 27 -1960 --

---



Pierre Monatte (1881-1960) dies.



Pierre Monatte was a central figure of French anarcho-syndicalist movement. Influenced by Emile Pouget, friends with Albert Camus, he fought the Stalinist influence & reformist positions of the trade unions. Monatte himself had joined the Communist Party for a few years following the Russian Revolution, but was eventually kicked out for challenging its authoritarianism, &, in 1925, with the help of Robert Louzon, founded the journal Révolution prolétarienne, an anarchist-syndicalist publication which many anarchists wrote for. The review stopped publishing in 1939, resuming again in 1947. Camus' biographer Herbert Lottman comments on his association with numerous anarchists, with Pierre Monatte, who published Révolution Prolétarienne, with Giovanna Berneri of Volontà, Jean Paul Samson who published Témoins, Maurice Joyeux of Le Libertaire & Le Monde Libertaire, & with the Spanish exiles who produced Solidaridad Obrera until, as Lottman explains, "the paper was eventually banned by the de Gaulle government to avoid giving offence to General Franco.'' In his political isolation he had recourse to "the men and women of political movements with which he could still sympathize, those of the far-out left, who on their own chosen terrain were often as lonely as he was.'' --- noted by Colin Wardhttp://www.nothingness.org/sociala/sa19/19ward2.html



---




10- 17 -1960 -- Thierry Maricourt lives. Poet, novelist, anarchist, with numerous reference works to his credit: Histoire de la littérature libertaire en France, Dictionnaire des auteurs prolétariens de langue française, de la Révolution à nos jour & the antifascist Les nouvelles passerelles de l'extrême droite. Poetry/novels include Adèle au-delà de l'ombre, Plaidoyer pour Ravachol (1997).

"Un mur en trompe l'oeil invente l'interdit
un homme en uniforme informe les passants:
"Ici commence l'ordre avec ses tragédies
avec ses rires jaunes, ces crimes indécents" (...)

---excerpt, Délit de Vie.

http://www.music-hall.org/arts.html
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/ravachol/ravachol.htm
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1997/09/VIDAL/9060.html

http://www.syllepse.net/themes.htm

11- 7 -1960 -- Charles d'Avray, (1878-1960) dies. Poète et chansonnier anarchiste; à Sèvres décédé le 7 Novembre 1960 à Paris XXe, il est enterré au cimetière du Père-Lachaise.

En 1950 dans Histoire du Mouvement Anarchiste en France, Jean Maitron, grand historien du mouvement ouvrier français, écrivait:


Charles d'Avray se rallia à l'Anarchisme au moment de l'Affaire Dreyfus et décida de se servir de la chanson "afin de mieux faire connaître l'Idéal anarchiste". Après deux années de tâtonnements, il estime que la conférence agrémentée de chansons est la meilleure forme de propagande. Il se met au travail et en un an compose 80 chansons, paroles et musique. Les affiches qui annoncent son passage portent en exergue : "Avec le passé détruisont le présent pour devancer l'avenir". Chacune de ces "conférences chantées" comporte d'ailleurs trois type de chansons:

celles qui se proposent comme but de "détruire le passé"
: Les Géants sur l'Eglise, Les Favorites sur les courtisanes,
Les Monstres sur la noblesse, Des Pyramides aux Invalides
sur Napoléon Ier, Bazaine sur Napoléon III, etc...;

celles qui sont dirigées contre la IIIe République : Ne
votez plus, Bas Biribi, Magistrature, Militarisme,
Procréation consciente, Monsieur Schneider et Cie, etc... ;

celles enfin qui exaltent la société libertaire de demain :
Amour et Volonté, L'Homme libre, Le Premier Mai, Le
Triomphe de l'Anarchie, etc...

Chaque chanson est relié à la suivante par une courte argumentation du poète-conférencier qui fait ensuite appel à la contradiction, Jusqu'à la guerre de 1914, Charles d'Avray poursuivit sa propagande... qu'il continue encore aujourd'hui dans le cabaret qu'il a ouvert "Au bouquet de Montmartre"

Page 447, "Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en France (1880-1914)" de Jean Maitron, 2ème Edition revue et illustrée, Editions Sudel 1955 - Réédité par Maspero en 1983.

http://www.teaser.fr/~cperrin/cda/chdavray.htm

3- 29 -1961 -- Armand Robin dies. French poet, translator, anarchist.

"Que m'importe qu'on m'abatte au coin de la rue, j'écrirai des poèmes jusqu'à ce qu'on me tue".



See Daily Bleed Gallery page at http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/ArmandRobin.htm



5- 26 -1962 -- René Darsouze dies (1876-1962). French typographer, anarchist. Co-founder, in 1908, of a community, "Le Phalanstère du Clos-des-Brunes," near Limoges. Member of the l'Association des Fédérations Anarchistes founded by Sebastien Faure & from 1929 to 1932 a writer for that organizations newspapers, "La Voix Libertaire". http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai4.html#26


8- 16 -1962 -- Anarchist publications & public activities banned in Cuba. As part of a concerted drive against political & social dissenters, the Cuban government force the Libertarian Association of Cuba to cease publishing its journal El Libertario & suspend public activity because they had voiced minor criticisms of the Communist role in the government & their domination of the labor unions. See Cuba -- The Anarchists & Liberty by Frank Fernandez (English translation by Charles Bufe) http://www.cs.utah.edu/~galt/cuba.html
Noam Chomsky on Cuba, http://www.worldmedia.com/archive/other/lbbs9408-cuba.html
See also suggested references, "Anarchism in Cuba," http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/cuba.html

12- 25 -1962 -- Serge Gregoire dies. Writer, pacifist, free thinker. Wrote for many anarchist publications ("Le semeur", "La voix libertaire", "L'idée libre", "L'unique", "Ce qu'il faut dire", "Défense de l'homme", etc). Founder of the Parti Pacifiste Internationaliste, president of the Libre Pensée of the north coast. Author of a number of books, including Anthologie des écrivains pacifistes (1933).


2- 19 -1963 -- Ernest Armand (1872-1963 or 1962?), individualist anarchist, free love activist, dies. Wrote Poésies composées en prison, l'Initiation individualiste anarchiste" (1923) & La révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse (1934). See also 31 October 1858.

Armand translated Emma Goldman, John Henry Mackay, Max Stirner, etc. Started out in the Salvation Army, but became an anarchist after reading Jean Grave's "Temps nouveaux". Fluent in numerous languages (self-taught), he published a number of newspapers & wrote thousands of articles for the libertarian press. Jailed numerous times, including during WWI for advocating desertion, & internment camps during WWII.

http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/labos/cht/biblio/auteurs/auteur194.htm
http://www.blancmange.net/tmh/articles/revintro.html

3- 11 -1963 -- André Lorulot (aka André Georges Roulot) lives (1885-1963). French anarchist, lecturer & propagandist.

Andre Lorulot, a leading French individualist before WWI & a leading freethinker for half a century. 

— Nicolas Walters

See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/LorulotAndre.htm

4- 3 -1963 -- Achille Daude-Blancel dies (1870-1963). French anarchist, trade unionist & especially invovled in co-operatives.See Daily Bleed Anarchist Encyclopedia page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AchilleDaude.htm



10- 16 -1963 -- Death of Guy Aldred, Scottish anti-militarist anarchist.

As for Aldred & Patrick, their United Socialist Movement had become a populist organisation, espousing things like World Government & fellow-travelling with Russia after Stalin’s death. As Nicolas Walter says in his article in the "Raven" No1., Aldred was an: "extraordinarily courageous but essentially solitary man whose vanity & oddity prevented him from taking the part which his ability & energy seemed to create for him in the revolutionary socialist movement".

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/org/issue42/acbrit.html


6- 12 -1964 -- Antoine Bertrand (1877-1964) dies. French anarcho-syndicalist, member of "Free Youth" group. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/BertrandAntoine.htm




12- 12 -1964 -- US: Solidarity Bookstore opens, Chicago, Illinois, distributing anarchist, surrealist, Wobbly & libertarian socialist literature to the nation for the next 10 years or so.

1- 2 -1965 -- Italy: Bomb explodes in Naples at the Spanish Consulate. The attack is claimed by the Spanish anarchists of the CNT, FAI & FIJL which declare: "As long as the Iberian people continue to be oppressed by the fascist dictatorship, dynamite will recall that the voice of freedom cannot be choked. Long live anarchy". http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.angelfire.com/tx/kaosneverfades/fredy.html

4- 30 -1965 -- Rome: Spanish eclesiatic advisor to the Vatican, the prelate Marcos Ussia, is kidnapped by the anarchist group "May 1". The action was explained by Luis A. Edo, demanding the release of all political prisoners of Franco's jails. This action was mainly symbolic, designed to bring international attention to the plight of Spanish anarchists & other victims of the repression in fascist Spain. Ussia was released on May 11, in good health.


12- 6 -1965 -- Rose Pesotta dies. Dressmaker, labor activist, the only woman on the General Executive Board of the International Ladies' Garment Workers (ILGWU) from 1933-1944, engaged in a 10-year fight to organize workers, running up against the opposition of the communist faction. 

Rose Pesotta met the anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti & collaborated on the anarchist newspaper "Road to Freedom". Her face was lacerated during a strike in 1937 with a razor. Became close a friend of Emma Goldman, with whom she traveled to Europe & England. See her autobiography Bread Upon the Waters, which appeared in 1946 & reprinted with a new introduction by Ann Schofield (Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987); & Elaine Leeder, The Gentle General: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist & Labor Organizer (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); To Do & To Be: Portraits of Four Women Activists, 1893-1986 Gertrude Barnum, Mary Dreier, Pauline Newman, Rose Pesotta  by Ann Schofield (Northeastern University Press). Pitcher for baseball's Armageddonia Anarchists 1998.
http://www.geocities.com/cosmicbaseball/98aar.html#pesotta



 http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/pesotta/pesotta.htm
http://www.uniteunion.org/framelessunite/history/historyinaction.html
http://www.lilithmag.com/books/9902tobe.shtml

- -1966 -- situationist sites debord vaneigem anarchist archives http://www.well.com/user/lapalma/debord.htmlhttp://www.butterfly.net/neoism/squares/situation_index.htmlThis site I stumbled on today looks quite new:http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/blasts.htmhttp://www.sff.net/people/bruce-baugh/gamelab/situationist.htphttp://www.mediafilter.org/ZK/Conf/Conf_Email/November.24.1996.10.49.56http://www.unpopular.demon.co.uk/http://www.cat.org.au/spectacular/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3909/http://www.disinfo.com/rev/rev_situationist.htmlhttp://www.hrc.wmin.ac.uk/guest/radical/LINKS.HTM the Lettrist and Situationist archive- SI journal / pre-situ - debord - vaneigem - graphics - misc -http://www.mital-u.ch/Dada/index.htmlThis one collects SI material from all over the net; you might contact for links to you:http://wormhole.org/IOunit/p/situationist.html http://wormhole.org/IOunit/p/situationist.html
http://204.96.36.43/firedemo/w/wd8374/wf202.gif

3- 15 -1966 -- Jean Biso (1881-1966) dies. Anarcho-syndicalist, Secretary of the Syndicat des Correcteurs in Paris, participant in support groups for Sacco & Vanzetti, Spanish Revolution of 1936.


6- 9 -1966 -- Helmut Rudiger (1903-1966) dies. German anarcho-syndicalist, theorist of federalism. In 1936, Rudiger left Germany to fight in Spain with other German anarchists like Karl Einstein (nephew of Albert Einstein). Participated in the engagements of the "International Group" of the Durruti Column.
In December the German volunteers in the Durruti Column's International Group expressed their opposition to militarisation and listed a number of items they wanted incorporated in any new military code: they wanted the delegate system retained along with egalitarian features; they wanted soldiers' councils to represent the army as a whole.



---The Friends of Durruti Group: 1937-1939

• Buenaventura Durruti, http://www.spunk.org/texts/writers/durruti/sp001877.html
  
• Anarchism in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 - Spanish Civil War http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html
  
• Rüdiger, Helmut
  Period : 1936-1966 Total Size : 1.5 m. Finding Aid : List
  

10- 6 -1966 -- First big free concert in Golden Gate Park Panhandle. Several thousand show up for the "Love Pageant" & those anarchist Diggers start handing out free food (through March 67). Big Brother, Wildflower, The Dead & the Electric Chamber Orkustra entertained.


10- 8 -1966 -- Célestin Freinet dies. Anarchist educator, founder of the Coopérative de l'Enseignement Laïc (C.E.L), The Co-operative Institute of the Modern School (1948) & wrote The French Modern School. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre2.html#8
http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/radicaled.html


10- 17 -1966 -- Anarchist collective, "The Diggers," holds its first free street feed in San Francisco.


4- 20 -1967 -- Aldino Felicani (1891-1967) dies. Italian-American anarchist, typographer, editor, & publisher of many papers. Friend & supporter of Vanzetti. Published, until his death, the paper "Counter-Current." See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FelicaniAldino.htm



6- 3 -1967 -- René-Louis Lafforgue dies (1928-1967) in a car accident in southern France. Singer, typesetter, interpreter, anarchist.With his anarchist parents in the Basque country during the fighting in Spain, the Lafforgue family were forced into exile in France, where his father was killed in the Resistance.

Lafforgue an actor & singer, & in the 1950s his talent gained him a place in George Brassens' shows, where songs such as "Julie la Rousse" assured his popularity. He & his companion Claudie then opened their own Parisian caberet on rue Mouffetard, "L'EcoleBuissonnière", which soon became a gathering place for many pacifists & libertarians. In French, see http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin1.html#3


6- 25 -1967 -- "Summer of Love": 75,000 - 100,000 in Hashbury. Also, on or about this day, author Ken Kesey is sentenced to 6 months in jail.



"You are either on the bus or you're not on the bus."

At a Veterans Administration hospital, Kesey was a paid experimental subject, taking mind-altering drugs & reporting their effects. Experiences as an aide at a psychiatric hospital & LSD sessions served as background for One Flew Over Cuckoo's Nest. The book was a vehicle for Ken Kesey’s anarchist rant against the oppressive conformism imposed by society’s institutions, particularly the dehumanising social conformity of the 1950s. Kesey formed the 'Merrie Pranksters', bought an old school bus, & toured America & Mexico with his friends. Their exploits were immortalised in Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1973).

http://www.intrepidtrips.com/
http://www.well.com/user/really/
http://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/N-Q/psysc/staff/rmyoung/papers/paper41h.html


10- 21 -1967 -- Yippies, Diggers, anarchists & other high priests meet in Washington DC for "Exorcism of the Pentagon" to rid the world of the global evil spirit virus infecting all who work there. Psychedelic face paint & flowers stuck in barrels of guns scare the shit out of US goblins & results in 647 arrested.

Radicals flex their muscles, exorcise evil spirits from the Pentagon, causing it to visibly levitate; redefines `high rise.' Mammoth demonstration, where many ignore organizer's instructions, attempting to enter the building & confronting soldiers guarding it.

http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/littleton/br7212nc.htm
http://www.abbiehoffman.com/

12- 31 -1967 -- Paulette Brupbacher dies. Born in Raygrodski, Russia, an opponent of all conformisms & partisan disciplines. Partner & collaborator of Fritz Brupacher (1874-1945), doctor in Zurich, friend of James Guillaume, Kropotkin, et al. Translated The Confession of the Russian anarchist Michael Bakunin. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre4.html#31


1- 26 -1968 -- France: 40 members of the Nanterre University anarchist group march into the faculty hall with comical posters ridiculing the police. The porters attack the anarchists but are defeated. The authorities call in the police; one thousand students fight back & attend a protest meeting. The movement thus launched has grown ever since. The students are determined to get rid of the uniformed & plainclothes police haunting the faculties. Antecedent of May events in Paris-France. http://www.tao.ca/~freedom/1968/vive.html


3- 22 -1968 -- France: March 22nd Movement emerges -- an organization with no hierarchy & no ideological program. Includes members of various groups but also unorganized students.

Dany Cohn-Bendit soon established himself as a principal spokesman; describing himself as 'a megaphone for the movement & an anarchist by the negation of authoritarian hierarchies as communism and capitalism'.

Cohn-Bendit & the Situationists wanted central coordinated worker/student-councils, who act together but preserve their autonomy. The Sorbonne was transformed from an institutionalized bureaucracy to 'a volcano of revolutionary ideas'. Day & night in every lecture hall were passionate discussions. The spirit of the Paris Commune was back ...

'People who talk about revolution & class struggle without referring explicitly to everyday life, without understanding what is subversive about love & what is positive in the refusal or constraints, such people have a corpse in their mouth.'

       — Raoul Vaneigem, The Revolution of Everyday Life

 http://www.mital-u.ch/Dada/isituate.html


• Chronology of events, France 1968, in French, http://homer.span.ch/~spaw2154/chrono.htm#Chronologie
• Daniel Cohn-Bendit's Biographical Information http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/Bendit/benditCW.html
  
• In German, see Hannah Arendt's interview with Cohn-Bendit,http://www.oeko-net.de/eurospeed/grundlagen/abendit.htm
• Cohn-Bendit biography in French, http://homer.span.ch/~spaw2154/danybio.htm

http://www.stuve.uni-muenchen.de/68/france68.html

4- 11 -1968 -- Attempted assassination of Rudi Dutschke, a well known student anarchist activist, unleashes solidarity demonstrations in his behalf in Paris, Rome, Vienna & London.


4- 21 -1968 -- Armando Borghi (1882-1968) dies. Important Italian anarchist figure, propagandist. Friend of Malatesta's, secretary of the large Unione Anarchica Italiana (UAI) as well as the head of the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) in Bologna. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/BorghiArmando.htm



5- 1 -1968 -- France: During the traditional May Day demonstrations fights break out around a black flag as Communists try to exclude the anarchists from the procession. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai1.html#1


5- 8 -1968 -- Wednesday, May 8. Strong police forces still occupied the Sorbonne and>> the student union delivered an ultimatum to the Government. If the>> demands were not met they would 'liberate' the Sorbonne. Mon general>> changed his tune and said: 'The Government is ready to take the steps>> necessary for the adaptation of education to the modern world'. M.>> Pierre Sudreau, of the Party of Modern Democracy, said in the French>> Assembly that extremists had been trained in street fighting at two>> anarchist camps.


5- 10 -1968 -- Paris, France: During the night of the barricades, Léo Ferré created his famous song " The Anarchists ". Thisverse translates to a certain extent the surprise of the observers attentive with the rebirth of the black flag at the time of thedemonstrations and the processions of May. http://jscarnel.free.fr/ebola/Histoire/memoire/anar.html


5- 15 -1968 -- The French Prime Minister appealed to the population to resist 'anarchy'. Occupation of the théâtre de l'Odéon.

During the first three or four days of the Sorbonne occupation (14­17 May) the situationists & Enragés expressed & developed one of the more lucid approaches to the situation, particularly in the face of numerous unions, bureaucrats & leftist groupsicles (Maoist, Trotkyites, etc) who were trying to catch up with ideas & events in hopes of either containing the movement or gaining control or power. The situationists, the Enragés & a few dozen other councilist revolutionaries formed the Council for Maintaining the Occupations (CMDO) with the aim of encouraging workers to bypass them all, to link directly with each other to realize the radical possibilities their action had already opened up. See "The Joys of Revolution". See also Rene Vienet's book, Enrages & Situationists In The Occupation Movement, France, May '68 published by Autonomedia (critical review at http://www.panix.com/~notbored/1968.html.)

Over 10 million workers will seize hundreds of factories, mines, shipyards, government offices, a nuclear facility & at least one whole town. Wave upon wave of strikes cut off all public transportation, air, rail & sea service, communications, banks & the Paris stock exchange. In one of the longest strikes, 13,000 producers, journalists & technicians shut down the government-run radio & television, raising slogans like 

"The police on the screen means the police in your home." 

At one point, the technicians responsible for communication between the Ministry of the Interior & police headquarters went on strike. Paris--the heart of France--was paralyzed, and the whole country was in turmoil.

Everywhere public officials were held up to ridicule.

5- 21 -1968 -- China: At a protest demonstration in Peking the group Sheng Wu Lian calls for the people to govern themselves directly, as in the Paris Commune. The Red Guards accuse them of being anarchists! http://www.hku.hk/complit/staff/lee_chinanar1.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/paris.html

6- 7 -1968 --

"This explosion was provoked by groups in revolt against modern technical & consumer society, whether it be the communism of the East or the capitalism of the West. They are groups, moreover, which have no idea at all what they would replace it with, but who delight in negation, destruction, violence, anarchy & who brandish the black flag".

---Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Besieged General De Gaulle, June 7th 1968

http://www.tao.ca/~freedom/1968/words.html

6- 14 -1968 -- Rirette Maitrejean dies. French individualist anarchist. Companion to the anarchist Mauricius (Maurice Vandamme), Victor Serge (Kibaltchiche), arrested with Serge & tried (Feb 3-27 1913) for involvement with the Bonnot Gang (she was acquitted). Wrote for many anarchist publications, such as "La Revue Anarchiste", "La défense de l'homme" & "La liberté"(founded by Louis Lecoin in 1959).


Raymond Callemin, Eugene Dieudonne, Andre Soudy, & Monier, are condemned to death; Paul Metge & Edouard Carouy get life without parole (Carouy commits suicide tomorrow, in his cell). Their accused accomplices: Jean de Boe: 10 years forced labor; Gauzy: 18 months prison; Kibaltchiche (aka, Victor Serge, editor of "L'Anarchie"): 5 years prison. Seule Rirette Maitrejean is freed. Louis Rimbault, sentenced to prison, fakes mental illness & gains his release. Eugene Dieudonne's death sentence was commuted to life. After several escapes, & following a campaign for his release headed by Albert London, he was pardoned in 1925.



• The surrealists had not hesitated in 1923 in showing solidarity with the young anarchist woman Germaine Berton who had killed an activist of the extreme right nationalist party L'Action Francaise and who was aqcquitted in a jury trial! Another member of the surrealist group, Robert Desnos, had associated with the individualist anarchist circles of Victor Serge & Rirette Maitrejean, whilst according to a police record, the surrealist poet Benjamin Peret had been active in an anarchist group in the Paris region & had contributed to the anarchist paper Le Libertaire.http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/org/issue44/surr.html

In French, see La bande à Bonnot, http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bande.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin2.html#14

9- 28 -1968 -- Leuenroth, Edgard (1881-1968) 

Brazilian anarchist, born in São Paulo the 31 of October of 1881. Since early he worked in some crafts, ofstore clerk the great tipógrafo, journalist and archivist of periodic. In 1904 if he interested for the socialquestion, then starting to be part of the group that edited the periodical the Graphical Worker. In thefollowing year one became collaborating of one of most important anarchic periodicals, Free Land. He waspart of the Leaf of the People and shortly afterwards, in 1909, of the Lantern. Between the periodicals thathelped to establish they are the Common people and the Vanguard. As activist syndical, it participated ofthe organization of the state congresses and national of the movement anarco-syndicalist and the foundationof the Brazilian Laboring Confederation (COB). He was imprisoned some times for its ideas and militancy,being longest in 1917 - during the general strike of São Paulo - when was accused to be one with theorganizadores. In the following decades, despite the dictatorship, it kept of uninterrupted form its militancy.In December of 1948, he was one of the organizadores of the Brazilian Anarchic Congress, that had asobjective the creation of a specific organization that congregated the groups anarchic of the country. Havingparticipated, until the final o of its life, of almost all the publishing and militant activities, can be consideredone of the most active Brazilian anarchists. The Archive Edgard Leuenroth of the Unicamp, todayconstitutes one of the important estates of the history of the anarchic movement and Braziliananarco-syndicalist. It died in São Paulo the 28 of September of 1968. LEUENROTH, Edgard (1881-1968) 

Anarquista brasileiro, nascido em São Paulo a 31 de outubro de 1881. Desde cedo trabalhou em váriosofícios, de balconista a tipógrafo, jornalista e arquivista de grandes periódicos. Em 1904 se interessou pelaquestão social, logo passando a fazer parte do grupo que editava o jornal O Trabalhador Gráfico. No anoseguinte tornou-se colaborador de um dos mais importantes jornais anarquistas, Terra Livre. Fez parte daFolha do Povo e pouco depois, em 1909, de A Lanterna. Entre os jornais que ajudou a fundar estão APlebe e a Vanguarda. Como ativista sindical, participou da organização dos congressos estaduais enacionais do movimento anarco-sindicalista e da fundação da Confederação Operária Brasileira (COB).Esteve preso várias vezes por suas idéias e militância, sendo a mais longa em 1917 - durante a greve geralde São Paulo - quando foi acusado de ser um dos organizadores. Nas décadas seguintes, apesar daditadura, manteve de forma ininterrupta sua militância. Em dezembro de 1948, foi um dos organizadoresdo Congresso Anarquista Brasileiro, que tinha como objetivo a criação de uma organização específica quereunisse os grupos anarquistas do país. Tendo participado, até ao final da sua vida, de quase todas asatividades editoriais e militantes, pode ser considerado um dos mais ativos anarquistas brasileiros. OArquivo Edgard Leuenroth da Unicamp, constitui hoje um dos importantes espólios da história domovimento anarquista e anarco-sindicalista brasileiro. Morreu em São Paulo a 28 de setembro de 1968. http://www.ceca.org.br/edgar/Leunro.html


10- 15 -1968 -- England: Alan Barlow & Phil Carver arrested for participating in a First of May Group attack on Banco de Bilbao in Covent Garden. International Anarchist Conference at Carrara (Italy), Stuart Christie & Daniel Cohn-Bendit are chosen as British delegates. http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html


11- 3 -1968 -- Germinal De Sousa, dies, Lisbonne, Portugal. Participant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, fighting with the column "Tierra y Libertad". Son of Manuel Joaquim de Sousa & secretary of F.A.I. (Iberian Anarchist Federation), 1938-1939.

The FAI was an idea, a proposal promoted by the Portuguese militant Manuel Joaquim de Sousa, with backing from Manuel Peres Fernandes who had been deported from Brazil in 1919 by the Epitacio Pessoa government & found refuge in Lisbon in 1923-1924 with Doctor Pedro Vallina & his family. His son, Germinal de Sousa, a refugee in Spain at the time was also on hand. From the outset, he was a member of the new anarchist body & was a participant, along with other Portuguese delegates, in the National Plenum of Regionals held in Madrid on 30 & 31 October 1927. Several delegates from the Portuguese Anarchist Federation & from exiles were also present at the FAI meeting on 31 January & 1 February 1936.

See also: We, The Anarchists, a study of the FAI, 1927-1931 by Stuart Christie(The Meltzer Press)

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/birth_fai.html

Shirley F. FREDERICKS (History, Adams State College)

Just completed Ph.D. dissertation, "The Social & Political Thought of Federica Montseny, Spanish Anarchist, 1923-1937" (Department of History, The University of New Mexico). Currently I am involved in two research projects: A History of the Iberian Anarchist Federation, 1919-1939 (with Robert Kern); & research, revision, &expansion of my dissertation topic into a biography of Montseny, 1905 to the present. Both projects entail research in the United States & Europe.
http://www.ukans.edu/~iberia/ssphs/vol2no1.html
http://flag.blackened.net/rocker/aasind.htm

11- 13 -1968 -- André Prudhommeaux dies. 

A French anarchist bookstore owner whose shop in Paris specialized in social history -- & was a place for many debates & discussions.

Andre Prudhommeaux joua un role de tout premier plan dans la campagne francaise de soutien a Van der Lubbe pour trois raisons: il avait des contacts avec Ies groupes allemands ethollandais se reclamant du communisme de conseils; il connaissaitl'allemand et le neerlandais; il se situait a l'intersection des deux cultures politiques.

Prudhommeaux was also a supporter during the Spanish Revolution of the Friends of Durruti.

Co-author, with his partner Dor Ris, of Spartacus & the Berlin Commune, The Libertarian Effort , Libertarian Catalonia. (see also 15 October 1902).



BLANCHETEAU Jocelyne, André Prudhommeaux (1902-1968).
 Un militant anarchiste, Maîtrise sous la direction de R. Rémond,
 J. Maitron, Paris X, 1972, 2 vol. (286 p.)
 Anarchisme, Prudhommeaux, biographie, militantisme


http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet6.htm#Prudhommeaux
http://www.nothingness.org/RA/digests/Jun-97/Jun22-97-69.html

http://www.spunk.org/library/places/spain/sp001780/intro.html

11- 25 -1968 -- American socialist, novelist, politician, Upton Sinclair dies. Dragon's Teeth (1942), which dealt with Germany's descent into Nazism, 1930 to 1934, won him the Pulitzer Pize for fiction in 1943. 

When I was growing up I read Upton Sinclair ... at the end of the novel [The Jungle] he had one of his characters present a picture of what a good society would be like. It would be a society in which the fruits of the Earth were shared in a kind of rough equality in which corporate profit would not be the driving motive of the economic system but the needs of people would determine what was done & in which democracy would exist & people would have a voice not just in voting & chosing political leaders but a voice in how the economic system operates. So I think all those ideas (communist, socialist, anarchist) are still relevant today & are very far removed from the kind of bureaucratic dictatorships that arose in the early & middle parts of this century that called themselves marxist.

---Howard Zinn, Historian, author of A People’s History of the United States

http://home.earthlink.net/~dwgsht/uptonsinclair.html
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sinclair.htm

Edmund Wilson, says: "Practically alone among the American writers of his generation, [Sinclair] put to the American public the fundamental questions raised by capitalism in such a way that they could not escape them."

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.htm

http://www.albion.edu/fac/engl/Diedrick/sinclair.htm

1- 7 -1969 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Governor & FBI snitch Ronald Reagan asks California legislature to "drive criminal anarchists & latter-day Fascists off the campuses".

3- 16 -1969 -- Antonio Pereira (1908-1969) (true name Tomaso Ranier) dies. Italian anarchist, member of the Ortiz column during the Spanish Revolution, & of the underground movement after the fascist Franco became dictator.See the Anarchist Encyclopedia, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AntonioPereira.htm



3- 22 -1969 -- Miguel Garcia released in Spain. Former Portuguese diplomat, Antonio de Figueredo, despairing of attempts at ameliorating the dictatorship of Dr Salazar, persuades local anti-fascists to unite with Iberian dissidents, including ETA & the anarchist activists.  http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html


3- 26 -1969 -- Mexico: Anarchist novelist B. Traven dies. Wrote one of the great travel ship novels, The Death Ship. Makes the Titanic blush...


4- 1 -1969 -- First collective anarchist pizza made as Morningtown Pizza & Subs opens in Seattle, Washington.


Kevin Cunningham, David Jensen (Kid Carrot), Tom Nast, Carol Anderson, Ace, BleedMeister (aka "Mr. (PH)un"), Gus Hellthaler, Tina Wolfe, Claudia Neva, Dan Brown, Stan Iverson, Cranky John Severin, Doug Dipple, Diane Kucera, Jim Logie, Ben, Gregor Jamrock, & Wilma are just a few of the 100+ luniaries who work & play here in its 10+ years -- where one case of beer per shift was the limit during "working" hours.

Now online, The Stan Iverson Memorial Library
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml


"Morningtown: Morningtown pizza, a counter-culture pizza joint that was located for many years in the U District, between Roosevelt and 12th, just north of the University Bridge."

---A Seattle Lexicon
http://www.callihan.com/seattle/past.htm


In the folk tradition, Carter and I had not played for years, but we dug out the guitars and set up the mics and tried to remember how to play stuff we had made up about 10 years before. Isn't that a cool sounding compressor on the Mosrite? It was home-made by Ed Streeter (on a totally funky hand etched circuit board that looks like it was layed out using electrical tape and an exacto knife). He gave it to me in the parking lot in front of Morningtown Pizza in about 1969. I've still got it, buried under a pile of other stuff on my electronics bench. ---Joe Breskin
http://www.olympus.net/personal/airstream/breskintunes.htm

David The Minstrel, Troubadour Extrodinaire!!, also played at Morningtown,
http://www.efn.org/~dan_m/DavTMins.html



4- 10 -1969 -- UPDATE Simone Larcher dies (true name Rachel Willissek), in Oise. French anarchist, proofreader, antimilitarist. Jailed for distributing the anitmilitarist booklet "Crosse en l'air". With her companion of Louis Louvet, they publish the newspaper "L'anarchie" (taking the title from the paper originally founded by Libertad), which published until 1929. 

Both were involved, from 1927 to 1937, in organizing the debates of the "Causeries Populaires" (Sebastien Faure, Han Ryner, Jeanne & Eugene Humbert, & many others would participate), & the publication which grew from this, the quarterly review "Controverse".

Simone Larcher became a proofreader in 1928, a time when press proofers was a macho bastion) & was the first woman on the trade-union committee of the correctors in 1941.

Following the war she collaborated on the newspaper "Ce qu'il faut dire", undertook giving a series of talks, & wrote the booklet "La renaissance libertaire".

Separated from Louis Louvet in 1947, Larcher drifted from activism in the anarchist movement, but maintained her friendships with many libertarians, such as May Picqueray, Maurice Laisant, etc, until her death April 10, 1969, in Lozere. Séparée de Louis Louvet en 1947, elle s'éloigneraquelque peu de l'idéal anarchiste et du militantisme, mais conservera sesamitiés libertaires pour May Picqueray, Maurice Laisant, etc., et ce jusqu'àsa mort, survenue le 10 avril 1969, en Lozère.  


6- 16 -1969 -- Marie Mayoux (1878-1969) dies (aka Joséphine Bourgon). French teacher, militant syndicalist, pacifist & anarchist. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/MayouxMarie.htm



10- 5 -1969 -- All Crossed Up?: Premiere of "Monty Python's Flying Circus." Mainstream anarchy & mayhem. http://www.montypython.net/


10- 6 -1969 -- Weathermen blow up statue commemorating police involved in the Haymarket bombings which resulted in the execution of innocent anarchists. It will be replaced & blown up again.

http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/haymarket/Haymarket.html


11- 2 -1969 -- Italy: Two-day Congress of the F.A.I, in Carrare. Not surprisingly, differences develop between anarchists & situationists. What seems to have happened (see the account in the last part of Veritable Split in the International) is that some FAI members were enthused by the SI & were kicked out by the orthodox majority, who paranoically fantasized a situationist plot to undermine the FAI.

"The secret of the misery of daily life is the real State secret...The Spectacle is nothing but the private property of the means of publicity, the state monopoly of appearances. With it, only the circulation of commodities remains public. The Spectacle is nothing but the circulation of commodities absorbing all available means of publicity, thus condemning misery to invisibility.

The spectacle is the secret form of public misery, where value operates implacably while the deceived gaze only meets things & their use."

--- Jean Pierre Voyer, Reich, How to Use

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/rbr3_italy.html
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/3374/index.html
http://www.slip.net/~knabb/SI/blindmen81.htm
http://www.zpub.com/notes/aan-edu.html

12- 12 -1969 -- Bomb explodes, Banque Nationale d'Agriculture, Milan, Italy. 18 die, many injured. 

A period of social upheaval, it triggers repression against the autonomy movement & anarchists. Authorities later admit the bombing was the work of fascists. Italian Intelligence & fascist army units (created by US Army from Mussolini's Intelligence) were making bomb attacks & pretending they were by anarchists. See for example, the killing of the railwayman/anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli by police (15 December) & the false arrest of Pietro Valpreda. Now referred to as the "State slaughter".

"Stai attento, indiziato Pinelli,
questa stanza é giá piena di fumo,
se tu insisti, apriam la finestra,
quattro piani son duri da far".

--- "Ballata per l'anarchico Pinelli", attributed to L.Francisci-Anonymous, Eliseo.

Pinelli was also the focus of the play, Accidental Death of an Anarchist, by Dario Fo



http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/songs/it_pinelli.html
http://www.sofri.org/monta.html
http://www.informagiovani.it/Terrorismo/tercronolog.htm

12- 15 -1969 -- Italy: Anarchist railway worker Giuseppe Pinelli "accidentally" defenestrated to his death from the 4th floor of police station in Milan where he had been held following the attack against the Bank of Agriculture of December 12.

Giuseppe Pinelli, secretary of the Anarchist Black Cross, was thrown through a window to his death by police. Born in Milan in 1928, took part in resistance during WWII. A founder of the Sacco & Vanzetti Circle & a youth organizer, & with the USI, as well as the Anarchist Black Cross.

Pietro Valpreda & members of the Circle of March 22 are also arrested, following the anti-anarchist hysteria orchestrated by the government & press, accused of the bombing in Milan. Only much later is it revealed that the bombing was the work of rightwing fascists, in collusion with certain government reactionaries. Italian Intelligence & fascist army units (created by US Army from Mussolini's Intelligence) were making bomb attacks & pretending they were by anarchists.

Pinelli's police murder was the subject of Nobel Prize-winner Dario Fo's play, Accidental Death of an Anarchist.

http://flag.blackened.net/ias/4centro.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/songs/it_pinelli.html
http://burn.ucsd.edu/~abcf/
Retrouvez tous les sites anti-fascistes sur "Unité anti-fascisteinternationale":
http://www.mygale.org/11/dnthines/

1- 8 -1970 -- Shortly after the publication of his book, The One-Man Revolution in America, Ammon Hennacy suffers a heart attack while picketing for Lance & Kelback, two convicted murderers scheduled to be executed. Hennacy was a Catholic anarchist who ran the Joe Hill House. Mentor to songster, anarchist & labor radical U. Utah Phillips ("One of the most important songwriters to be found in North America." --- Rolling Stone.) See Daily Bleed Gallery page, www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/HennacyAmmon.htm
U. Utah Phillips has recorded Joe Hill's songs, some downloadable at, http://hillstrom.iww.org/music/Utah_Phillips/
http://www.oro.net/~dscanlan/loafer.html

http://www.flemtam.com/up.html

1- 14 -1970 -- Anarchist/pacifist Ammon Hennacy dies.

Best known for his work in operating the "Joe Hill Hospitality House" for transients in Salt Lick City, Utah. Hennacy was a self-described "Christian-anarchist-pacifist" who never paid taxes or went to war.

See Daily Bleed Gallery page, (Anarchist Encyclopdia)
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/HennacyAmmon.htm



1- 18 -1970 -- Accidental death of Rene Keravis, 42. In November 1952 he helped form the "Young Libertarians" within the French Anarchist Federation. Then, without disavowing his libertarian ideas, was an exemplary participant in "auberges de jeunesse".


7- 30 -1970 -- England: Series of bombings, attributed to the anarchist Angry Brigade, occurs, between July 30 & December 1971. Bombings include Gordon Carr's (Minister of Employment) home (see Jan 12, 1971), the Department of Employment & the Miss World contest. http://www.spunk.org/texts/groups/agb/sp000540.txt
http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html

12- 6 -1970 -- Taiji Yamaga (1892-1970) dies. Japanese anarchist militant, born in Kyoto. Advocate of Esperanto & a long-time secretary of international relations for the Anarchist Federation of Japan. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre1.html#6


12- 24 -1970 -- Taiji Yamaga dies, long time secretary of international relations for the Anarchist Federation of Japan.


1- 12 -1971 -- England: The home of Robert Carr MP is bombed after he introduces the Industrial Relations Bill, in an drive to crush trade unionism.

The bombing is attributed to an organised "Angry Brigade". A 'mysterious young Scot' story is featured fingering anarchist Stuart Christie as the major suspect for every armed action in resistance to the Government's plans for industrial slavery. Jake Prescott is arrested this month, Ian Purdie in March, as suspects. http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/groups/agb/sp000540.txt

3- 15 -1971 -- Louis Louvet (1899-1971) dies. Anarchist, anarcho-trade unionist, in the Syndicat des Correcteurs d'imprimerie since 1937. See 7 February.


11- 7 -1971 -- 

Joseph Spivak (1882-1971) dies, NY City. Lifelong anarchist who emigrated to the US & during WWI was active in nation-wide anti-militarist campaigns with Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman. Spivak helped found the Libertarian Book Club, publishing English translations of Voline's The Unknown Revolution, (1954-1955), The Ego & Its Own" by Max Stirner (1963), etc. An activist to the end, Spivak participated in a conference on "the co-operative movement" just a few weeks before his death at age 90.

 http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/SpivakJoseph.htm



12- 4 -1971 -- Germany: Attack on Anarchist Black Cross extends to Germany, where Georg Von Rauch is shot dead by armed political police in West Berlin. Tommy Weisbecker will be killed in Augsburg (2 March, 1972.) http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/groups/agb/sp000540.txt

12- 18 -1971 -- England: Anarchy Collective member Kate McLean is arrested & charged as a member of the "Stoke Newington Eight". http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html

http://www.spunk.org/texts/groups/agb/sp000540.txt

1- 8 -1972 --

Kenneth Patchen -- poet, novelist, painter, graphic designer, early participant in San Francisco Anarchist Group -- dies, Palo Alto, California.

http://www.connectotel.com/patchen/



1- 14 -1972 -- Adrien Perrissaguet (1898-1972) dies. Founder of "L'association des fédéralistes anarchistes" & the weekly magazine "The Libertarian Voice" & "Combat syndicaliste". Activist in the Sacco & Vanzetti committee, he also fought in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 & a member of the French Resistance during WWII. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm

3- 2 -1972 -- Germany: Attack on Anarchist Black Cross continues, where Tommy Weisbecker is killed in Augsburg; Georg Von Rauch was earlier shot dead by armed political police in West Berlin (4 December 1971). http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html
http://www.spunk.org/texts/groups/agb/sp000540.txt

3- 10 -1972 -- Stephen Mac Say (1884-1972) dies. French anarchist, professor, bee-keeper. Wrote L'école laïque contre l'enfant; De Fourier à Godin; Les bêtes proches de l'homme; Propos sans égards. See 15 October. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars2.html#10
http://cda.cybertaria.org/l_m.html

3- 10 -1972 -- Stephen Mac Say (1884-1972) dies. French anarchist, professor, bee-keeper. Wrote L'école laïque contre l'enfant; De Fourier à Godin; Les bêtes proches de l'homme; Propos sans égards. See 15 October. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mars2.html#10
http://cda.cybertaria.org/l_m.html

4- 10 -1972 -- Louis Laurent (1883-1972) dies. Libertarian militant & revolutionary trade unionist, member of the Revolutionary Anarchist Union & the Anarchist Federation of Languedoc in the 30s. Helped publish various libertarian journals, worked with league of conscientious objectors & the CGT-SR (revolutionary trade union). Helped found Libertarian in 1968. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#2


5- 17 -1972 -- Italy: Milan police chief Luigi Calabresi, in charge at the time police "suicided" the anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli on December15, 1969, is assassinated. Three militants of extreme left, Adriano Sofri, Giorgio Pietrostefani & Ovidio Bompressi will get 22-year sentences.

During this period Italian Intelligence & fascist army units (created by US Army from Mussolini's Intelligence) were making bomb attacks & pretending they were by anarchists.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/songs/it_pinelli.html
http://www.sofri.org/monta.html

8- 2 -1972 -- American anarchist cultural critic Paul Goodman dies. Wrote Growing Up Absurd.

Paul Goodman



Goodman was a pacifist & anarchist whose beliefs, expressed in prose, poetry, & social criticism, helped shape the doctrine of the New Left of the 1960s. Committed to personal & sexual freedom, he believed that society's institutions inhibited innate human creativity, caring, & nonviolence. His writings covered a wide range of topics -- education, city planning, psychotherapy, & literary criticism -- reflecting some of the varied careers he had while continuing to work for social change. During the Indochina War, Paul Goodman was a staunch supporter of the Resistance to the Draft movement & its participants, & an articulate proponent of a mass-based nonviolent movement against the War.--- From pamphlet 10 of the A.J. Muste Memorial Institute Essay Series

http://www.lol.shareworld.com/zmag/articles/may95jezer.htmhttp://www.econ.ucl.ac.be/ETES/BIEN/Paul_Goodman.htmlhttp://www.gestalt.org/goodman.htm

http://www.preservenet.com/theory/Goodman.html

"I move in a society so devoid of ordinary reality that I am continually stopping to teach good sense, to give support, to help out, as a young gangster might help an old lady across the street on his way to the stick-up."

http://www.grin.net/~mirthless/doomfiles/GOODMAN.html
See Colin Ward's The Anarchists & the Schools, http://www.tao.ca/~freedom/wardedu.html
Set to music, http://www.spacelab.net/~hagen/Three.htm
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/goodman/

1- 8 -1973 -- Uruguay: Tupamaro guerillas kidnap British ambassador Geoffrey Jackson; although the government refuses their demands to free 150 prisoners, they release him unharmed eight months later, Montevideo. At one point they try to work out a deal though the Anarchist Black Cross in London, with Albert Meltzer as negotiator.


4- 26 -1973 -- André Respaut dies. French anarchist, author & resistance fighter, survivor of Buchenwald. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/RespautAndre.htm



6- 27 -1973 -- Ida Mett dies. Member of the Dyelo Truda group from 1925 to 1928. Russian anarchist, married to Nicholas Lazarevitch, who helped her gather documentation for her book, the Kronstadt Uprising 1921.




• Ida Mett, The Kronstadt Uprising 1921, http://www.cs.utah.edu/~galt/kuprise.html

  

• Ida Mett, Souvenirs sur Nestor Makhno, Paris 1983, pp. 25-26.

  

• The Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists -- by Dielo Trouda (Workers' Cause) Classic text that initiated the Platformist current in the revolutionary anarchist movement. Authors included Nestor Makhno, Ida Mett & Peter Arshinov (all participants of the Makhnovist movement during the Russian Revolution). http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/platform/plat_preface.html

  http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/platform.html
  

9- 22 -1973 -- Spain: Salvador Puig Antich arrested. Young anarchist militant in the guerilla MIL (Mouvement Ibérique de Libération) fighting the yoke of Francoism. Despite international protests, Antich is executed in March of 1974. See Daily Bleed page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PuigAntich.htm


1- 2 -1974 -- Belgium: Jean de Boe dies. Anarchist militant, trade unionist & cooperativist. See Daily Bleed page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/deBoeJean.htm


3- 2 -1974 -- Spain: Salvador Puig Antich, 24, dies, executed at Model de Barcelone despite international protests. Young anarchist militant in the guerilla MIL (Mouvement Ibérique de Libération) fighting the yoke of Francoism. See Anarchist Encyclopedia,

Campanades a morts
 per les tres boques closes,
 ai d'aquell trobador
 que oblidés les tres notes!

---excerpt, "Campanades a morts" by songster/poet Lluis Llach

http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PuigAntich.htm

3- 23 -1974 -- Aristide Lapeyre (1899-1974) dies in Bordeaux. Hairdresser, anarchist, pacifist militant & néo-Malthusian. In 1929, with his brothers Laurent & Paul, helped found the CGT-SR. Lapeyre was a participant in the Spanish Revolution & during WWII helped many comrades escape the Gestapo, & himself was taken hostage by the Nazis. Fought for abortion rights, practicing abortions himself, & in June 19, 1973, he was sent to prison for 5 years following the accidental death of a patient.


4- 19 -1974 -- Fernand Planche (1900-1974) dies. French writer/activist of "Anarchist Synthesis" (establishing links between all the various tendencies).

A founder of the review "La conquête du pain", & participant in "Brochure mensuelle". Imprisoned the winter 1939-1940 for inciting soldiers to desert, then interned in Germany as a "subversive element." Helped rebuild the libertarian movement after the war, then moved to New Caledonia in 1950, where he opposed colonialism. Wrote "Durolle au pays des couteliers," a biography of Louise Michel, &, with Jean Delphy, a biography of Kropotkin.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/fevrier2.html#12


5- 3 -1974 -- France: Spanish banker Balthasar Suarez kidnapped by the "Groups of International Revolutionary Action" (GARI ) in Paris in an action aimed at securing the release of 100 political prisoners in Spain (under the Franco government's own laws).

GARI also demanded re-payment of part of the union funds of the CNT seized by Franco. Suarez was released unharmed after payment of an undisclosed sum; police arrested nine French, British & Spanish anarchists in Paris. French & British police conduct (unlawful) joint raids in London, mostly directed at Spanish residents.

 http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html


7- 11 -1974 --



1974 The war that won't die  Sixty years after it ended, film-makers are still fighting the Spanish civil war. When a fire bomb ripped through the Balmes cinema in Barcelona on July 11, 1974...  When a fire bomb ripped through the Balmes cinema in Barcelona on July 11 1974, the screening of Carlos Saura's La Prima Angelica (Cousin Angelica) was brought abruptly to a halt. The violent response to Angelica, one of the first films to represent the country's bitter civil war from a republican perspective, emphasised the political importance of cinema that deals with contested historical periods. The civil war may have ended officially in 1939, but fascist fire bombs suggested that the battle for Spain's fractured past was set to continue.  The release of Jose Luis Cuerda's La Lengua de las Mariposas (Butterfly's Tongue) once again brings the Spanish civil war into the cinema. Set in Galicia in the months preceding Franco's fascist uprising in July 1936, it traces the relationship between a seven-year-old boy & his anarchist-leaning teacher. The film is indicative of Spanish cinema's concern with the country's recent past; of the nearly 300 historical films produced in Spain since the 1970s, more than half are set during the second republic, the civil war & under Franco.





http://www.filmunlimited.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,347804,00.html
http://www.festival-cannes.fr/filmbase/va/personnes/3/3281.html>
http://www.americancinematheque.com/span99.htm#saura


http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/byron/895/cuerda.html
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/9/0,5716,1239+1+1238,00.html
http://www.offoffoff.com/film/00q3/butterfly.php3
http://www.el-mundo.es/1999/09/15/documentos/15N0152.html


11- 7 -1974 -- China: Huge wall poster, critical of the regime, is posted on Peking Road in Canton. Entitled "Concerning Socialist Democracy & Legal System: Dedicated to Chairman Mao & the fourth National People's Congress", it was written by a group of ex-Red Guards under the collective pseudonym of Li I-che. Articles on Chinese anarchism, http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/china.html

Bibliography on Chinese anarchism at http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldwidemovements/chinabiblio.html
Shifu; Soul Of Chinese Anarchism by Edward S. Krebs, of possible interest. http://www.neravt.com/left/anarchy.htm

2- 6 -1975 -- Hélène Patou (1902-1975) dies. French writer, militant anarchist & néo-Malthusian. See 3 February 1902.

3- 27 -1975 -- Christ's body found in Detroit -- by the Fifth Estate newspaper staff. This possibly explains that anarchist paper's longevity, as it continues to publish today.


7- 14 -1975 -- Jehan Mayoux dies. Teacher, pacifist, antimilitarist, anarchist. Refused mobilization in 1939 which cost him his teaching certificate & 5 years of prison. Escapes during a bombing, captured by Germans, & sent to a camp in the Ukraine. Reinstated as a teacher after the war, & becomes friends with the Surrealist poet Benjamin Peret.

Opposed the war with Algeria, signing the Proclamation of the 121" & cannot teach again for five years (1960-1965).

Participated in the movement of May 68, but is nauseated by the attitude of the trade unions. Dies today, faithful still to his libertarian ideals, leaving a beautiful poetic work. "My head to be crossed" (1939) "To the screen of the night" (1948), etc.

El surrealismo fue y permanece como el unico en emprender esa subversion en el terreno sensible que le es propio. Su desarrollo, su penetracion en los espiritus puso en evidencia la quiebra de todas las formas de expresion tradicionales y mostro que ellas eran inadecuadaspara la manifestacion de una revuelta consciente del artista contra las condiciones materiales y morales impuestas a la humanidad. La lucha por la substitucion de las estructuras sociales y la actividad desarrollada por el surrealismo para transformar las estructuras mentales, lejos de excluirse, son complementarias. Su conjuncion debe estimular la venida de una epoca liberada de toda jerarquia y de toda opresion. Jean-Louis Bedouin; Robert Benayoun; Andre Breton; Roland Brudieux; Adrien Dax; Guy Doumayrou; Jacqueline y Jean-Pierre Dupray; Jean Ferry; Georges Goldfayn; Alain Lebreton; Gerard Legrand; Jehan Mayoux; Benjamin Peret; Bernard Roger; Anne Seghers; Jean Schuster; Clovis Trouille y los camaradas extranjeros ahora en Paris.

http://ibw.com.ni/~dlabs/anarquismo/surrealismoya.html




• Nous respectons et jugeons justifié le refus de prendre les armescontre le peuple algérien.

  

• Nous respectons et jugeons justifiée la conduite desFrançais qui estiment de leur devoir d'apporter aide et protection auxAlgériens opprimés au nom du peuple français.

  

• La cause du peuple algérien, qui contribue de façondécisive à ruiner le système colonial, est la cause detous les hommes libres.



Arthur Adamov, Robert Antelme, Georges Auclair, Jean Baby,Hélène Balfet, Marc Barbut, Robert Barrat, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Louis Bedouin, Marc Beigbeder, Robert Benayoun, Maurice Blanchot, Roger Blin, Arsène Bonnefous-Murat, Geneviève Bonnefoi, Raymond Borde, Jean-Louis Bory, Jacques-Laurent Bost, Pierre Boulez, Vincent Bounoure, André Breton, Guy Cabanel, Georges Condominas, Alain Cuny, Dr Jean Dalsace, Jean Czarnecki, Adrien Dax, Hubert Damisch, Bernard Dort, Jean Douassot, Simone Dreyfus, Marguerite Duras, Yves Ellouet, Dominique Eluard, Charles Estienne, Louis-René des Forêts, Dr Théodore Fraenkel, André Frénaud, Jacques Gernet, Louis Gernet, Edouard Glissant, Anne Guérin, Daniel Guérin, Jacques Howlett, Edouard Jaguer, Pierre Jaouen, Gérard Jarlot, Robert Jaulin, Alain Joubert, Henri Krea, Robert Lagarde, Monique Lange, Claude Lanzmann, Robert Lapoujade, Henri Lefebvre, Gérard Legrand, Michel Leiris, Paul Lévy, Jérôme Lindon, Eric Losfeld, Robert Louzon, Olivier de Magny, Florence Malraux, André Mandouze, Maud Mannoni, Jean Martin, Renée Marcel-Martinet, Jean-Daniel Martinet, Andrée Marty-Capgras, Dionys Mascolo, François Maspero, André Masson, Pierre de Massot, Jean-Jacques Mayoux, Jehan Mayoux, Théodore Monod, Marie Moscovici, Georges Mounin, Maurice Nadeau, Georges Navel, Claude Ollier, Hélène Parmelin, José Pierre, Marcel Péju, André Pieyre de Mandiargues, Edouard Pignon, Bernard Pingaud, Maurice Pons, J.-B. Pontalis, Jean Pouillon, Denise René, Alain Resnais, Jean-François Revel, Paul Revel, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Christiane Rochefort, Jacques-Francis Rolland, Alfred Rosner, Gilbert Rouget, Claude Roy, Marc Saint-Saëns, Nathalie Sarraute, Jean-Paul Sartre, Renée Saurel, Claude Sautet, Jean Schuster, Robert Scipion, Louis Seguin, Geneviève Serreau, Simone Signoret, Jean-Claude Silbermann, Claude Simon, René de Solier, D. de la Souchère, Jean Thiercelin, Dr René Tzanck, Vercors, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, J.-P. Vielfaure, Claude Viseux, Ylipe, René Zazzo.

http://www.bok.net/pajol/manif121.html


http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JJMERIC/lieudela.htm

10- 24 -1975 -- Cipriano Mera dies. Anarcho-syndicalist who, during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, organized defense groups, &, with Durruti, the defense of Madrid against Franco's fascists. Headed the defeat of Italian fascist troops in Guadalajara. Afterwards, Mera fled to Algeria, then France, where the Vichy government condemned him to death (commuted to life, he was released in 1945). Lifelong CNT activist, Mera wrote Guerra, exilio y carcel of a anarco-sindicalista. (See Cipriano Mera by Joan Llarch.)

I had met earlier the veteran Cipriano Mera, who played an important role in the first phase of the Resistance & who had been in the forefront of the battle of Guadalajara. The legendary Mera died in 1975, to such an impressive turn out in Paris of anarcho-syndicalist veterans that even British TV featured it.



--- Migel Garcia

http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm

12- 24 -1975 -- Nicholas Lazarevitch (1895-1975) dies, Paris, France. 

NicholasLazarevitch was the son of Russian revolutionary émigrés, & became an anarcho-syndicalist shortly before WWI. He went to Russia in February 1919, & was very close to the Bolsheviks. Married to Ida Mett, he later helped her in gathering the documentation that was to form the basis of Mett's "expose", The Kronstadt Commune, published in 1938. 

May 1968 saw Lazarevitch taking part in the open assemblies at the Sorbonne.

More details on Daily Bleed's page, August 17, 1895.
http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet11.htm#Lazarevitch


3- 8 -1976 -- France: Robert Touati, a French anarchist active in Centro Iberico around 1974, & Juan Durran Escriban, wanted in Spain for an attack on an armory, are both killed on the grounds of Toulouse University during the night of 8/9 March.

Police claim they are members of GARI (Groups of International Revolutionary Action") & responsible for a series of anti-Franco actions in Southern France.

http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html


11- 18 -1976 -- Surrealist photographer, anarchist, Man Ray dies, Paris.

Another wise move on Man Ray's part is the way they purposefully play a maximum two shows a month in Seattle, to keep club-goers from getting sick of them. And those who have watched the band from the beginning say its members have always been more than nice to fans, taking the time to talk with everyone who approaches them after shows.
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/man_ray_ext.html

http://www.manraytrust.com/
http://www.manray-photo.com/
http://www.allwall.com/




11- 26 -1976 -- Sex Pistols release their debut single "Anarchy In The UK"

ANARCHY IN THE U.K.  RIGHT! NOW HA,HA I WANNA BE ANARCHY IT'S THE ONLY WAY TO BE  IS THIS THE M.P.L.A. OR IS THIS THE U.D.A. OR IS THIS THE I.R.A. I THOUGHT IT WAS THE U.K. OR JUST ANOTHER COUNTRY ANOTHER COUNCIL TENANCY  I WANNA BE ANARCHY I WANNA BE ANARCHY OH WHAT A NAME  AND I WANNA BE AN ANARCHIST GET PISSED DESTROY!

 http://www.nothingisreal.com/rotten/
http://www.worldwidepunk.com/
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/9970/sexfram2.html

 http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/7412/punklinx.html

12- 1 -1976 -- The Sex Pistols, following their first single, "Anarchy in the U.K.," appear on British TV's "Today Show," a replacement for Queen. Interviewer Bill Grundy, taunts them for their "nasty" reputation, provokes bass player Glenn Matlock to say "fuck" on the air. In the resulting uproar, they are banned from all but five cities of their first U.K. tour. By next month, no club or concert hall in Great Britain will book them, after he fucked up.


6- 6 -1977 -- Spain: The anti-crats (or acratas) disrupt another meeting, as they do every weekend, in Madrid & all the major centers. 

Agustin Garcia Calvo forms Acratas in 1967 at a Madrid University, influenced by new protest movement amongst students abroad, anarchist rather than Marxist, they are against all authority, & protest their right to have fun by ridiculing the ideas & individuals & groups they despise. They are the a plague upon the Spanish politics-as-usual-left-&-right scene.

http://www.slip.net/~knabb/SI/12.era2.htm
http://www.ainfos.ca/pt/ainfos00110.html

11- 20 -1977 -- Louis Mercier Vega dies. Anarcho-syndicalist, propagandist, libertarian thinker who joined the movement at 16. Lifelong writer for the libertarian press. Founder of several reviews like "Revision" (1938) "Aporte" (trilingual review, 1966-1972), "Interrogations" (1974), & author of numerous works, including Anarcho-syndicalisme & syndicalisme révolutionnaire; La chevauchée anonyme; L'increvable anarchisme.

Mercier-Vega was a member of l'Union Anarchiste & its delegate to the Congress of Orleans (1933), where he met Charles Carpentier. They joined the International Group of the Durruti Column to fight in the Spanish Revolution, July 1936. On October 17, 1936, in Perdiguero, their group was decimated by Moroccan cavalry & they escaped to France to organize support for revolutionary Spain. Quit l'Union Anarchiste November 1937 because of differences. In 1939, Mercier-Vega went to Belgium, then embarked for South America, Argentina & Chile. Travelled to Africa, in Brazzaville, where, on June 26 1942, he joined the free French forces. Demobilized in 1945, wrote for "Dauphiné Libéré". In 1958, he founded the "commission internationale de liaison ouvrière" (international network of libertarians & revolutionary trade unionists).



Louis Mercier Vega, Reisende ohne Namen Autobiographischer Bericht Deutsche Erstausgabe, Broschur


Louis Mercier Vega, Autopsia de Perón 278 p. 18x10 cm (rústica) V. 63 Español ISBN: 8472235637

Also by Louis Mercier Vega, Anarcho-syndicalisme et syndicalisme révolutionnaire; Azione diretta e autogestione operaia; La pratica dell'utopia; La rivoluzione di stato; L'increvable anarchisme; Sur les groupes d'affinité

http://www.multimania.com/lanarcho/vg22-3.htm
http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/labos/cht/biblio/mots/mot46.htm

http://www.jungewelt.de/1998/04-07/013.htm

1- 24 -1978 -- Robert Proix dies. Anarchist, then a pacifist socialist. He was the friend of Albert Camus and Andre Prudhommeaux (born in the same phalanstery, Familistère de Guise founded by J.B. Godin). Collaborated in the newspapers "Liberté", "Union Pacifiste" & "Monde Libertaire" & supported Louis Lecoin's conscientious objector activities. http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier4.html#24


1- 30 -1978 -- Spain: In Barcelona 50 anarchists are arrested, accused of the dastardly crime of attempting to "reconstitute" the F.A.I" (Iberian Anarchist Federation). Franco is dead, but the old fears of a powerful revolutionary organization re-emerging persists.


4- 8 -1978 -- Gaston Leval (pseudonym for Robert Pillar) dies. Son of a French Communard, anarchist syndicalist, combatant & historian of the Spanish Revolution of 1936. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/LevalGaston.htm



5- 24 -1978 -- England: Iris Mills & Ronan Bennett are arrested in Bayswater They, together with Vince Stevenson, Trevor Dawton, Dafydd Ladd & Stewart Carr are charged & become known as "Persons Unknown".

The Persons Unknown trial opens Sepetember 1979. Ladd jumps bail & does not surrender for three years, when he receives nine years on other charges. Carr, an outsider to anarchism, pleads guilty to anything the police require & is sentenced to nine years. All the others are acquitted. Carr's "confessions" are read out by the judge after the trial when they can no longer be challenged in open court & berates the jury as too sympathetic.

http://au.spunk.org/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/app1.html


5- 21 -1979 -- San Franciso: Bay Area agit-prop group called the Union of Concerned Commies. The UCC began inearly 1979 as a left-libertarian intervention into the anti-nuke movement, then at the height of its strength and militancy. This intervention involved a serious attempt to present radical critique with attention-grabbing style and innovative use ofmedia. For instance, the same cartoon graphics (usually by Jay Kinney and Paul Mavrides of Anarchy Comix) appeared onleaflets, posters, and T-shirts distributed at antinuke events. Some of the UCCers settled in for a sustained effort within themovement, mostly through the Abalone Alliance newspaper It's About Times. Others, with lower tolerance for the somewhat sanctimonious neohippie antinuker culture, looked around for more excitingterrain. A glimpse of such terrain was provided by San Francisco's notorious “White Night Riot” of May 21, 1979. Thatnight, an angry crowd of gay men and women, quickly joined by hundreds of young workers and marginals, attacked SanFrancisco City Hall and the police following the announcement of a slap-on-the-wrist sentence for macho former cop andformer supervisor Dan White, convicted killer of Mayor George Moscone and gay supervisor Harvey Milk. Several UCCersparticipated in the events, and immediately afterward mass-produced a T-shirt (designed by Paul Mavrides) showing aburning cop car, the date and place of the riot, and the words “No Apologies."


3- 12 -1980 --

Renee Lamberet dies. Professor, militant anarchist & historian. Collaborated with Max Nettlau.  Went to Spain in 1936, helping to produce libertarian propaganda & met her future companion BernardoPou-Riera. Lamberet supported clandestine anarchist activity in France & Spain after the fascist victory.  Author of Mouvements ouvriers et socialistes (1953) & La première Internationale en Espagne de 1868 à 1888. Died before completing an anarchist biographical dictionary.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#4
http://www.free.de/dada/btip002.htm



3- 15 -1980 -- Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980) dies. Brazilian painter, performance artist, & anarchist. Grandson of the anarchist Jose Oiticica whose ideas & activities were an important influence.

(alt., Helio Oiticica)

Created environmental, participatory events—among them Parangolé (1964), Tropicália (1967) & Apocalipopótesis (1968)—either in art centres or in the street. 

One of the leading exhibitors in the exhibition Nova objetividade brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1967), which reactivated Brazil's avant-garde.

See The Grove Dictionary of Art,

http://www.artnet.com/library/06/0633/T063335.asp
 http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/isast/spec.projects/osthoff/osthoffpt2.html

http://www.obraprima.net/materias/html12/html12.html
http://www.artbr.com.br/casa/biografias/helio/
http://www.aestufa.com.br/canibalia/html/oiticica.html
http://art-contemporain.eu.org/base/chronologie/1550.html
http://www.comartevirtual.com.br/oiticica.htm


3- 30 -1980 -- Henry Poulaille dies.



French author, anarchist, director of éditions Grasset, where he published proletarian authors, & the journal "Le nouvel âge littéraire," promoting worker literature & gained him the enmity of the Communist Party. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PoulailleHenry.htm

7- 23 -1980 -- Mollie Steimer (1897-1980) dies, at her home in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Russian-American-Jewish-Mexican anarchist & labor agitator.

Mollie was 82 years old, & throughout her long life was consumed with a passion to work for the good of the people. Mollie emigrated to the US in 1913 with her family. She immediately went to work in a garment factory to help support her family. She came across radical literature including the works of Bakunin, Kropotkin, & Emma Goldman. By 1917 Mollie had become an anarchist, to which she dedicated her life.

(photo: Senya Fléchine, Voline et Mollie Steimer en 1927)
See Anarchist Portraits, Paul Avrich (Princeton University Press).http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsteimer.htm
ftp://etext.archive.umich.edu/pub/Politics/Spunk/texts/pubs/sekhmet/8/sp001228.txt
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Guide/chronology2040.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/living/living2_48.html

11- 30 -1980 -- Death of Dorothy Day, anarchist, pacifist, co-founder of Catholic Worker movement, New York City.

DOROTHY DAY 1997 SAINT 8 November
Oddly, Roman Catholic church will never name her a saint, so we've stepped up to the plate (sic).



"The greatest challenge of the day
is how to bring about a revolution of the heart --
a revolution which has to start with each one of us."



--- Dorothy Day





http://www.catholicworker.org/

Poet William Everson (Brother Antoninus) lived at Maurin House in Oakland, California in 1950 before going off from the Catholic Worker to the Dominican order.

He greatly admired Day, whom he referred to in one dedication as the "mother of us all", & noted of his experience at Maurin House:

"What surprised me was that the whole thing worked the way Dorothy Day said it would — each day people would bring produce to us, so all we ever had to buy for the soup was the stock, & even that was often donated by butchers…The things we needed just seemed to show up.

In 1957, after Kenneth Rexroth's "San Francisco Letter" appeared in the Evergreen Review, Everson was regarded as one of theSan Francisco Renaissance poets (the Beats) and he was tagged with the name of "the Beat friar".


http://spider.invsn.com/fotpl/valley3a.htm


HTTP://www.awadagin.com/cw/index.html

6- 19 -1981 -- Senya Fleshin (alternate spellings, Fléchine, Fleshine) dies in Cuernavaca, Mexico, a few months after the death of his lifelong companion Mollie Steimer. Fleshin was forced into exile by the Russian Bolsheviks after numerous arrests & imprisonment by the Cheka. Pictured (left) with Voline & Mollie Steimer in 1927.

Picture below, front row, second from right, in the Bound Together Books Mural. Mollie Steimer is on his right.


Fleshin was active in Paris anarchist group with Samuel Schwartzbard, Alexander Berkman, Voline, Nestor Makhno, Jacques Doubinsky, et al.


• Among Emma Goldman's closest comrades were Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin, who also left Soviet Russia after conditions there became intolerable for anarchists.
• On Steimer, see Marsh, Anarchist Women,; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Portraits; Polenberg, Fighting Faiths; & the pamphlet, Sentenced toTwenty Years Prison (New York: Political Prisoners Defense & ReliefCommittee, 1919). See also the memorial volume edited by Abe Bluestein, Fighters for Anarchism: Mollie Steimer & Senya Fleshin ([New York]: Libertarian Publications Group, 1983).

  

• The documentary film, Anarchism in America (1982) weaves together archival footage--including Mollie Steimer

 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAfleshin.htm


10- 18 -1981 -- Diego Abad de Santillan, a prominent anarchist in the region of Catalonia during the Spanish Revolution, dies.
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre3.html#18

10- 21 -1981 -- Germinal Esgleas dies. Spanish anarchist militant & companion of Federica Montseny. Collaborator on "Revista Blanca", with Federico Urales. Secretary-general of the CNT. During exile (in France), he was imprisoned by fascist Vichy government. http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/cnt.html



 http://www.tigerden.com/~berios/spain.html

"¿QUÉ ES EL ANARCOSINDICALISMO?", por Germinal Esgleas (Secretario General de la A.I.T., 1958-1963), from De la ENCICLOPEDIA ANARQUISTA -- Edicion espanola.):
http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/que.htm

10- 29 -1981 -- George Brassens, French anarchist poet/songster, dies. See 22 October 1921.

"La camarde, qui ne m'a jamais pardonné d'avoir semé des fleurs dans les trous de son nez, me poursuit d'un zèle imbécile..."



---"Supplique pour être enterré à la plage de Sète"






2- 24 -1982 -- Lucien Tronchet (1902-1982), dies. Anarchist & Swiss trade unionist whose antifascist activities landed him in prison. As a youngster, he joined FOBB (Federation of Wood & Building Workers) with Clovis Abel Pignat. 

May 19, 1928 Tronchet, Pignat & Vuattolo instigated a wildcat strike which lasted 15 days, & resulted in a reduction of working hours, minimum wages, etc. In the '30s Tronchet was in charge of the L.A.B. (League of Action of the Building Industry), implementing direct action against the owners. Went to Spain in 1936, with Luigi Bertoni, fighting with the anarchist forces opposing Franco. In 1940 he was condemned to 8 months of prison for antifascist activities. Following WWII, in addition to his militant union activities, he fought for abortion rights, antimilitarism, & creation of co-operatives. In the '70s he supported the Geneva squatters movement & wrote a biography of his friend, Clovis Pignat, une vocation syndicale internationale (Lausanne, 1971).

http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet20.htm#Lucien Tronchet (1902-1981)


There are perhaps more archivists at heart among the Anarchists than in the great institutions. The New York Public Library, having put on microfilm the collection of posters from the Spanish Revolution, which it received, threw away the originals. At the Royal Library of Belgium, these same posters coming from the collections of Hem Day were rolled up and stored in a corridor, and ended up as waste paper. Of the dozens of posters that Hem Day brought from Spain, only six remain in small format at the Mundaneum de Mons. At the Centre internationale de recherches sur l'Anarchisme (CIRA; International Research Center on Anarchy) we have about fifty of them, brought by the union leader Lucien Tronchet, carefully mounted onto sturdy cardboard to circulate and to serve at solidarity tournaments with Spain around 1936 or 1937. They are in impeccable condition; the colors are as vibrant as they were on the walls of Barcelona or Valencia. In Spain itself, the collection and inventory of Republican posters has not ceased to this day. 

http://www.libr.org/PL/16_Enckell.html
http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/baronata/libri/tronchet.htm

http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/b/10729093.html

3- 20 -1982 -- Pierre Lentengre (aka Pierre Lentente) (1890-1982) dies, in Var. French militant & founder of a Parisian anarchist group. Administrator of "La voix libertaire" (1928-1939) & active in "The Friends of Sebastien Faure". See the Daily Bleed Page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/PierreLentengre.htm



4- 7 -1982 -- Pio Turroni dies. Italian anarchist, combatant, publisher. Left Italy to escape the fascists in 1923. Fought with the Italian Column in the Spanish Revolution, then with the anarchist Ascaso Column until wounded. Imprisoned in France with the onset of WWII, released, imprisoned twice more before making his way to freedom in Morocco, then Mexico. With the liberation of Italy Turroni returned to help rebuild the anarchist movement, & from 1946 until his death, published the anarchist review "Volontà".


6- 6 -1982 -- Poet/Buddhist/anarchist/semi-Beat/translator Kenneth Rexroth dies. Involved with various labor groups & political anarchists. When the second literary renaissance of the 1920's occured in Chicago, Rexroth was there. Later involved in the Beat movement, a literary period that evolved in the 1950's & 60's that attempted to elevate common consciousness. Rexroth was called "Godfather of the Beats" because of his involvement with the readings & events at the Cellar jazz club. http://www.slip.net/~knabb/PS/Rexroth.htm
http://www.rooknet.com/beatpage/rexroth/index.html

6- 13 -1982 -- André Claudot (1892-1982), French anarchist, artist, teacher, dies. The libertarian filmmaker Bernard Baissat did a film of his life, Ecoutez Claudot (1979). http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin2.html#13


8- 24 -1982 -- Ludovic Masse dies in Perpignan, France. Proletarian & libertarian writer. A teacher & friend of Henry Poulaille, to whom he sends his first writings. In 1940, his pacifist & anarchist ideas forced him to quit teaching & he devoted himself to writing fiction: Le Refus (Apology for Pacifism) (1946), Le vin pur (The Vigneronnes Revolts) (1945), & many others such as Le mas des Oubells (1932), Les trabucayres (1955), La terre du liège (1953). http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/janvier1.html#7


7- 7 -1983 -- Poland: Polish Jokester Jarulzelky declares:



"We are not prepared to deal with anarchists & counter-revolutionaries."

7- 23 -1983 -- Poland: Martial law lifted. "Anarchy will not return," says the communist Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader dictator.


11- 3 -1983 -- May Picqueray, French militant anarchist, dies. Sent to Moscow by her trade union, Picqueray opposed the tightening grip of the Bolsheviks & protested the repression of the anarchists (obtaining the release of Senya Fleshin & others from prison). Fought to save Sacco & Vanzetti (including sending a mail bomb to the American embassy) & founded the libertarian journal "Le Réfractaire".

"Les premiers mai 1920 et 21 furentparticulièrement sauvages. En sortant de la Bourse du Travail,place de la République, les gardes à cheval nouschargèrent à coup de plat de sabre, et l'un deux meclaqua la face de telle manière que je crus avoir latête décollée. Je conservai longtemps la trace deson sabre sur mon visage."

---May la refractaire, couverture de la réédition du livre (Editions Traffic 1992) http://www.maitron.org/initiat/VidCin/bio5.htm
http://www.ceca.org.br/edgar/May.html

12- 13 -1983 -- France: 6,500 turn out in Paris as Léo Ferré, anarchist songster, sings for a benefit to support Radio Libertaire. Thank you Ferré: http://www.leoferre.org/
Radio Libertaire: http://federation-anarchiste.org/
http://www.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/~marvin/anarchie/radio_libertaire.html

1- 1 -1984 -- Augustin Souchy (1892-1984), German anarchist pacifist, dies.

Influenced, while young, by reading of Gustav Landauer. In 1914 Souchy sought refuge in Sweden, but ended up in prison for distributing leaflets against the war. In prison, he wrote a book on Landauer. After the war, in 1920, he went to Russia for a labor congress, where he met & stayed with Peter Kropotkin. On his return Souchy wrote a very critical book on the Soviet Revolution. In 1922, Souchy became one of the three secretaries of the new A.I.T. With the seizure of power by Hitler, fled from Germany, & in 1936 participated in the Spanish Revolution, which he wrote about. Spent time in France & Mexico before returning to Germany in 1950. Souchy wrote "Attention anarchiste : une vie pour la liberté"; "Comment vivent le paysan et l'ouvrier en Russie?", "Nuit sur l'Espagne"; "La révolution sociale en Espagne"; "Amérique Latine: entre généraux paysans et révolutionnaires", etc.

In his introduction to a collection of documents on collectivization in Spain, the anarchist Augustin Souchy writes: 

For many years, theanarchists & the syndicalists of Spain considered their supreme task to be the social transformation of the society. In their assemblies of Syndicates & groups, in their journals, their brochures & books, the problem of the social revolution was discussed incessantly & in a systematic fashion.





---



WITH THE PEASANTS OF ARAGON



by Augustin Souchy

 

"Equality, Liberty, Fraternity, the great dreams of the French Revolution, have not yet been realised in the world. They were being realised in Aragon. The peasant was free from political oppression & the exploitation of the great landholders. Liberty was won in battle. Equality was organised. Fraternity lived in the hearts of the people."



---

http://www.torget.se/users/c/Chilli/Souchy.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/huelga/aragon.htm

10- 28 -1984 -- Italy: Sicilian anarchist Pippo Scarso arrested in October of 1984 & imprisoned for 12 months for refusing to serve in the military.



Esci dal Compromesso con le Istituzioni della Guerra! (Avoid Compromise with the Institution of War!). The poster shows Pippo Scarso being released from his prison cell, against the silhouette of a solider. Originally distributed as a supplement to the Italian anarchist journal "Senzapatria," a publication devoted to antimilitarist issues, the message: "Out with American nuclear bases!" & "Oppose all (military) maneuvers!" Published by Antimilitaristi Anarchici. Offset lithography. 50 cm x 35 cm. Italy, 1985. http://www.ipl.org/exhibit/Labadie/europe.html

11- 12 -1984 -- Body-Less?: Marcel Body dies. French typographer. While a French soldier he joined the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, becoming a citizen & serving in the diplomatic corps with Alexandra Kollontaï in Norway. Disillusioned with the direction of the Revolution, he returned to France. Translates Lenin, Trotsky, & Bakunin & wrote for the anarchist & pacifist presses. 

Marcel Body founded "La Vérité" & gathered the oppositional circle Union des Travailleurs Révolutionnaires around this periodical & was involved in the syndicalist movement. Body wrote Un piano en bouleau de Carélie (1981) (republished as Un ouvrier limousin au coeur de la révolution russeussian revolution).

"Pessimism is for man as winter is with nature. Yet the worst cold never prevented spring from returning, nor the summer to mature the harvests, & most abundant always will be those of strong men & free spirits... " --- Marcel Body, Un piano en bouleau de Carélie



• Marcel Body appears in Bernard Baissat film series Listen (along with Andre Claudot, Jeanne Humbert, Eugene Bizeau, André Bosiger, May Picqueray, Aguigui Mouna, Robert Jospin, & Rene Dumont.

  
  

• Film: Marcel Body: de Lénine à Bakounine, http://subsociety.free.fr/livres/vid%E9o.htm
  
• BODY, Marcel. Les groupes communistes français de Russie, 1918-1921. Paris: Editions Allia, 1918. 99 p

http://www.iisg.nl/archives/gias/10729113.html

1- 17 -1985 -- Hashimoto Yoshiharu, 55, dies in Tokyo. Japanese anarchist. Founder, in the 1960s, of the publishing house "Barukan-sha," & writer for the review "Anaki" (Anarchy). Writer/translator of many works of thinkers & theorists of the international anarchist movement, such as Proudhon, Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Oscar Wilde & others. Involved, in the 1970s with the group of Miura Seiichi, around the "Libertarian". < ahref=http://www.slip.net/~knabb/CF/opinions1.htm#No anarchist do refute>http://www.slip.net/~knabb/CF/opinions1.htm#No anarchist do refute
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/decembre3.html#20

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1884/ana-links.htm

5- 5 -1985 -- Jacques Reclus dies. French anarchist.



Le vendeur d'huile qui conquiert la reine de beauté de Feng Menglong.
Récit traduit du chinois sous la direction de Jacques Reclus. Les amours d'un petit artisan sans le sou et de la plus convoitée des courtisanes : le romantisme à la chinoise. Nouvelle édition illustrée. 86 p., éd. Philippe Picquier, 1990.

12- 13 -1985 -- Ahrne Thorne (1904-1985) dies. 

In Toronto, Canada during the 30s Emma Goldman saw promise in the small group of comrades--especially Dorothy Rogers & Ahrne Thornberg [as Ahrne Thorne, later the editor of the Freie Arbeiter Stimme]. See Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, page 54.

The Dandelion is an "occasional journal of philosophical anarchism" which has cropped up again after a hiatus of 10 years. The 19-page hand-printed April 1997 edition (#21) commemorates the life of "longtime anarchist activist" Ahrne Thorne, with the text of a speechgiven by historian Paul Avrich last year at the Libertarian Book Club in New York City.

http://pup.princeton.edu/TOCs/c5810.html

2- 7 -1986 -- Haiti: After huge popular protests, Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Playboy dictator "Baby Doc" Duvalier flees the country, ending 35 years of U.S.-sponsored dictatorship. He was whisked to France on a US jet.



1969: Port-au-Prince A Law Condemns to Death Anyone Who Says or Writes Red Words in Haiti . . .   Article One: Communist activities are declared to be crimes against the security of the state, in whatsoever form: any profession of Communist faith, verbal or written, public or private, any propagation of Communist or anarchist doctrines through lectures, speeches, conversations, readings, public or private meetings, by way of pamphlets, posters, newspapers, magazines, books, & pictures; any oral or written correspondence with local or foreign associations, or with persons dedicated to the diffusion of Communist or anarchist ideas; & furthermore, the act of receiving, collecting, or giving funds directly or indirectly destined for the propagation of said ideas. Article Two: The authors & accomplices of these crimes shall be sentenced to death. Their movable & immovable property shall be confiscated & sold for the benefit of the state. Dr. Francois Duvalier President-for-Life of the Republic of Haiti   — Eduardo Galeano, Century of the Wind, p207-08





Cited, Daily Bleed, Feb 7, 1986



Use your back button to return to your previous page




5- 2 -1986 -- US: 38 anarchists gathered in Chicago to commemorate victims of the Haymarket Massacre arrested & charged with the high crime of “Mob Action”.

See Mob Action Against the State: Haymarket Remembered...An Anarchist Convention., a broad ranging collection of essays from 70 anonymous contributors, with graphics & photographs.


3- 22 -1987 -- Eugènio Relgis, anarchist, dies.


11- 23 -1987 -- 

Max Sartin, 97, dies, Salt Lake City, Utah. True name Raffaele Schiaviana. Sartin collaborated on many anarchist newspapers (in Italian). He was expelled from the "land of the free" during the Red Scare in 1920 for anti-war activities. In Paris, he participated in the defense of Sacco & Vanzetti. Sartin returned to the US where he published, for 45 years, the weekly magazine "Adunata dei Refrattari".

3- 21 -1988 -- François-Charles Carpentier dies. French militant anarchist, friend of Louis Mercier Vega & fighter with the Durruti Column. See Daily Bleed page,http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/FrancoisCarpentier.htm



4- 14 -1988 -- Goodbye Daniel Guerin. Dies, age 84 years. One of France's best known revolutionary activists & thinkers, author of books such as Fascism & Big Business; 100 Years of Labor in the USA; Anarchism; Ni Dieu, ni Maître: anthologie du mouvementlibertaire (1965).

Within France Guerin was a well known libertarian communist, not only for his prolific writings, but also as a long standing trade union militant of the CGT; as a veteran anti-imperialist who supported the victims of French aggression in Indo-China, Algeria & the Kanaks of New Caledonia; as a fighter for gay rights (he was bisexual) in the 'Homosexual Front for Revolutionary Action'.

 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws88_89/ws29_guerin.html
In French, see the listing in Ephéméride anarchiste:http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai3.html#19


http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/guerin/

9- 15 -1988 -- Celso Persici dies in Nice, France.

"Until 1923, Celso, who came from Bazzano (Bologna) had been very active in the anarchist movement & in the USI (Italian Syndicalist Union). Armando Borghi was the head of the USI in Bologna at the time. He was also active in other places around the province. Among his associates, those whom I met & can recall now, were Luigi Fabbri, Gino Balestri, Primo Proni (my grandfather), Emilio Predieri (an uncle of mine), Castagnoli & there were others whose names I cannot call to mind. There was an uprising in Bazano (I cannot recall the exact year) in which my father was an active participant, holding rallies in several towns around the province & in Bologna."

10- 14 -1988 -- Japan: A new Anarchist Federation forms this month, continuing to publish its journal Free Will (Jiyû Ishi) up till the present time.

Although this new Anarchist Federation has a nationwide network of contacts, the scale of its support is much smaller than its namesake of the 1940s, let alone the prewar federations, such as Kokuren or Zenkoku Jiren. Anarchist syndicalism is represented by the small group called the Workers' Solidarity Movement (Rôdôsha Rentai Undô) which has existed in its present form since 1983. The Workers' Solidarity Movement is affiliated to the IWA/AIT (the Syndicalist International) and since 1989 has published the journal Libertarian Communism (Zettai Jiyû Kyôsanshugi). As for anarchist communism, its most visible manifestation today is the small but active publishing house called the Black Battlefront Company (Kokushoku Sensen Sha) which is grouped round the old militant, Ôshima Eizaburô. Among recent Black Battlefront publications, the multivolume Materials on the Nôseisha Incident (Nôson Seinen Sha Jiken Shiryô, 1991 onwards) reflects the belief of many postwar anarchists that there are important lessons to be learnt from studying the theories and practice of earlier generations of anarchists.

One point which has often been made regarding postwar anarchism is that, while the self-declared anarchist movement is smaller thanpreviously, unconsciously "anarchist" organisation and activity have been noticeable among various groups engaged in struggle. This argument was frequently heard at the height of the student movement during the 1960s and 1970s, and more recently similar claims have been made regarding the "citizens' movements" (grass roots campaigns, generally directed towards a single issue).

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/ace/japchap3.html


10- 16 -1988 -- Emidio Santana dies. Portuguese anarchist with the CGT. Author of scathing attacks on Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Dictator Salazar (July 4, 1937) which landed him in prison for 14 years. Began publishing the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper "A Batalha" in 1974. Wrote Historia de un atentado & Memorias de un militante anarco-sindicalista.


3- 14 -1989 -- American naturalist novelist, anarchist, xenophobe, Cactus Ed Abbey Lives! Died, more or less, today.

 He wanted his body transported in the bed of a pickup truck. He wanted to be buried as soon as possible. He wanted no undertakers. No embalming, for Godsake. No coffin. Just an old sleeping bag... Disregard all state laws concerning burial. "I want my body to help fertilize the growth of a cactus or cliff rose or sagebrush or tree," said the message. As for graveside ceremony: He wanted gunfire, & a little music. "No formal speeches desired, though the deceased will not interfere if someone feels the urge. But keep it all simple & brief." And then a big happy raucous wake. He wanted more music, gay & lively music. He wanted bagpipes. "& a flood of beer & booze! Lots of singing, dancing, talking, hollering, laughing, & lovemaking," said the message. & meat! Beans & chilis! & corn on the cob. Only a man deeply in love with life & hopelessly soft on humanity would specify, from beyond the grave, that his mourners receive corn on the cob.



"I work best under duress. In fact I only work under duress."





A Prayer for the Traveler

 by Edward Abbey

 May your trails be crooked, lonesome, dangerous, leading to the most amazing view. May your mountains rise into & above the clouds, May your rivers flow without end, meandering through pastoral valleys tinkling with bells, past temples & castles & poets towers into a dark primeval forest where tigers belch & monkeys howl, through miasmal & mysterious swamps & down into a desert of red rock, blue mesas, domes & pinnacles & grottos of endless stone, & down again into a deep vast ancient unknown chasm where bars of sunlight blaze on profiled cliffs, where deer walk across the white sand beaches, where storms come & go as lightning clangs upon the high crags, where something more beautiful & more full of wonder than your deepest dreams waits for you -- beyond that next turning of the canyon walls.

http://www.utsidan.se/abbey/abbey.html

"It's a fools life, a rogue's life, & a good life if you keep laughing all the way to the grave."

http://www.ior.com/~mikej/abbey.html

4- 17 -1989 -- Eugene Bizeau dies. French vine-grower, pacifist, anarchist poet & songster, member of the "Muse Rouge" who fought for his idealsuntil his death at 105. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/BizeauEugene.htm



5- 18 -1989 -- Louis Dorlet (1905-1989) dies. French anarchist & pacifist. Sent to prison in 1925 for desertion. Member of l'Union Anarchiste, organized among the unemployed & a consumer co-op. Wrote for many libertarian publications & a co-editor of "Libertaire". http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/mai3.html#18

9- 4 -1989 -- Georges Simenon, Belgian author, creator of Inspector Maigret novels, dies in Lausanne, Switzerland. Though not activist, during an interview he states he has considered himself an anarchist from the age of 16, adding,

"Je me considère comme un anarchiste non violent, car l'anarchie n'est pas nécessairement violente, celui qui s'en réclame étant un homme qui refuse tout ce qu'on veut lui faire entrer de force dans la tête ; il est également contre ceux qui veulent se servir de lui au lieu de lui laisser sa liberté de penser".

 http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/simenon.htm


10- 28 -1989 -- Police attack 10,000 pro-democracy demonstrators, Prague, Czechoslovakia.


Politieagenten Zijn ook Mensen (Police are People Too) This poster shows a young protester being beaten by policemen. The photograph is believed to have been taken during a confrontation between an anarchist group known as the Provos & police in March of 1966, but it speaks across the ages. Published by the Society for the Rescue of Society. Photography & lithography. The Netherlands, c1970. http://www.ipl.org/exhibit/Labadie/europe.html

http://pdxnorml.org/HT_provos_0190.html


3- 12 -1990 -- Fernand Rude (aka Pierre Froment) dies. French social historian, sympathetic to libertarian / anarchist movements. 
Wrote Le mouvement ouvrier à Lyon de 1827 à 1832; La révolution de 1848 dans l'Isère (1949), Allons en Icarie (1952); C'est nous les Canuts; (1954); Les révoltes des Canuts 1831-1834 (1982). For the Paris Commune Centenary Rude issued, De la guerre à la Commune & Le socialisme libertaire.

"The most recent significant accession [at the Coste Collection] concerns the Rude collection : a mass of files containing handwriten pieces, papers, photos & opuscules, gathered by the historian Fernand Rude (1900-1990), centered around themes which he researched such as militant commitments throughout his life : the Resistance & the Liberation, the USSR from his first stays there in 1933, social movements, Saint Simonism, Fourierism, anarchism, uprisings in Lyon from 1831 to 1834; as well as the papers of shop foreman Pierre Charnier, witness accounts from the first organizations of worker cooperatives, to the origins of syndicalism.

http://www.bm-lyon.fr/invitation/flr.htm
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin2.html#13

3- 22 -1990 -- Death of Geoffrey Ostergaard, gentle anarchist/pacifist, England. http://www.gn.apc.org/peacepledge/sales/sales_pac.html


5- 13 -1990 -- Robert Jospin (1899-1990) dies. French socialist & also a pacifist & one-time libertarian. Wrote for the anarchist press the libertarian press ("La Patrie Humaine" "Le Réfractaire" "Le Libertaire" etc.) while with the Pacifist Union. The libertarian Bernard Baissat, devoted a film to him. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/JospinRobert.htm



6- 11 -1990 -- Bulgaria: June 11-18, barricades & anarchists in the streets of Sofia against the election manipulations of the various political forces.


7- 3 -1990 -- Bulgaria: Federation of Anarchistic Youth (F.A.M.) participate in "City of the Truth" against the communist president Petar Mladenov (July 3-Aug. 5).



10- 30 -1990 -- Back to the Future?: Engineers digging a rail tunnel under the English Channel link up between England & France at a point forty meters beneath the seabed, & the island of Britain is connected with the European mainland for the first time since the Ice Age.

Anarcho-primitivists Unite! http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/mta/aft/poster1.htm


6- 2 -1991 -- Bulgaria: Procession in Sofia to the monument of Christo Botev, the first Bulgarian anarchist & national hero, who perished for the liberation of Bulgaria from Turkish power in 1876 (see above).


6- 26 -1991 -- Bulgaria: Federation of Anarchistic Youth (F.A.M.) pickets at Bulgarian DS (State Security) & subscription for Radionov & Nuznetzov, two young Russian anarchists who were arrested in Moscow in Feb. 1991.


7- 14 -1991 -- England: Nicolas Walter delivers talk on "Anarchism & Religion" at the South Place Ethical Society: "We may yet end with NeitherGod nor master!" http://web.cs.city.ac.uk/homes/louise/walter.html


9- 24 -1991 -- American children's anarchist writer Dr. Seuss dies.


BUT...
 business is business!
 And business must grow
 regardless of crummies in tummies, you know.

 I meant no harm. I most truly did not.
 But I had to grow bigger. So bigger I got.
 I biggered my factory. I biggered my roads.
 I biggered my wagons. I biggered the loads
 of the Thneeds I shipped out. I was shipping them forth
 to the South! To the East! To the West! To the North!
 I went right on biggering... selling more Thneeds.
 And I biggered my money, which everyone needs.

---The Lorax, by Dr. Seuss

 http://www.etext.org/Zines/VelvetDonk/issue4/issue4.htm#lorax

10- 2 -1991 -- Henry Le Fèvre dies. French vegetarian, pacifist, anarchist, & publisher of "Le Néo Naturien", «revue des idées philosophiques etnaturiennes». See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/LeFevreHenry.htm


10- 27 -1991 -- Peru: Anarchist Andrés Villaverde arrested for sabotage. Sent to prison without trial & despite a total lack of proof to substantiate the charges. http://www.yactaruna.freeservers.com/


12- 9 -1991 -- Maurice Joyeux, outstanding figure of French anarchism, dies.

Following WWII helped in rebuilding the Fédération Anarchiste & publishing "Libertaire". In 1981, he is the first guest of Radio Libertaire (radio libre de la FA, à Paris). He leaves, in addition to various theoretical works, two books of memoirs, Sous les plis du drapeau noir, & souvenirs d'un anarchiste". 

 http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/JoyeuxMaurice.htm


3- 6 -1992 -- Leo Campion (1905-1992) dies. French libertarian, free thinker, freemason. Friend of the anarchist used bookseller Marcel Dieu (aka Hem Day) in Brussels. Used the occasion of his arrest for pacifist activities to ridicule the legal & military authorities in court. Befriended the Spanish anarchists Durruti & Ascaso. Campion wrote works of humor, such as Le petit Campion illustré, as well as works on freemasonry: Le drapeau noir, l'équerre et le compas (The Black Flag, the Square & the Compass), etc.  See the Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/LeoCampion.htm


6- 20 -1992 -- Nicolas Faucier dies. French anarchist, trade unionist & pacifist. Ran the bookshop "La librairie sociale," & with Louis Lecoin formed the "Comité pour l'Espagne libre," (later the SIA [solidarité internationale antifasciste]) & did a couple stints in prison for his anti-war activities. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/NicolasFaucier.htm



8- 12 -1992 -- Anarchist composer & musician John Cage dies, New York City.

"I have nothing to say / and I am saying it / and that is poetry / as I needed it"

---John Cage





9- 22 -1992 -- Diane DiPrima interviewed.

"The place where I was lucky in my own life was that I had a grandfather who was an anarchist... He would tell me these really weird fables about the world. He would read Dante to me & take me to the old peoples anarchist rallies, & all this showed me these other possibilities..."

 http://www.imedea.com/works/diprima.html
http://www.addict.com/issues/1.05/Features/Beatnik_Books/




10- 8 -1992 -- Thousands of people in the eastern U.S. witness a bright fireball & hear a sonic boom. A 26-pound meteorite had fallen in Peekskill, NY, & struck a 1980 Chevy Malibu sitting in its driveway. It penetrated all the way through the trunk of the car, barely missing the gas tank.

This is nothing compared to the head-on collisions caused when drivers follow the instructions written in black letters on the yellow jersies of local bicyclists as they ride down two-lane roads:



Lane ends

--------->

Merge Left

Damn Anarchists.

http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/4113/scream.wav


12- 23 -1992 -- France: The "Journal Officiel" publishes the abrogation of the "laws scélérates", adopted between December 12, 1893 & July 28, 1894, following Auguste Vaillant's attack on the Chamber of Deputies, which were designed to repress anarchists throughout the country. See Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia,
http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/VaillantAuguste.htm


12- 26 -1992 -- Turkey: A group of Turkish anarchists began publishing "Ates Hirsizi" (Fire Thief) in Istanbul, with articlesmainly in Turkish, with a few in English & Kurdish.



1- 7 -1993 -- Leah Feldman (1899-1993) cremated in London. One of the ordinary men & women who rarely get into history books but have been the backbone of the anarchist movement. Active in the once-flourishing Yiddish-speaking anarchist movement. In the 1960s she smuggled arms into Spain for the resistance fighters who, since 1939, were still fighting the Franco regime. The Catalans, prone to giving nicknames, christened her "la yaya Makhnowista" (the Makhnovist Granny).

Leah Feldman attended Kropotkin's funeral (the last permitted anarchist demonstration until the collapse of Stalinism), & joined the anarchist Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army led by Nestor Makhno. She then worked her way to Palestine where she organised a federation of anarchists.

One surprise was meeting her old anarchist friend Paula Green, who had been pressured into marriage in Russia, & had chosen an atheist zionist. Paula knew he was active in Labour politics but thought it impossible he would ever be in government.

Green changed his name to Ben Gurion & became the first prime minister of Israel.

 Paula Green never once took part in any public functions with him. She remained a still believing, if passive, anarchist.

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws93/leah39.html


11- 1 -1993 -- Death of Georges Navel, French anarchist. (See 30 October 1904).


11- 28 -1993 -- France: La Société Octave Mirbeau founded, to contribute to the knowledge of the life, the battles & the works of the great French novelist, journalist & anarchist militant.

Stories:





The Wall


Ravachol


Elections


Before the Burial


A Dog's Death


The Baby


The Justice of the Peace


The Sacred Bird


 http://buweb.univ-angers.fr/EXTRANET/OctaveMIRBEAU/octavemirbeau.html
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/bright/mirbeau/mirbeau.html

1- 1 -1994 -- Mexico City: Rising of the Indians of Chiapas to the cry of "¡Ya Basta!" (Enough!). They refuse the world politico-economic demands, imposed by the US & its neoliberalism insolates (so-called "free market" racketeers.) While the movement is not specifically anarchist, it remains the a most beautiful example of resistance at the end of this century. Indians of Chiapas, & guerrilla zapatiste (E.Z.L.N) continue to resist despite the brutal occupation & suppression by 70,000 Mexican federales.

Pour vous tenir au courant des derniers évènements du Chiapas, un très beau site en français est ouvert à l'adresse suivante: Collectif Ya Basta! Paris:

http://www.zapata.com/

Indigenous army in Chiapas, Mexico, rebels in reaction to implementation of NAFTA agreement. Briefly takes over four towns before receding into jungle & beginning a national dialogue on the future of genuine democracy in Mexico. Government & business interests, their power threatened, will have none of it.

 http://www.spanweb.org/mapas.html

1- 14 -1994 -- Spanish anarchist, feminist, educator Federica Montseny (1905-1994) dies, Toulouse, France. 


Daughter of Catalan anarchists, she helped re-establish her father's paper "Revista Blanca," & founded the monthly "Novella ideal" (publishing novels of libertarian propaganda, about antimilitarism, mutual aid, free love, etc). Involved with regional committees of the CNT/FAI, during the Spanish Revolution urging participation in the Republican government. Montseny joined the new republican government with three other CNT members (a source of much bitter debate). As Minister of Health, she helped enact legalized abortion. She & her companion, Germinal Esgleas, fled into exile in France along with thousands of others with the defeat of the Republic. They continued their anarchist activities opposing Franco & twice landed in French prisons.

See Camillo Berneri's "Open letter to comrade Federica Montseny",http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/berneri/in_government.html
http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/novembre1.html#CNT

7- 7 -1994 -- Czechoslovakia: 3rd International Anarcho-syndicalist East-West Conference held in Prague.


7- 8 -1994 -- Brazil: From the 8th to the 17th the "Festival of Art & Culture Without Frontiers & Libertarian Education" held in Florianopolis. Lectures, exhibitions, performances, films & a workshop on computer networking bring together comrades from Portugal, Spain & Brazil. In addition, the second southern conference of anarchist groups & individuals was held. http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/freedom/intnews/sp000894.txt
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3471/
http://www.winbr.com/abc/operarios.htm

7- 15 -1994 -- Brazil: Anarcho-punks from the north & north-east hold a conference at the University of Ceara, 15 - 17th July. The meeting brought together individuals & groups from five separate states to discuss various themes. http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/freedom/intnews/sp000894.txt
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3471/
http://www.winbr.com/abc/operarios.htm

7- 30 -1994 -- Brazil: The anarcha-feminist group in Sao Paulo (CAF) sponsors today's anti-homophobia event in Espaco Vadiagem. Ten anarcho-punk groups perform to young audiences. The event is marred by the infiltration of Nazi Skinheads who were exposed & removed by some young libertarians. Some members of CAF have been the target of intimidation by these troublemakers since this date. http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/freedom/intnews/sp000894.txt
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3471/
http://www.winbr.com/abc/operarios.htm

10- 21 -1994 -- ANARCHY IN THE UK 94 - London festival



TEN DAYS THAT SHOOK THE WORLD



The biggest anarchist festival with over 500 events throughout London, Oct 21- 30th.

Stop press: Levitation of parliament Oct 23rd
Stop the City: Street Action against the Criminal Justice Bill Oct 27th

Participants:
Reflective Theatre * Andy Chapman * Lodra Dawa * Edgar Broughton Band * Pat V.T. West * Working Press * London Socialist Film Co-op * Dennis Gould * Sad Society * Fashionable Living Death * Hoax * Aberdeen F.l.N. * Anti-fascist Action *Peter Pavement * Haven Distribution * Slab 'o Concrete * Blind Mole Rat * Sound Clash * Oi Polloi * Oxfin * Bad Attitude * Animal * Crossfire Films * Open Eye * London Anarchist Forum * Freedom Bookshop * Freedom press * Jamie Reed * Gee *Barthe Shouting * I.W.W. * By Pass * Chris Walsh * Head * Cool Tan Arts * Peace news * Larry O'Hara * Cyclorama * Giaconda Smile * Jeff Nuttall * Robin Webb * Donald Rooum * John Rety * Fun Times * Jigsaw * Ramraid Sound System *Travellers Support Group * Dave Morris * Edinburgh Fanzine Archive * Despite T.V. * Exploding Cinema * Madame Anarcha * Richard Parry * lan Bone * Roadent * Laurens Otter * Gusset * Our Day will Come * Anarchist Yearbook * 56a Info Shop* Planet News * Mother Clan * Dead Dog Mountain * A.L.F. * Izvestia (Rennes) * Arthur Moyse * Jeff Cloves * Penny Rimbaud * Wildcat Comics * Words of Warning * South Bristol Anarchists * Kate Sharpley Library * Robb Johnson * Cliff Harper *Derek Wall * Green Revolution * Anarchist Bookfair * Phoenix Press * Anhrefn * Roy Bailey * Armchair Press * New Anarchist Review * Rebel Press * Green Line * Contra-Flow * Davey Garland * Faslane Peace Camp * Bugs 'n' Drugs * Chaos U.K. *The Roughler* Riff Raff Poets * Ruptured Ambitions * Earth First * Profane Existence (Minneapolis) * Shambhala Skin * Mortarhate * Spithead * Round the Bend * Temple of Psychic Youth * Hunt Saboteurs Association * George Melly * Martin Everett * Fast Breeder * 121 Centre * Mick Parkin * Tony Allen * Forbidden Planet * Dave Douglass (Haffield NUM) * London Greenpeace * Green Anarchist* Freedom * Libertarian Education * Stephen Hancock* Schwartzeneggar * Cuckooland * Blaggers l.T.A. * Chumbawamba * Conflict * Verso * Alternative Tentacles * A.K. Distribution * A.K. Press * Active Distribution * AnarchistDistribution * DS4A * Steve Ignorant * Housemans Bookshop * M11 Link Campaign * A Space (Philadelphia) * Homocult * Cambridge Anarchists * Legalise Cannabis Campaign * Decadent Action * Extreme Books (Oregon) * Arnie * Greg Barr * SteveBooth * Stuart Home * Neoist Alliance * Freedom Network * Radical Dance Faction * Revolting * Lesbian and Gay Freedom Movement * Pink Panther * Montpellier Musicians Collective * Never Mind the Danger (Norwich Fanzine) * Wrecking thePlanet * Chelmsford Unem- ployed Action * GERM * Seventh Wave * Jay Turner * Richard Adams * Filbo Fever (Leicester zine) * Bluebird Jones (Cardiff zine) * Marching Altogether (Leeds zine) * Blasphemy Squad * Noise Fest * Tribal EnergySound System * Statik * Shambala Sound System * Ugly Beat * Intensive Care * London St. Pauli Supporters Club * Jake Laver * Green Wing * SMUG * Psychic Atters * Underground Power * Green Party * Golden Dawn Occult Society (Oxford) *Liberator Sound System.

MEETlNGS:
Squatting * Animal Liberation * Green Politics * Comedy Club * Poetry Events * Anarchist History * Eye Witness * Film & Video * Syndicalism * Writers * Sci-fi * Roots * Jazz * Paganism * Football * Criminal Justice Bill * Self-publishing *Distribution * Riot GRRRLS * Computer networks * Sex * Drugs * Communes * Anarcha-feminism * Prisoners * Earth First * Bands * Direct Action * Non-violence * Peace movement * Riots * Situationism * Surrealism * Decadence * Class Struggle * Armed Struggle * Ram Raiding * Foreign Agitators * Cyber-punk * Stonehenge * Sex Pistols * Free Festivals * Anti-fascism * Raves * Streetmobilisations * Punch & Judy * Theatre * Punk * Comics * Hoaxes * Research* The Secret State * Ml5 * Censorship * Occupations * Sound Systems * Parties * Orgy rooms * Exhibitions * Ranting * Astrology * New Age * Tapes * Records * Stalls *Books * Pamphlets * Heretical views * Pubs * Booze * Education * Visions of Poesy * Hunt Saboteurs * Anti-road campaigns * Occult * Class violence * Shopping without money * Autonomy * Miners Strike * Ireland * Republicanism * Zapatistas * Veganism * Durutti * Marxism * Emma Goldman * Angry Brigade * Siege of Sidney Street * Pirates * Pirate radio * Sabotage * Revolution * No-go zones * Crime * Strange ideas * Lesbian & Gay * Merry pranksters * Homo-cult * Fast Breeder * Chumbawamba * Queercore Sounds * Conflict * All night debates * Zines * Flyposting * Mail Art * Jamie Reed * Confrontation * George Melly * ProfaneExistence * Tony Allen * Strikes * Levitations * Class War * Yippies * Val Solanas * Pyscho-drifting * Penny Rimbaud * Anarchy!!!!!

POETRY:

Contributions from the wandering Riff-Raff poets Dennis Gould, JefF Cloves & Pat V.T. West. Readings from Davey Garland, Jake Laver, Bar the Shouting + 'Eco-Bards' Evening.
'Visions of Poesy':

The first ever anthology of anarchist poetry & song will be launched during the festival with readings from as many contributors as possible. Edited by Jeff Cloves/Cliff Harper/Dennis Gould, published by Freedom Press, designed by Cliff Harper. Dedicated to the spirit of revolt.

Contributors include:
Anonymous ~ Julian Beck (of Living Theatre) ~ Ria Beer ~ Boffo/Chumbawamba (songs) ~ Sean Bonney ~ Brian Bunk ~ John Cage ~ Jeff Cloves ~ Alex Comfort ~ Lynn Cornelison ~ Adam Cornford * Crass/Penny Rimbaud (poems) * Harry Crosby *Dave Cunliffe * Bryony Dahl * Olive Dehn * Diane Di Prima * Janet Dube ~ Tom Early * (The Fabulous) Dirt Sisters (songs: Dorry Lake) * Lawrence Ferlinghetti * Douglas Fetterling * John Gallows * Allen Ginsberg * (some songs with Steve Allen) * Dennis Gould * Greenham Common women (songs) * John Healy (IWW) * Adrian Henri * Joe Hill (IWW songs) * Lisa Jarnot * Terry Jones (of Monty Python) * Bernard Kops * Tuli Kupferberg (The Fugs) * James Laughlin * Ursula Le Guin * Denise Levertov * Christopher Logue * Oliver Mahler * Judith Malina (Living Theatre) * Adrian Mitchell * Tom McSorley ~ Tina Morris * ArthurMoyse ~ ??Nelson (IWW songs) * Kenneth Patchen * Marge Piercy * Paul Potts * Maxine (Max) Qwerty * Dachine Rainer * Den Ray (Songs: Planet Waves) * Herbert Read * John Rety * Kenneth Rexroth * Sex Pistols (Anarchy in the UK!) * MichelleShocked (songs) * Alan Sillitoe * Monia Sjoo * Elizabeth Smart * Stevie Smith * Gary Snyder * Muriel spark * T.Bone Slim (IWW Songs) * Unknown (IWW Songs) * Vi Subversa * Patricia V.T. West * Terrence Walpole * Chris Wind * George Woodcock 

http://www.spunk.org/texts/events/an_uk/sp000617.txt


1- 28 -1995 -- George Woodcock, Canadian literary critic & anarchist historian, dies, age 82.

Editor of the anti-war paper, "War Commentary" & "Freedom." Woodcock published a significant number of books, articles, poetry, as well as biographies of Godwin, Proudhon & Kropotkin.

He also wrote Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas & Movements, where he pronounced the movement dead, then lived to see its resurgence. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws95/woodcock45.html
http://www.web.net/~blakrose/woodcock.htm


3- 15 -1995 -- Jean Meckert, aka Jean or John Amila, (1910-1995) dies. Libertarian novelist & antimilitarist. 

His first novel Les coups (1941) is noticed by Andre Gide & Raymong Queneau. In 1950, at the request of Marcel Duhamel, Meckert began, under the pseudonym John Amila, detective novels, 21 titles in the 'Noire Series' between 1950 & 1985. Additionally he wrote science fiction, books for youth, of the theatre & film scripts for Yves Allégret,André Cayatte, Maurice Labro & George Lautner. 

Notable books are La lune d'Omaha, Noces de soufre, Pitié pour les rats (1964), Le sulfureux boucher des Hurlus (1982).

In 1971, his novel La vierge et le taureau denounced military misdeeds in the South Pacific (atomic & bacteriological experiments). Jean Amila was violently attacked, possibly by government agents, & left for dead. He suffered amnesia afterwards, regaining his memory, little by little, thanks to his continued writing.

Jean Amila's books are all stamped with his antimilitarist/anarchist spirit, tackling the army, the church, the family & theState, & often include characters who are spontaneously libertarian, their anarchism deep & visceral.



" I do not know if I am an anarchist, but I know the ideas. My father was an anarchist & a deserter..."

---"le monde libertaire," December 3, 1987

http://www.multimania.com/lanarcho/biosja.htm
http://www.sdm.qc.ca/txtdoc/pol/adu/AMILAJEAN.html

6- 24 -1995 -- André Laude (1936-1995) dies. French writer, poet, journalist, militant anarchist, surrealist, "Carried the bags" during the Algerian revolution.

 Barely out of the womb Laude was subject to the torments of history -- his communist father went off to Spain in the International Brigades, & then, in 1942, his Polish-Jewish mother was sent to Auschwitz (where she died).

In 1953, Laude discovered anarchist ideas & joined the Libertarian Communist Federation. In 1954, as an anti-colonialist journalist, he supported the Algerian revolutionists & was arrested, in Paris, & imprisoned for a year in a camp in the South-Sahara where he underwent torture.

When he was freed, Laude joined a news service in Algiers, returning to France only after the fall of Ben Bella (1965) & was again arrested, this time for "collaborating with the enemy". The surrealists, especially Benjamin Péret & André Breton (who testified in his behalf) took up his cause, & Laude joined their movement. 

Poetry now became Laude's "raison de vivre," rather than journalism. Politically he was briefly involved with the PSU (Left Socialist Unified), but in 1968, as a friend of Raoul Vaneigem, Guy Debord & Dany Cohn-Bendit, he participated in the l'internationale situationniste. He remained, basically, a libertarian & a true poet until his death. 

"Only the poets who preach disorder are, in my eyes, authentic poets."

---Comme une blessure rapprochée du soleil (1979).

Andre Laude wrote many volumes of poetry, including Occitanie premier cahier de revendication (1972), Testament de Ravachol (1974), 53 Polonaises (1989). His novels include Plusieurs romans: Joyeuses apocalypse (1972), Rue des merguez (1979), Liberté couleur d'homme (1980). Laude also wrote a short Histoire de la pensée libertaire (published by Revue Planète, 1968).

• Weegee, Andre Laude (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986)
  
• Litterature Cybersive has André Laude est mort (1995), Sniper (1995), Rien à l'infini (1995), http://www.babelweb.org/ab_irato/somlit.htm
  
• http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/juin4.html#24
  http://www.citeweb.net/pdef/Creation/Laude.htm
  
• André Laude, quelques poèmes, dans la revue, "Points de Fuite",http://www.citeweb.net/pdef/Creation/Laude.htm
  
  
  3- 30 -1996 -- First annual Bay Area Anarchist Book Festival held. http://www.spunk.org/texts/events/sp001528.html
  
  
  4- 2 -1996 -- Antonio Ortiz Ramirez (1907-1996) dies.

  Ortiz was a member of the CNT in 1936 during the Spanish Revolution & Civil War. Participated July 19/20 1936, in Barcelona attack against the barracks. Directed the "Red & Black" column which will won part of Aragon from the fascists, allowing the development of the libertarian communities.

  A video cassette recalls the life of this little known anarchist: "Ortiz, General Without God Nor Master ".

  In 1923, Antonio Ortiz was part of the group "Los solidarios" with Durruti. Durruti formed his famed column of volunteers to take Saragossa from the fascists, while Ortiz directed the "Red & Black" column (the Ortiz Column) in Aragon.

  Afterwards Ortiz went to France which interned him in camps in Algeria. He then joined then liberation army to free Lattre, fought in Africa, & took part in the freeing of Strasbourg during WWII.

  Antonio Ortiz then moved to Venezuela. See also 12 september 1948

  http://tigerden.com/~berios/durruti.html
  http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/blasts/pointblank/spanishrevolution.htm
  
  5- 7 -1996 -- Albert Meltzer dies. British militant anarchist. Loved books & boxing. A boxer, actor (he appeared as an extra in Leslie Howard's Pimpernel Smith, after Howard insisted on using 'real' anarchists) fairground worker, theatre manager, warehouseman, bookseller, printer, typesetter, & finally a Fleet Street copytaker for the "Daily Telegraph". Co-founder of the Anarchist Black Cross, with Stuart Christie, & helped found the Kate Sharpley Library. Wrote his autobiography, I couldn't Paint Golden Angels , as well as books on anarchism.

  "Albert Meltzer's ashes will be scattered in the CNT section of Montjuich cemetery in Barcelona on Sunday 20th July."

   http://burn.ucsd.edu/albert2.htm
  http://www.etext.org/Politics/Spunk/library/writers/meltzer/sp001591/angels15.html
  
  7- 20 -1996 -- British anarchist Albert Meltzer's ashes scattered in the CNT section of Montjuich cemetery in Barcelona, Spain. Co-founder of the Anarchist Black Cross & helped found the Kate Sharpley Library. http://burn.ucsd.edu/albert2.htm
  http://members.aol.com/wellslake/albert.htm
  
  9- 10 -1996 -- First weekly issue of the anarchist Eat the State! published in Seattle, Washington. Wins accolades from "Seattle Weekly" readers. Go figure.

  Eat the State! runs a "Reclaim Our History" calendar based on 5,000 dates/events collected by Geoff Parrish & in 1997 the Daily Bleed, with a similar size collection, exchanges databases, substantially improving each others resources.

  http://EatTheState.org/
  
  
  9- 28 -1996 -- England: The anarchist "Reclaim the Future" alliance threw its weight alongside sacked dockers & their trade union & socialist supporters. A massive anniversary demo triggered a 24 hour strike by tugme. http://www.labournet.net/docks2/9610/demo.htm
  
  
  2- 15 -1997 -- France: The anarchist bookshop in Lyon, "La plume noire," is set on fire by rightwing extremists. The books & furniture suffer heavy damage, but thanks to a show of solidarity, the bookseller reopens a few months later.
  
  
  3- 29 -1997 -- Second annual Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair held. The Fourth Anarchist Book Fair (1999) was held just two days ago. On May 8, 1999, the New England Anarchist Book Fair will be held in Boston.
  http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/
  http://www.spunk.org/texts/events/sp001629.html
  
  6- 19 -1997 -- Italy: Cops raid anarchist centers & homes across the country. The Italian Anarchist Federation denounced the raids as a thinly veiled attempt to intimidate the movement. http://www.ecn.org/zero/cda/
  http://flag.blackened.net/llr/articles/llr22-2.html
  
  7- 1 -1997 -- David Thoreau Wieck, an anarchist theorist, educator, & activist, dies, Albany, New York.

  Wieck did 34 months in jail as a conscientious objector (CO) during WWII. He joined the editorial board of Why?, soon to become Resistance, & played a leading role until it ceased in 1954. This publication provided a crucial voice & support for many people, including Paul Goodman. Wrote an unusually insightful memoir, Woman from Spillertown: A Memoir of Agnes Burns Wieck, known as "the Mother Jones of Illinois" for her work as a labor organizer.

  http://home.rmci.net/ias/2wieck.htm
  
  
  
  7- 18 -1997 -- US: Seattle songster Jim Page plays benefit for the anarchist paper, "Eat the State!"

  For over 20 years, Jim's blend of music, humor, & political commentary has enchanted audiences. So we were hanging out plotting Seattle's future the other night when legendary folk singer Jim Page walks in & sez, "I wanna do a benefit for you, & I got a friend named Chris Chandler coming to town, & we can do it on July18." 

  

  Whose World is This
  Stranger In Me

  http://www.eatthestate.org/01-43/SingDanceGive.htm
  http://www.realchangenews.org/pastarticles/interviews/fea.Page.html
  
  8- 16 -1997 -- Robert Lynn dies. The Scottish anarchist movement loses one of its oldest activists. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/ws50_r_lynn.html
  
  
  9- 23 -1997 -- "Tubthumper" album by anarchist group Chumbawamba is released. http://www.mutualaid.com/frameindex.htm
  
  

10- 9 -1997 -- Dario Fo receives Nobel Prize for Literature, for emulating



"the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority & upholding the dignity of the downtrodden."

Italian playwright/actor, author of nearly 50 plays, including Accidental Death of an Anarchist (about the police suiciding the anarchist Pinelli out a window), We Can´t Pay? We Won´t Pay!, & The Devil with Boobs. (See 24 March)

The Roman Catholic Church has been a frequent target of Fo's satire, & the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano said it was flabbergasted by his selection.

``Imagine a cross between Bertolt Brecht & Lenny Bruce, & you may begin to have an idea of the scope of Fo's anarchic wit,'' --- Mel Gussow, The New York Times, 1983.

Fo & his wife, writer/actress Franca Rame, were refused entry into the US in the 1980s under longstanding laws denying visas to those taking part in anti-government activities... But the State Department twice granted them waivers, in 1984, for the premiere of his play Accidental Death of an Anarchist on Broadway, where it failed. The couple were again allowed to visit the Land of the Free in 1986.

 Fo criticized the adulation given Italy's flag of red, white & green, which he said had been used to cover up "thefts, private interests & the blood of innocents.''



http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1997/
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/dariofo.htm
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/fo_10-9.html


10- 13 -1997 -- The ARMAGEDDONIA ANARCHISTS created today & compete in the Cosmic Underleague during the 1998 baseball season. The ANARCHIST players consist of men & women who had some direct or indirect connection with the anarchist social & political movement of the 19th & 20th Centuries.



The dream of a stateless society, devoid of any authority . . .

The anarchist movement believes the demolition of the patriarchal/matriarchal system of authority is necessary to set things right. Abolish government, abolish private property, & let individuals live according to their own self-imposed, freely arranged moral codes. Bakunin claimed religion & government were the eternal enemies of freedom. Kropotkin advocated the destruction of all government & the liberation of the worker from the employer. Proudhon, the "father" of modern anarchism claimed: La propriete c'est le vol ("property is theft").





Pitchers: Ba Jin, Mikhail Bakunin,, Ulrike Heider, Joe Hill, Peter Kropotkin, Flores Magon, Nestor Makhno, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 

Fielders: Alex Berkman (center), Marie Louise Berneri (shortstop), Murray Bookchin ( Catcher), Voltarine DeCleyre (Catcher/Infield), Sam Dolgoff (First), Buenaventura Durruti (Infield), Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (Outfield), Emma Goldman Big Bill Haywood (Outfield), Errico Malatesta (Outfield), Nicola Sacco (Third) & Bartolomeo Vanzetti (Second)

Staff: Elisee Reclus (Field Manager), Louise Michel (Coach), Albert Parsons (Coach), Dana Ward (Coach), Guiseppe Fanelli (General Manager)

http://www.geocities.com/cosmicbaseball/98aar.html


11- 2 -1997 -- Congress of the IFA (International Anarchist Federations) congress concludes (October 30-November 2), in Lyon, VIème.
http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/ifa.html

http://flag.blackened.net/agony/ayp.html

11- 19 -1997 -- Bleedster Jesse Walker's article "Rebel Radio" published in "The New Republic", notes:



A harsh pounding woke Doug Brewer, the hairy owner of a Tampa electronics store. A SWAT team was outside his house, along with a column of local cops, customs agents, & federal marshals. Upon letting the police in, Brewer & his wife were ordered to the floor, guns pointed at their heads, as the screaming invaders handcuffed them. Some cops even trained their weapons on the family cat. Brewer's offense: broadcasting without a license.

On the morning of November 19, 1997, Brewer is part of a burgeoning pirate-radio scene, the micro radio movement. Ever since 1980, when regulators virtually banned low-watt stations, microcasters have been bypassing the license process altogether & taking to the air with simply transmitter kits that cost only a few hundred dollars. They are a varied lot: anarchists & evangelists, teenagers & retirees, migrant workers & small businessmen. & while some are fly-by-night operators, transmitting an occasional rock record or political rant to anyone passing by an otherwise unused frequency, others have established a permanent, aboveground presence, daring the Federal Communications Commission to shut them down.

 http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/dept/6nr/cbaa/1781.html
http://www.blackcatsystems.com/radio/pirate.html

12- 3 -1997 -- Abe Bluestein, a lifelong anarchist, dies, age 88. Fought to embody anarchist principles all his life. Like many anarchists born in the early 20th century, Abe came from a radical, immigrant family. His Russian parents were active in the anarchist group in the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union & part of the Modern School of Stelton, NJ.

See Daily Bleed Gallery, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/AbeBluestein.htm



12- 17 -1997 -- Five Poles, including members from the Polish Anarchist Federation (FA) kidnapped in Chechnya, while delivering medicine, food & other supplies from a Polish-Chechen friendship society. Their van was found 40 kilometers west of Grozny with its two front tires shot out. They were attacked by a gang of 15. Two Chechen bodyguards (friends of one of the hostages) shot two of the attackers. http://flag.blackened.net/agony/chechen.html


1- 26 -1998 -- US: Seattle songster Jim Page plays The Wild Duck Brewery in eugene, Oregon, home to thousands of black-masked anarchists...

Jim Page is acerbic, powerful, poignant, clever & very funny -- & can improvise a song in a flash. He reveals the nuances, twists & turns of political & everyday life in songs that are crafted to be engaging, one interesting lyric at a time. From his home base in Seattle, Jim is touring with a new live CD.

there's a shadow on the promised land
 shiver in the winter
 freezin' in the empty space
seems like nobody really cares about anybody anymore
 if you ain't got a lot of money
 or a pretty face
& it's slander for slander, it cuts like a knife
this ain't no game we're playin', this is real life

& all they want to talk about at city hall
is how to build a better building to play baseball


Whose World is This
Stranger In Me


http://www.realchangenews.org/pastarticles/interviews/fea.Page.html
http://www.speakeasy.org/wfp/25/Lyrics.html

2- 28 -1998 -- Andre Senez, French shoemaker, anarchist, dies.

Militant in the Jeunesse Anarchiste Communiste (Anarchist Communist Youth) then in the Union Anarchiste, its parent organisation, & then in the post-war Federation Anarchiste. Leaving the Federation Anarchiste in the 50s, Senez attended meetings of Socialisme ou Barbarie along with Georges Fontenis. With Fontenis & Daniel Guerin, he was one of the founders of the Mouvement Communiste Libertaire (MCL).

http://burn.ucsd.edu/~acf/org/issue49/senez.html



3- 20 -1998 -- Agustin Gomez-Arcos (1939-1998) dies from cancer, Paris, France. Spanish anarchist, gay dramatist/novelist. Wrote many novels about pro-Franco Spain: L'agneau carnivore (1975), Maria Republica (1976), Ana non (1977), L'enfant pain (1983), Un oiseau brûlé vif (1984).

Often in winter the end of the day is like the final metaphor in a poem celebrating death:

there is no way out.

 — Agustin Gomez-Arcos, A Bird Burned Alive, 1988 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/pam_intro.html
http://www.total.net/~jogamo/magnov2.htm#juin 1997

5- 21 -1998 -- Jaime Cubero, Brazilian anarchist, author, teacher, dies. http://www.aldeiaglobal.com/jaime.html
http://www.ainfos.ca/pt/ainfos00102.html



http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3471/

5- 23 -1998 -- Love & Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation dissolves itself in New York City. Love & Rage started out as a continental anarchist newspaper at a conference in Chicago in 1989. http://www.spunk.org/texts/groups/lr/sp001773.html


6- 30 -1998 -- France: Paris, a group of 100 people manages to enter the buildings of the Constitutional Council. One of them seizes an original specimen of the constitution, tears it, declaring: "The dictatorship of capitalism is abolished. The workers declare anarchist-communism".


7- 10 -1998 -- Argentinean Soledad dies, hanged herself in the evening in Benevagienna, Italy, where she was living under house arrest in the community "Sotto i ponti". Her body was taken to the hospital of Mondovì, as required by a magistrate, very upset because of the unexpected interruption of his fishing day. Many journalists arrived but were chased away.

Soledad was an anarchist, 22 years old, in Italy since September, 1997. During an investigation of sabotages against the High Speed Train Project (TAV) in Val Susa, she was accused of being a member of an armed organization called "Lupi Grigi" (Grey Wolves) which claimed responsiblity for only one sabotage (there have been a dozen of them & almost all prior to her arrival). She was arrested with Silvano Pelissero & Edoardo Massari in March. The charges were dropped after the jail suicide of Edoardo Massari.

http://www.infoshop.org/news2/italy98_3.html


7- 15 -1998 -- Australia: Vincent Ruiz (1913-1998), a Spanish anarchist who participated in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, dies in Melbourne after a long illness. 

Vincent was one of the last direct links that Australia's anarchists had with those who participated in the anarchist inspired social revolution. After the collapse of the Spanish Revolution he & his family lived in exile in Algeria, Morocco & eventually arrived in Australia in 1965. Unlike many other anarchist exiles, Ruiz stayed true to the ideas of his youth & became involved in the re-emerging anarchist movement in Australia. He was one of the few anarchist refugees to this country who was able to make that transition.

http://www.ainfos.ca/98/jul/ainfos00253.html


1- 2 -1999 -- Andre Arru (aka Jean-René Sauliere) dies. French anarchist & pacifist whose father died in WWI. See Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/sinners/ArruAndre.htm



1- 15 -1999 -- Greece: Demonstrations in nearly every city against the "2525/97 Act". Clashes broke out. In Athens, 14 are arrested. Two, Arban Belala, a 17-year old student-emigrant from Albania & Vasilis Evangelidis, a 30-year old anarchist & unemployed teacher, face serious charges. Others, facing lighter charges, were set free. Two more student-emigrants from Albania are arrested in Thessaloniki. Demonstrations, clashes & arrests continue through the month.

On the 16th, Evangelidis was brought to the interrogator & declared:

"As a graduate of the School of Philosophy & an unemployed, I participated in last year's struggle of the unemployed teachers. That struggle today continues with the pupils' movement, to which I declare my solidarity, also as an anarchist. As one of the 25,000 people who took part in Friday's demonstration. The charges against me are fabricated, I reject them & I protest". Vasilis is ordered imprisoned until his trial.




1- 19 -1999 -- Greece: Vasilis Evangelidis, teacher & anarchist, announces a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment & in solidarity with the student protest movement, occupations & demonstrations across the country.

"When the struggles go beyond passivity, compromise & trade-unionism, then the system reveals its real face: terrorism, violence, repression."

This afternoon another big demonstration takes place in Athens, accompanied by minor clashes. http://www.tao.ca/ainfos/ainfos00188.html

1- 21 -1999 -- Greece: Continuing demonstrations against "2525/97 Act" in many cities with clashes in many. Over 40 people arrested, including anarchists. http://www.ainfos.ca/99/jan/ainfos00190.html


3- 27 -1999 -- The Fourth Annual Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair. San Francisco County Fair Building, Golden Gate Park, near Ninth Ave. & Lincoln Way, 10:00 AM until 6:00 PM. Admission - FREE. Over 60 Anarchist groups will be exhibiting. Over 2000 persons are expected to attend. http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/


3- 31 -1999 -- Second Blue Moon of the year. Celebrated by many as a sign of "The End Times" at the Blue Moon Tavern.

Sorry, We're open!



Near Seattle's fab Recollection Used Books, hang out for numerous Dead Beats, is Seattle's Blue Moon Tavern, whose simple "charm" owes a lot to historical panegyrics & little to the more conventional forms of tavern comfort. the anarchist Stan Iverson, poet Dylan Thomas, gay Allen Ginsberg & Beat Jack Kerouac are all purported to have sucked suds at the Blue Moon -- & they are all dead.
http://www.speakeasy.org/pnp/bluemoon.htm
 http://www.thegrid.net/bluemoon/
http://seattle.sidewalk.com/detail/10735

5- 8 -1999 -- First annual New England Anarchist Bookfair, Boston, Massachusetts.

 http://www.ainfos.ca/A-Infos/ainfos02590.html


5- 8 -1999 -- Andre Dupont (aka Aguigui Mouna) dies, Paris, France. Agitator, propagandist pacifist, philosophical & individualistic libertarian. 

Mixes pacifism & anarchistic individualism, dating from 1951. Went bankrupt in Paris, taking him to the streets, & develops his talent of agitator:

"It is while speaking that one becomes loudspeaker".

Demonstrating alone, he harrangues passersby in the streets of Paris. an early anti-nuke protestor, he started his own newspaper, "Mouna Frères". Seeking opportunities to be heard, Dupont, on several occasions run in the presidential elections as a "Non-Candidate". Bernard Baissat devoted a film to this anti-conformist & Anne Gallois wrote the biography, "Gueule ou crève". http://perso.club-internet.fr/ytak/octobre.html#mouna

9- 25 -1999 -- The Friends of the Modern School met at Rutgers University on September25, 1999. 

 About 80 or 90 former students of the Modern School,residents of the Ferrer colony, their families, anarchists, and sundryothers partook of assorted salads and chocolate cake. There was a veryinteresting program, highlighted by a talk by Paul Avrich, ProfessorEmeritus at Queens College, New York about Alexander Berkman. The talkwas based on Paul's forthcoming biography of Berkman, and gave a graphicdescription of Berkman's attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick. Theother speaker was Kevin Van Meter, a young anarchist organizer fromGarden City, New York, who spoke about his work with the Modern TimesCollective (a collective of anarchist-identified groups on Long Island,including Food Not Bombs), the Long Island chapter of the IndustrializedWorkers of the World and Students for Peace and Justice.There were several interesting announcements as well. Bob Helms ofWooden Shoe Collective in Philadelphia spoke about his efforts toliberate Hippolyte Havel's ashes from a storage vault in Linden, NewJersey. Apparently he has found a sympathetic lawyer willing to do thework pro bono. Bob has also done some research on Mary Hansen (one ofthe teachers at the school) and her partner George Brown. BillGiacalone, a former student of the Modern School, discussed the work ofthe committee trying to preserve the site of the Modern School as achildren's park and nature preserve. The committee (of which I am amember) has designed a park, and has met with the Piscataway BoroughCouncil and the Mayor who were enthusiastic about the proposal. Thenext step is to apply through Piscataway for Open Space/Green Acresfunds to acquire the property, part of which is owned by a real estatefirm.

11- 30 -1999 -- US: In Morgantown, WV, 20 people from the Morgantown Anarchist Group, the West Virginia University branch of the Sierra Club, & others gathered to protest against the WTO.
http://www.zmag.org/wto-seattle.htm


12- 2 -1999 -- WTO Day Three: World Trade Organization delegates meet as the core 50 block area of downtown Seattle is declared off-limits to protestors & most businesses in the area close. 

The "civil emergency" declared on the 1st, & a curfew, remain in effect. Over 225 protestors arrested & held overnight & denied access to lawyers or phones as shoppers continue to flee to the malls. For the second night in a row, police & protestors clash in the nearby Capitol Hill area, where many residents are gassed or shot with rubber bullets. Protests continue in other US cities & around the world as well (6,000 in the Philippines).



Seattle media begins to blame confrontations & acts of vandalism on Oregon's Eugene anarchists


It was largely these protesters, sometimes swelling to 100, who broke windows throughout downtown, spray-painted the anarchist logo of an A in a circle on walls, windows & police cars, & punctured the tires of police cruisers, limousines & other cars.

A movement of young anarchists in Eugene surrounds local writer John Zerzan, according to a recent Seattle Weekly article. A message from Eugene anarchists published in that paper criticized unions & other WTO opponents a "part of the glue holding a rotting order together."

"It's time to create a new world from the ashes after the ruined one . . . Fight back & don't get caught."

--- excerpt, December 1, 1999, Seattle Times

http://www.indymedia.org/
http://www.zmag.org/wto-seattle.htm
http://www.seattle-pi.com/
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/wto.htm

http://www.historylink.org/gazette/gazette.htm

12- 10 -1999 -- Anarchists Protest Atop Lenin Mausoleum



MOSCOW, Dec 10, 1999 --

Reuters

Anarchist protesters climbed onto the Lenin mausoleum on Moscow's Red Square on Thursday, a rare demonstration at the holy of holies of the former Soviet Union.

The five young protestors climbed to the top of the building to stand where Soviet leaders used to watch tanks, soldiers & missilesparade across Red Square in annual commemoration of the Bolshevik Revolution.

The protesters draped a white banner with the words "Against Everyone" scrawled on it over the large "LENIN" inscription which fronts the mausoleum before policemen hustled them away.

Russia's NTV television said the youngsters were radical anarchists & showed pictures of them running across Red Square & making it to the top of the mausoleum unhindered.

For an offence that once might have landed them in jail for several years, Itar-Tass news agency quoted an official as saying the youngsters would be charged with public mischief & fined just 30 rubles, or around one U.S. dollar.

http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/misc/books.html


12- 25 -1999 --

Who's this bum crept in from the streets blinking in the neon an anarchist among the floorwalkers ---Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Director of Alienation

1- 1 -2000 -- Arthur Lehning dies, Le Plessis, Indre (France). Born on October 23, 1899, he was 100 years old.

Anarchist & anti-militarist, an essayist & the sole editor of the avant-garde journal i 10. He was, among many other things, a secretary of the anarcho-syndicalist International Working Men's Association in 1932-1935, at a time when the IWMA was closely involved in the revolutionary activities of the Spanish Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo.

At the International Institute of Social History, Lehning will be remembered as an important representative of its founding generation. In 1935 he was among the Institute's first staff, with a special responsibility for the South-European & Anarchist collections. From April 1939 all through WW II he was in charge of the Oxford branch of the IISH, to which the most sensitive archival records had been sent after the conclusion of the Munich Agreement. In 1957 he returned to the Institute as editor of the collected works of the Russian revolutionary, Mikhail Bakunin, published under the title Archives Bakounine. Some of his major scholarly articles were collected in From Buonarroti to Bakunin (1970).

A real internationalist, who lived in many countries & used to travel widely, Lehning always took a lively interest in political & cultural affairs that far outranged the traditional scope of the Institute. The IISH owes him deep gratitude for the tremendous work he has accomplished on its behalf.

---International Institute of Social History




3- 7 -2000 -- Nicolas Walter (1924-2000), dies. British journalist, philosopher, atheist, anarchist.

His passion for accuracy & a loathing of waffle led him to fire off vast numbers of letters to the press; a few years ago, he estimated that he had had over 2,000 published.

Walter was a founding member of the Committee of 100, & Spies for Peace. A founder of the Vietnam Action Group, he was imprisoned for two months for interrupting Prime Minister Harold Wilson, who was reading the lesson at a Brighton church in 1966.

Nicolas Walter was active despite contracting cancer at age 30; he managed a demanding paraplegic life in central London, daring motorists to ignore his manual wheelchair as he shot across busy roads.

http://www.rationalist.org.uk/press/000321.htm
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/joelane.htm
http://www.ecn.org/freedom/nw.html



4- 16 -2000 -- US: Seattle songster Jim Page plays at the A16 Anarchist and Anti-Capitalist Activities in Massive Rally & Non-Violent Protest at the IMF & World Bank in Washington DC.

Jim Page is acerbic, powerful, poignant, clever & very funny -- & can improvise a song in a flash. He reveals the nuances, twists & turns of political & everyday life in songs that are crafted to be engaging, one interesting lyric at a time. 

Whose World is This
Stranger In Me

http://www.infoshop.org/octo/a16_a.html

http://www.soundsofseattle.com/listen.htm

4- 28 -2000 -- >From: DURRUTI36@aol.com>Mid-Atlantic Anarchist Bookfair>>The Nosotros Group (Anarcho-communist agit-prop collective in Southwest>Baltimore) is looking to set up the first (to our knowledge) Mid-Atlantic>Anarchist Bookfair. Something perhaps not as big as the Bay Area bookfair,>but modeled after the New England fair in 1999.>>We hope to have it held Saturday, April 29th, noon to 7 p.m. Two possible>locations are being looked into, which include housing and food for those>traveling.>


7- 29 -2000 -- Goliardo Fiaschi (1930-2000), Italian anti-fascist & anarchist guerilla, bookstore owner, dies. 

His coffin was borne around the town on the shoulders of friends, followedby a band, & anarchists from all over Italy carrying red & black flags. He was laid to rest beside Gino Lucetti & Steffano Vatteroni, both would- be assassins of Mussolini, & Giuseppe Pinelli, who was defenestrated from police headquarters in Milan in 1969.

 Such was the esteem in which Goliardo Fiaschi was held that even the ranks of Tuscany, in the person of the mayor of Carrara, could scarce forbear to cheer with a farewell notice, which ended with the words:

 "Thanks, Goliardo!"

--- from an obituary by Stuart Christie.

See Daily Bleed page,Anarchist encyclopedia
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sinners/FiaschiGoliardo.htm


8- 11 -2000 -- US: The North American Anarchist Conference, from August 11-17 2000, in Los Angeles, upstages Democratic Convention & the whacko Pat Buchanan-Ross Perot party of brotherly love.

 http://www.geocities.com/naacweb/





8- 31 -2000 -- US: Blackout Books, New York's only anarchist bookstore since 1993 — &, sadly, now closes, due to the festering blight of gentrification afflicting the East Village. 

Under Barnes & Noble's standards, the East Village's Blackout Books was always a miserable failure. Asmall, boxyroom, with an inconspicuous exterior & a busy, cluttered layout.

Miranda Edison, one of the 75 loyal volunteers that ran the store, explains that Blackout had more in mind than just the consumer. "This is an info-shop as well as a bookstore," she says. "If someone asks for the manager, we say there is no manager." Since 1993, Blackout Books encouraged local artists, promoted political causes & mediated debates all around New York.


9- 2 -2000 -- US: Anarchist Futball Association (AFA) Tourament begins, goes until the 4th, in Detroit, Michigan, U$A.

Futball (the real one, or soccer if you like), Jazz, anarchist organizing, & an anarchist contingent in the Labor Day march.

Miserable teams from around the US attempt to match their pathetic skills against the heavily-favored Detroit Riot.In their honor, Detroit hosts the largest free Jazz concert in North America, & true dissonance is provided in preliminary discussions about forming a Midwest anarchist federation. Culminates on September 4 with black flags unfurled in Motor City's Labor Day march.

9- 26 -2000 -- Prague: About 20,000 of the world's bankers, economists & investors begin arriving in order to take part in the 55th Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group (WB) & the Board of Governers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Over the wire comes a report of an anarchist punching a police officer in the face, "repeatedly," during a street protest in Philadelphia. I imagine that little clot of information exploding outward through the endless fractals of the Information Age. I picture it reaching the suburban dinnertime conversations of a hundred million American Beauty households, and if I listen closely, I can hear America tut-tutting.

 But then, there is something shocking about some punk putting one up in a cop’s face. In a culture that can absorb, without flinching, the fact that certain individuals can afford to order take-out for the world’s poorest billion without losing their seats in the Billionaire’s Club, punching a cop remains a genuine shock...



--- James MacKinnon, All This Talk of Anarchy
http://www.adbusters.org/magazine/32/anarchy.html

Informations multilingues en direct,
http://www.sherwood.it/praga/

WHAT DO THESE TERRORISTS WANT?,
http://www.financialcrimes.com/




4- 27 -2001 -- N O G O D S , N O M A S T E R S: Conference for an Anarchist Future

Melbourne // Friday 27th April - Monday 30th April, 2001

Everything you wanted to know about anarchism but were too afraid to ask!

"Like all really good ideas, Anarchy is pretty simple when you get down toit - human beings are at their very best when they are living free ofauthority, deciding things among themselves rather than being ordered about. That's what the word means - 'Without Government'. A lot of the time mostof us know this anyway... but we also know just how difficult it canusually be doing anything for yourself..." (Clifford Harper, Anarchy: A Graphic Guide)

>From Friday, 27 April - Monday, 30 April, 2001, Melbourne will be playing host to an anarchist conference and you’re invited! 'No Gods, No Masters' isan opportunity for anarchists - and for people interested in finding out more about anarchism - to get together and to share our experiences, analyse our situation and finally to organise for a world without government. The conference will feature exhibitions, films, food, music, parties, poetry, stalls, talks, videos, workshops and more! If you have an idea for a workshop (or anything else!) please get in touch; your active participation is more than welcome!

For more details:- write c/o PO Box 199, East Brunswick, VIC, 3057,  email phoenix@anarchy.org.au, or visit 

[Another "If You Don't Stand For Something, You'll Fall For Anything" Production: February, 2001]

http://www.anarchy.org.au.


5- 25 -2001 -- Anarchist Film Festival

 What is this about? Below are the initial calls for submissions and  volunteers for the Second Anarchist Film Festival in Chicago. The festival  will take place May 25-27, as part of Matches and Mayhem, which includes a  bookfair, soccer tournament, and debates. If you want to show your work, or  want to help out, read below. If you just want updates as the fest shapes  up, write to:

 Matches and Mayhem 1573 N Milwaukee Ave #420 Chicago IL 60622 anarchistfilmfest@hotmail.com www.azone.org/matchesandmayhem/

 Want to show your film or video at the Second Anarchist Film Festival?

 Last year we got 150 people to watch a wide assortment of informative,  inspiring, entertaining, and thoroughly radical films by and about  anarchists. A couple of dozen filmmakers submitted their films and a few  attended the festival. We want you to do the same this year. The second  Anarchist Film Festival will take place May 25-27 in Chicago, along with the  other Matches and Mayhem events, the Anarchist Bookfair and Soccer  Tournament.

http://www.azone.org/matchesandmayhem/

3- 22 -3000 --

"We are upping our standards ... so up yours."

       — Pat Paulsen for President, 1988, cited in Mike Harding's collection of stupid quotes, The Armchair Anarchist's Almanac

http://www.ttinet.com/pjf/fortunes.txt

7- 4 -3000 -- 

"The Declaration of Independence "was a denial, & the first denial of a nation, of the infamous dogma that God confers the right upon one man to govern others."

---Robert G. Ingersoll, "Individuality"



"At a time like this, scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed...what, to the American slave, is your Fourth of July?...There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices, more shocking & bloody, than are the people of these United States, at this veryhour."

--- Frederick Douglass



"With regard to intellectual creation the revolution must from the very beginning establish & assure an anarchist regime of individual liberty."

---Leon Trotsky & Andre Breton

7- 13 -3000 --

"Anarchism is not a romantic fable but the hard-headed realization, based on five thousand years of experience, that we cannot entrust the management of our lives to kings, priests, politicians, generals, & county commissioners." 

--- Ed Abbey

9- 2 -3000 -- 

"If I rule out violent anarchism, there remains pacifist, antinationalist, anticapitalist, moral, & antidemocratic anarchism (i.e., that which is hostile to the falsified democracy of bourgeois states). There remains the anarchism which acts by means of persuasion, by the creation of small groups & networks, denouncing falsehood & oppression, aiming at a true overturning of authorities of all kinds as people at the bottom speak & organize themselves. All this is very close to Bakunin."



— Jacques Ellul, Anarchie et Christianisme


4- 21 -3500 --

Make no laws whatever concerning speech & speech will be free; so soon as you make a declaration on paper that speech shall be free, you will have a hundred lawyers proving that "freedom does not mean abuse, nor liberty license"; & they will refine & define freedom out of existence. Let the guarantee of free speech be in every man's determination to use it, & we shall have no need of paper declarations. On the other hand, so long as the people do not care to exercise their freedom, those who wish to tyrannize will do so...

       — Voltairine de Cleyre, Anarchism & American Traditions



5- 7 -3500 --

Clara Solomon
(Pianist, New York, USA)



"When I was a girl, it was at home that I heard discussions about unions & strikes & anarchist activities. Peter Kropotkin, Errico Malatesta, Emma Goldman, & Rudolf Rocker were household names. In the middle 1920's Rudolf & Millie Rocker stayed with us in our home when they came to lecture in Stelton, New Jersey. This made an enduring impression on my brothers Sigmund & David . . . & me, of course."

6- 25 -3500 -- 

"No daring is required to protest against a great injustice."

---Emma Goldman, anarchist activist & organizer, lecturer & agitator, feminist, spokesperson for the new drama, advocate of birth control & free speech http://www.angelfire.com/ok/Flack/emma.html

6- 222 -3500 --

Rodrigo
(Plumber, Orleans, France)



"Anarchy for me, it's a way of living. I don't ask myself what it is -- it's a part of me."

10- 10 -3500 -- 

Anarchism is not a romantic fable but the hardheaded realization, based on five thousand years of experience, that we cannot entrust the management of our lives to kings, priests, politicians, generals, & county commissioners."

--- Edward Abbey

---

anti-CopyRite 2000-3000, more or less
Please send questions, suggestions, additions, corrections to:
BleedMeister David Brown

Visit the complete Daily Bleed Archives

Or visit our Anarchist Encyclopedia,

Or visit The Stan Iverson Memorial Library,

All of these projects are freely produced by Recollection Used Books