Cat Has Had the Time of His Life

    thin line

    Our Daily Bleed...



-- Moses Harmon 1830-1910.Edited Lucifer the Light Bearer 1886-1907,then became the American Journal of Eugenics(ed 1907-1910).Arrested many times for obscenity under the Comstock Law of 1873.Author of many pamphlets. Bit more for your bio,if you want it Best wishes Barry Pateman _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp


-- back credits

julia warner, singer, songwriter, born in vienna (aut), grew up in new jersey (usa), vps-student (nick cave, anne waldman, ruth weiss, steven taylor) camilo antonio, poet, performer, born in isabella (the philippines), vps-student (jackson mac low, h.c. artmann, allen ginsberg, jerome rothenberg, anne waldman, ruth weiss) renee gadsden, writer, historian, radio-moderator, born in new york (usa), vps-teacher & -student (allen ginsberg, jackson mac low) ide, born in vienna (aut), poet, performer, vps-co-founder, -director, -teacher & -student sample-voice franz fuchs, racist terrorist, born in gralla (aut), killed 4 members of the roma-community, injured 17 people by sending out 28 letter bombs, committed suicide while in prison, february 2000 lyrics & voice score austria, austria, austria, austria austria accepts her responsibility arising out of the tragic history & the horrendous crimes of the national socialist regime the singularity of the crimes of the holocaust are an exhortation to permanent alertness against all forms of dictatorship & totalitarianism. austria, austria, austria, austria airtsua, airtsua, österreich we condemn & actively combat any form of discrimination, xenophobia, anti-semitism, racism & demagoguery austria stands for respect artistic freedom & understanding for all human beings, irrespective of their origin, religion or weltanschauung. austria, austria, austria, austria es lebe die deutsche volksgruppe, es lebe österreich es lebe die deutsche volksgruppe, es lebe österreich we will ensure unreserved clarification exposure of the structures of injustice & the transmission of this knowledge to coming generations as a warning for the future. austria, austria, austria, austria airtsua, airtsua austria, austria, österreich, austria, austria, österreich austria, austria, österreich, austria, austria, österreich ... standard: voices: students of the vienna poetry school (vps) italics: sample-voice: austrian racist terrorist underline: voices: people representing different cultures ______________________________________________ "airtsua" (pronounced "airtso") is the audio-reverse version of "austria" corresponding with the politically-reversed version of the same. ______________________________________________ words ide, quoting & paraphrasing the "declaration", published 2000 02 04, on the occasion of the inauguration of the new austrian government, signed by wolfgang schüssel, chancellor & head of the people's party & jörg haider, governor of carinthia & then head of the freedom party http://www.sfd.at/politics/


-- CHARLES BERNSTEIN

"Verse is born free but everywhere in chains. It has been my project to rattle the chains." http://epc.buffalo.edu/authors/bernstein/TLS.htm


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CONTINUAR LA OBRA DE CAPPELLETTY

SAlud y @

Compañeros el Colectivo libertario ALAS DE XUE ha querido continuar la obra del compañero Cappelletty, para tal fin nos hemos dado a al tarea de ampliar y correguir el gronograma del Anarquismo en Latinoamerica que realizo en compañia del Pr. Rama y que fue editado y distribuido en Venezuela. Basicamente lo que hemos incluido son los momentos de presencia Anarquista y Anarcosindicalista en Colombia y algunos datos de Peru y Bolivia. Les recordamos que para aquellos compañer@s que esten interesados en conocer mas a fondo el Anarquismo en Colombia, la Fundacion de Estudios LIbertarios Anselmo Lorenzo ha puesto a la venta el libro de Biofilo Panclasta; El eterno prisionero, editado por el Colectivo Libertario Alas de Xue.

La idea es que tod@s l@s compañer@s de todos los paises aporten datos a este cronograma, la historia es una construccion social. La presentacion del cronograma sera realizada durante las JORNADAS LIBERTARIAS MAYO DEL 98 em Colombia.

SALUD Y A TEJER LA HISTORIA!!!! ALAS DE XUE

From: luis fajardo , 1998
To:anarqlat@majordomo.ucv.edu.ve Cc:a-infos-d@tao.ca

El anarquismo en América Latina
A continuacion la version html del cronograma aumentado y corregido por el colectivo libertario Alas de Xue.

CONTINUAR LA OBRA DE CAPPELLETTY I
 
 

1847. Constitución de las "Sociedades democráticas" en Colombia, con influencia
de las ideas de Proudhon, matizadas por pensadores liberales. La frase que se
escuchaba al iniciar las reuniones era: "La propiedad es un robo. Estas
Sociedades funcionan hasta 1854.

1861   Plotinio C. Rhodakanaty llega a méxico y publica su Cartilla Socialista,
Bakunin pasa dos semanas en Panamá.

Páez, presidente de Vanazuela; Juárez, de México; García Moreno, de Ecuador,
Buenos Aires vence a la Confederación Argentina en Pavón. España vuelve a
ocupar la República Dominicana. F. Varela: Nocturnas, Bernabé Demaría: La
América Libre.

1862   Rhodakanaty inicia su tarea de organizador entre trabajadores y
estudiantes de la ciudad de México.

Mitre, oresidente de Argentina; San Ronán de Perú; F. Solano López de
Paraguay. Blest Gana: Martín Rivas; Antonio Díaz:  Los treinta y tres orientales
libertadores.

1863   Rhodakanaty funda en la ciudad de México el <<Grupo de Estudiantes
Socialistas>>.

Maximiliano, emperador de México. Triunfo de los federales en Venezuela:
Convenio de Coche y presidencia de Falcón. Nuevamente se indeoendiza la
República Dominicana. La flota española frente a El Callao. José Hernandez: Vida
del Chacho; Arona: Ruinas.

1864   Rodhakanaty publica su Neopanteismo y prosigue su labor de organización
y propaganda.

Melgarejo, presidente de Bolivia. Los españoles toman las islas Chincha al Perú.
En Lima se reune un Congreso de Estados Americanos. Constitución Federal en
Venezuela. Los republicanos luchan en México contra Maximiliano de Austria y
las tropas francesas de ocupación. Tropas brasileñas sitian la ciudad uruguaya de
Paysandú. Machado de Assis: Crisálidas. Se adopta el nombre de Estados Unidos
de Venezuela.

1865   Surge en México <<La Social>>. Una Sección de la Internacional funciona
en Martinica. Rodhakanaty funda en Chalco la <<Escuela del Rayo y del
Socialismo>>, de dónde salen Zlacosta y Chávez.

Guerra de la Triple Alianza (Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina) contra Paraguay. Perú
firma un tratado con España. J. Carrión, presidente de Ecuador; José María
Cabral, de República Dominicana. Juana Manuela Gorriti: Sueños y Realidades.

1866   En la isla de Guadalupe funciona una sección de la Internacional.
Saturnino Martínez funda en La Habana el periódico La Aurora, con alguna
influencia proudhoniana.

Guerra hispano-peruana. Solano López es vencido en Tuyutí. Estanislao del
Campo: Fausto; Francisco X. de Acha: La unión se va a las nubes.

1867   Rodhakanaty deja Chalco y regresa a la ciudad de México.

Maximiliano ajusticiado en Querétaro. Juárez entra en la caopital de México.
Santos Acosta, presidente de Colombia; Prado, de Perú. En Haití, Sanalve
derroca a Geffrad. Jorge Isaacs: María; José H. Uriarte: El ángel de los pobres.

1868   Los anarquistas promueven una huelga en las fábricas textiles de Tlalpan.

Juárez otra vez presidente de México; Guzmán, de Nicaragua; sarmiento, de
Argentina; Balta, de Perú. Revolución Azul en Venezuela. Se inicia en Cuba la
guerra de diez añoscontra toda España. Asunción cae en poder de las tropas de
la Triple Alianza. En Puerto Rico, grito de Lares y gobierno de F. Ramírez. Pedro
Echagüe: Amor y virtud; Juan María Gutierrez: Noticias históricas sobre el origen y
desarrollo de la enseñanza pública y superior en Buenos Aires..

1869   Los anrquista mexicanos fundan el <<Circulo Proletario>>. Julio Chávez
publica su Manifiesto a todos los oprimidos y pobresde México y del Universo, y
cuatro meses después es fusilado.

García Moreno, dictador de Ecuador. Juárez enfrenta una insurrección. I.M.
Altamirano: Clemencia. Se inicia la publicación de La prensa en Buenos Aires.

1870   Los anarquistas crean en México el <<Gran Circulo de Obreros>>.

Muere Solano López y concluye la guerra de la Triple Alianza. Nissage Saget
presidente de Haití; Guzmán Blanco, de Venezuela. Instrucción gratuita y
obligatoria en ese país. Fin de la dictadura de Melgarejo en Bolivia. En Brasil
surge el partido Republicano. Lucio V. Mansilla: Una excursión a los indios
ranqueles. Se publica en Buenos Aires el diario La Nación, en Río de Janeiro, La
República.

1871   Los anarquistas de <<La Social>> fundan en México el periódico El
Socialista. Llegan a Buenos Aires algunos exiliados que habían actuado en la
Comuna de París y entre ellos el anarquista Gobley. La banderarojinegra pasa a
ser símbolo del movimiento obrero mexicano.

Se fund en Montevideo la Asociación Rural. Se suprime en Chile el fuero
eclesiástico. Pesta amarilla en Buenos Aires. Libertad de vientre en Brasil.
errázuriz Zañartu, presidente de Chile; Cuadra, de Nicaragua; Juárez, otra vez, de
México. Aparce la Revista del Río de Plata, de Andrés Lamas, Vicente Fidel
López y Juan María Gutiérrez. Este último publica Juan Cruz Varela.

1872   Se funda la sección Uruguaya de la Asociación Intrnacional de
Trabajadores, donde predominan los anarquistas. También la Sección Argentina,
en la cual el grupo francés es marxista; el italiano y el español , anarquistas.

Pardo, presidente de Perú; Lerdo de Tejada, de México. Se unen Honduras, El
Salvador, Guatemala y Costa Rica para constituir la Unión Centroamericana. José
Hernández: Martín Fierro; Hilario Ascásubi: Santos Vega; Ricardo Palma:
Tradiciones peruanas; José María Estrada: La política liberal bajo la tiranía de
Rosas.

1873   El obrero español Francisco Tomás informa que la <<Federación Regional
española>> no tiene noticias de las Secciones de Cuba. El botánico
proudhoniano. José Ernesto Gebert publica su Ennumeratio plantarum sponte
nascentium agro montevidensi.

Dictadura jacobina d Barrios en Guatemala. Abolición dela esclavitud en Puerto
Rico. José Martí publica en México la Revista Universal y su libro La República
española ante la Revolución cubana.

1874   Aparecen México los periódicos anarquistas El Obrero Internacional y La
Comuna.

Nicolás Avellaneda, presidente de Argentina; Domingue de Haití. Nueva
Contitución en Venezuela. En México se edita  El craneoscopio- Periódico
frenológico y científico. J.P. Varela: La educación del pueblo.

1875   La Sección Uruguaya de la AIT organiza su primer mítin y un grupo de
afiliados emcabezados por Francisco Galcerán publica su primer manifiesto
anarquista.

Estrada Palma, presidente de Ciba, Pedro J. Chamorro, de Guatemala. Piérola
fracas en su intento de deponer a Pardo. Tobías Barreto: Estudios de filosofía e
crítica, Antonio Díaz: El frac y el chiripá.

1876   Se constituye la <<Federación Regional de la República Oriental del
Uruguay>> (más tarde Federación Obrera Regional Uruguaya). Se reúne en
México un Congreso General Obrero en el que participan muchos anarquista. Los
Bakuninistas predominan en la sección argentina de la AIT. En México comienzan
a editarse El Hijo del Trabajo y La Internacional.

Guerra civil tripartita en México. Porfirio Díaz toma el poder. Latorre, dictador de
Uruguay; daza, de Bolivia; Pinto, presidnte de Chile; Boisrond-Canal, de Haití. B.
Mitre: Historia de Belgrano; J.C. Bustamante: El veterano oriental; Montalvo: El
Regenerador; J.P. Varela: De la Legislación escolar.

1877 Zalacosta inicia una revolución campesina bajo el signo libertario.
Nuevamente los anarquistas promueven huelgas an las fábricas textiles de
Tlalpan. aparece en México la traducción de Idea general de la revolución en el
siglo XIX de Proudhon, hecha por Rhodakanaty.

Linares Alcántara, presidente de Venezuela. Ley de educación laica y gratuita en
Uruguay. Se funda el Colegio Nacional del Paraguay. Olegario Andrade: Nido de
Cóndores; Martín Coronado: La rosa blanca; O. Moratori: Una mujer con
pantalones; R. Barbosa: El Papa y el concilio.

1878   La Sección Uruguaya de la AIT publica el periódico El Interncional.
Zalacosta presenta un plan para expropiar los latifundios y suprimir el gobierno
central. Se publica La Ley del Pueblo de Alberto Santa Fe. En Puebla sale La
Revolución Social.

Fin de la guerra de los diez años en Cuba. J. Trujillo gobirna en Colombia;
Veintemilla en Ecuador; Barreiro en Paraguay. Eduardo Wilde: Tiempo Perdido;
Ricardo Gutiérrez: Poesia; J.B. Alberdi: Peregrinación de Luz del Día; E. Godon:
El lujo de la miseria; Galván: Enriquillo.

1879   El coronel Alberto Santa Fe es encarcelado al fracasar el levantamiento del
Valle de San Martín. Aparece en Buenos Aires El Descamisado, primer periódico
anarquista argentino.

Octubre 26 de 1879
Vicente R. Lizcano, conocido en los circulos anarquistas como "Biofilo Panclasta"
nace en Chinácota (N. De Santander -Colombia)
Padres: Bernardo Rojas y Simona Lizcano.

Se inicia en Venezuela el <<quinquenio>> de Guzmán Blanco. Roca emprende la
campaña del Desiero. <<Guerra chiquita>> en cuba; guerra grande en el Pacífico:
Chile lucha contra Bolivia y Perú. Piérola, presidente del Perú; Zabala, de
Nicaragua; Salomón, en Haití.Eduardo Gutiérrez: Juan Moreira; Ferreira y Artigas:
Donde las den las toman; José Hernández: La vuelta de Martín Fierro; Zorrilla de
san Martín: La leyenda patria; J.L. Mera: Cumandá.

1880   Llega a Buenos Aires el periodista libertario italiano Héctor Mattei.
Rhodanakaty publica Garantismo Social. Empieza a publicarse en Cuba El
Obrero, periódico de tendencia anarquista.

Roca, presidente de Argentina; Barrios, de Guatemala; Caballero, de Paraguay;
Núñez, de Colombia. Ley de Instrucción pública en este último país. <<Guerra del
vinten>> en Río de Janeiro. Buenos Aires es declarada capital federal de la
República Argentina. Florentino Ameghino: La Antigüedad del hombre en el Plata;
Varona: Conferencias filosófica; Montalvo: Las Catilinarias.

1881   Zalacosta es derrotado en Querétaro por tropas federales.

Constitución <<helvética>> en Venezuela. El ejército chileno ocupa Lima y el
presidente Calderón, hecho prisionero, es mandado a Chile.D. Santa María,
presiente de Chile. A. Azevedo: O Mulato; Machado de Assis: Memorias
póstumas de Brás Cubas; W. Bermúdez: Una Broma de César; Vázquez y Vega:
Críticas de la moral evolucionista; Cambaceres: Potpourri.

1882   En Montevideo empieza a editarse el semanario La Revolución Social.

Máximo Santos, presidente de Uruguay; Heureaux, de Santo Domingo; Fernández
Oreamuno, de Costa Rica. Fundación de La Plata, capital de la provincia de
Buenos Aires. Montalvo: Siete tratados; Martí: Ismaelillo; Medina: Los aborígenes
de Chile; Paul groussac: Ensayo histórico sobre Tucumán.

1883   Un grupo anarquista celebra en Montevideo, el 18 de marzo, el aniversario
dela Comuna de París.

Otalora, presidente de Colombia. Se aprueba la ley de matrimonio civil en
Uruguay. Chile se anexa Tacna, Arica y Tarapacá por el tratado de Ancón.
Capistrano de Abreu: El descubrimiento de Brasil y su desarrollo en el siglo XVI;
D.F. Sarmiento: Conflicto y armonía de las razas en América; R. Siva: Artículos de
costumbres; Gutiérrez Nájera: Cuentos frágiles; J. Calcaño: Cuentos fantásticos;
Varona : Estudios literarios y filosóficos.

Aparecen en Chile los Panfletos titulados "Anarquismo y rojismo en Nueva
Granada" de autor anónimo

1884   Aparece La Lucha Obrera, órgano de la federación Internacional de
Trabajadores del Uruguay. Un grupo intaliano funda en Buenos Aires el <<
Circulo comunista anrquista>>.

Joaquín Crespo,presidente de Venezuela; Porfirio Díaz, de nuevo, presidente de
México; R. Núñez, de nuevo, en Colombia. Chile se anexa Atacama y su costa
maritima. C.M. Ramírez: Artigas; Gavidia: Versos; Barros Arana: Historia gneral de
Chile; O. Bilac: Poesías; Lucio. V. López: La gran aldea; Antonio Argerich: Los
dos primores; Miguel Cané: Juvenilia; A. de Oliveira: Meridionales.

1885 En Montevideo sale el semanario anarco-colectivista La Federación de
Trabajadores. Llega a buenos Aires Enriqu Malatesta, quién comienza a publicar
La Cuestión Social (en castellano e italiano). En La Habana se funda el Circulo de
Trabajadores.

La infantería de marina yanqui oupa la ciudad de Colón (Panamá). Uruguay
devuelve a Paraguay trofeos de guerra. Iglesias presenta su renuncia en Perú.
Guerra en américa Central: El Salvador, Nicaragua y Costa Rica contra
Guatemala. Crisis fiscal en Venezuela: reducción de gastos presupuestarios. R.
Darío: Epístolas y poemas; J. Martí: Amistad funesta; Eugenio Cambaceres: Sin
rumbo; Diógenes Decoud: La Atlantida; Miguel Cané: Charlas literarias;  Calixto
Oyuela: Teoría literaria;  Rafael Obligado: Poesías; Arona: Sonetos y chispazos;
Lastarria: Antaño y hogaño; W.H. Hudson: La tierra purpúrea.

Viaje de Elíseo Reclus a la Nueva Granada, fruto de esta visita, Reclus publica su
obra "Colombia" estudio exhaustivo de la geografía de dicho país, Posteriormente
esta obra fue traducida del francés por F. J. Vergara y Velasco. Reclus Propuso al
gobierno Colombiano un "Proyecto de explotación agrícola" en la Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta, lugar que califica de "República Idílica"
1886   Malatesta busca oro en la Patagonia para financiarla revolución social.

Biófilo Panclasta, Anarquista Colombiano, comienza sus estudios primarios.
Su rebeldía se hacia manifiesta en su sentido anticlerical.
Guzmán Blanco otra vez presidente de Venezuela: la Aclamación.Patricio
Escobar, presidente de Paraguay; Balmaceda, de Chile; Juárez Celman, de
argentina; Cáceres, de Perú. Núñez, de nuevo presidente de Colombia, proclama
la Constitución unitaria. Díaz Mirón: Poesías escogidas; Montalvo: El espectador;
Podestá estrena, en Buenos Aires, Juan Moreira. En Montevideo nace el diario El
Día.

1887  Roig San Martín inicia en La Habana la publicación de El Productor. Allí
mismo se reúne el primer Congreso Obrero Local. Mattei edita en Buenos Aires El
Socialista,semanario anarco-comunista y Malatesta organiza la <<Sociedad
Cosmopolita de Obreros Panaderos>>.

Fundación del Partido Colorado en Paraguay y del Partido Demócrata en Chile.
Educación gratuita y obligatoria en México. E. rabasa: La bola; R. Darío: Abrojos;
I. de María: Montevideo antiguo; B. Mitre: Historia de San Martín; R. Palma:
Poesía.

1888 En Buenos aires funciona el <<Círculo Socialista Internacional>>, formado
por anarquistas italianos y españoles.

J.P. Rojas Paúl, presidente de Venezuela. Abolición de la esclavitud en Brasil.
Sacasa, presidente de Nicaragua; Legitime, de Haití. Rubén Darío: Azul; Zorrilla
de San Martín: tabaré; Hostos: Moral social; Silvio Romero: História da literatura
brasileira; Acevedo Díaz: Ismael; belmiro de Almeida: Arrufos; Sanín Cano:
Colombia hace sesenta años; Altamirano: El Zarco; Leopoldo Díaz: Sonetos.

1889 Malatesta regresa a Europa.

Pedro II es destronado en Brasil. Se funda la Universidad de Asunción. Se unen
Honduras, El salvador y Guatemala. Hyppolite, presidente de Haití. Ricardo
Jaimes Freyre: Castalia bárbara; Vicente F. López: História de la República
Argentina; Manuel T. Podestá: Irresponsable; C. Matto de Turner: Aves sin nido;
Picón Febres: El sargento Felipe; Justo Sierra: México social y político; J.S.
decoud: Sobre la literatura en el Paraguay; Martí: La edad de oro; J. Verissimo:
Estudios brasileiros.

1890 Giovanni Rossi funda en la província de Paraná (Brasil) la colonia
anarquista Cecilia. En Buenos Aires comienza a editarse El Perseguido, órgano
comunista anárquico. P. Amilcare redacta en Montevideo La Voz del Trabajador.
En Iquique (Chile) se produce una huelga de lancheros, promovida por los
anarquistas, que concluye en una gran matanza.

Biófilo Panclasta es considerado el mejor estudiante de Historia de un colegio de
Pamplona. Al respecto afirma: "Era como una intuición del eterno éxodo de mi
vida".

Andueza Palacios, presidente de Venezuela; Juan G. González, de Paraguay. Se
fundan las universidades del Zulia y carabobo en Venezuela. Morales Bermúdez,
presidente de Perú; Herrera y Obes,de Uruguay; C. Pellegrini, de Argentina.
Surge en este país la Unión Cívica radical. M.V. Romerogarcía: Peonía; A.
Azevedo: O Cortic,o; L. López Méndez: Mosaico de política y literatura; azevedo
Díaz: Nativa; J. Calcaño: El héroe de Turbaco; Carlos Roxlo: En la sombra; Lucio
V. Mansilla: Entre nos.

1891 En La Habana se publica como örgano libertario El Trabajo.

Suicidio de Balmaceda y presidencia de Mont en Chile. Constitución republicana
en Brasil. Revolución liberal en Paraguay.
J. Muñoz Tébar: El personalismo y el legalismo; M. García Merou: Recuerdos
literarios; Ocantos: Quilito; Julián Martell: La bolsa; Mchado de Assis: Quincas
Borba; J. Martí: Versos sencillos; A. Rojas: Orígenes venezolanos. Se edita El
Cojo Ilustrado en Caracas.

1892 Se celebra en Río de Janeiro el Primer congreso obrero del Brasil, con
predominio de delegados anarquistas. En Paraguay, el grupo <<Los hijos del
Chaco>> publica un manifiesto libertario. En Sao Paulo, comienza a publicarse Gli
Schiavi Bianchi.

Revolución federalista en Río Grande do Sul. revolución legalista en Venezuela:
Joaquín Crespo, presidente. Revolución liberal en Honduras: Bonilla presidente.
J. Gil Fortoul: ¿Idilio?; E. Blanco: José Félix Ribas; Adolfo Saldías: Historía de la
Confederación Argentina; Del Casal: Nieve. Martí funda el periódico Patria.

1893 Giovanni Rossi publica su libro Cecilía, comunitá anarchica sperimentale.
Llega a Cuba el tipógrafo catalán Pedro Esteve, gran propagandista del
anarquismo. Los anarquistas cubanos fundan la Sociedad General de
Trabajadores. En Buenos Aires se publican los periódicos anarquistas La Liberté
(en francés) y La Riocossa (en italiano); en santiago de Chile, El Oprimido; en
Montevideo, El Derecho a la Vida; en Sao Paulo, L’Asino Umano (en italiano). Se
fund en Cuba el Partido Reformista. Bombardeo de Rio de Janeiro por el
almirante Melo, aliado de los federalistas de Rio Grande do Sul. Zelaya depone a
Sacasa y es proclamado presidente de Nicaragua. Limantour, ministro de
Hacienda de México. Nueva constitución en Venezuela. La Nueva Australia en
Paraguay.
R.J. Cuervo: Diccionario de construcción y régimen de la lengua castellana;
Joaquín V. González: Mis montañas; L. Level de Goda: Historía contemporánea
de Venezuela política y militar; Del Casal: Bustos y rimas; J.L. Flores: Horas; Elías
Regules: Las vivezas de Juancito; J. Da Cruz e Sousa: Broqueles; G. Picón
Febres: Fidelia; A. Audibert: Los límites de la antigua provincia de Paraguay.

15 y 16 de enero de 1893. Levantamiento artesanal en Bogotá. La ciudad fue
durante dos días un foco de emancipación, el poder y la autoridad fueron
duramente cuestionados y la ciudad prácticamente estuvo en manos del Pueblo.
El informe del gobierno Francés se refería a esta rebelión como " Un movimiento
Anarquista" que predicaba "La propaganda por la acción". Los insurgentes
ondeaban banderas "Rojinegras" símbolo de los anarquistas Europeos y gritaban
consignas avivando "La Comuna" Y al anarquista "Rabachol" y mueras al
gobierno, la policía y la iglesia.
 
 


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1936 -- Emma Spain 1936
http://www.cnt.es/fal/bicel8.htm


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1936 -- alsthom workers sitin, June 1936, factory where Simone Weil worked.




1937 --

Lives Remembered: Ambrose Barker and Ella Twynan

Ambrose Barker was active in the anarchist and atheist movements for 73 years. He came to London from Northamptonshire in 1878 to work as an assistant teacher at a Layton Board school, joining the Stratford Branch of the National Secular Society. He broke away to form the Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club in 1880, at which Kropotkin spoke. Barker extended his vision from radical atheism to anarchism at an early date. Between 1910 and 1914 he was associated with the Walthamstow Syndicalists, who met in the Walthamstow Workingmen's Club, which still exists. Barker is remembered there both as Club Secretary and an anarchist.

Many of the Walthamstow Syndicalists were in the Horse Transport Union, an anarcho-syndicalist union (not a breakaway from the T & G, but a forerunner) which decayed with the trade itself.

Ambrose barker helped John Turner and George Cores form the London freedom Group (1930-36) and was involved in the Walthamstow Workingmen's Club 1892-1953 (Secretary until 1950) and wrote a book on its history. His companion Ella Twynan wrote several pamphlets for the NSS and was involved in the anarchist and anti-militarist movements, During World War I she was one of the international delegation which went to Sweden to discuss international socialist opposition to the war.

After Barker died she was involved with the NSS to a greater extent but came to the first meeting of the "Cuddon's" Group, which later became "Black Flag". It was she who suggested the name "Cuddon's Cosmopolitan review" after the paper published in 1861 by Ambrose Cuddon, jun., who she claimed was the first self declared anarchist in Britain. A direct connection with the Chartist and Luddite movements, he welcomed Bakunin to London ("The Working Man" 1862, successor to CCR)



http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet5.htm#FAUD



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2002 -- Agnes Inglis: Anarchist Librarian by Julie Herrada and Tom Hyry Published in the Progressive Librarian A gnes Inglis never planned on a career as a librarian. At the age of 52 in 1924, and following a period of intense work on behalf of radical immigrants facing persecution and deportation after World War I, Inglis visited the University of Michigan library to consult the collection of books, journals, papers, clippings, and ephemera donated by her friend Joseph Labadie in 1911. "Jo" Labadie(1) was a labor leader, social reformer and individualist anarchist who accumulated a large number of materials documenting the multitude of events and movements he had participated in over a forty-year career. Inglis found Labadie's original collection in the same condition in which it had been donated: "in fine shape…though still unbound." (Inglis 1924) She decided to spend a short period of time volunteering in the library unpacking and sorting materials. That short time turned into 28 years of distinguished and mostly unpaid service, during which she not only organized the large collection, but increased it by an estimated twenty times its original size, and raised it to the status it enjoys today among libraries documenting the history and philosophy of anarchism and other radical social and political movements. Inglis's life as an anarchist and a librarian provides an excellent case of the intersection between political ideals and librarianship. Born the youngest child of a well-to-do Detroit family in 1872, Agnes spent most of her first three decades in a sheltered, conservative, religious family home. Her father, a noted physician, died when she was four years old. Other than a year at an exclusive girls' academy in Massachusetts, Inglis spent her youth nursing a sister ill with cancer, and subsequently her mother who died before Agnes turned thirty. With no more family obligations and a substantial income, Agnes left home to travel and attend the University of Michigan where she studied history and literature. Inglis left school before attaining a degree and spent several years as a social worker at Chicago's Hull House, the Franklin Street Settlement House in Detroit, and the Ann Arbor YWCA. While working in these settings, she gained intimate knowledge of the unfair working and living conditions suffered by working class immigrant women and men. She also grew skeptical of the effectiveness of liberal policies and programs designed to transform the lives of working people and subsequently began to question the social, economic, and political conditions in the United States. At the same time, Inglis continued her abbreviated education informally. She read widely and was especially attracted to and persuaded by revolutionary writers. She attended many lectures in Ann Arbor and Detroit given by a variety of social critics, many of them anarchists. She met Emma Goldman in 1915 and became friends with the famous anarchist through whom she also met Alexander Berkman, Goldman's longtime comrade and lover. Inglis organized anarchist lectures in southeastern Michigan, began associations and friendships with many local radicals, and joined the Detroit chapter of the Industrial Workers of the World. In addition to her activism, Inglis used her financial means to generously support radical efforts ranging from strike funds to bail money for those imprisoned for expressing unpopular political viewpoints. With the onset of the United States involvement in World War I, Inglis stepped up her radical activities by participating frequently in demonstrations protesting conscription and the war. When the government cracked down on radicals demonstrating against the war in what became known as the first Red Scare, Inglis found her resources to be even more in demand. Along with tireless efforts in support of those facing deportation, she also posted bail for numerous individuals and contributed heavily to their defense funds. Her longtime support of radical causes eventually led her family to cut off her unlimited access to funds and gave her only a modest income on which to live. When the turmoil following the Red Scare died down, Inglis began her career in the Labadie Collection. As curator, Agnes developed idiosyncratic organizational techniques that nonetheless provided a useful structure to the collection. She began by dividing assorted materials into broad subject categories that resulted in a vertical file system still in use today. She had many journals bound, including Mother Earth, Regeneration , and Appeal to Reason , and compiled clippings and other ephemera into scrapbooks dealing with subjects on which there existed abundant documentation, such as Emma Goldman, Haymarket, the I.W.W., the Tom Mooney case, and Sacco and Vanzetti. In addition, she constructed a detailed card catalog (also still in use) that held item level cataloging on most materials in the collection as well as information lists of individuals and groups that functioned as a low level name authority file. Though her death left some mysteries about the arrangement of the materials in the collection, her organizational efforts restored contextual information to the materials and made them far more usable by researchers. There is no evidence that she either had or sought the assistance of trained librarians within the library system, consequently all this work was done on her own. Inglis succeeded in greatly increasing and broadening the holdings of the Labadie Collection. After a few years of organizing it, Agnes and Jo sent a letter to 400 radicals asking them to contribute their materials documenting events and people they knew. Though the letter received only a limited response, Inglis used it as a starting point to aggressively seek out individuals to donate materials. Among the most important collections she added were papers relating to Voltairine de Cleyre, a Michigan-born anarchist and friend of Emma Goldman's, and socialist writer John Francis Bray. She used her extensive connections and correspondence with radicals of the period such as Goldman, Roger Baldwin, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and Ralph Chaplin, among many others, to persuade them to contribute relevant materials. Agnes also assisted many individuals in their research and publications including helping Goldman and Chaplin with their autobiographies, Henry David with the seminal The Haymarket Tragedy , and James J. Martin with Men Against the State . Inglis's career has historical significance for librarians concerned with issues of social justice for a number of reasons. Her story is inspiring from a political standpoint because once her political ideals were formed, she never betrayed them and she saw them as central to her work as a librarian. Her motivations came explicitly from her devotion to the ideals of the philosophy and history of anarchists and other leftist radicals with whom she labored for a better and more just world. Her political commitments often worked to the advantage of the collection, seen most explicitly in the use of her connections to acquire records from her comrades. Even recently, the Labadie Collection received a valuable set of papers from a woman who was still grateful to Agnes for bailing her father out of jail all the way back in 1917. She also put use of the collection as a top priority, even to the extreme of lending materials from the collection. When one of her borrowers damaged or did not return an item, her genteel and generous nature would never allow her to accuse them. She was pleased enough that people were interested in the materials. One note she wrote describing her loan of a book to an Italian anarchist who lived in the Twentieth Ward in Detroit in 1934 says "the Twentieth Ward sure is hard on a rare book!" Finally, her knowledge of the individuals and events of that history enabled her to effectively collect, arrange, describe, and provide access to the materials in the collection. Inglis once wrote to Emma Goldman, "It's no joke to take all that mass of material and fix it up so students can really use it. It is not a work everyone can do. One has to know the material. People don't appreciate that." (Inglis 1925) Agnes devoted the final third of her life to the Labadie Collection, until her death in 1952. Generations of scholars who have used the collection have appreciated the knowledge, skill and dedication Agnes Inglis brought to the cause of documenting the history of radical political movements in the United States and her contribution to that history is immeasurable. WORKS CITED Inglis, Agnes (1924) Letter to http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/LabadieJoseph.htm, February 11th , Joseph Labadie Papers, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Inglis, Agnes (1925) Letter to Emma Goldman, March 19th , Emma Goldman Papers, Labadie Collection,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1. For more information on the life of Labadie, see Carlotta Anderson's excellent new biography, All American Anarchist: Joseph A. Labadie and the Labor Movement (Detroit: Wayne State University Press) 1998. http://www.spunk.org/agnes.html


3500 -- John Reed Clubs, Italian-Americans & Communist party http://www.libertynet.org/balch/meyer.htm


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4005 -- Lynd Ward Archive Lynd Ward died in 1985 http://www.antioch.com/wardx56.jpg http://www.antioch.com/wardx58.jpg

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http://www.bpib.com/lyndward.htm

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4009 -- sid vicious sex pistols nazi graphic on t shirt http://www.geocities.co.jp/MusicStar/6282/pistols/discography/boot.html

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/7412/punklinx.html

Mad Magazine
5000 --
http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~seckel/trident.html


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5000 -- "There is a lot of bullshit in Lawrence, Miller, or Patchen -- but their enemies are my enemies." (Rexroth) Three new Rexroth essays are now online at the BPS website -- MARK TWAIN http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/twain.htm "It was the official culture which was schizophrenic, not Mark Twain. The whole meaning of Mark Twain is that he 'saw life steadily and saw it whole'... If Baudelaire was the greatest poet of the capitalist epoch... Mark Twain wrote its saga, its prose Iliad and Odyssey." POETRY, REGENERATION, AND D.H. LAWRENCE http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/lawrence.htm "Lawrence did not try to mislead himself with false promises, imaginary guarantees... Communion and oblivion, sex and death, the mystery can be revealed -- but it can be revealed only as totally inexplicable. Lawrence never succumbed to the temptation to try to do more. He succeeded in what he did do." KENNETH PATCHEN, NATURALIST OF THE PUBLIC NIGHTMARE http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/patchen.htm "Patchen has gone back to the world of Edward Lear and interpreted it in terms of the modern sensibility of the disengaged, the modern comic horrors of le monde concentrationnaire. It is as if, not a slick New Yorker correspondent, but the Owl and the Pussycat were writing up Hiroshima."


9001 -- Augustus John

When the Glasgow anarchist orator Eddie Shaw asked him what work he did, John replied, 'I don't need to work. People pay me for painting.' --- Donald Rooum I was reading recently the biography by Michael Holroyd of the painter Augustus John, a self-declared anarchist who was also rather a monster in creating around himself the particular version of anarchy that appealed to him. Holroyd is describing John's return, in his 73rd year in 1950 to St-Rémy in France, to a place he had left in a hurry in 1939: 'French feeding wasn't what it had been and the wine seemed to have gone off. But in the evening, at the Cafe' des Varie'te's, he could still obtain that peculiar equilibrium of spirit and body he described as 'detachment-in-intimacy'. The conversation whirled around him, the accordion played, and sometimes he was rewarded 'by the apparition of a face or part of a face, a gesture or conjunction of forms which I recognise as belonging to a more real and harmonious world than that to which we are accustomed'." --- Colin Ward
Augustus John


9001 -- ADD BLOOD UPDATES

LYND WARD, GELLART, ET AL

http://www.graphicwitness.org/ineye/index2.htm

http://www.graphicwitness.org/historic/ward16.htm
http://www.bpib.com/lyndward.htm
http://gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu/associates/newsletter/53/ward.htm
http://www.antioch.com/lobby_lynd.html
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9001 -- Rideout, Walter B. 1956.
The Radical Novel in the United States, 1900-1954: Some Interrelations of Literature and Society.

Chapter 9: The Long Retreat, (section III, pp. 275-285).

III

<

IMG SRC="empty10.gif">Aside from the independent radicals, only one other left-wing writer since 1940 has produced any novels of better than average quality, and this man's work is perhaps most remarkable for its sheer quantity. In the lean years after World War I, the tradition of radical fiction had been kept alive largely by the efforts of Upton Sinclair. Now in as nearly lean years the same office is being performed by Howard Fast. Even more, in fact, than at first appears likely, Fast's position as writer resembles that of the older man. Besides being prolific in production, both have composed boys' stories as hackwork in professional writing careers, both have a flair for the tale of rousing adventure, both are pamphleteers of considerable skill, and both, though Fast is much the superior craftsman, regard their novels primarily as vehicles for their respective messages. Both have courageously refused to separate their writings from their lives, have been vigorous in direct agitation for their political beliefs, and have seen the insides of jails as a result of their determination to defend those beliefs openly. Finally, both Fast and Sinclair have at various times achieved wide popularity at home and abroad for their work, especially in the Soviet Union; and Fast's recent writing, like almost all of Sinclair's, has begun to suffer from some of the qualities which have helped to produce that popularity.

If Sinclair's chief contribution to modern American fiction was to help establish the novel of contemporary history, Fast's has been to show how an already established form, the traditional historical novel, may be used for radical ends. The conception basic to most of his work is a dialectic of revolutionary development whereby certain past events are viewed as acts in the extended drama of mankind's struggle toward a classless society. Fast's type-story is that of a revolt of the oppressed against their oppressors — Washington and his starving troops against the power of England, Spartacus and the gladiators or the Maccabees and their people against the power of Rome. Each of these struggles, Fast implicitly or explicitly argues, helped bring mankind closer to its inevitable future, and he hopes to persuade the reader of the magnitude of what might he called the tradition of revolt. But the usability of this past has a second element particularly apparent in the latest books. If the past is seedbed of the future, it also affords parallel upon parallel with our own time, and Fast has always deliberately attempted "to link the trends" of a past revolutionary time "with the trends today.8 The reader is not only to admire the past; he is to profit from it in his own time.

Although Fast has written of the ancient and foreign times of Palestine under the Maccabees (My Glorious Brothers) and Rome of the late Republic (Spartacus), his main efforts have so far gone into reexamining American history, the current of which, he believes, "as expressed by the mass of American people is revolutionary." 9 Not including the three "straight" historical novels written prior to The Last Frontier (1941) — according to Fast this book was his first conscious attempt at radical fiction.10 — the books dealing with American history cluster around three different periods: the American Revolution, the second half of the nineteenth century, and the contemporary.

The contemporary novels — Clarkton (1947), The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1953), and Silas Timberman (1954) — are significantly enough the thinnest of his work. Silas Timberman, the most recent, is an angry attempt to expose the forces behind the current suppressions of academic freedom, but Fast concentrates so hard on demonstrating all parts of the Communist analysis of these forces that he skimps the details needed to make his characters seem alive and engaged in human relationships. The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti is the best of the three, for it at least gains a different and more successful kind of concentration by restricting itself in time to the twenty-four hours leading up to the execution of the Anarchists and by maintaining a consistent elegiac note, which even subdues the occasional bitterness of Fast's invective within an all-enveloping sorrow. Like any sensitive person Fast has responded to the final agony of these two men. In Clarkton, however, concentration is precisely what is lacking. Although only a little longer than the brief Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, it attempts, by describing a postwar strike in a one-industry town of western Massachusetts, to present a group of Communists as human beings with quite human virtues and shortcomings. One is most struck by the shortcomings of all the characters. The owning class is represented by a cultivated "liberal," George Clark Lowell, who, finding himself less and less able to handle the developing strike situation, employs a professional strikebreaker and tries to benumb his conscience with drink and sexual promiscuity. Opposed to the disintegrating liberal are a group of Communists and their sympathizers, among them being a feckless strike organizer, a tired old lawyer, and, most important of all, a neurasthenic doctor named Elliott Abbott — the insistently New England names produce unconscious caricature — who is surprisingly friendly to Lowell but who maintains, with something less than scientific objectivity, that the Communist Party is "the only thing decent and good and real in this land." Unlike the strikes of so many proletarian novels, this one still holds as the book ends; yet even the class-conscious individuals on the workers' side are singularly cheerless in their conviction that the system they are fighting is a dying one. Like the other two novels, Clarkton is an ad hoc piece of work, and the weaknesses of all three suggest that, in order to speak out at once on contemporary issues, their overworked author is writing too fast and too abstractly.

Always Fast seems more at his ease with the novel about earlier times. The three dealing with the second half of the nineteenth century — The Last Frontier (1941), Freedom Road (1944), and The American (1946) — exhibit his technical versatility and as a group imply a conscious plan to cover as much of American society as possible. Geographically, for example, the first is concerned with the West, the second with the Reconstruction South, the third with the Midwest. (Clarkton and The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti were subsequently to bring in New England, while the novels of the American Revolution concentrated on the Middle Atlantic states.) Again, in each of these three novels the fate of a different American minority group is emphasized: Indians in The Last Frontier, Negroes in Freedom Road, the foreign-born in The American. If it were not for the insistence on the inevitable revolutionary triumph toward which all this history tends, one might describe Fast's work as an attempt to write a vast, many-faceted American tragedy, so brutally are the forces arrayed in each case against the minority; yet any defeat that the oppressor inflicts is only appearance. Ultimate victory for the oppressed, these novels argue, is the reality.

Of the three books, Freedom Road and The American now seem for differing reasons markedly weaker than The Last Frontier. As history Freedom Road, though not unquestionable, appears mainly accurate in its account of the temporarily successful attempt by the newly freed Negroes and the poor whites of Reconstruction South Carolina to join political forces against the planters. But in a novel historical accuracy is not enough; all the characters except the dead ones, as Mark Twain said so scathingly of Fenimore Cooper's people, must appear to be alive. Gideon Jackson, Fast's Negro hero, is impossibly virtuous, as to a lesser degree are most of the other representatives of the two oppressed groups, and the white planters are almost unmitigatedly evil. Furthermore, the form of the novel, a spurious kind of folk epic, requires that Jackson be kept rather vague as an individual; while the language of the novel, a pseudo-Biblical, pseudo-"folksy" diction, ends by blurring all the characters rather than illuminating any of them sharply. On the other hand, The American succeeds in its portrait of the tough-minded, iron-fibred, yet compassionate John Peter Altgeld, Governor of Illinois and "Eagle Forgotten," who opposed President Cleveland's probably unconstitutional act of sending Federal troops into Illinois in 1894 to break the strike of Debs's Railway Union against the Pullman Company and who bravely put his career in jeopardy by pardoning as innocent men the three remaining Anarchists from the Haymarket Affair. The success of his characterization of Altgeld results in part from the many-angled view of the man made possible by what is perhaps Fast's favorite technique for the novel: successive clusters of related scenes, the scenes presented to the reader through the subjective viewpoint of one or more different characters and linked, like the clusters themselves, either by ironic juxtaposition or by swiftly moving bridge passages of author's narrative. Unfortunately Fast is less successful in his ultimate purpose, to reveal through the career of Altgeld the major forces in American socioeconomic history from the Civil War to the opening years of the present century; for his reading of that history is a decidedly simplified one in which the great liberal protest movements are discounted as utterly useless and unproductive of political progress, while the tradition of extreme revolt is held up as the one true source of strength against an imperialist oligarchy. How he overlooks distinctions in order to shape history to his own purpose is most obvious in his explicit attempt to present the Anarchists as forerunners of the modern Communists. History, even for the writer of historical fiction, simply is not that ductile.

If Freedom Road fails mainly for literary reasons and The American mainly for historical ones, The Last Frontier succeeds in all ways. Here at the outset of his career as a radical novelist Fast found the perfect "objective correlative" for both his beliefs and his powers. The subject of this fine novel, to date his best, is an extraordinary actual event out of America's frontier past. Among the Indians who were exiled to Oklahoma Indian Territory in the 1870's because the white Americans coveted their lands was a small band of Cheyennes from the fertile Powder River country of Wyoming and Montana. In 1878 this band, numbering less than three hundred men, women, and children, began a break for freedom which ended months and hundreds of miles later with half the band killed and half back in their old homeland despite the bitter opposition of over ten thousand veteran U.S. Army troops. At the end of the 1930's Fast came across an account of this event in Struthers Burt's Powder River. Now committed intellectually to Marxism and desirous of an adequate subject for its literary expression, he saw the story as "an epic in man's desire for personal freedom," knew he had his subject, and set off for Oklahoma in 1939 to gather the facts, which had long since become obscured and falsified. The details, when he discovered them, gave so complete a pattern that he needed to add only one fully fictitious character, a cavalry captain in whom pursuit of the Cheyennes becomes an obsession because of his admiration for their courage and indomitable purpose.

The novel is not simply admirable as history, however; it is admirable as literature and as radical literature. This rather short book takes on the quality of its incident, and in its spare, usually understated prose achieves indeed the stripped grandeur of an epic. Quite wisely Fast reveals the action only through the eyes of a variety of white characters so that the heart of the mystery, the almost instinctive drive of the Indians for freedom, is never explained but only manifests itself, calmly and irresistibly, like a force of nature. Quite wisely also Fast avoids suggesting his real theme directly except for a few brief passages. Thus, when Carl Schurz, erstwhile fighter on the barricades for German freedom and now a colder-blooded American Secretary of the Interior, signs the order returning a captured group of the Cheyennes to Oklahoma, he is portrayed as possibly thinking that such rebellions by minorities must not recur and then as "sensing something of a future where it would occur again and again and again, where the trail would not be the trail of three hundred primitive horsemen over a thousand miles of green prairie, but of thousands and millions across the blackened and tear-wetted face of the earth." Here the voice of the author sounds through that of his character, but almost everywhere else the radical theme resides in the incident itself, which produces its symbolic quality unaided. A struggle for freedom in the past implies a greater struggle for freedom in the future. Image and idea coexist, and a moment in history becomes, for literary purposes at least, a prophecy.

It was when he began work on The Unvanquished (1942) that Fast resolved to prove that the major current of American history has been revolutionary and to attempt, as he said, "a one-man reformation of the historical novel in America." Such being his resolve, it is not surprising that three of his many books are concerned directly with the American Revolution itself. The Unvanquished scrupulously details Washington's New York campaign in the fall of 1776 from the disaster of Brooklyn Heights to the crucial Battle of Trenton and shows the development of Washington from the fox-hunting landed gentleman to the man of steadfast devotion to the revolutionary cause; while Citizen Tom Paine (1943) Fast's most popular book despite the inevitable falling off of its second half, pictures the Revolution through the eyes of America's first professional revolutionary. These first two books were attempts to rescue two famous but quite different men from historical falsification, from the hagiologists in one case and from the demonologists in the other. Both were consistent portraits, that of Washington being the more convincing, but the critical and popular success both achieved resulted in part, no doubt, from the intensified patriotism of wartime, which was also willing to accept a revolutionary past in order to prove present idealism in a world fight.

When The Proud and the Free appeared in 1950, World War II was over, and the sudden, tentative friendliness between the Soviet Union and the United States had passed into hatred and suspicion. This third volume concerned with the American Revolution did not deal with already famous figures but with men so obscure that the names of most have been lost; it was far more explicit even than Citizen Tom Paine in revealing the revolutionary commitment of its author; and it was received with marked reservations or with rage. One reviewer attacked it so severely for supposed historical inaccuracies that Fast felt required to reply at length in the Marxist-oriented Masses & Mainstream. In his "Reply to Critics" he demonstrates that, contrary to the charge, he had done much careful research to assemble his facts concerning the mutiny of the veteran troops of the Pennsylvania Line's foreign brigades on January 1, 1781; nevertheless, the book and the reply suggest that as opposition to his political views becomes more bitter, as his popularity decreases precisely because of those views, he may be forcing the ideological arguments of his books to greater and greater extremes. The point is worth Illustrating.

One may overlook the unimportant matter that Fast uses as his horrifying climactic episode a contemporary but second-hand account of the punishment of the leading mutineers even when that account is rejected as "fantastic" by Carl Van Doren in his Mutiny in January, a full-scale history of the little-known affair, one to which Fast himself quite properly assigns the major credit for establishing the facts.11 What is really important is his interpretation of the mutineers' motives. As long as he keeps within the bounds set by established facts, of course, any historical novelist, whether Fast or, say, Kenneth Roberts, has the right to interpret the facts according to his own beliefs; yet just as Roberts's attempts to reevaluate the character of Benedict Arnold ultimately smash up against the hard fact of his hero's subsequent treason, so Fast's attempts to make the mutineers a group of half-conscious Marxists smash up against other hard facts. The rebellious sergeants of the Pennsylvania Line's foreign brigades did throw off their officers, they did lead their troops in good order to Princeton, they did set up a well-conducted self-governrnent and refused to be bribed over to the British — and then they resubmitted themselves to their officers. Fast's explanation for this significant conclusion of the revolt is that the sergeants knew they were caught in their own objective situation. Although they knew themselves to be the concentrated spirit of the Revolution, the conditions that would have enabled them to step upward to a new historical level lay in the future and did not then exist. "Thus, in surrendering, the Committee of Sergeants acted less from choice than from the strong pressures of necessity."12

What are the facts? The Pennsylvania Line mutinied for very excellent, but very specific reasons — mistreatment by officers, lack of pay, a disagreement over the term of enlistment. When their officers promised rectification of these abuses, the Committee of Sergeants voluntarily ended their rebellion. Since the order of events seems to show true cause and effect here, to argue that necessity rather than choice motivated their final decision is both gratuitous and questionable. Of course Fast may only be "interpreting," but his interpretation fails to supply motivation for a subsequent event. If the men of the foreign brigades were so far along on the unaccustomed way to becoming professional revolutionaries, why did a majority of them take the proffered chance to leave military service entirely instead of remaining in the essential fight? Finally, the mutiny in the Pennsylvania Line must be considered in relation to other mutinies that took place in the Continental Army at or near the same time, particularly that of the Connecticut Line. Not only did the latter occur six months previous to that of the foreign brigades and among a predominantly native-born body of troops, but it resulted from exactly the same kind of specific grievances. Nor was this mutiny ended by pacific agreement; rather it was put down by the threat of the guns of the Pennsylvania Line itself. If, according to Fast, the foreign brigades were the spearhead of the Revolution in January, 1781, then the Connecticut Line must have been the spearhead in the previous summer — and the Pennsylvania Line, "objectively" speaking, must of necessity have been acting at that time as a counterrevolutionary force. Such a conclusion would hardly suit Fast's interests, but it is the conclusion to which his premises lead.

That Fast's interpretations are becoming more and more extreme, and less and less convincing, is shown by his tendency, steadily on the increase since the end of World War II, to point up his parallels between past and contemporary history, a tendency perhaps motivated by a psychological need to meet present attacks against the Left with ever greater defiance. In The American he had pictured the Anarchists quite incorrectly as proto-Communists. In The Proud and the Free he apparently was trying to make the foreign brigades of the Continental Army stand for the foreign brigades on the Loyalist side in the Spanish War. In Spartacus (1951), his insistence on parallels sometimes turns the book into an ideological anachronism.

The revolt of Spartacus and the gladiators against Rome, a revolt which became the Gladiatorial War of 73-71 B.C., was of course a subject that was a "natural" for Fast; for it gave wide scope to his real gifts — a command of swift narrative, the ability to suggest through concrete details the felt sensuous everyday life of the past, a particular skill (one wonders at its source) with scenes of physical torment or other forms of violence. Even more suitable was the nature of the revolt itself, a spontaneous outbreak by slaves against masters, which in Fast's treatment becomes an explicit prophecy of a future, successful revolution by the proletariat against capitalist domination. The slaves of Rome, it is pointed out several times, are the producers, those who built "the cities, the towers, the walls, the roads and the ships," and who are forced into the "comradeship of the oppressed" by the unthinking, unfeeling cruelty of their owners. Under the leadership of Spartacus the gladiators of Capua, trained by their deadly profession not to make friends with each other, fight off in good order successively larger detachments of Roman soldiery and learn in these acts a sense of community which enables them to band together in a primitive communism where all men are equal and share with one another. That their effort ends in the thousands of crucified gladiators along the Appian Way only indicates that history is not yet ready, as it will be, for so much freedom.

On the improbable chance that the constant parallelizing of revolts might be missed, Fast at one point produces a scene out of a proletarian novel. A group of aristocrats is conducted through a perfume factory where rich materials are processed in filthy surroundings by nearly naked "free" workers, not slaves. The Roman capitalist who operates the factory points out that the factory owners of the country have smashed the laborers' guilds (read "unions"), and he scoffs at the notion that the workers might rebel like Spartacus; yet one of the aristocrats is filled with an inexplicable uneasiness as he sees the men go silently and efficiently about their tasks. Clearly, between The Last Frontier and this book Fast has not developed in the direction of greater subtlety and restraint.

The temper of the book is revolutionary throughout, and it comes as no surprise that there are many echoes of the motifs made familiar by the proletarian novel of the Angry Thirties. Roman justice is merely a means of protecting wealth and power; the politician is a "magician" who makes the common people believe in the illusion that "the greatest fulfillment in life is to die for the rich"; the wealthy Romans themselves are decadent and sexually perverse, while the slaves are normal, moral, and of course dedicatcd to Life. The victorious gladiators insist on equal rights for women, as well as conjugal fidelity for the men, and they reject national differences with an easy internationalism. Nor are race and religion barriers among them; with the gladiators, black and white unite and fight. In this context appears once more a pattern of characters which has become a formula with Fast beginning at least as early as Clarkton (1947) and recurring as well in The Proud and the Free and The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti: always among the important figures are a Negro, a Jew, and a white Gentile. Though Fast's motive is certainly honorable, the repetition of the pattern becomes too glib and suggests that Fast's imagination is overly subjected to ideological habit.

Ideology certainly controls the characterization of Spartacus himself. Even through the hostile accounts of the Roman historians, one glimpses the man's genius and his humanity, but when Fast has filled in the gaps in his personality left by men who thought the deeds of slaves to be unimportant, what emerges is a kind of Soviet hero extrapolated into the first century B.C. The leader of the gladiators is brave, calm, upright, and dignified, possessed of a remarkable "wholeness" of personality, devoted to his followers and wife, who worship him, and to humanity as well. Such he might have been, though Fast has come a long way from his portrait of the admirable yet humanly limited George Washington in The Unvanquished. But real glibness appears when Spartacus is endowed with a preternatural consciousness of history. Not only does he agree with Marx that wealth is created solely by the workers, but he almost repeats, or creates, Marx's most famous appeal when he asserts to a Roman captive that the gladiators will build a new world of equality, justice, and peace after smashing down the brutal power of the owners: "The whole world, will hear the voice of the [slave] — and to the slaves of the world, we will cry out, Rise up and cast off your chains!"13 When Spartacus speaks with both the accents and the vocabulary of The Communist Manifesto, the reader no longer needs to believe in him as a character of his time.

In a note at the end of Spartacus, Fast explains that the novel was of necessity published by himself after he had learned that "no commercial publisher, due to the political temper of the times, would undertake the publication and distribution of the book." If such be indeed the reason for the refusal of the novel, it is not one that American publishing can be proud of; but even more serious for Fast the writer than having to print his own books is the probability that his defiant sense of crisis will impel him even farther along the way of Spartacus, the way to a skillfully done but essentially sterile melodrama of history. Then his best work will lie irrevocably behind him at the beginning of the forties, and a distinct, if limited, talent will be quite lost to American letters.


8 Howard Fast, "Reply to Critics," Masses & Mainstream, III (December, 1950), 53-64, pp. 62-63.
9 Quoted in "Howard Fast," Wilson Library Bulletin, XVII (October, 1942), 82.
10 In conversation with the present writer, December 29, 1950.
11 Fast argues concerning this report that, "Too many of the accounts introduce the same note of horror for this to be entirely an invention." (Reply to Critics," p. 63.) But for the purposes of his novel he accepts the account as entirely true, which is something else again. For Van Doren's rejection of the report, see Mutiny in January: The Story of a Crisis in the Continental Army..., New York, The Viking Press, 1943, appendix, pp. 250-251.
12 Fast, "Reply to Critics," p. 61.
13 Howard Fast, Spartacus, New York, published by the author, 1951, p. 215. http://www.trussel.com/hf/rideout.htm


9001 --

Alan Wald on "The Radical Novel Reconsidered"--interviewed by Chris Faatz for Reading the Left no. 4 (Fall 1998)

Date: Fri, 30 Oct 1998 10:05:37 -0800To: READING THE LEFT@stayhungry.rs.itd.umich.edu From: Chris Faatz Subject: READING THE LEFT #4: Special edition 

In this special issue of READING THE LEFT, I'm pleased to bring you an interview with radical scholar, historian, and literary critic Alan Wald.

Alan, a professor at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, is the author or co-author of several books and even more (often controversial!) essays on all matter of subjects, but primarily the history of the US left and the history of radical literature. In this essay, we briefly consider a new project he's undertaken, the overall editorial control of the University of Illinois Press' "Radical Novel Reconsidered" series.

This interview may be re-run in any publication interested, however I ask two things: 1) contact me first, 2) no editing of content without prior agreement on my and Alan's part.

Thanks, and enjoy.

Chris

THE RADICAL NOVEL RECONSIDERED

1) What led you to this project? What is its *political* significance? How'd the University of Illinois Press get into it?

The proposal for the series was initiated by University of Illinois Press Director Richard Wentworth, who has an excellent record of publishing, and sometimes reprinting paperback editions of, important books on Left history and culture. For some time I had been reviewing proposals for manuscripts of books for the University of Illinois, including several for the series of Left poets ("The American Poetry Recovery Series") that Cary Nelson inaugurated with the COLLECTED POEMS OF EDWIN ROLFE (Rolfe was a veteran of the Lincoln Brigade). I had also been recommending paperback reprints of books on Left culture for Columbia University Press--classic works by Daniel Aaron, James Gilbert, Frank Warren, Walter Rideout, Henry May, James T. Farrell, Sidney Hook, and so on.

My own scholarly research, writing and teaching for the past decade has focused on reconstructing Left (mostly Communist) cultural practice during the 1940s and 1950s. Naturally this work is bonded back to the experiences of the 1930s and looks forward to (and frequently intersects with) the new politico-cultural radicalism of the 1960s. So it's logical that I would favor the republishing of novels (as well as poetry, short stories, criticism, etc.) from this mid-century era.

The political significance of the project is multiple. First, it will enable young activists of today to see that the Left cultural tradition is far broader, more complex and relevant than the earlier studies--and relatively few available texts--would indicate. There were hundreds of significant Left writers in mid-century--not just the canonical Gold, Dos Passos, Wright, Steinbeck, Le Sueur, and so on--and they wrote in many different genres about diverse regions of the US.

They tackled all sorts of complex issues in regard to racism, the family, personal life, party commitment, and used every form imaginable--including science fiction, detective fiction, pulp fiction, as well as historical and experimental novels, etc. There is a great deal to be learned from what our predecessors addressed in their work; the Left can become strengthened by understanding its own legacy in all its richness. Needless to say, the same point can be made in regard to the visual arts, poetry, theater, criticism and journalism.

2) What's the political background of the folks who's books are being republished? Are they all CPers? Is there a general time span for them (the thirties, etc.)?

The focus of the series is mid-century--mainly the 1920s through the 1950s. However, I'm trying to give a special emphasis to the 1940s and 1950s because these decades have been so neglected in terms of scholarship about left-wing novelists. Moreover, quite a few of the authors from the 1940s-50s are still alive and I want to see them get some recognition while they can still appreciate it--I'm talking here about Philip Bonosky, Alfred Maund, Alexander Saxton, Abraham Polonsky, John Sanford and Ira Wolfert (who died just as TUCKER'S PEOPLE was being reissued).

Of course, it's no secret that the center of the LEFT in mid-century was the CP, and probably half of the writers we have published so far held membership for a while (Page, Sanford, Saxton, Polonsky, Bonosky) while most others were pretty close (Lumpkin, Herbst). Yzieska considered herself a socialist and Maund took a non-sectarian attitude toward all groups--he had friends in the CP and SWP, and wrote for MONTHLY REVIEW as well as AMERICAN SOCIALIST (edited by Cochran).

3) As you point out, a large percentage of them are women. What role did women play in the left cultural scene at the period described?

Well, there are different theories about Left-wing women writers. The late Constance Coiner, in BETTER RED, argued that there was an "official" and "unofficial" culture produced by Left women writers, the former being in the framework of the masculinist/productivist orientation that she ascribes to the CP. Barbara Foley, Paula Rabinowitz, Nora Ruth Roberts, Laura Hapke and others propose alternative interpretations in their books of criticism. Personally, I find Coiner's approach too schematic; one has to be careful about generalizing about diverse women on the one hand, and "the Party" on the other. In my view, there still remains a massive amount of research and biographical reconstruction to be undertaken about many Left women writers. Only after that has occurred, and a range of opinions are aired, can we move to the level of generalization with any certainty. I hope that the Illinois series will aid that process in terms of getting texts into circulation as well as through some of the new material in the Introductions to the novels, such as Suzanne Sowinska's fine biographical study of Lumpkin.

4) In your view, what's the role of literature in the struggle for revolutionary socialism in the United States and internationally?

Well, I don't think it's useful to talk of one particular "role," since literature performs so many social functions. The important thing is to take a broad and non-sectarian view of the full range of left-wing experiences and "positions," something we can afford to do now that so much of the former Communist, Maoist and Trotskyist movements have opened up and are engaging in regroupment processes. Clearly Trotsky had a point when he argued in LITERATURE AND REVOLUTION that literature always lags behind social reality and is a poor guide to the future. On the other hand, the is a legitimate tradition of Marxists who see literature as prophetic in its peneration to fundamental issues in life, and, of course, literature is often the repository of utopian hopes for a future egalitarian society. As I emphasized in answering the first question, Left literature can also record the powerful as well as painful experiences of our predecessors, enabling revolutionaries of the present to enrich their consciousnesses. I personally believe that there is a tremendous amount of insight into the radical personality to be gleaned by Polonsky's THE WORLD ABOVE and Saxton's THE GREAT MIDLAND--including the matters of romantic and sexual relations. I also have found tremendous inspiration for anti-racist commitment in Maund's THE BIG BOXCAR and Sanford's THE PEOPLE FROM HEAVEN. From Bonosky's BURNING VALLEY I saw for the first time the potential for a Catholic commitment to become the site of revolutionary politics. But one thing of which I am definitely skeptical is the whole tradition of Marxist parties trying to "lead" a cultural movement, especially by encouraging the creation of a "revolutionary" literature. Whatever one's intentions at the outset, this leads too often to judging literature by immediate political line or by interpretations of mainly one feature of the writing (ignoring the ambiguities and contradictions of the reception process). In my view, James T. Farrell's A NOTE ON LITERARY CRITICISM remains a useful beginning guide to the problems in this area, even though Farrell, writing in the heat of the 1930s, is a bit overpolemical (and satirical) in his characterizations of various positions.

5) How's the series going? How many books so far, how many are planned? Is the Press happy with it so far?

The series is off to a solid start, with nearly a dozen books available and several more in preparation, but there are important problems. Many of these stem from the limited resources of a university press. There are limited funds available (I work on a volunteer basis; authors of Introductory essays receive only $250 per essay), which means that we haven't been able to get titles where the copyright holder demands even modest fees, or where we can't inexpensively reproduce the text (from a high quality copy of an earlier edition). So there have been delays and some of our projected titles, particularly by Black authors, have yet to appear.

I would say that the Introductions prepared for the Illinois editions have consistently been of superior quality. In some cases, our Introduction offers of the only serious scholarship available on the book or its author--in regard to Lumpkin, Wolfert, Maund, Bonosky, Polonsky, Sanford, and so on. Even in the case of Herbst, who has been the subject of several books, we managed to get a first-rate reconsideration of PITY IS NOT ENOUGH. The introductions are designed to make the text user-friendly to the general reader and also for classroom use. Despite their use of cointemporary theoretical concerns, the Introductions are relatively jargon free; each contains a comprehensive bibliography of sources and reviews.

The biggest problem is sales, which are not good. Despite many excellent reviews in THE NATION and elsewhere--which pleases the press--only one book, SALOME OF THE TENEMENTS, has surpassed the 2000 sales mark, which is really necessary for the series to survive. TO MAKE MY BREAD has done decently, but many others have sold less than a thousand. Soon the press will be appointing a new Director, which means that various series will be reviewed. If we can't improve sales, there is the risk that it will be discontinued.


READING THE LEFT is a nonsectarian and highly subjective review of material being published in, widely speaking, the left press--magazines, newspapers, books, etc. Interviews with authors and editors, excerpts, musings, and the occasional letter will be included. For more information, please mail Chris at cfaatz@teleport.com.


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Document URL: http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/wald-interview.html


http://einsys.einpgh.org:8881/MARION?S=POLITICAL+POETRY



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9001 -- http://www.libertad.org.mx/acerca.htm
Dr. C. M. Fosalba (biografia y textos de un médico anarquista - Uruguay)

El Anarquismo en la Historia de Cuba; por C. Estefania

El Mensaje Anarquista a través de la Música - Subte4 (Perú)

Kolectivo Alternativa Libertaria (Puerto Rico)

Pagina de Manuel Formoso (Costa Rica)

Tierra y Libertad - Latinos Libres from USA (castellano-english) ? http://www.libertad.org.mx/Direc.htm#anchor1010614



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9001 -- Anarchy in Kansas: Moses Harman, Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, Clarence Lee Swartz, Lois Nichols Waisbrooker, Charles T Fowler, Gaspar C. Clemens, Victor Yarros http://world.std.com/~bbrigade/anarchy%20in%20kansas%20%231


9001 -- With this personalism is connected a primordial anarchistic element in my world-outlook, which separated me off from other Russian thinkers of the XX Century, and separated me off also from the Marxists......

Khomyakov was uniquely original as an anarchist in contrast with Vl. Solov'ev and this also made him characteristically a Russian thinker. K. Leont'ev sensed the modernist and reformist character of the ideas of Khomyakov, he saw in them elements, detestable to him, of liberalism, democratism, humanism.

Nikolai Berdyaev 1874 - 1948 http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Philosophy/Sui-Generis/Berdyaev/essays/rsr.htm



9001 -- It is not coincidental, I think, that neither John Boone nor Frank Chalmers (nor the anarchist Arkady Bogdanov, for that matter) survives the first novel, representing, as they do, the opposite poles of cynicism and idealistic populism, both doomed initially to failure, but for very different reasons, in this thought experiment. Robinson is after something else, this first book in the series tells us, but since I don't have time to talk about all three books, I will confine myself here to the contrast between Chalmers and Boone, and the impasse their views represent in terms of a Utopian (or as Joanna Russ calls it, optopian (Foote 59)) society on Mars.

"But Marxists are Hegelian, sir": The Crisis of Modernity in Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars By Nancy E. Batty, Red Deer College, Alberta, Canada http://www.batty.net/Red%20Mars%20paper.htm


9001 -- eric drooker http://robwalker.net/html_docs/drooker.html


9001 -- Return to main page

This archive contains samples of work from dozens of radical poets. It's not intended to be a comprehensive or exhaustive archive, but to give exposure to beautiful passionate radical poetry. It's also not intended to cheat the artists out of royalties but to increase the exposure and demand for their writings, (since I don't post complete works) resulting in higher quality popularity and more book sales. So spread the poetry around, and buy from indie book stores! this archive is dead electric current take this poetry to the living, it's a spoken storytelling so speak it, and use it to inspire spontaneously on windowboxes or soapboxes, it's time for poetry to breathe again.

Kenneth Rexroth Kahlil Gibran
Percy Shelley

Voltaraine De Cleyre
Carl Sandburg

Federico Garcia Lorca

Oscar Wilde

Ralph Waldo Emerson

William Blake

Diane Di Prima

George Woodcock

Robert Creeley

Robert Duncan

Micheal McClure

Gary Snyder

John Henry Mackay

Parker Tyler

Herbert Read

Conrad Aiken

Weldon Kees

Alex Comfort

B. Traven

William S Borroughs

Judith Malina

Allen Ginsberg

Monica Sjoo

Elizabeth Smart

Dave Cunliffe

Tom Earley

Lawrence Ferlinghetti

James Laughlin

Ursula Le Guin

Phillip Levine

Marge Piercy

Patricia V T West

Kenneth Patchen

Adrian Mitchell

Tina Morris

Muriel Rukeyser

John Cage


City Lights Books Phone 1-415-362-8193 Fax: 1-415-362-4921 261 Columbus Avenue San Francisco, CA  94133  City Lights Bookstore  run by Lawrence Ferlinghetti 
and publisher of a good number of the poets sampled on this page.


~ Autonomedia ~ Radical Publisher Box 568 - Williamsburg Station , Brooklyn, NY 11211-0568 Phone/Fax: 1-718-963-2603 -
E-mail: autonomedia@aol.com
Autonomedia/ Semiotexte Homepage


Black Sparrow Press - Great Publisher of great underground poets
24 TENTH STREET, SANTA ROSA, CALIFORNIA 95401, USA
Phone (707) 579-4011 / Fax (707) 579-0567
Email books@blacksparrowpress.com


Viet Nam Generation, Inc. & Burning Cities Press ~ 201 E. 50 Street, New York, NY Phone 1-800-726-0600 Viet Nam Generation, Inc. & Burning Cities Press 
PO Box 13746, Tucson, AZ 35732-3755
FAX: 520/733-3755 ~
E-mail: Kalital@minerva.cis.yale.edu


Charles H Kerr Publishing Company- radical Publisher started by an anarchist named Charles Kerr right before Haymarket. Has published sandburg, london, and mother Jones among others."At the age of 111 in 1997, the Kerr Company---a not-for-profit, worker-ownedcooperative educational association---is not only a living link with the most vitalradical traditions of the past, but also an organic part of today's struggles for peaceand justice in an ecologically balanced world.Unlike most other alternative publishers, the Kerr Company has never beensubsidized by any political party, never had any "angels," never received anygrants.Our aim today remains what it always has been: to publish books that will make thisplanet a good place to live!"
E-Mail- beasley@mcs.com


Black Planet Books - Anarchist and Radical Publisher


AK Press is the biggest anarchist distro and publisher in the US


Left Bank Distributer






9001 -- MONSTRUM

By Donald James Century/Random House Australia RRP: $ 19.95

Russia in the early years of the twenty-first century: a civil war has subsided into an uneasy peace; Police Inspector Constantin Vadim is plucked from the backwater of Murmansk to head up an investigation in the decaying and crime-ridden Red Presnya district of Moscow. His task: to solve a succession of brutal murders committed by a killer who has become a terrifying local legend: The Monstrum.

But Vadim has never investigated a murder. The real reason for his transfer is his uncanny resemblance to the new vice-president, Koba - Vadim is his double. Why then has he been given the impossible mission to find The Monstrum? Is the case in some way linked to the new government? Vadim finds himself at one moment on the bloodstained social fringe of Moscow and the next at the very centre of the new Russia - a position which also attracts the attention of his estranged wife, Julia Petrovna, a general in the defeated Anarchist army. Her capture would be a high prize for the men who run Vadim's life. And as Vadim pursues The Monstrum these two worlds move inexorably closer to one another, threatening both to crush the inspector before he can capture the killer and the emerging democracy before it is fully formed.

"Monstrum is an original - both a sophisticated thriller and a thought-provoking novel which looks into the future of that most turbulent of countries, Russia. I read Monstrum at warp speed, and with real pleasure." - Richard North Patterson

Excerpt: Monstrum. By the time of the third murder, it was a word evoked by every shout of alarm, by every blast on a militia whistle, by every woman's scream in a district of Moscow where shouts and screams had never been uncommon. Within a week of the third murder there were the beginnings of a cult: the word appeared as elaborately worked graffiti on concrete walls; young men swaggered the streets with the word emblazoned across the back of their jackets; in the cellar discos, reckless girls wore T-shirts with the Monstrum's swollen hands engulfing their breasts.

But on the streets all women are equal. At night they hurry home no longer thinking of footpads and snatched purses. A new word - Monstrum - has entered their vocabulary of terror. Like a rising tide of infected river water, the word washes against the shanty houses of Red Presnya, swilling through the lives of the inhabitants of the dark alleys and ruined tower blocks, leaving a scum of fear.

All this was happening in Moscow in the year 2015, the year Russians had begun to think of as the New Dawn.





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http://picturebook.nothingness.org/pbook/of11/display/75


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9001 -- Picturebooks at nothingness.org 1936 -- The Spanish Revolution The Ex 1. Images I [browse] 2. Revolution [browse] 3. The Collectives [browse] In 1986, the Dutch band The Ex released a double 7" record housed in the endsleeves of a beautiful, hard-cover book. Inside was a brief history of the Spanish Revolution and page after page of original photographs from the CNT archives of the Institute for Social History in Amsterdam. These pages are being compiled in order to make available those same photographs on the web, and the opening of this site corresponds to a re-release of the original 1936 record (now on CD!). Currently under construction!
http://picturebook.nothingness.org/pbook/of11/display/75



9001 -- ~ ETHEL MANNIN ~

A Biographical Sketch of a Friend & Acquaintance of Aleister Crowley

Ethel Edith Mannin was born in 1900. There is no indication that the author ever met Aleister Crowley, although she was a close friend of someone who did, Gwen Otter. It seems, according to her biography Confessions and Impressions, (1) that one day while she was visiting Gwen's house in Chelsea she noticed on the wall opposite the fireplace, "a John (2) lithograph of Alister {sic} Crowley, that high priest of black magic who likes nothing better that to be regarded as His Satanic Majesty the Prince of Darkness, and who would take it as a compliment to be called an arch-devil." She continues by stating that she knew "Crowley is one of Gwen Otter's oldest friends" and so she decided to ask Gwen to tell her "the truth about him and the dark stories of drugs and black mass circulating about him."

Regrettably Ethel Mannin gives very little detail of her conversation with Gwen Otter but she does state that Gwen's attitude was similar to that of "a woman artist" she knew, but doesn't identify, "who once had a studio next door to his apartment." Further stating, "that there is no clearly definable truth about him; save that he is a poseur who has come to believe in his own poses-so that they are no longer poses-and that having built up this sinister reputation for himself he goes on playing up to it." Unfortunately Ethel Mannin gives no further information as to what Gwen Otter might have said about Aleister Crowley.

She died in 1984.

NOTES:

1 Ethel Mannin, Confessions and Impressions, Chapter Fifteen: "Gwen Otter, Portrait of a Bohemian" (London: Jarrolds Publishers, 1931), p.195.

2 Augustus John (1879-1961), a leading British portrait painter and etcher born in Wales, was also a friend of Aleister Crowley.

Articles about Ethel Mannin WGP7/2/13 A Dictionary of Literature in the English Language, a focus on Ethel, Edith Mannin, pp552-553.
WGP7/2/14 Article on Ethel Mannin, pp709-710.
WGP7/2/15 Article on Ethel Mannin, pp440-442.
WGP7/2/16 Article on Ethel Mannin, miscellaneous pages, from Priveleged Spectator.
WGP7/2/17 Article on Ethel Mannin, from Kunitz and Haycroft: Twentieth Century Authors, pp905-906. Also includes Walter Greenwood.
Attached to: The Authors’ and Writers’ Who’s Who, 1971, The Penguin Companion to Literature, 1971, The New Cambridge Bibliograohy of English Literature, vol.4, 1972.
WGP7/2/18 Ethel Mannin: the Red Rose of Love and the Red Flower of Liberty, by Andy Croft, pp205-225. From, Rediscovering Forgotten Radicals: British Women Writers 1889-1939 (ed) Angela Ingram and Daphne Patai, University of North Carolina Press, 1993.

http://www.redflame93.com/Mannin.html

http://www.ais.salford.ac.uk/publica/speccoll/wgp7.pdf

9001 -- 1. Jean Baudrillard Baudrillard, Postmodernism, and the Reinforcement of Power, by Noah Raizman: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/cpace/theory/baudrillard/raizman.html Boundaries and Borderlines: Reflections on Jean Baudrillard and Critical Theory, by Douglas Kellner: http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell2.htm Disneyworld Company, by Jean Baudrillard: http://www.ctheory.com/e25-disneyworld_comp.html Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodernist Thought, by Dragan Milovanovic: http://sun.soci.niu.edu/~critcrim/papers/drag-pomo.html The Perfect Crime, by Jean Baudrillard: http://www.netby.net/Oest/Hyperion-Alle/Simulation/articles/perfect_crime.htm Radical Thought, by Jean Baudrillard: http://www.ctheory.com/a25-radical_thought.html Reversion of History, by Jean Baudrillard: http://www.ctheory.com/a-reversion_of_history.html Strike Of Events, by Jean Baudrillard: http://www.ctheory.com/a-strike_of_events.html 2. Michel Foucault The Archæology of Knowledge, by Michel Foucault: http://werple.net.au/~gaffcam/phil/foucault.htm Excerpt from "Madness, the Absence of Work" by Michel Foucault, translated by Peter Stastny and Denis Sengel: http://www2.uchicago.edu/jnl-crit-inq/v21/v21n2.foucault.html Foucault and the Critique of Modernity, by Douglas Kellner: http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~kellner/pm/ch2.html Foucault: A Lover's Discourse About Madness and the Media: http://www.criticism.com/md/foucault.html Foucault's Subject of Power: gopher://lists.village.virginia.edu:70/00/pubs/listservs/spoons/foucault.archive/papers/patton Foucault and Truffaut: Power and Social Control in French Society: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~dberger/papers/English_Papers/trouffalt/trouffalt.htm Implications of Foucault's Disciplinary Society, by M. Thaxter Dickey: http://mall.cftnet.com/dickey/foucault.htm Power/Knowledge, Society, And Truth: Notes on Foucault's work by Mathieu Deflem: http://www.sla.purdue.edu/people/soc/mdeflem/zfouc.html 3. Fredric Jameson Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: http://odin.english.udel.edu/teague/krajkovich1.html Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, by Fredric Jameson: http://www.spc.uchicago.edu/ssr1/PRELIMS/Strat/stadd.html#JAMESON G. Integrating Philosophies: Changing the World 1. Noam Chomsky Force and Opinion, by Noam Chomsky: http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articles/z9107-force-opinion.html How the media works, by Noam Chomsky: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/3761/how.html Language and Mind, by Noam Chomsky: http://werple.net.au/~gaffcam/phil/chomsky.htm Whose World Order: Conflicting Visions, by Noam Chomsky: http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~gharris/ 2. Daniel Cohn-Bendit Daniel Cohn-Bendit: http://www.oeko-net.de/eurospeed/dcbeng.htm May 68: France's month of revolution: http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~socappeal/1968/may68.html Revolution Adjourned: http://freedom.tao.ca/1968/procras.html 3. Franz Fanon Wretched of the Earth, by Franz Fanon: http://werple.net.au/~lynnbea/lib/fanon.htm Youth and Social Control The Children and Psychology, by Paul Goodman: http://freedom.tao.ca/goodman.html Colorado Massacre No Surprise, by Susan Jankowski: http://www.eatthestate.org/03-32/ColoradoMassacreNo.htm A Consideration of the Shootings in Littleton, Colorado, by Megan Shaw: http://eserver.org/bs/editors/1999-4-28.html Delinquency Then and Now, by Tony Gibson: http://freedom.tao.ca/Raven/crime.html Education or Processing? by Lyn Olsen: http://freedom.tao.ca/Raven/edu3.html Guide To Student Protesting: http://www.spunk.org/library/misc/sp000524.txt Public Schools: Designed to destroy individual thought: http://www.people.memphis.edu/~dhenke/schools.htm Virtual Missing Children. by Mike Mosher: http://eserver.org/bs/38/mosher.html Young Offenders and Popular Myths, by Reginald Pakosz: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/9095/offenders.html Youth and the Public Schools: http://www.people.memphis.edu/~dhenke/education.htm http://www.policestudies.eku.edu/POTTER/21critical.htm



9001 --
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kirk noreen
executive director


Kirk Noreen, an American composer, was born in Seattle in 1970.  He studied with Alan Stout, C. P. First, and Jay Alan Yim at Northwestern University in Chicago.  He founded the Ensemble Sospeso in 1995 with colleague Joshua Cody in Seattle; in 1999 Sospeso moved operations to New York.  

Although he has not worked in the electronic medium, Mr Noreen gives a priority to material of sound and texture well before the question of individual style that preoccupy many composers.   His music is highly rhythmic, often characterized by superimposed ostinati, and it displays a great sensitivity to the weight of musical material as a determining factor in form.  Drama is built up through accumulation, rather than through contrast.  

Mr Noreen's setting of American experimental poet Jackson Mac Low, Ziani (1999), shows some influence of Helmut Lachenmann  in its expansion of instrumental vocabulary.  But direct compositional influences on his work are often difficult to ascertain.  Visual arts are an important inspiration for Mr Noreen.  The multi-movement chamber ensemble work Oh Shining—Homage to Cy Twombly (1998) is 'painterly,' but not in the superficial imitation of expressionist gesture as one might expect.  It is rather the composer's approach to the materiality of musical texture that is very much analogous to a painter's handling of his or her material.  A deliberate and almost massive homogeneity within each movement, coupled with an absence of traditional unifying gestures from one movement to another, further suggest a painter's triptych.    

 

to the previous composer back to composers to the next composer
 
  Sospeso Ltd. © 2000 Joshua Cody




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9002 -- STYLE SHEET SAMPLE

Julian Beck and Judith Malina:
The Living Theater

"I CALL FOR A THEATRE IN WHICH THE ACTORS ARE LIKE VICTIMS BURNING AT THE STAKE, SIGNALLING THROUGH THE FLAMES." - Antonin Artaud




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9002 -- http://www.geocities.com/knightrose.geo/


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9002 -- BOOK REVIEW -

MAN! - AN ANTHOLOGY OF ANARCHIST IDEAS, ESSAYS, POETRY AND COMMENTARIES Edited by M. Graham, Cienfuegos Press 1974

This 640 page book is a testimony to the personal persistence of one man Marcus Graham.

Marcus Graham was born in Derohoi Romania in 1893. In 1974 at the age of 82 with the help of Cienfuegos Press in England he cobbled together this 640 page contribution to anarchist thought and practise. In 1907 at the age of 14 he migrated with his family to the land of milk and honey, the United States. Over the next twenty six years he became deeply involved in the United States Anarchist movement. In 1917 he was swept up in the deportation hysteria that saw Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman and many other anarchist immigrants who had lived in the United States for over twenty years deported to their country of origin.

Although the United States government tried to deport him in 1917 and again in 1921, he managed on both occasions to stay in the country. Marcus was involved in a number of anarchist publishing ventures. In 1932 he became involved in a venture to establish a new Anarchist Monthly sponsored by English, Chinese, Italian and Yiddish speaking anarchists. The first issue of Man appeared in January 1933 and continued to be produced on a monthly basis until May 1940, when the United States government forced its closure.

Cientuegos Press has taken the essays that appeared in Man and reprinted them in this volume, not in chronological order but under a number of headings, Ideas of Anarchism (1-199), Roosevelts America (200-240), Crime and Criminals (241-263), Fascism (264-279), Marxism (280-301), Spain (302-315), Religion and the Democracies (316-326), Resistance (327-334), Controversial Issues Among Anarchists (335-353), Art and Life (354-381), Literature (382-396), Book and Drama Reviews (397-422), Poems (423-437), Government Persecution of Anarchists (438-540), Anarchists (541-610), Man (611-640).

Man consisted of reprints of some of the old classics, information on what was happening in the world between 1933-1940, historical titbits, poetry and reviews. I find some of the essays lively, others are tedious to the point of boredom. Man like any other anarchist weekly or monthly is a mixed bag of the brilliant and the mundane, the informative and the obtuse. Man provides an insight into another time and another era. Anybody who takes the time to wade through this book will come away with a feel for a period when the triumph of authoritarian movements across the globe made it difficult for anarchists to survive let alone carry on political activity.

from Anarchist Age Weekly Review 16th - 22nd March, 1998


9002 -- Agnes Smedley, letter to Florence Lennon (December 1921) Much that we read of Russia is imagination and desire only. And no person is safe from intrigues and the danger of prison. The prisons are jammed with anarchists and syndicalists who fought in the revolution. Emma Goldman and Berkman are out only because of their international reputations. And they are under house arrest; they expect to go to prison any day, and may be there now for all I know. Any Communist who excuses such things is a scoundrel and a blaggard. Yet they do excuse it - and defend it. If I'm not expelled or locked up or something, I'll raise a small-sized hell. Everybody calls everybody a spy, secretly, in Russia, and everybody is under surveillance. You never feel safe.


Colin MacInnes saw anarchism as a kind of religion


http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSterror.htm


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9002 -- kropotkin aural http://cybermedia.uh.edu:8080/ramgen/uhrm4/engines/engines_episode_0720_56.rm william godwin

Blake was acquainted with a political circle that included such well-known radicals as William Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Thomas Paine, and the democratic revolutions in America and France became major themes in much of Blake's poetry.

Throughout his life, booksellers employed Blake to engrave illustrations for a wide variety of publications. This work brought him into contact with many of the radical thinkers of his day, including bookseller Joseph Johnson and fellow artists John Flaxman and Henry Fuseli. Blake drew literary notice at gatherings in the home of the Reverend and Mrs. A. S. Mathew, where he read his poems and occasionally sang to them his own music. http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/poets/bio/blake_w.htm


9002 -- archive some of these articles in Iverson http://www.yelah.net/archive/anarchism


9002 -- http://galeon.hispavista.com/ateneosant/Ateneo/Historia/Principal.htm#1 http://galeon.hispavista.com/ateneosant/Ateneo/Historia/Principal.htm#1


9002 -- non-western anarchism Date: Mon, 14 Oct 2002 08:42:10 -0500 From: camy matthay To: Marguerite , David Brown To Marguerite and David (my Greenwood Ave friends), This is an interesting article about the history of non-western anarchism, by Jason Adams. I thought it might interest you. http://www.geocities.com/ringfingers/nonwesternweb.html camy a postscript: radical cheerleading! Date: Mon, 14 Oct 2002 From: camy matthay To: Marguerite , David Brown ...I was going to include this as well since it is peculiar and engaging enough... for daily bleed perhaps? (It was pointed out to me by the same guy who turned me on to Jason Adams. http://www.radicalcheers.org/home.html http://www.geocities.com/radicalcheerleaders/ http://www.radicalcheers.org/home.html
http://www.geocities.com/radicalcheerleaders/

9002 -- [anarchy_history] Fwd: [ait-iwa-chat] Collectives in the Spanish Revolution Date: Sun, 20 Oct 2002 16:05:42 -0000 From: "Nestor McNab" Reply-To: anarchy_history@yahoogroups.com To: anarchy_history@yahoogroups.com From: "Ben" Subject: [ait-iwa-chat]

Collectives in the Spanish Revolution

it's taken a couple of years, but i finally got collectives in the spanish revolution by gason leval up online -- all 355 pages of it. http://www.anarchosyndicalism.org/history/collectives.htm


Paul Goodman's article "Designing Pacifist Films" is now online at http://www.bopsecrets.org/CF/goodman.htm

At a time when antiwar communication is increasingly necessary, most "radical media" efforts seem to remain mysteriously ineffective or even unwittingly counterproductive. Goodman's keen insights into both psychological and "aesthetic" factors help to show why this is so, and what might be done differently.

* * * Texts on related themes at the same website:

"Guy Debord's Film 'The Society of the Spectacle' " -- http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/Debordfilm.htm

"Radical Film" -- http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/joyrev2.htm "The War and the Spectacle" (on the Gulf war, the media, and various antiwar strategies) -- http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/gulfwar.htm "Two Local Wars" (Situationist article on the Vietnam and Arab-Israel wars) -- http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/11.wars.htm "War Is the Health of the State" (Randolph Bourne) -- http://www.bopsecrets.org/CF/bourne.htm "Advantages and Limits of Nonviolence" -- http://www.bopsecrets.org/PS/joyrev2.htm


9002 -- I’m going to give just one example of each, among de advocates, the biggest example is probably John Turner and his anarchist supply of housing which started with experiments in Peru, for supplying sites and services, developing boundaries for illegal squatters and supplying them with infrastructure services and rules. And this housing projects were founded for the most part by internationals agencies like the World Bank, where John Turner became the advocate of those illegal squatters, helping them to legalize their situation and improving on their conditions through the supply of services. http://www.puc.cl/politicaspublicas/hashimsarkis.htm


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" When I go mad,
I call my friends by phone:
I am afraid they might think
they're alone. "
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HISTORY OF THE ANARCHIST MOVEMENT IN POLAND

By R. Nagorski

The History of the Anarchist Movement in Poland describes the evolution of Anarchism in Poland from the 19th Century to the 1990s-- from famous Polish Anarchist writers, the Anarchist idea spread like wildfire throughout the Polish Working Class living under Capitalism and a Police State--strikes and labor unrest spread across Poland. Between the Wars a "130,000 strong" Anarcho-syndicalist movement emerged which fought the Nazis in places like the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Anarchist ideas can be seen in the founding principles of the Solidarity trade union federation and in the campaigns of the Polish Anarchist Federation today.



Credits



Excerpted from R. Nagorski, "History of the Anarchist Movement in Poland", The Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review, No. 2 1977, pp. 20-22. Originally published by La Revue International Anarchistse, Paris 1924. Translated from the French by S.B. and P.H.. Revised Based On: "A Short History of Polish Anarchism", Black Flag, Issue 214, 1998, pp. 11-12. Also: Alternative Network For Eastern Europe, 1998, http://www.most.org.pl/alter/fa .



Polish Working-Class Struggle



FOR A LONG TIME PAST THE POLISH proletariat had been in the habit of concentrating its revolutionary effort in the field of direct action. The Polish worker, oppressed at the same time as a worker and as a revolutionary, rapidly realized that he could count on no-one but himself, and that his only option was to resort to a direct struggle in order to improve his position. In the important centers of the textile industry (Bialystok, Warsaw, Lodz), and in the mines (Dxbrowa, Sosnowice), the worker did not hesitate to make use of the most drastic methods of defense: economic blackmail during strikes, armed demonstrations and revolts, sabotage and so on . . . Extremism in their methods of struggle is therefore a valued tradition acquired by the working-class under Tsarist domination. Besides that, the Polish workers movement suffered the disastrous influence of various State-socialist currents of thought. Some, the Socialist Party of Poland (PPS) for example, envisaged the realization of their ideal in liberation from the Russian yoke and hoped for the creation of an independent Republic of Poland. Others, the Social-Democracy of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) For example, actually communist, calling themselves internationalists, aspiring to the creation of a pan-Russian democratic republic and, within it, the complete autonomy of Poland, which would have formed an independent federation. It was only after the realization of these preliminary conditions that these two parties believed it possible to engage in the struggle to bring about socialism.



So, we can see that the tactics of the Polish proletariat were imbued with an extremely revolutionary spirit, often indeed Anarchist. However, at the same time their theoretical spokesmen were always from more or less radical and nationalist State-socialist parties; but who were constantly doing their utmost to separate the proletariat from the active social and revolutionary struggle, and who strove to direct it toward political struggle with the aim of victory being either exclusively Polish State-socialist government, or Polish State-socialist government in participation with the Russian State-socialist government.



Anarchist Propaganda Before World War I



An Anarchist movement of Narodnik ( Russian anti-capitalist democratic activists of the late 19th century) and Anarchist ideas from Russia and Western Europe came into existence at the turn of the 19th century. Although a small number of isolated groups had existed in various towns, Anarchism did not play a very important part in the Polish workers' movement until 1905.[1] In 1899 one of these groups published the first Anarchist work to appear in Polish: God and the State by Michael Bakunin. This book, and several others, like most Russian revolutionary publications, were published abroad because of persecution by the Russian police.



The same year in Austrian Poland where the censorship was much less severe another book was published entitled The Problems of Socialism (Leopole 1899) signed Z.R. Walcrewski. The author was at that time a young student of philosophy at Warsaw University. He became in due course one of the most remarkable sociologists of Poland. His true name was Edward Abromowski. In 1904 the same author published another work under the name of N.A. Crajkowski, Socialism and the State (Leopole 1904). In his book A Public Collusion Against Government he gave some instructions about how people should struggle with the Tsar for their own national maintenance. He advocated non-payment of taxes and refusing to join the army. He prophetically warned "The politics of modern socialism is not a politics of strengthening and extending national authority that tends not towards setting people free but towards toward authorizing everything which only they themselves can authorize." In accordance with his conclusions that "The politics of anti-authoritarian socialism are based on evolutionary tendencies diametrically opposed to those upon which the politics of State-socialism are based, that is, upon the tendencies toward co-operation and free collaboration which are becoming more and more characteristic of modern capitalist society," he devoted himself to the cooperative movement. Abramowski presented his views in works such as Ethics and Revolution, Republic of Friends and The Co-operative as the Workers Task of Emancipation. An alternative to the state system was, in his opinion, free associations of producers and mutual services associated in bigger co-operatives. Only these support real freedom, and give welfare, order, justice and brother hood to the individual. Furthermore they are organized from the grassroots, spontaneously without compulsion. Existing associates should form on a specified territory, a free commune without authority and police. However the lack of a supposedly indispensable repression machinery does not mean chaos at all. The reverse happens--it releases energy and makes people wanting to create the surrounding reality and to find themselves in it.



Abromowski's second book, Socialism and the State, was issued by a "Publication Society" in Leopole which later published The Conquest of Bread and Concerning a Life by Peter Kropotkin as well as An Appeal to the Young.



At approximately the same time, the Anarcho-syndicalist comrade Jozef Zielinski, a medical student, was active in Paris. In five years (1901-1906) he published four pamphlets: The General Strike (1901), Hypocritical Socialism (1902), Is Anarchism in Poland Justified? (1906), Workers' Unions in Struggle (1906).



Anarchist Organization Before World War I



Meanwhile, the situation in Poland was becoming serious. Showers warned of the storm to come; there were presentiments of the 1905 Revolution. Reaction and repression drove the workers to adopt more and more violent methods of exerting pressure. Ans soon Anarchism ceased to be only a word. Already, in 1903, the Anarchist group The Struggle was formed in Bialystok, and from then on that town became a center for Anarchist action and propaganda. At first the group concerned itself chiefly with propaganda and published several pamphlets as well as numerous leaflets addressed to workers, peasants and soldiers. The Anarchists organized meetings which were attended by six to eight hundred workers (a very satisfactory number for a small town). After three months of intensive effort the number of active members of the group reached seventy. It was chiefly in the period before May 1, 1904 that the meetings, which took place daily, became particularly lively. The group took part in the workers' struggle and organized several strikes, some of which were only successful due to economic blackmail. In general, at Bialystok, and afterwards in Warsaw, the Anarchist movement distinguished itself from that in other countries by its use of economic rather than political blackmail. It was only later that they too were forced by savage persecution to have recourse to political blackmail. During periods of unemployment, the Anarchists were at the head of the unemployed whom they urged by their example to seize the bread and foodstuffs that were necessities for them. Action which did not fail to displease the political parties. In the small town of Krynki, the Anarchists, weapons in hand, attacked the town hall and seized a certain number of blank passports.



The Anarchists actively participated in the events of 1905.[2] Some even took part, on an individual basis, in the Councils of workers' delegates which had been formed and they exercised a considerable influence there. On January 9, during the General Strike, the Anarchists were the only other revolutionary parties at the head of the movement. Terrified, the police fled and all the government institutions fell into the hands of the workers. It is with the indecisive attitude of the political parties that the responsibility lies for the defeat of the movement which was soon annihilated by the troops sent against the insurgents.



Towards the middle of 1906, a fairly strong Anarchist Federation was already in existence in Bialystok.[3] It was composed of workers from four trades: weavers, leather and skin workers, joiners [cabinetmakers] and tailors. The body of the group comprised Polish and Jewish workers. There was also a purely Polish federation and fifteen very active propaganda circles joined together with sixteen to eighteen workers in each. The federation took part in innumerable strikes and was particularly noticeable in the General strike launched by the spinners in 1906. The strike was only successful thanks to the direct action seizure of provisions. Some numbers of comrades were executed following these events. In December 1906 the hanging of the brave comrade Jozef Myslinski took place. He was very popular among the workers of Bialystok. But at the same time, an agent provocateur was killed. A little later the executions of comrades Leonard Czarniecki (Olek), Yvan Gainski (Mielek) and Anton Nizborski. The groups posessed a clandestine printing press Anarchy, which was seized by the police at the end of 1906 at the same time as several comrades, men and women, were arrested.



Some groups existed in various small suburban towns, such as Sokolki, Rozany, Bielsk, Czestochowa, etc.. Activities in these towns most often developed in conjunction witht he activities in Bialystok. At Rozany, the Anarchists organized several strikes; in Bielsk an active program of propaganda was carried out by a peasant group; a similar group worked in Orlo. In Wolkowysk economic blackmail was used, as well as in Zabludowo and Krynki.



Of course this was not all. It is only one small part of the work of which we know, and we are a long way from knowing everything. But the action mentioned proves already that Anarchism was a quite well-developed movement and continues a struggle, as vigorous as it was implacable, for the complete liberation of humanity. Numerous groups also existed in Warsaw. The most active date from January 1905. The first group, International, was composed of Jewish workers; at arranged meetings where speeches were given in Polish and Yiddish. It organized propaganda circles with more than 125 members, and members of the group numbered 40. As at Bialystok, the Anarchists organized numerous strikes using sabotage and economic blackmail. During the strike of bakery workers which was directed by the Anarchists, some ovens were blown up and petrol [gasoline] was poured into the dough. The owners, terrified, surrendered. The Anarchists even gained control of the bakery which they ran communally until the owner gave in.




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The Anarchists led an active struggle against the socialist parties who used infamies and vile lies to discredit the Anarchists. On the day of the "freedoms" the Anarchists took their message into mass meetings. A little while afterwards repression began and many comrades were arrested. While distributing pamphlets among the soldiers, comrade Victor Rivkind was arrested. He was subsequently shot. A large quantity of weapons and a secret press were seized. In January 1906, sixteen members of the International group were shot, several of them were miners. The other members escaped abroad or were deported to Siberia. In August 1906 the movement revived a bit. Two groups were formed: The Black Curtain and Liberty. In the winter of the same year, the Anarchists were already organizing several strikes making use of economic blackmail.



In 1907 many arrests were carried out (on one occasion alone twenty-one comrades were thrown into prison). They found a secret lithograph transfer for the newspaper The Revolutionary Voice. There were groups on Lodz, Siedlce, Biata and Creustochowa. In Grodno the Anarchist Friedman killed a jailer for maltreatment dealt out to detainees; pursued by the police he committed suicide, not wanting to be caught alive. In Brzese many acts of expropriation were carried out. There was also a group in Wilna. There were also several groups working for the Anarchist cause abroad.[4] In London in 1907 there was a Polish-Russian Anarchist-Communist Group [5] which published two pamphlets: Thouar's What the Anarchists Want? And Malatesta's Anarchy. In the same year Emile henry's pamphlet, Speech Before the Assize Court was published in Paris.



The years 1905-1907 caused the interesting personality of Waclaw Machaiski, founder of the system of the "workers' conspiracy" to emerge from the ranks of Polish Anarchism. Born in 1876, he was a patriotic activist in the PPS party but gradualaly he came to anti-intelligentsia views. The chief principle of the International that "the emancipation of the workers should be the task of the workers" he took literally and fought fanatically against any participation, even physical participation, of intellectuals in the workers' movement, believing that intellectuals only tend toward power behind the mask of socialism, revolutionary socialism or even Anarchism (Workers' Conspiracy No. 1). Foretelling the constraints that follow socialism he augured an arrival of a slavish system in which bureaucratic machinery set up by intelligentsia would constrain an ordinary workman. He believed that a single path led to Anarchy: the direct struggle of the workers themselves using the most revolutionary modes of struggle to obtain slight improvements and reforms which will finish by leading us little by little towards society without property or authority. Although strange, he idea is quite interesting. However, Machaiski worked above all among the Russian workers, and his ideas did not have the slightest influence on Anarchism in Poland.



The years 1904-1907 were the period of the development of Anarchism in Poland. The young movement with only a recent past but profound experience, committed mistakes and errors as every lively and active group has elsewhere. To exchange opinions on these faults of the movement and to try to remedy them in the future, a secret conference of Anarchist-communist groups from Lithuania and Poland took place in June 1907. The discussion was published by the conference's own secret press. Its resolutions were addressed to all workers. We must stop awhile on these resolutions, which read as follows:



"The Conference records that the general character of our epoch is supremely revolutionary. Each revolution carries within itself deeply de-centralist, essentially Anarchist tendencies. Also, all preceding revolutions have imbued the worker with the Anarchist spirit. It is because of this that, now on the eve of the great revolution, the fooled masses begin to see clearly, and a powerful Anarchist movement, born out of the necessities of our social life, is beginning to develop. But some faults have got in to our young movement. It is precisely the need for examination of these faults that provoked this Conference. The Conference believes that:

  1. A federal organization of all the groups which up to now have been isolated and dispersed id now necessary.
  2. Seeing that the seizures of property that have taken place up until now were frequent but unimportant and badly organized, this has involved a useless waste of strength and the chaotic use of conquered resources; only the complete federation is in the position to carry out considerable seizures of property which are well prepared and from which we can gain most judiciously.
  3. Serious measures must be taken against the provocative attitude of the political parties against the Anarchists.
  4. Having examined the tactics of the Anarchists and of the other parties, the Conference proposes that groups should struggle against the trade unions in whatever form they exist, or under whatever name they appear, as if against a dangerous and perfidious weapon of the bourgeoisie having its aim that of distancing the worker from the path of revolution and of throwing him onto the path of compromise and thus poisoning all revolutionary class-consciousness.
  5. (The Conference) Declares itself in support of mass seizure of foodstuffs during strikes, periods of unemployment, etc. . . .
  6. (The Conference) Permits conspiracy."

Twenty-four comrades were tried for having been members of this Federation of Anarchist-Communist Groups of Poland and Lithuania. Among them were the German comrade known as Senna hen (Johann Holzman), Kalinin, Kac, Grzeznarowski (twice condemned to death), Kilacrycki, and the women comrades Marcrewska (twice condemned to death), and Malinowska. They were detained for a long time in deplorable conditions. Some became mad as a result of the persecutions of which they were the victims.

At the International Congress in Amsterdam, Poland was represented by two delegates: I Zielinska and Joseph Schweber.



The Anarchist movement in Galicia (the Austrian part of Poland) developed independently. In 1907 the newspaper The New Epoch (Leopole) was published and just three editions came out. Another newspaper The Free World (Leopole) was no luckier. Unfortunately we do not have all the details we should like about the activities of the comrades of Galicia. A periodical Utopia was published with the support of Gustav Landauer and Eric Muhsam. The editorial group represented the individualist Anarchist tendency whereas all the others represented the Anarchist-communist trend.



The active work of Anarcho-syndicalist comrade Augustyn Wroblewski during the years leading up to the war must be mentioned. He was a teacher of chemistry and put out his propaganda at first only among the youth at school and university. He finally put it out among the workers of Krakow. An exceptional personality, he editied several works among which were The Manifesto of Humanity, The Red Religion (Paris 1911), etc. Apart from this, in Krakow, he published the newspaper The Workers' Cause, an Anarchist organ of which more than one issue bore marks of censorship.



In 1911 in Paris there was a Polish group of Anarchists who edited the Anarcho-syndicalist newspaper Najmita (The Salary). The group was incontact with Russian and Austrain comrades from Poland among whom were the railway workers of the Warsaw area who had prepared the ground for the paper by means of an active program of propaganda. At the same time a revolutionary organ was published in Chicago, probably by the I.W.W. [Industrial Workers of the World], putting forward ideas of Anarchism and Revolutionary Syndicalism. In the U.S. two pamphlets in Polish were published later, also probably by the I.W.W.: Kropotkin's The Necessity of Revolution and Grave's Future Society (a few chapters), and many topical pamphlets were also published. At the same time, the Krakow University Youth, in association with the editors of Najmita, began to publish in monthly installments Kropotkin's The Great French Revolution, and announced the appearance of The State: Its Historic Role. Unfortunately, World War I interrupted the group's work. Only three installments were published (instead of eight) and The State: Its Historic Role did not appear at all.



In 1914 there was the group International in Warsaw. In 1915 the group in Bialystock once more led an intense course of action: putting out propaganda, organizing strikes, etc.. What particularly intensified activity in all center was news from the Russian Revolution, Bloody Sunday in St Petersburg. These groups took part in terrorist activity as well as propaganda actions such as attempts on police officers' and factory owners' lives. There were also bank robberies to gain funds. Nowadays the majority of us Anarchists entirely reject such methods but to understand the motivation to act in this way it is important to realize the level of cruelty and despotism of the tsar's authority. For example in Warsaw, on Governor general Saklow's order, 16 young anarchists, (about 18 years old) were murdered by the authorities and their bodies thrown into the Vistula. Shots at demonstrating workers were not uncommon either.



At the same time material popularizing the ideas of Anarcho-syndicalism came pouring in. Adherents of this kind of Anarchism repudiated terrorism claiming it did not contribute to an increase in society's consciousness, but on the contrary averted it from anarchism and caused disarray in the movement. That is why Anarcho-syndicalists encouraged other Anarchists towards propagandistic activity and joining trade unions.



Anarchist Organization Between the World Wars



During the inter-war period Syndicalist ideas had repercussion in the Union of Trade Unions (Zwiazek Zwiazkow Zawodowych--ZZZ in Polish) this was 130,000 strong and active from 1931-1939. The association presented itself to join the IWA. It is still active today and assembles Anarcho-Syndicalist and Syndicalist trade unions. During the war the ZZZ and other organizations formed the Polish Syndicalist Union (Zwiazek Syndykalistyczny Polski--ZSP in Polish) which actively battled against Fascists. However it was not isolated from other formations and co-operated with the National Army ('royal army'--Armia Krolewski--AK) and the People's Army ('popular army'--Armia Ludowy--AL). An illegal newssheet, The Syndicalist, was published and ZSP detachments took part in the Warsaw Uprising.



Anarchism After World War II



Anarchistic ideas reappeared after World War II as the Alternative Societies movement and in the early 1980s as the Sigma club. Other groups like the Autonomous Anarchistic Federation of Lublin, Freedom and Peace, Intercity Anarchistic Federation and Orange Alternative shot up like mushrooms after that. They were all active against the Communist system however as distinct from Solidarity ('Solidarnosc' or 'Narodowy Solidarnosc Zwiazkow Zawodowych'--NSZZ in Polish) they defended themselves with irony and humor and refusing to join the army than more traditional methods. A lot of the radical ecological activists came form these movements. Some still exist and there are new ones as well such as Social Activity Membership in Slupsk. Anarchist ideas of the workers movement found a lot of support. A group of the Anarchist Federation published a paper Works in Nova Huta.



The original Solidarity which had a lot of Syndicalist features in its program. "The only possible way to change the actual situation is to set up authentic workers' autonomies which would make the employees the real master of a factory. Our association demands a restoration of the autonomous nature of the co-operative. It is necessary to pass a new bill which will protect from administrative interference." This was passed by the National Deputies conference of Solidarity in 1981. Their current program is much less radical and very different than the original.



The Polish Anarchist Federation



The Anarchist Federation (Federacja Anarchistyczna) became active in the early 80's. Members of the FA include Anarcho-ecologists, Anarcho-feminists, anti-militarists, anti-clericalists and anti-capitalists. There is a section of the FA in almost every major (and many minor) cities in Poland. Congresses of the FA are held every 6 months, determining some guidelines for cooperation between groups from different cities, but in the end every group is free to do whatever it will.



Demonstrations Against Police Violence - As aggressive capitalism has grown in our country, so has aggressive criminality and police violence. These things seem to be very tightly related. In the recent period, many people were shot and killed by bandits. At the same time, bandits in blue uniforms killed unarmed passers-by, or persons arrested without any apparent reason. Despite this fact, people have shown support for the police, and demanded to increase the rights of cops to use firearms. Ridiculous "Black Marches" were organized by populist politicians for this end.



The Anarchist Federation (FA) thinks that the only way to fight crime is to organize self-defense groups in endangered neighborhoods. Experience has shown that the law, the police and the prisons only increase criminality. Any increase of the power of the biggest criminal organization - The State - will not reduce criminality.



In reaction to this, the Anarchist Federation (FA) has organized "Blue Marches" in Warsaw and Rzeszow, recalling murders, rapes, rackets and other crimes committed by cops. Two "bodies" in black plastic were carried to the headquarters of the police in Warsaw, and candles were lit. Slogans like "The police will protect me from thieves, but who will protect me from the police" and "Dogs serve, wolves are free" ("dog" is used instead of "pig" in Polish) were shouted.



Demonstrations Against Bourgeois Hypocrisy - "The Banquet" is organized every year by prominent capitalists and other scum who have power in Cracow, to show a spectacle of charity to the population. It's a pity the food served at these banquets costs ten times more than the funds raised for the poor! People wouldn't need to live on the scraps from the table of the wealthy if they didn't spend all their lives stealing from the poor.



The Krakow section of the Anarchist Federation (FA) has picketed "The Banquet" regularity for several years, recalling all the scandals related to the careers of prominent guests (union-busting, stealing of public funds, exploitation of workers). Free food was served to homeless people, and Molotov cocktails were "served" to the police.



Police repression was very severe. Riot cops and undercover agents were very violent, and a lot of people were arrested and charged with false accusations. Sadly, these repressions have been partly successful: many people from the Anarchist Federation - Krakow (FA-Krakow) can't be active because they are threatened with suspended sentences.



Radical Anti-Fascist Action - The Radical Anti-Fascist Action (RAAF) was created as a response to Nazi-skinhead banditism. It's main goal is to protect people on punk/alternative concerts and Anarchist demonstrations against aggressive Fascists. RAAB also organized armed patrols, and disturbed some Fascist/Nationalist demonstrations. The main merit of RAAB is that people from the alternative/punk/Anarchist scene have stopped being afraid of Nazi-skinheads.



Anarchist Black Cross - Poland - The Anarchist Black Cross - Poland (ABC) has until now worked on the following cases:

Marek Milewski, arrested in February 1996, during a demonstration in Krakow (more info on that demonstration in "Demonstrations Against Bourgeois Hypocrisy") and has waited for a trial in jail for over a month. He was accused of throwing a Molotov cocktail at a policeman. Various sections of ABC-Poland organized demonstrations of support, wrote petitions, raised funds for the lawyers. After those demonstrations, he was released, while his trial continued. At the end of 96, he was found not guilty by the judge.

Jacek Zbierajski, Tomek Czechowicz, arrested in August 1996 in Prague in the Czech Republic. They were accused of devastating a tram, which was not true. The Polish consulate was not interested in the case, and the accused were not allowed to see anyone. They were also forced to sign false testimonies. ABC-Warsaw organized a demonstration at the Polish Foreign Affairs Ministry, and the Czech Republic Embassy. Three days later, the two guys were released, and came back to Warsaw. Probably they will not come back to the Czech Republic to continue the trial.

Tomasz Wilkoszewski, accused of murder of a Nazi-skinhead in Radomsko. He was sentenced on February 20, 1997 for 15 years of prison. Although it may be true that the fascist died by his hand, but the charges of conspired murder are unjust, and the sentence much higher than murderers usually get (there was a case of a Nazi who got 3 years for killing an Anarchist--what's more, the sentence has been suspended). Also, the history of the conflict has to be taken into account. The accused and his friends were regularity threatened, beaten up and injured for many years by Nazis living in their neighborhood. One of the Anarchists almost had his eye stabbed out. All this makes it a case of self-defense. ABC is convinced that the use of violence in self-defense is more acceptable than police oppression and imprisonment. This case still has to be worked out.



Initiative For The General Boycott of Chinese Products - The Initiative For The General Boycott of Chinese Products is not a strictly Anarchist one (This is why this name was invented - we don't sign it as the Anarchist Federation (FA)) and is meant to make people conscious of the existence of forced labor camps (Laogai) in China. People should be aware that the money they bought a toy with, is used to finance torture chambers. We also point out that capitalist corporations are participating in this mass murder.



So far, the Initiative has made several demonstrations and happenings at the Chinese embassy in Warsaw and at the commercial center, similar demonstrations were made in Poznan, Krakow and other cities. The Initiative is also interested in the case of a Chinese marriage, the Manduquechi, which are threatened with extradition to China where they may face the death penalty. Petitions are sent to the ministry of justice, and demonstrations will be made.



We chose not to act as the FA to make cooperation with the press and official institutions like Amnesty International, Helsinki Foundation, and the Circle of Friends of Tibet easier, and so that the FA is not associated with politicians of any kind.



Notes



  • In the Russian-dominated part of Poland, however, a number of Polish Anarchists did participate in the wider revolutionary struggle.


  • Jaroslav Dombrowski (1838-1871) also took an active part in the Polish uprising of 1863. He was arrested for complicity in the uprising in 1864 and was imprisoned in Moscow. Receiving help from Russian revolutionaries, he escaped in broad daylight, dressed as a woman. He was hidden for a while in St. Petersburg before leaving the country, for exile in Paris, where he was killed as a Communard in 1871.


There are also reports of one Anarchist group in Warsaw in 1844, which had as its organizers a number of magistrates! While information about this group is scanty, from what is known it seems likely that it was an organization composed of people with links with the Russian Social Revolutionaries, and one or two were followers of Peter Lavriv, and not Anarchists at all.



  • A mass strike--General Strike.


  • Ironically recent reports indicate that a special detention camp has been built at Bialystok, to imprison those workers that were convicted following the riots in Poland during June.


  • Polish Anarchists have been truly international: Dombrowski was not the only Pole to fight at the barricades of the Paris Commune of 1871. Walery Wroblesky escaped death there, returning to take an active part in the struggle in Krakow. Others were active in North and South America--Simon Radowitzky, for example, who blew up the Buenos Aires Chief of Police in 1902.


Many were active in exile: Walery Mroczowski was a member of the Bakininist Alliance of Social Democracy.



In London, one of the four Anarchist clubs in existence at the end of the 19th Century was frequented mainly by Russian and Polish exiles, and for a time an Anarchist paper, printed in Yiddish was circulated among Polish workers in the tailoring industry in East London.



One historian even mentions the arrest of a Polish Anarchist in Andalusia during the so-called "Black Hand" affair. However, he quotes her name as "Sofia Pereskania" which is not Polish (Russian?), and it could have been an incredible attempt by the Spanish authorities to discredit (?) local Anarchist groups by associating them with Sofia Pereskania, the courageous Russian woman who assassinated the Tsar during the same period.



  • 'Anarchist-communists' were inspired of the writings of Peter Kropotkin who advocated a "Free Socialism" ("Anarchism") patterned after the economics of the Paris Commune of 1879.


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Polish Anarchist Contacts



Gdansk:
Ruch Spoleczenstwa Alternatywnego (RSA)
c/o: Jany Waluszko
ul. Stare Domki 6/9
80-857 Gdansk 1.
e-mail: pomierz@ole.most.org.pl

Katowice:
"An Arche"
P.O. Box 636
40-958 Katowice 2.
e-mail: sierp@eternal.net



Krakow:
FA-Krakow
c/o: Rafal Gorski
ul. Gontyna ½
30-203 Krakow.
e-mail:
bojanowski@softlab.ii.uj.edu.pl
zb@zb.most.org.pl

Lodz:
Centrum Inicjatywy Lokalnej
P.O. Box 40
90-965 Lodz.
e-mail: czsz@polbox.com

Poznan:
Kolektyw "Rozbrat"
P.O. Box 5
61-966 Poznan 31.
e-mail: rozbrat@friko2.onet.pl
This is the contact point for Anarchist Black Cross - Poland

Slupsk:
Kolektyw "Aktywnosc Spoleczna"
P.O. Box 65
76-215 Slupsk 12.
fax: (0-59) 42-23-62
e-mail: bifa@polbox.com
This is the general contact point for the Polish Anarchist Federation

Sopot:
"Mac Pariadka"
P.O. Box 67
81-806 Sopot 6.
e-mail: dream@dreamfactory.com.pl

Warszawa:
FA-Warszawa
c/o: Artur Borkowski
P.O. Box 217
00-950 Warszawa 1.
e-mail: gawlik@plearn.edu.pl

Wroclaw:
FA-Wroclaw
P.O. Box 125
54-433 Wroclaw 60.
e-mail: s91559@math.uni.wroc.pl






9003 -- TO DO anarchist archives Jacobo Maguid Luce Fabbri (daughter of Luigi Fabbri) recalls the life of Jacobo Maguid (1907-1997) To talk of Jacobo Maguid- alias Macizo, alias Jacinto Cimazo- is to review in one’s mind’s eye the entire history of Argentina in the 20th century and, against that backdrop, the entire history of the Argentinian libertarian movement from the dying days of the Yrigoyen regime up until the current, 24protracted and turbulent convalescence from dictatorship. Maguid came from Santa Fe but attended university in La Plata where, even then committed to libertarian beliefs, he was a member of the Ideas group. That group had a very special place within the anarchist movement and a significance that, with the benefit of hindsight, strikes one as even more obvious. It included Lunazzi, José Grunfeld and his brothers David and Rafael. His commitment to anarchist ideas was crucial to the young engineering student, so much so that he took time off from his university career tobecome an editor of the newspaper La Protesta when, at the end of the Uriburu dictatorship, it managed to bounce back, thanks to the efforts of Diego Abad de Santillan who handled the printing of it single-handedly and was in need of help. Maguid saw the inside of prison a number of times during the Uriburu dictatorship as well as during his brief foray in to publishing (brief because La Protesta was shut down shortly afterwards by the authorities). His name cannot be dissociated from that of the FLA (Argentinian Libertarian Federation), going right back to the times of the CRRA (Regional Anarchist Liaison Committee) established at the 1932 congress and, from 1935 onwards, from the FACA (Argentinian Anarcho- Communist Federation), as the FLA was at first known. This obscure organisational work was boosted and convictions bolstered and enthusiasm refreshed unexpectedly by the bright light emanating from Spain. Maguid, who was at the time in the middle of a busy lecture tour in relation to the Bragado arrests, received a letter appointing him his organisation’s delegate and informing him that he was to go to Spain to assist the Spanish comrades in their mighty undertakings. He returned immediately to Buenos Aires, embarking on a ship for Spain along with his fellow delegates, Jacobo Prince, José Grunfeld and Anita Piacenza. http://members.aol.com/wellslake/bullet15.htm#Jacobo Maguid

Fabbri, Luce


9003 --

CONTINUAR LA OBRA DE CAPPELLETTY II


1894 En Luján (Argentina) aparece El Oprimido; en Sao Paulo, L´avvenire (en
italiano); en La Habana, Archivo Social; en Puerto Príncipe (Cuba), El Trabajo. Se
publica en París Páginas Libres de González Prada.
Prudente de Morais, presidente de Brasil; Bonilla, de Honduras; Crespo, de
Venezuela; Eguzquiza, del Paraguay; Idiarte Borda, de Uruguay; Morales
bermúdez, de Perú. Tacna y Arica incorporadas a Chile. Problemas de límites
entre Venezuela y la Guatana Británica. Lucio V. Mansilla: Retratos y recuerdos;
J.A. Silva: Nocturno; Carlos Reyles: Beba; O. Moratorio: La flor del pago.

1895 En Buenos Aires se edita el órgano libertario Le Cyclone (en francés) y en
Rosario La Libre Iniciativa.

Alfaro, presidente de Ecuador; Piérola, de Perú. Se inicia en Cuba la segunda
guerra de la Independencia y muere José Martí. J.E. Uriburu sucede a Sáenz
Peña en la presidencia de argentina. Se firma la paz entre Rio Grande do Sul y el
gobierno federal. C. Guido Spano: Ecos lejanos; Leopoldo Díaz: Bajo-relieves;
Enrique Bernardo Núñez: Sol Interior; J.M. Núñez Ponte: Estudios acerca de la
esclavitud en Venezuela; Montalvo: Capítulos que se le olvidaron a Cervantes; S.
Chocano: Iras santas; Zeno Gandía: La charca; Vargas Vila: Flor de fango.

1896 Se publica en Buenos Aires el periódico ácrata Ni Dios ni Amo. En Rosario
salen La Verdad y La Federación Obrera. En Montevideo, Il Socialista (en
italiano). Se reune en Lima el primer congreso obrero, con presencia anarquista.
Los anarquistas promueven una huelga portuaria en La Habana.

Sam, presidente de Haití. Errázuriz, de Chile; M. Vitorino, provisional de Brasil.
Rebelión de los indios Yanquis en Sonora (México). Se suicida en Buenos Aires
Leandro Alem, líder de la Unión Cívica Radical. En Cuba muere peleando Maceo.
Se funda el Instituto Paraguayo. Surge en Buenos Aires el Partido Socialista.
Francisco G. De Cosmes: La dominación española y la patria mexicana; Rubén
Darío: Prosas Profanas; R. Palma: Neologismos y americanismos; Rui Barbosa:
Cartas da Inglaterra; Rubén Darío: Los raros y Prosas profanas.

1897 Se funda en Buenos aires La Protesta Humana, el más importante órgano
periodístico del anarquismo latinoamericano. Allí mismo se editan Germinal,
Ciencia Social y La Revolución Social. En Montevideo, La Verdad. Se funda en
Rio Grande do Sul la "Liga operaria internacional", de tendencia anarquista. El
anarquista cubano Tárrida del Mármol publica su libro Les inquisiteurs d¨Espagne
en París.

Biófilo Panclasta estudia en la Escuela Normal de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Edita
un periodiquillo manuscrito que luchaba contra la reelección de Miguel Antonio
Caro. Por éste motivo y por "faltas graves contra la disciplina", es expulsado por
el director Joaquín García.

En Venezuela se levanta en armas el Mocho Hernández; en Uruguay, Aparicio
Saravia, ambos nacionalistas. España concede autonomía a Puerto Rico.
Asesinato de Idiarte Borda en Uruguay. Flota italiana amenaza a Colombia, por el
pago de la deuda. Nabuco: Un estadista del Imperio; Fray Mocho: Memorias de
un vigilante; E. Valverde y Téllez: Apuntaciones históricas de la filosofía en
México; Paul Groussac: Del Plata al Niágara; M. Coronado: Justicias de antaño;
L. Lugones: Las montañas del oro; Rodó: La vida nueva; Jaimes Freyre: Catalia
bábara.

1898 Llega a Buenos Aires el criminólogo italiano Pietro Gori, y funda la revista
Criminología Moderna, al mismo tiempo que inicia intensa propaganda anarquista.
En Rio de Janeiro se edita O Despertar; en Sao Paulo, Il Risveglio. Llega a Cuba
Parmiro de Lidia (Adrián del Valle). Ghiraldo publica, en Buenos Aires, El Sol.
Inglan Lafarga traduce la obra Hamon, Psicología del socialista anarquista.

Campo Sales, presidente de Brasil; Andrade, de Venezuela; Roca, de Argentina;
Sanclemente, de Colombia. Guerra hispano-norteamericana.
Ernesto Quesada: La época de Rosas; A. Duhau: El hijo legítimo; Amado Nervo:
Perlas Negras; J.O´Leary: El alma de la raza; Díaz Rodriguez: De mis romerías.

1899 En Montevideo se editan La Aurora Anarquista y El Amigo del Pueblos; en
La Habana, El Nuevo Ideal; en Rio de Janeiro, O Protesto; en Curitibia, Il Diritto;
en Buenos Aires, El Ideal Anarquista. El Almanaque de Pernambuco publica un
Decálogo dos anarquistas. Silva Mendes presenta una tesis doctoral titulada
Socialismo libertario ou anarquismo. Huelga general de albañiles en La Habana
por la jornada de ocho horas y fundación de la "Liga general de trabajadores
cubanos".

Biófilo Panclasta junto con Eléazar López funda la primera Escuela Pública en
Capacho Nuevo (Venezuela). Participa en lel derrocamiento del gobierno de
Ignacio Andrade por parte de Cipriano Castro.

Revolución restauradora en Venezuela; Cipriano Castro, presidente. Los yanquis
gobiernan en Cuba. Se inicia en Colombia la guerra de los mil días. Heureaux es
asesinado en República Dominicana y le sucede Jiménez. Regalado, presidente
de El salvador; Cuesta, de Uruguay; Romaña, de Perú. Francisco Bulnes: El
porvenir de las naciones letinoamericanas ante las conquistas recientes de
Europa y los Estados Unidos; G. Valencia: Anarkos; C. Zumeta: El continente
enfermo; Machado de Assis: Don Casmurro.

190(?) Fundación de la Comuna Autogestionaria de Jacinto Albarracín,
Anarquista indígena nacido en Arauca, Colombia. Durante su labor de periodista
fundo el primer periódico con claro contenido social; El Faro, que pronto se
convirtió en escenario para las ideas Libertarias, mas tarde fundo el diario " La
razón del obrero". Utilizo el teatro como medio de difundir sus ideas. Perseguido
por el dictador Reyes, Jacinto Albarracín se aleja para fundar una Comuna
Autogestionaria el la selva del Magdalena Medio Colombiano, en el Departamento
de Boyacá, se llamo "Otanche, una sociedad sin autoridad ni conceptos de
propiedad ni poderes judiciales"

1900 Florencio Sánchez publica en El Sol sus Cartas de un flojo. Se fundan en
santiago de Chile el grupo estudiantil "La revuelta" y el "Centro de estudios
sociales obrero"; en Valparaiso, el grupo "La libertad". En Montevideo sale
Tribuna Libertaria; en Sao Paulo, Palestra Social; en Buenos aires, Los Tiempos
Nuevos y El Alba del Siglo XX. Se constutuye en Santos la "Sociedade Primero di
Maio". Malatesta visita Cuba. Ricardo -flores Magón funda en México
Regeneración. El doctor Emilio Z. Arana publica Los males sociales. Su único
remedio,; Mariano Cortés, Fundamentos y lenguaje de la doctrina anarquista.

Marroquín, presidente de Colombia. La flota francesa presiona a la república
Dominicana. Nueva insurrección del Mocho Hernández en Venezuela; nueva
designación de Porfirio Díaz para la presidencia de México. Chile y Argentina
firman un tratado de límites. En Puerto Rico: ley Foraker y autonomía civil.
Juan agustín García: La ciudad indiana; Rodó: Ariel; F. Bareiro: El Paraguay en la
argentina; R. Palma: Cachivaches; Nabuco: Mi formación; Vargas Vila: Ibis; J.
Sierra: Evolución política del pueblos mexicano.

1901 Flores Magón se empapa de literatura anarquista y es encarcelado en
Belén. Se inicia la publicación de La Nueva Era y La Nuova Civilitá en Buenos
Aires; El Acrata, La Campaña, La Agitación, La Rebelión y El Siglo XX en
Santiago de Chile; La Terza Roma en Sao Paulo. Se funda la "Federación Obrera
Argentina" (FOA). En Rosario los anarquistas promueven la huelga general.
Benjamín Mota inicia la publicación de la revista A Lanterna; Alberto Ghiraldo
dirige La Organización Obrera; Graça Aranha publica Canaä.

Biófilo Panclasta llega a Cúcuta, Colombia como "protesta de imparcialidad" ante
la dictadura. Se trató de fusilarlo por rebelión.

Enmienda Platt y primera Constitución en Cuba: Tomás Estrada, presidente.
Batalla de Río Hacha entre tropas colombianas y venezolanas. Insurrección entre
los mayas yucatecos. La ley Richeri establece el servicio militar obligatorio en
Argentina. V. Pérez Petit: Tribulaciones de un criollo; M. Díaz Rodriguez: Idolos
rotos; F. Lazo Martí: La silva criolla; Díaz Mirón: Lascas; L.A. de Herrera: La tierra
charrúa; J. De Viana: Gurí, A. Carnevalli: Bolivita; P.E. Coll: El castillo de Elsinor;
H. Quiroga: Los arrecifes de coral.

1902 Ricardo Flores Magón edita El Hijo del Ahuizote, periódico satírico.
Comienzan a publicarse La Luz en Santiago de Chile; ¿Tierra! Y La Defensa en
La Habana; O Amigo do Povo, Germinal y La Gogna (en italiano) enSao Paulo.
Se reúne el 2º Congreso de la FOA, del cual se retiran los socialistas marxistas.
En Buenos Aires la FOA, proclama la huelga general. El parlamento argentino
promulga la "ley de residencia" (Nº 4144). Los anarquistas de Chile y Argentina se
pronuncian contra la guerra que intentan los gobiernos de ambos países; los
cubanos protestan contra la Enmienda Platt y la administración norteamericana.
El chileno D´Halmar, que simpatiza con el anarquismo tolstoiano, publica Juana
Lucero.

Rodrigues Alves, presidente de brasil. Fracasa la Revolución Libertadora en
Venezuela. Alemania y Gran Bretaña bloquean y bombardean Puerto Cabello en
ese país. Doctrina Drago en Argentina. Zelaya otra vez presidente de Nicaragua.
Nueva Constitución venezolana aumenta a seis años el periodo presidencial.
Perú firma un tratado de límites con Bolivia. Las repúblicas centroamericanas
aceptan el arbitraje obligatorio en sus diferencias mutuas. Nord Alexis, presidente
de Haití.
Otto Miguel Cione: Maula; Martín Coronado: La piedra del escándalo; Nicolás
Granada: ¡Al campo!; A. Nin Frías: Ensayos de crítica e historia.

1903 En Buenos Aires sale a luz el periódico Vida Nueva; en Montevideo, La
Verdad; en Santiago de Chile, Los Nuevos Horizontes; en Río de Janeiro, A
Greve; en Curitiba, A Voz do Dever; en Sao Paulo, La Rivolta (en italiano) y La
Voz del Destierro (en español). El "Movimiento sindicalista revolucionario"
promueve la fundación de centenares de reuniones obreras en Brasil. La FOA
celebra en Buenos Aires su tercer congreso: cuenta con 42 sociedades afiliadas y
15.112 miembros. Félix Basterra publica su libro El crepúsculo de los gauchos;
Florencio Sánchez, estrena M´hijo el doctor; Fábio Luz saca su novela O
Ideólogo; Avelino Foscolo, O Mestiço. Aparece el ensayo de Florencio Sánchez,
El caudillaje criminal en Sud América.
En Argentina los socialistas fundan la Unión General de Trabajadores (U.G.T.).
Batlle y Ordoñez presidente del Uruguay; Candamo, de Perú; Escalón de El
Salvador. Revolución del Lago en Nicaragua. Brasil se anexa el territorio de Acre.
Panamá se separa de Colombia, se proclama independiente y cede a Estados
Unidos la Zona del Canal; Manuel A. Guerreo, presidente. Cuba otorga bases a
Estados Unidos (Guantánamo).
Euclides Da Cunha: Os sertöes; D. Jiménez Espinosa: Pancha Garmendia;
Porfirio Parra: Nuevo sistema de lógica inductiva y deductiva; M. Cané: Prosa
ligera; L. Lugones: El imperio jesuítico; Martiniano Leguizamón: Cuentos de la
pampa; O. Bungue: Nuestra América; M. E. Pardo: Villabrava.

1904 Flores Magón reinicia en San Antonio (Texas) la publicación de su periódico
Regeneración. En Montevideo se edita Futuro; en Concepción (Chile) Luz; En
Buenos Aires, Martín Fierro; en Curitiba, O Despertar. En Brasil la Cámara de
diputados promulga la "Ley Gordo" , que equivale a la 4144 argentina. Se celebra
en La Plata el cuarto congreso de la Federación Obrera Argentina (FOA), que
cambia su nombre por el de Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA): tiene
66 sociedades y 32.893 afiliados. Ghiraldo publica Música prohibida. El 1º de
mayo la policía ataca en Buenos Aires una manifestación anarquista. González
Prada inicia en Lima la publicación del periódico Los Parias. Los anarquistas
(Urmaechea, Lévano, etc.) fundan allí mismo la "Unión de Trabajadores
Panaderos". Los anarquistas cubanos (Saavedra, Sola) promueven el boycot a la
carne argentina, por la persecución de sus compañeros en aquel país. Florencio
Sánchez estrena Canillita, Las cédulas de San Juan, La gente pobre y La gringa.

Vicente Lizacano, anarquista Colombiano, adopta el seudónimo de Biófilo
Panclasta.

Noviembre, Biofilo Panclasta. Como coronel de Cipriano Castro llega a
Barranquilla y ofrece sus servicios en pro de la integridad colombiana contra la
usurpación yanki.Es nombrado en Bogotá primer ayudante general de la 4a.
"Expediciónn sobre Panamá". Acusado de conspiración viaja a Ecuador y ofrece
sus servicios en la proyectada guerra con el Perú.

J. Pardo, presidente de Perú; B. Reyes, de Colombia; J.B. Gaona, del Paraguay;
M. Quintana, de Argentina. Nuevo levantamiento de Aparicio Saravia en Uruguay.
Ley de divorcio en Venezuel. Alfredo Palacios primer diputado socialista de
Argentina. Revolución de los Azules en Paraguay. Bolivia, Perú y Chile firman un
tratado de paz. Montes inicia en Bolivia la época de los gobiernos liberales.
Alberto Weisbach: Blancos y colorados; G. Delgado Palacios: Orígenes de la
vida; Ricardo Rojas: El país de la selva; G. Laferrére: ¡Jettatore!; I. Pane: Poesías
paraguayas; F. García Calderón: De Litteris; P.C. Dominici: Dionysos.

1905 En Lima aparecen El Hambriento y Simiente Roja; en Montevideo, El
Libertario; en Rosario, Nuevas Brisas; en Sao Paulo, A Terra Livre; la revista
mensual Aurora y La Battaglia (en italiano); en La Habana, El Libertario. La FORA
celebra en Buenos Aires su quinto congreso en el cual se declara oficialmente
anarco-comunista. Se produce la Semana Roja en Santiago de Chile. En Río de
Janeiro se funda la agrupación libertaria "Novo Rumo". Flores Magón es detenido
en Estados Unidos y Regeneración es asaltada. Se organiza la Federación
Obrera Regional Uruguaya (FORU). Ghiraldo publica La tiranía del frac; Pellicer
Paraire, Conferencias populares de Sociología.

Cecilio Báez, presidente de Paraguay; Estrada Cabrera, de4 Guatemala. En
Colombia se prolonga la dictadura de Reyes; en Venezuela la de C. Castro. En
Cuba es reelecto Estrada Palma. Se funda en Argentina la Universidad de La
Plata. Fallida revolución radical en Buenos Aires.
César Duayen: Stella; Leopoldo Lugones: La guerra gaucha; Los crepúsculos del
jardín; A. Chirveches: Celeste; T. Febres Cordero: Don Quijote en América; Juan-
silvano Gondai: La muerte del mariscal López; R. Darío: Canto de vida y
esperanza; J. Clausell: Paisajes mexicanos; A. Nervo:Jardines interiores; J.
Ribeiro: Páginas de Estética.

1906 En Buenos Aire se editan El Trabajo, Rumbo Nuevo, Fulgor; en Rosario, El
Rebelde; en Montevideo, En Marcha, La Giustizia; en Salto (Uruguay), Germinal;
en Asunción, El Despertar, en Santiago de Chile, El Oprimido; en Lima,
Humanidad; en Río Blanco (México), La Revolución Social; en Río de Janeiro,
Novo Rumo; en Porto Alegre, A Luta; en Taboleiro Grande (Minas-Brasil), A Nova
Era. Ribeiro Filho publica Cravo Vermelho. Se reúne en Rosario el sexto congreso
de la FORA. En Río de Janeiro se funda la Confederaçao Operária Brasileira
(COB). En Asunción, la Federación Obrera Regional del Paraguay (FORP). En
Sao Paulo estalla una huelga general ferroviaria. Reaparece en Saint Louis
(U.S.A.) Regeneración. Los anarquistas promueven la huelga minera de Cananea
(México), que deja dos centenares de muertos, y la textil de Río Blanco (México),
que se prolonga hasta el año siguiente. También una insurrección campesina en
Acuyacán. Angel Falco publica Cantos Rojos; F. Sánchez estrena El Conventillo y
El dasalojo.

Biófilo Panclasta viaja a Argentina. Llega como el eterno epavé. Se relaciona con
la juventuda anarquista y socialista, asiste a sus reuniones y escribe en sus
periódicos. Es considerado el "tipo ideal del anarquista", y el autor de la gran
propaganda teórica y de acción de Buenos Aires. Es invitado al "Congreso de
libre pensadores" que no pasó de ser un Congreso del pensamiento liberal. No
asiste y parte para Europa.

Alfonso Peña, presidente de Brasil; Benigno Ferreira, de Paraguay; Figueroa
Alcorta, de Argentina; Montt, de Chile; Zelaya, nuevamente, de Nicaragua.En
Ecuador L. García es derrocado por E. Alfaro y se promulga una constitución
liberal. Rebelión liberal en Cuba y consecuente invasión norteamericana.
Roberto J. Payró: El casamiento de Laucha; Martiniano Leguizamón: Alma nativa;
Almafuerte: Lamentaciones; R. Blanco Fombona: Camino de inperfección; O.
Cione: Paja brava; A. Arvelo Larriva: Emjambre de rimas; J.E. Rodó: Liberalismo y
jacobinismo; G. Picón Febres: La literatura venezolana en el siglo XIX.

1907 En Córdoba (Argentina) se edita El proletario; en Buenos Aires, la revista
Los Nuevos Caminos; en Montevideo, La Linterna y La Emancipación; en Río de
Janeiro, Semana Operaria y la revista Nova Aurora. Flores Magón condenado a
tres años de cárcel en Estados Unidos. Huelga de inquilinos en Buenos Aires. Se
reúne en La Plata el séptimo congreso de la FORA. Huelga de salitreros en
Iquique culmina con matanza masiva. Huelga general en Sao Paulo. La "Liga
Operária" de Campinas funda una Escuela libre, dirigida por Renato salles. Se
constituye en Sao Paulo el "Grupo libertario Germinal". Florencio Sánchez
estrena Moneda falsa, Los Curdas, Nuestros hijos y Los derechos de la salud.

Biófilo Panclasta llega a Europa como delegado de la Federación Obrera
Nacional Argentina al congreso obrero de Amsterdam. Conoce casi todos sus
países pero superficialmente: Francia, España, Inglaterra, Suiza, Italia, Bélgica y
Holanda. En Holanda es invitado por el grupo "Estudios Sociales" para que refute
una conferencia de Bestraud titulada "La anarquía contra la vida". Comenta al
respecto "pasé el derecho de palabra a Matta y esperé... terminado hubo éste,
dije: ni uno ni otros sabeis lo que es anarquismo; los que os llamais así, no lo sois
y los que no, sí. Al salir fui derechito a la cárcel" .Es confundido con el delegado
colombiano a la Conferencia Mundial por la Paz, señor Santiago Pérez Triana. Es
desterrado de España a petición de Rafael Reyes. Llega a Puerto Colombia con
el fin de seguir a Bogotá, pero tiene que viajar a Panamá.
Mayo. Rel dictador  Reyes, en Colombia, lo hace expulsar de Panamá donde se
encontraba refugiado y es entregado en calidad de preso a las autoridades del
departamneto del Chocó ( Col.)

C. Williman, presidente de Uruguay; F. Figueroa, de El Salvador; E. Alfaro,
nuevamente, de Ecuador. Nicaragua en guerra con El Salvador y Honduras,
ocupa Tegucigalpa; el presidente Bonilla renuncia. Se reúne en Wasington una
Conferencia Centroamericana. Los Estados Unidos administran las aduanas de R.
Dominicana. En Uruguay queda abolida la pena de muerte y se sanciona la ley de
divorcio vincular. Luis Razetti: Qué es la vida; Leopoldo Lugones: Lunario
Sentimental; E. Banchs. Las barcas; Delmira Agustini: El libro blanco; J.
Rodriguez Alcalá: El Paraguay en marcha; M. Azuela: Maria Luisa; Vaz Ferreira:
Los problemas de la libertad; F. García Calderón: Le Pérou contemporain; R.
Blanco Fombona: El hombre de hierro; Ramos Mejías: Rosas y su tiempo. Se
edita en Buenos Aires la revista Nosotros.

1908 En Asunción comienza a publicarse La Rebelión; en Santiago de Chile; La
Protesta; en regla (La Habana), el semanario Rebelión; en río de Janeiro; ¡Nao
Matarás!. Los anarquistas protagonizan levantamientos campesinos en Viescas,
Las Vacas, Palomas y Valladolod (México). Huelga general convocada por la
FORA en buenos Aires, contra la ley de residencia. Se funda en La Paz la
Federación Obrera Local, que publica Luz y Verdad. La COB comienza a editar su
órgano A Voz do Trabalhador. En Buenos aires sale un nuevo diario anarquista:
La Batalla; en Mendoza, la revista Pensamiento Nuevo; en Panamá, La Ráfaga.
Evaristo carriego publica sus poemarios Misas herejes y El alma del suburbio,
Alejandro Sux, Seis dias en la cárcel de Mendoza; Herrera y Reissig, tertulia
Lunática; González Prada, Horas de Lucha; H. Quiroga: Historia de un amor
turbio; Bohemia; Los perseguidos.

J.M. Gómez, presidente de Cuba; Juan Vicente Gómez, de Venezuela; A. Leguía,
de Perú. Castro se marcha a Venezuela para no volver; Francisco I. Madero se
postula po rvez primera a la presidencia de México. En Valparaíso se reune el
primer Congreso Científico Panamericano. En Asunción se produce la revolución
radical de Albino Jara. Se fundan el Ateneo de la Juventud en México y la
Sociedad de Conciertos sinfónicos en Brasil. Roberto J. Payró: Pago chico; G. De
Laferrére: Las de Barranco; E. Larreta: La gloria de Don Ramiro; Vaz Ferreira:
Moral para intelectuales; M. Díaz Rodriguez: Camino de perfección; J. Cortinas: El
Credo; R. Blanco Fombona: Más allá de los horizontes; D. Mayer: Estudios
sociológicos; O. Luco: Casa grande; J.S. Chocano: El Dorado; V.A. Belaúnde: El
Perú antiguo y los modernos sociólogos. En Perú se edita la revista Variedades.

1909 En Buenos Aires se publica el Boletín de la Federación Regional Argentina;
en La Plata, las revistas Ideas y Vibraciones; en Montevideo, Adelante, El Surco y
La Nueva Senda; en Asunción, La Tribuna; en Río de Janeiro, Libertade; en Sao
Paulo, Il Ribelle (en italiano). En Buenos Aires La Protesta es nuevamente
asaltada y clausurada; se edita El Cuartel, periódico antimilitarista. Alberto
Ghiraldo inicia la publicación de la revista Ideas y Figuras. El fusilamiento de
Francisco Ferrer en Barcelona provoca manifestaciones de repudio en Buenos
Aires, Rosario, Montevideo, Santiago de Chile, Río de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, La
Habana, etc. Simón Radowitzky ajusticia al coronel Falcón, jefe de policía de
Buenos Aires. En San José (Costa Rica) se funda el "Centro de Estudios Sociales
Germinal". Herrera y Reissig publica Las Clepsidras; R. De las Carreras: La
Venus Celeste; A. Ghiraldo: Alma gaucha; F. Santiván: Palpitaciones de vida.

Noviembre. Biófilo Panclasta anuncia en Centro América la aparición del
periódico El Anticristo en Bogotá. Se dirige a Cartagena y es detenido por el
gobernador De la Vega y enviado en un buque alemán a Colón donde es tomado
nuevamente prisionero.
Diciembre. Se presenta ante la Corte Suprema de Panamá y la policía lo embarca
en un bote y lo abandona en territorio colombiano.

Nilo Peçanha, vicepresidente de Brasil, asume la presidencia a la muerte de
Pena. Reforma constitucional en Venezuela. Enseñanza laica en Uruguay. En
Colombia el vicepresidente Holguín asume la presidencia, al caer Reyes. En
Honduras, guerra civil; en Nicaragua, revolución contra Zelaya y nueva
intervención yanqui. Porfirio Díaz se entrevista en la frontera con Taft. Colombia
reconoce la independencia de Panamá. Benito Lynch: Plata dorada; A. Arvelo
Larriva: Sones y canciones; A. Chirveches: La candidatura de rojas; Vaz Ferreira:
Pragmatismo; A. Arguedas: Pueblo enfermo; Pío Gil: El cabito; Blest Gana: El loco
estero; J. Gil Fortoul: Historia constitucional de Venezuela; J. E. Rodó: Motivos de
Proteo. En Caracas se funda el diario El Universal.

1910 Se editan en Montevideo Tiempos Nuevos y la revista sociológica Ideas; en
Río de Janeiro, Novo Rumo. Muchos militantes anarquistas son desterrados de
Argentina y otros enviados a Usahaia, durante los festejos del Centenerio. Una
vez más La Protesta es asaltada y clausurada. Los compañeros brasileños
demuestran su solidaridad y fundan un Comité Revolucionario de Apoyo. Lo
mismo hacen los uruguayos. La FORA celebra su octavo congreso. Los
anarquistas del Brasil apoyan la "Revuelta del látigo" en la marina de guerra.
Flores Magón sale de la cárcel y reinicia la publicación de Regeneración, que
llega a un tiraje de 27.000 ejemplares, en Los Angeles. Surge en Guayaquil el
"Centro de Estudios Sociales", de tendencia anarquista. R. Barrett publica
Moralidades actuales y Lo que son los yerbales; Fábio Luz, Virgem Mae.

Abril. Biófilo Panclasta es puesto preso en el cuartel de policía de Barranquilla.
Escribe "Datos Autobiográficos", para el periódico El Pueblos que dirige Aurelio
de Castro. Expulsado del país viaja a CuraÇao donde es nuevamente expulsado.
Al respecto escribe varias cartas.

22 de Dic. De 1910. Lanzamiento en Bogotá, Colombia del periódico Anarquista
"Rabachol", fundado y dirigido por Juan Francisco Moncaleano, uno de los mas
insignes Anarquistas Colombianos, conocido especialmente en los círculos
Anarquistas del Cono sur. El periódico evoluciono desde una posición Liberal-
Socialista hasta convertirse en vocero del Anarquismo, decía en una de sus
editoriales " Asumimos con honor el nombre de un mártir de la libertad", su
programa de lucha publicado en el Nº 13 era una síntesis de los ideales
Anarquistas y concluía " Nadie tiene derecho a gobernar a otro"

El mariscal Hermes, presidente de Brasil; Manuel Gronda, de Paraguay; R. Sáenz
Peña, de Argentina; C. Restrepo, de Colombia; J.J. Estrada, de Nicaragua;
Estrada Cabrera, otra vez, de Guatemala. Se inaugura el ferrocarril transandino
Mendoza Valparaíso. Se reúne en Buenos Aires la Conferencia Panamericana.
Reabre Justo Sierra la Universidad de México. Festejos del Centenario del Primer
gobierno patrio en Argentina. Con insurrecciones en diversos estados, se inicia la
Revolución mexicana contra el porfiriato.
Javier de Viana: El estanque; Roberto J. Payró: Divertidas aventuras del nieto de
Juan Moreira; José Gálvez: Bajo la luna; P. Henríquez Ureña: Horas de estudio;
Vaz Ferreira: Lógica viva; Gerchunoff: Los gauchos judíos; M. Ugarte: El porvenir
de América Latina; Cecilio Báez: Ensayo sobre el dictador Francia; C. Torres:
Idola fori; C. Reyles: La muerte del cisne. En Caracas se publica la revista Alma
venezolana.
 
 



9004 --

CONTINUAR LA OBRA DE CAPPELLETTY III


1909 En Buenos Aires se publica el Boletín de la Federación Regional Argentina;
en La Plata, las revistas Ideas y Vibraciones; en Montevideo, Adelante, El Surco y
La Nueva Senda; en Asunción, La Tribuna; en Río de Janeiro, Libertade; en Sao
Paulo, Il Ribelle (en italiano). En Buenos Aires La Protesta es nuevamente
asaltada y clausurada; se edita El Cuartel, periódico antimilitarista.
Alberto Ghiraldo inicia la publicación de la revista Ideas y Figuras. El
fusilamiento de Francisco Ferrer en Barcelona provoca manifestaciones
de repudio en Buenos Aires, Rosario, Montevideo, Santiago de Chile, Río
de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, La Habana, etc. Simón Radowitzky ajusticia al coronel
Falcón, jefe de policía de Buenos Aires. En San José (Costa Rica) se funda el
"Centro de Estudios Sociales Germinal". Herrera y Reissig publica Las
Clepsidras; R. De las Carreras: La Venus Celeste; A. Ghiraldo: Alma gaucha;
F. Santiván: Palpitaciones de vida.

Noviembre. Biófilo Panclasta anuncia en Centro América la aparición del
periódico El Anticristo en Bogotá. Se dirige a Cartagena y es detenido por el
gobernador De la Vega y enviado en un buque alemán a Colón donde es tomado
nuevamente prisionero.
Diciembre. Se presenta ante la Corte Suprema de Panamá y la policía lo embarca
en un bote y lo abandona en territorio colombiano.

Nilo Peçanha, vicepresidente de Brasil, asume la presidencia a la muerte de
Pena. Reforma constitucional en Venezuela. Enseñanza laica en Uruguay.
En Colombia el vicepresidente Holguín asume la presidencia, al caer
Reyes. En Honduras, guerra civil; en Nicaragua, revolución contra Zelaya y nueva
intervención yanqui. Porfirio Díaz se entrevista en la frontera con Taft. Colombia
reconoce la independencia de Panamá. Benito Lynch: Plata dorada; A. Arvelo
Larriva: Sones y canciones; A. Chirveches: La candidatura de rojas; Vaz Ferreira:
Pragmatismo; A. Arguedas: Pueblo enfermo; Pío Gil: El cabito; Blest
Gana: El loco estero; J. Gil Fortoul: Historia constitucional de Venezuela; J. E.
Rodó: Motivos de Proteo. En Caracas se funda el diario El Universal.

1910 Se editan en Montevideo Tiempos Nuevos y la revista sociológica Ideas; en
Río de Janeiro, Novo Rumo. Muchos militantes anarquistas son desterrados de
Argentina y otros enviados a Usahaia, durante los festejos del Centenerio. Una
vez más La Protesta es asaltada y clausurada. Los compañeros brasileños
demuestran su solidaridad y fundan un Comité Revolucionario de Apoyo.
Lo mismo hacen los uruguayos. La FORA celebra su octavo congreso. Los
anarquistas del Brasil apoyan la "Revuelta del látigo" en la marina de guerra.
Flores Magón sale de la cárcel y reinicia la publicación de Regeneración, que
llega a un tiraje de 27.000 ejemplares, en Los Angeles. Surge en Guayaquil el
"Centro de Estudios Sociales", de tendencia anarquista. R. Barrett publica
Moralidades actuales y Lo que son los yerbales; Fábio Luz, Virgem Mae.

Abril. Biófilo Panclasta es puesto preso en el cuartel de policía de Barranquilla.
Escribe "Datos Autobiográficos", para el periódico El Pueblos que dirige Aurelio
de Castro. Expulsado del país viaja a CuraÇao donde es nuevamente expulsado.
Al respecto escribe varias cartas.

22 de Dic. De 1910. Lanzamiento en Bogotá, Colombia del periódico Anarquista
"Rabachol", fundado y dirigido por Juan Francisco Moncaleano, uno de los mas
insignes Anarquistas Colombianos, conocido especialmente en los círculos
Anarquistas del Cono sur. El periódico evoluciono desde una posición Liberal-
Socialista hasta convertirse en vocero del Anarquismo, decía en una de sus
editoriales " Asumimos con honor el nombre de un mártir de la libertad", su
programa de lucha publicado en el Nº 13 era una síntesis de los ideales
Anarquistas y concluía " Nadie tiene derecho a gobernar a otro"

El mariscal Hermes, presidente de Brasil; Manuel Gronda, de Paraguay; R. Sáenz
Peña, de Argentina; C. Restrepo, de Colombia; J.J. Estrada, de Nicaragua;
Estrada Cabrera, otra vez, de Guatemala. Se inaugura el ferrocarril transandino
Mendoza Valparaíso. Se reúne en Buenos Aires la Conferencia Panamericana.
Reabre Justo Sierra la Universidad de México. Festejos del Centenario del Primer
gobierno patrio en Argentina. Con insurrecciones en diversos estados, se inicia la
Revolución mexicana contra el porfiriato.
Javier de Viana: El estanque; Roberto J. Payró: Divertidas aventuras del nieto de
Juan Moreira; José Gálvez: Bajo la luna; P. Henríquez Ureña: Horas de estudio;
Vaz Ferreira: Lógica viva; Gerchunoff: Los gauchos judíos; M. Ugarte: El porvenir
de América Latina; Cecilio Báez: Ensayo sobre el dictador Francia; C. Torres:
Idola fori; C. Reyles: La muerte del cisne. En Caracas se publica la revista Alma
venezolana.

1911 En Buenos Aires se editan las revistas El Trabajo, La Cultura y Francisco
Ferrer; en Montevideo, Guerra Social; en Valparaíso, Luz al Obrero; en Lima, La
Protesta; en Colón, El Unico; en San José, Renovación; en La Habana, La Batalla
y Vía Libre; en Río de Janeiro, A Guerra Social, en Santos, O Proletario. De los
117.000 obreros del Uruguay, 90.000 están afiliados a la FORU. Los anarquistas
peruanos promueven la primera huelga general en el país. El Manifiesto
publicado por el Partido Liberal Mexicano resulta claramente anarquista. El Plan
de Ayala de Emiliano Zapata, de inspiración libertaria. Los magonistas invaden la
Baja California, con el propósito de inicciar allí la revolución social libertaria.
Flores Magón de nuevo encarcelado. Santiago Locascio publica Orientaciones; E.
Gilimón, Hechos y Comentarios; Ernesto Herrera estrena El León Ciego. Se
editan El dolor paraguayo y Cuentos breves de R. Barrett.

Febrero. "Juan Cruzado" en el periódico Maquetas pide la pena de muerte para
Biófilo Panclasta por "perturbar el orden social con sus ideas revolucionarias".
Biófilo Panclasta es entrevistado por periodistas de El Gráfico y El Republicano
en una cárcel bogotana donde se encuentra detenido, alli afirma "Aun entre rejas
el hombre es libre"

Franciso I. Madero, presidente de México; Batlle y Ordóñez, de nuevo del
Uruguay. En Venezuela se funda la Academia Militar. Guerra entre Perú y
Colombia. En Nicaragua un cuartelazo impone como presidente a Adolfo Díaz,
empleado de empresas yanquis. Se descubren las ruinas de Macchu Pichu en
Perú. C. Leconte, presidente de Haití.
Pedro Manuel Arcaya: Estudios sobre personajes y hechos de la historia
venezolana; L. Lugones: Historia de Sarmiento; Alberto J. Ureta: Rumor de almas;
E. Banchs: La urna; A. Valdelomar: La ciudad de los tísicos; Eguren: Sombolicas;
A. Reyes: Cuestiones estéticas; J.T. Arreaza Calatrava: Canto a Venezuela; Pío
Gil: Los felicitadores. En Nicaragua sale la revista Atlántida.

1912 En México aparece Luz; en Buenos Aires, El Manifiesto y La Anarquía; en
Montevideo, Crónicas subversivas, Solidaridad, Ideas; en santiago de Chile, El
Productor; en Río de Janeiro, A Revolta. Se funda en Bolovia la "Federación
Obrera Internacional" (FOI), cuyo símbolo es una bandera rojinegra. Grupos
anarquistas, como "Luchadores por la Verdad" y "Luz y Amor", organizan una
huelga general en El Callao (Perú). Se funda, pocos meses antes, la "Federación
Obrera Regional Peruana" (FORP). La huelga portuaria de Santos es
violentamente reprimida. En Panamá funcionan unos 20 grupos de afinidad, en
general anarco-individualistas. Kropotkin defiende a Flores Magón contra los
ataques de Grave. En México se funda la Casa del Obrero, que poco después se
llamará Casa del Obrero Mundial. José de Maturana publica Canción de
Primavera; Pierre Quiroule, Sobre la ruta de la Anarquía; Rafael Barrett,
póstumamente, Mirando vivir, Al margen, Ideas y Críticas, Diálogos y
conversaciones y otros escritos; Pedro Prado, La casa abandonada. Se
funda en Chile el Partido Socialista. Billinghurst, presidente de Perú;
Menocal, de Cuba. Eloy Alfaro asesinado en Ecuador. Ley Sáenz Peña
consagra el voto secreto y obligatorio en argentina. En Puerto Rico se funda
el Partido Independista. La infantería de marina norteamericana desembarca en
Cuba (para sofocar rebelión negra), en Honduras y en Nicaragua (dónde la
ocupación dura hasta 1925).
Rafael Villavicencio: La evolución; J. Sánchez Gardel: La montaña de las brujas;
F.García Calderón: La creación de un continente; A. Ortiz: El parnaso
nicaragüense; R. Uribe Uribe: De cómo el liberalismo no es pecado; J. Capello:
Los menguados; Ortega Arancibia: 40 años; Luis Alberto de Herrera: El Uruguay
internacional. Se inicia en Lima la publicación del diario La Crónica, y en París de
la Revista Mundial (de R. Darío).

Aparece la noticia que Biófilo Panclasta ha colocado una bomba a monseñor Brioschi.
Febrero. Biófilo Panclasta escribe en Santa Teresa de Cartagena "Y sueños de
ambición"
Marzo. Biófilo Panclasta publica el poema "Efímeras".

1913 Comienzan a publicarse El Obrero en Buenos Aires; La Rebelión, en
Rosario; El Combate, en Chacabuco; Prometeo, en Diamante (Argentina); Hacia
el Futuro, en Asunción; La Batalla, en santiago de Chile; Cultura Obrera, en La
Habana; O Grito Social, en Aradas (Brasil) y O Proletario, en Aveiro (Brasil);
Lucha, en México. Se reinicia la publicación de La Protesta, en Buenos Aires. Se
reúne en Río de Janeiro el Segundo Congreso Obrero Brasileño. Leoncio Lasso
de la Vega publica su libro El morral de un bohemio; Edmundo bianchi estrena
Perdidos en la Luz; Alberto Fombona, La columna de fuego.

Bordas, presidente de la Rep. Dominicana; Gil Fortoul, presidente encargado de
Venezuela; M. Oreste, de Haití. Araujo es asesinado y se inicia la dictadura de los
Meléndez en El Salvador. Asesinato de Madero y dictadura de Huerta, quien es
combatido por Carranza, Obregón, Villa y Zapata en México.
José Ingenieros: El hombre mediocre; Udón Pérez: Anfora Criolla; J.R. Pocaterra:
Política feminista; J.E. Rodó: El mirador de Próspero; Delmira Agustini: Los
cálices vacíos; R. Sienra: La dama de San Juan; Dávalos y Lisson: Leguía; R.
Blanco Fombona: Dramas mínimos; E. Crossa: La razón social.

1914 Los anarquistas se pronuncian contra la guerra de todos los países
latinoamericanos. Un congreso obrero logra la fusión de la CORA (sindicalista)
con la FORA (anarquista) en Buenos Aires. La revista libertaria A Vida de Correa
Lopes inicia su campaña antibelicista. En Porto Alegre los anarquistas fundan la
"Liga antimilitarista". En Sao Paulo se efectúa un Encuentro de Agrupaciones
Anarquistas del Brasil. Al salir de la cárcel, Flores Magón continúa su lucha por
darle un sentido socialista y libertario a la Revolución mexicana. La Casa del
Obrero Mundial edita Emancipación Obrera y es asaltada por la policía de Huerta.
Sale Tinta Roja. Pedro Prado publica La reina de Rapa Nui. En Lima, se edita el
periódico La Lucha; en Puno, La Voz del Obrero.

De 1914 hata 1921 Biófilo Panclasta cumple prisión en cárceles venezolanas.

V. Brás, presidente de Brasil; Benavídez, de Perú; V. Carranza, de México, O.
Zamor, de Haití; Márquez Bustillos, de Venezuela. Inauguración del Canal de
Panamá. Los infantes de marina norteamericanos desembarcan en Veracruz y en
Port au Prince. Villa y Zapata contra Carranza.
Manuel Gálvez: La maestra normal; J. Rosales: Bajo el cielo dorado; A. Díaz
Guerra: Lucas Guevara; Vargas Vila: La muerte del cóndor; A. Aguirre Morales:
Flor de ensueño; R. Darío, Canto a la Argentina; E. Arroyo Lameda: Momentos; V.
Huidobro: Manifiesto; R. Arévalo Martínez: El hombre que parecía un caballo; El
trovador colombiano; M.H. Escuder: El diablillo del amor.

1915 Se reúne el noveno congreso de la FORA en el cual se produce una
escisión entre anarquistas y sindicalistas puros. En Montevideo empieza a
publicarse La Batalla, más tarde portavoz del anarco-bolchevismo. Se reúne en
Río de Janeiro un Congreso Anarquista Sudamenricano. Se declara ilegal la
prensa anarquista y varios militantes españoles son expulsados de Cuba. Los
anarquistas firman en Veracruz un pacto con el gobierno de Carranza y forman
los "batallones rojos", para darle apoyo militar. La Casa del Obrero Mundial se
multiplica en el interior de México y saca el periódico Ariete. En Rosario se edita
la revista de Estudios; en Paraná, Ideas; en Campana, Voces Proletarias.
Ghiraldo publica su libro La Ley Baldón.

J. Pardo, presidente de Perú; Viera, de Uruguay. Arévalo Cedeño insurge contra
J.V. Gómez en Venezuela. Tratado ABC (Argentina, Brasil, Chile). Tropas
norteamericanas en Haití y Rep. Dominicana. Ley que establece libertad de cultos
en Perú. Se funda en Cuba la Unión Antillana. S. Dartiguenave, presidente de
Haití.
Almafuerte: Evangélicas; R. Güiraldes: El cencerro de cristal; B. Fernández
Moreno: Las iniciales del misal; C. Gónzalez Peña: La fuga de la quimera; Max
Henríquez Ureña: Episodios dominicanos; J. Braschi: La ülcera; E. Barrios: El
niño que enloqueció de amor; R. Blanco Fombona: El hombre de oro; A. Marasso:
La canción olvidada; Ernesto Herrera: El caballo del comisario.

1916 En México se disuelven los "batallones rojos"; se realiza en Veracruz un
Congreso Obrero Nacional del cual nace la Federación del Trabajo de la Región
Méxicana, narco-sindicalista. Se cierra la Casa del Obrero Mundial.
Flores Magón es condenado a 20 años de prisión en Estados Unidos por su posición
anti-belicista. En argentina la FORA del quinto (anarquista) se enfrenta a la FORA del
noveno (sindicalista). En Santa Fe se edita La Verdad; en Mar del Plata, El Grito
del Pueblo; en Bahía Blanca, Brazo y Cerebro. Fernando Santiván publica su
novela La hechizada.

Hipólito Yrigoyen, presidente de Argentina; José Luis Sanfuentes, de Chile; R.
Bentín, de Perú; Menocal, otra vez, de Cuba. Invasión norteamericana a Santo
Domingo. El papa Benedicto XV otorga una alta condecoración al dictador J.V.
Gómez. Código civil brasileño.

R. López Velarde: La sangre devota; R. Cardona, Oro de la mañana; Benito
Lynch: Los caranchos de la Florida; Belisario Roldán: El rosal de las ruinas;
Manuel Gálvez: El mal metafísico; Alfonsina Storni: La inquietud del rosal; M.
Brull: La casa del silencio; P. Henríquez Ureña: El nacimiento de Dionisos; L.M.
Urbaneja Achelpohl: En este país; Azuela: Los de abajo; Eguren: La canción de
las figuras.

1917 En México se reorganiza el grupo "Luz" y nacen numerosas agrupaciones
libertarias, como "Solidaridad", "Los Autónomos", "Jóvenes socialistas rojos", etc.
En el segundo Congreso Obrero Nacional los anarquistas son derrotados por Luis
Morones y los reformistas pro-gubernamentales. Se edita en Sao Paulo, A Plebe;
en Río de Janeiro, O Debate; en Alagoas, A Semana Social. Huelga general en
Sao Paulo Y Santos. Leuenroth encarcelado como promotor de la misma, es
defendido por Evaristo de Morais, quien escribe: O Anarquismo no Tribunal do
Júri. Se edita en Buenos Aires La Rivolta (en italiano); en San Juan, Humanidad;
en Junín, Nubes Rojas; en Bahía Blanca, Alba Roja. Antillí y González Pacheco
publican en Buenos Aires el semanario La Obra. Carlos Días da a luz A Luta
Socialista Revolucionaria.
Brasil entra en la Guerra Mundial. F. Tinoco dictador de Costa Rica; Venustiano
Carranza, presidente de México.
Ejecutivo colegiado de Uruguay. Perú y Uruguay rompen relaciones con
Alemania. Puerto Rico convertido en territorio norteamericano (Jones Act): varios
millares de sus ciudadanos deben marchar a la guerra europea.

José Vasconcelos: El monismo estético; Ricardo Rojas: Historia de la literatura
argentina; E. Berisso: Con las alas rotas; Rafael Alberto Arrieta: Las noches de
oro; R. López Velarde: Zozobra; C. Sabat Ercasty: Pantheos; J. Torri: Ensayos y
poemas; J.M. Pichardo: Tierra adentro; Alfonso Reyes: Visión de Anáhuac, Ureta:
El dolor pensativo.

Enero de 1918, en las ciudades costeras Colombianas de Cartagena,
Barranquilla, y Santa Marta se efectuaron varias huelgas cuyos desarrollos
tuvieron un marcado acento Anarquista. La acción directa y el sabotaje lograron
inclinar la balanza a favor de los obreros, la patronal tuvo que un aumento salarial
del 50%. Este breve momento huelguístico dio origen a un fértil periodo de
agitación social en todo el país donde las tácticas Anarcosindicalistas como la
Acción directa, la propaganda por la acción, el sabotaje, los grupos de choque y
las huelgas de solidaridad fueron las mas utilizadas.-

1918 En el Tercer Congreso Obrero Nacional de Saltillo los anarquistas
mexicanos son minoría y Morones funda la Confederación Obrera Regional
Mexicana (CROM). Los anarquistas brasileños crean los "Comités Populares"
contra la carestía de la vida. Oreste Ristori edita en Buenos Aires el periódico
anticlerical El Burro; Del Intento, en La Plata, Ideas. Horacio Quiroga publica
Cuentos de la selva.

Marco Fidel Suárez, presidente de Colombia. Agitación estudiantil contra la
dictadura en Venezuela. En Perú, ley de enseñanza gratuíta y obligatoria.
Promulgación de la nueva constitución uruguaya. Rodriguez Alves por segunda
vez presidente de Brasil. Reforma Universitaria en Córdoba (Argentina). Nueva
constitución en Haití. Vicente Huidobro: Ecuatorial, Poemas árticos; J. González
Castillo: La mujer de Ulises; F. Defilippis Novoa: El diputado de mi pueblo;
Alfonsina Storni: El dulce daño; Pedro M. Obligado: Gris; J.M. Poveda: Versos
precursores; César Vallejo: Los heraldos negros; J.R. Pocaterra: Tierra del sol
amada; J.E. Lossada: Madréporas; Valdelomar: El caballero Belmonte; Azuela:
Las moscas:

1919 Se produce en Buenos Aires "la semana trágica", tras una huelga
metalúrgica protagonizada por la FORA anarquista. Esta publica Tribuna

Proletaria. Un nuevo diario, Bandera Roja, representa la tendencia anarco-
bolchevique. La Protesta tiene un tiraje de 15.000 ejemplares. Los anarco-
sindicalistas fundan en Chile la IWW. Los mineros de Huanuni (Bolivia), guiados
por os anarquistas, conquistan la jornada de ocho horas. Los anarquistas
peruanos organizan "el paro del hambre" y promueven huelgas en El Callao,
Chosica, etc. La FORP reorganizada emite una declaración de principios y se
define anarcosindicalista. La FORU agrupa a 49 sindicatos y federaciones
obreras. Se funda en Brasil el Partido Comunista Libertario. En Río se publican
Spartacus y O Germinal; en Santa Fe, La Campana. González Pacheco publica
su libro Carteles; Edgar Leuenroth, O que é o maximalismo ou bolchevismo.

Epitácio Pessoa, presidente de Brasil; J. Gutiérrez Guerra, de Bolivia. Leguía,
dictador de Perú. Zapata muere en una emboscada. Fundación del Partido
Socialista colombiano. El general Peñaloza invade Venezuela, contra la dictadura
de J.V. Gómez. Ch. Perlate se levanta en Haití.
C. Iglesias Paz: El vuelo nupcial; Julio F. Escobar: El hombre que sonríe; Manuel
Gálvez: Nacha Regules; L. Vallenilla Lanz, Cesarismo democrático; A. Zum Felde:
Proceso histórico del Uruguay; A. Nervo: La amada inmóvil; Luis A. Sánchez: Los
poetas de la revolución; A. Hidalgo: Jardín zoológico; R. López Velarde: Zozobra;
E. Crosa: El sagrado delito.
 
 



9005 --

CONTINUAR LA OBRA DE CAPPELLETTY IV

1914 Los anarquistas se pronuncian contra la guerra de todos los países
latinoamericanos. Un congreso obrero logra la fusión de la CORA (sindicalista)
con la FORA (anarquista) en Buenos Aires. La revista libertaria A Vida de Correa
Lopes inicia su campaña antibelicista. En Porto Alegre los anarquistas fundan la
"Liga antimilitarista". En Sao Paulo se efectúa un Encuentro de Agrupaciones
Anarquistas del Brasil. Al salir de la cárcel, Flores Magón continúa su lucha por
darle un sentido socialista y libertario a la Revolución mexicana. La Casa del
Obrero Mundial edita Emancipación Obrera y es asaltada por la policía de Huerta.
Sale Tinta Roja. Pedro Prado publica La reina de Rapa Nui. En Lima, se edita el
periódico La Lucha; en Puno, La Voz del Obrero.

De 1914 hata 1921 Biófilo Panclasta cumple prisión en cárceles venezolanas.

V. Brás, presidente de Brasil; Benavídez, de Perú; V. Carranza, de México, O.
Zamor, de Haití; Márquez Bustillos, de Venezuela. Inauguración del Canal de
Panamá. Los infantes de marina norteamericanos desembarcan en Veracruz y en
Port au Prince. Villa y Zapata contra Carranza.
Manuel Gálvez: La maestra normal; J. Rosales: Bajo el cielo dorado; A. Díaz
Guerra: Lucas Guevara; Vargas Vila: La muerte del cóndor; A. Aguirre Morales:
Flor de ensueño; R. Darío, Canto a la Argentina; E. Arroyo Lameda: Momentos; V.
Huidobro: Manifiesto; R. Arévalo Martínez: El hombre que parecía un caballo; El
trovador colombiano; M.H. Escuder: El diablillo del amor.

1915 Se reúne el noveno congreso de la FORA en el cual se produce una
escisión entre anarquistas y sindicalistas puros. En Montevideo empieza a
publicarse La Batalla, más tarde portavoz del anarco-bolchevismo. Se reúne en
Río de Janeiro un Congreso Anarquista Sudamenricano. Se declara ilegal la
prensa anarquista y varios militantes españoles son expulsados de Cuba. Los
anarquistas firman en Veracruz un pacto con el gobierno de Carranza y forman
los "batallones rojos", para darle apoyo militar. La Casa del Obrero Mundial se
multiplica en el interior de México y saca el periódico Ariete. En Rosario se edita
la revista de Estudios; en Paraná, Ideas; en Campana, Voces Proletarias.
Ghiraldo publica su libro La Ley Baldón.

J. Pardo, presidente de Perú; Viera, de Uruguay. Arévalo Cedeño insurge contra
J.V. Gómez en Venezuela. Tratado ABC (Argentina, Brasil, Chile). Tropas
norteamericanas en Haití y Rep. Dominicana. Ley que establece libertad de cultos
en Perú. Se funda en Cuba la Unión Antillana. S. Dartiguenave, presidente de
Haití.
Almafuerte: Evangélicas; R. Güiraldes: El cencerro de cristal; B. Fernández
Moreno: Las iniciales del misal; C. Gónzalez Peña: La fuga de la quimera; Max
Henríquez Ureña: Episodios dominicanos; J. Braschi: La ülcera; E. Barrios: El
niño que enloqueció de amor; R. Blanco Fombona: El hombre de oro; A. Marasso:
La canción olvidada; Ernesto Herrera: El caballo del comisario.

1916 En México se disuelven los "batallones rojos"; se realiza en Veracruz un
Congreso Obrero Nacional del cual nace la Federación del Trabajo de la Región
Méxicana, narco-sindicalista. Se cierra la Casa del Obrero Mundial.
Flores Magón es condenado a 20 años de prisión en Estados Unidos por
su posición anti- belicista. En argentina la FORA del quinto (anarquista) se
enfrenta a la FORA del noveno (sindicalista). En Santa Fe se edita La Verdad;
en Mar del Plata, El Grito del Pueblo; en Bahía Blanca, Brazo y Cerebro. Fernando
Santiván publica su novela La hechizada.

Hipólito Yrigoyen, presidente de Argentina; José Luis Sanfuentes, de Chile; R.
Bentín, de Perú; Menocal, otra vez, de Cuba. Invasión norteamericana a Santo
Domingo. El papa Benedicto XV otorga una alta condecoración al dictador J.V.
Gómez. Código civil brasileño.

R. López Velarde: La sangre devota; R. Cardona, Oro de la mañana; Benito
Lynch: Los caranchos de la Florida; Belisario Roldán: El rosal de las ruinas;
Manuel Gálvez: El mal metafísico; Alfonsina Storni: La inquietud del rosal; M.
Brull: La casa del silencio; P. Henríquez Ureña: El nacimiento de Dionisos; L.M.
Urbaneja Achelpohl: En este país; Azuela: Los de abajo; Eguren: La canción de
las figuras.

1917 En México se reorganiza el grupo "Luz" y nacen numerosas agrupaciones
libertarias, como "Solidaridad", "Los Autónomos", "Jóvenes socialistas rojos", etc.
En el segundo Congreso Obrero Nacional los anarquistas son derrotados por Luis
Morones y los reformistas pro-gubernamentales. Se edita en Sao Paulo, A Plebe;
en Río de Janeiro, O Debate; en Alagoas, A Semana Social. Huelga general en
Sao Paulo Y Santos. Leuenroth encarcelado como promotor de la misma, es
defendido por Evaristo de Morais, quien escribe: O Anarquismo no Tribunal do
Júri. Se edita en Buenos Aires La Rivolta (en italiano); en San Juan, Humanidad;
en Junín, Nubes Rojas; en Bahía Blanca, Alba Roja. Antillí y González Pacheco
publican en Buenos Aires el semanario La Obra. Carlos Días da a luz A Luta
Socialista Revolucionaria.
Brasil entra en la Guerra Mundial. F. Tinoco dictador de Costa Rica; Venustiano
Carranza, presidente de México.
Ejecutivo colegiado de Uruguay. Perú y Uruguay rompen relaciones con
Alemania. Puerto Rico convertido en territorio norteamericano (Jones Act): varios
millares de sus ciudadanos deben marchar a la guerra europea.

José Vasconcelos: El monismo estético; Ricardo Rojas: Historia de la literatura
argentina; E. Berisso: Con las alas rotas; Rafael Alberto Arrieta: Las noches de
oro; R. López Velarde: Zozobra; C. Sabat Ercasty: Pantheos; J. Torri: Ensayos y
poemas; J.M. Pichardo: Tierra adentro; Alfonso Reyes: Visión de Anáhuac, Ureta:
El dolor pensativo.

Enero de 1918, en las ciudades costeras Colombianas de Cartagena,
Barranquilla, y Santa Marta se efectuaron varias huelgas cuyos desarrollos
tuvieron un marcado acento Anarquista. La acción directa y el sabotaje lograron
inclinar la balanza a favor de los obreros, la patronal tuvo que un aumento salarial
del 50%. Este breve momento huelguístico dio origen a un fértil periodo de
agitación social en todo el país donde las tácticas Anarcosindicalistas como la
Acción directa, la propaganda por la acción, el sabotaje, los grupos de choque y
las huelgas de solidaridad fueron las mas utilizadas.-

1918 En el Tercer Congreso Obrero Nacional de Saltillo los anarquistas
mexicanos son minoría y Morones funda la Confederación Obrera Regional
Mexicana (CROM). Los anarquistas brasileños crean los "Comités Populares"
contra la carestía de la vida. Oreste Ristori edita en Buenos Aires el periódico
anticlerical El Burro; Del Intento, en La Plata, Ideas. Horacio Quiroga publica
Cuentos de la selva.

Marco Fidel Suárez, presidente de Colombia. Agitación estudiantil contra la
dictadura en Venezuela. En Perú, ley de enseñanza gratuíta y obligatoria.
Promulgación de la nueva constitución uruguaya. Rodriguez Alves por segunda
vez presidente de Brasil. Reforma Universitaria en Córdoba (Argentina). Nueva
constitución en Haití. Vicente Huidobro: Ecuatorial, Poemas árticos; J. González
Castillo: La mujer de Ulises; F. Defilippis Novoa: El diputado de mi pueblo;
Alfonsina Storni: El dulce daño; Pedro M. Obligado: Gris; J.M. Poveda: Versos
precursores; César Vallejo: Los heraldos negros; J.R. Pocaterra: Tierra del sol
amada; J.E. Lossada: Madréporas; Valdelomar: El caballero Belmonte; Azuela:
Las moscas:

1919 Se produce en Buenos Aires "la semana trágica", tras una huelga
metalúrgica protagonizada por la FORA anarquista. Esta publica Tribuna
Proletaria. Un nuevo diario, Bandera Roja, representa la tendencia anarco-
bolchevique. La Protesta tiene un tiraje de 15.000 ejemplares. Los anarco-
sindicalistas fundan en Chile la IWW. Los mineros de Huanuni (Bolivia), guiados
por os anarquistas, conquistan la jornada de ocho horas. Los anarquistas
peruanos organizan "el paro del hambre" y promueven huelgas en El Callao,
Chosica, etc. La FORP reorganizada emite una declaración de principios y se
define anarcosindicalista. La FORU agrupa a 49 sindicatos y federaciones
obreras. Se funda en Brasil el Partido Comunista Libertario. En Río se publican
Spartacus y O Germinal; en Santa Fe, La Campana. González Pacheco publica
su libro Carteles; Edgar Leuenroth, O que é o maximalismo ou bolchevismo.

Epitácio Pessoa, presidente de Brasil; J. Gutiérrez Guerra, de Bolivia. Leguía,
dictador de Perú. Zapata muere en una emboscada. Fundación del Partido
Socialista colombiano. El general Peñaloza invade Venezuela, contra la
dictadura de J.V. Gómez. Ch. Perlate se levanta en Haití.
C. Iglesias Paz: El vuelo nupcial; Julio F. Escobar: El hombre que sonríe; Manuel
Gálvez: Nacha Regules; L. Vallenilla Lanz, Cesarismo democrático; A. Zum Felde:
Proceso histórico del Uruguay; A. Nervo: La amada inmóvil; Luis A. Sánchez: Los
poetas de la revolución; A. Hidalgo: Jardín zoológico; R. López Velarde: Zozobra;
E. Crosa: El sagrado delito.

1920 Se publican en Buenos Aires periódicos anarquistas favorables a la
revolución bolchevique: Frente Proletario y Frente Unico. La FORA anarquista
reúne un congreso extraordinario con asistencia de 200 sociedades obreras. El
Soldado es órgano antimilitarista. En Santiago de Chile los "patriotas" asaltan la
Federación de Estudiantes, de tendencia anarquista. Se publica en Asunción del
Paraguay la revista libertaria Renovación. Un congreso obrero nacional reunido
en Lima adopta la ideología anarquista. Se crean en Perú las universidades
populares "Manuel González Prada", muy concurridas en un principio por los
obreros libertarios. En Río, Oititica y Fábio Luz publican en A Voz do Povo. El
primero de ellos formula sus críticas a la revolución bolchevique en una serie de
artículos titulada Mau Caminho. En Sao Paulo se edita A Patuleía. Se reúne en
Rïo el Tercer Congreso Obrero Brasileño, con asistencia de 150 delegados. Un
grupo de anarquistas funda en Ecuador el "Centro Gremial Sindicalista" (CGS), el
cual publica El Proletario. González Pacheco edita en Buenos Aires El Libertario.
Astrogildo Pereira, el libro A Greve de Leopoldina; Neno Vaso, Concepçao
Anarquista do Sindicalismo.

Muere Carranza en Tlaxcalantongo. Interinato de DE la Huerta y elección de
Alvaro Obregón, como presidente de México. Arturo Alessandri, presidente de
Chile; J.L.Tamayo, de Ecuador. Nueva Constitución peruana. Frustrado golpe de
los colorados riveristas de Uruguay. Se dicta en Venezuela la primera ley de
petróleos. Se inicia en México una paulatina y parcial reforma agraria.

Emilio Rabasa: La evolución histórica de México; González Castillo y Martínez
Cuitiño: La santa madre; Juana de Ibarbourou: Raíz salvaje; Carmen Lyra: Los
cuentos de mi tía Panchita; J. Stefanich: Aurora; A.L. Moock: La serpiente; R.
Gallegos: El último Solar; F. Paz Castillo: La huerta de Doñana; A. Korn: La
libertad creadora.

1921 Gran huelga de La Forestal en el Chaco argentino, apoyada por la FORA. El
ejército argentino masacra a los trabajadores de la Patagonia, organizados por los
anarcosindicalistas. En Río de Janeiro se editan el diario A Vanguarda, dirigido
por Leuenroth, y la revista Renovaçao de Marques de Costa. Anarquistas y
marxistas fundan en México la Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT),
con medio centenar de sindicatos. En su seno surge el Centro Sindicalista
Libertario (CSL). González Pacheco funda el semanario La Antorcha; en General
Pico sale Pampa Libre; en buenos Aires, El Sol; en Montevideo, Trabajo, La Ruta,
Tribuna Libertaria e Ideas y Estudios. José Martín da a luz Historia das Riquezas
do Clero Católico e Protestante. González Pacheco estrena su drama Hijos del
Pueblos.

J. Holguín, presidente de Colombia; A. Zayas, de Cuba. En Perú se
reúne un Congreso indígena. En México Vasconcelos asume el ministerio de Educación.
Conferencia Panamericana en La Habana. Se funda el Partido comunista argentino y el
boliviano. El partido socialista del Uruguay se convierte en Partido
Comunista. D. Moreno Jiménes: Psalmos; J.L.Bengoa: Los sacrificados; Andrés
Eloy Blanco: Tierras que me oyeron; F. Silva Valdés: Agua del tiempo; C. Wyld
Ospina: Las dádivas simples; R. Hurtado: La hora de ámbar; A. Fernández
García: Bucares en flor; Valdelomar: Los hijos del sol; De la Riva Agüero: El Perú
hostórico y artístico.

1922 La FORA del noveno congreso, unida con algunos gremios de la FORA del
quinto, origina la Unión Sindical Argentina (USA). En A Plebe de Sao Paulo se
publica un manifiesto contra "el comunismo de Estado". Aparece en Guayaquil el
órgano libertario Redención. Se fundan la Unión Obrera Salvadoreña, en la cual
predominan los anarcosindicalistas, y la Federación Obrera de La Habana (FOH),
también anarquista. Muere Flores Magón en una prisión norteamericana. La CGT
mexicana se declara antipolítica y se enfrenta con el Partido Comunista. Los
anarquistas organizan en México y Veracruz una huelga de inquilinos. Se reúne el
Segundo Congreso de la C.G.T. En Tandil se edita La Verdad; en Ingeniero
White, Mar y tierra; en Necochea, Nuestra Tribuna. Ghiraldo publica La Argentina:
Estado social de un pueblo.

A. Bernardes, presidente de Brasil; Marcelo T. DeAlvear, de Argentina; P. Ospina,
de Colombia; L. Borno, de Haití; J.B. Vicini de Rep. Dominicana. Primer pozo
petrolero en el Zulia. Venezuela debe ceder a Colombia una buena parte de la
península de Goajira ante el arbitraje suizo.

Oliveiro Girondo: Veinte poemas para ser leídos en el trabajo



9006 --

CONTINUAR LA OBRA DE CAPPELLETTY V


 

Oliveiro Girondo: Veinte poemas para ser leídos en el tranvía; Salomón
de la Selva: El soldado desconocido; César Vallejo: Trilce; R. Heliodoro
Valle: Anfora sedienta; Antonio Caso: Discursos a la nación mexicana; A.
Cancela: Tres relatos porteños; J.C. Dávalos: El viento blanco; E. Rivera
Chevremont: La copa de Hebe; A. Martínez Mutis: Mármol; Graciela Mistral:
Desolación; A. Cruchaga Santa María: Job; E. Fariña Núñez: Cármenes; J. R.
Pocaterra: Cuentos Grotescos.

1923 La CGT se enfrenta con la policía, polemiza con Obregón y resiste
el lock out en Veracruz. Se constituye la Alianza Local Mexicana Anarquista
(ALMA).
La C.G.T. adhiere a la AIT, recientemente fundada en Berlín, y realiza
su tercer congreso. Aparecen El Sindicalista, Nuestra Palabra, Germinal,
en México; Alma Obrera en Zacatecas; Tribuna Roja en San Luís Potosí. El
anarquista Kurt Wilckens ajusticia al coronel Varela, responsable de
la matanza de trabajadores en la Patagonia. Se constituyen en Bolivia las
agrupaciones anarquistas "Despertar" y "La Antorcha". Un grupo de
anarcosindicalistas organiza en Perú la Federación Regional de Obreros

Indios. En Buenos Aires sale El Libertario, periódico
anarcobolchevique; en Montevideo, El Hacha. Se edita el libro de cuentos
Sembrando ideas de R. Flores Magón.

En Chile se celebra una Conferencia Panamericana. Haya de la Torre
inicia su actuación política y es desterrado del Perú. Se conmemora en Brasil el
centenario de la Independencia Nacional.

Biófilo Panclasta es nombrado delegado de la Asociación Anarquista
Mexicana a un Congreso anarquista en Barcelona. Propone "la formación de un
comité internacional encargado de ordenar, planear y ejecutar en un mismo día
el asesinato del zar de Bulgaria, el emperador de Inglaterra, del rey de
Italia, del rey de egipto, el arzobispo de México, del presidente de Francia, del
cardenal arzobispo de Toledo y de León Daudet" , proyecto integrante de lo que
se denominó la "Operación Europa".

José Valdés: Poesía Pura; A. Hidalgo: Química del espíritu; Armando
Discépolo: Mateo; Horacio Rega Molina: El árbol fragante; José
Pedroni: Gota de Agua; Luis Felipe Rodríguez: La pascua de la tierra natal; J.L.
Borges: Fervor de Buenos Aires; Honorio Delgado: Rehumanización de la Cultura
científica por la Psicología; Andrés Eloy Blanco: Canto a España; E.
Barrios: Páginas de un pobre diablo. En Caracas se edita la revista Fantoches.

1 de enero de 1924, en Colombia se celebra el "Primer Congreso
Obrero".
Entre las cuatro tendencias mayoritarias se destaco la línea
Anarcosindicalista representado por los obreros Carlos F. León y Luis A.- Rozo,
directores del periódico Anarquista " La Voz Popular".  Miembros del grupo
"Antorcha Libertaria" dirían al finalizar el Congreso "Aquel primer Congreso se
ahogo en el charco de sus propias infamias"

1924 Un grupo  anarcosindicalista promueve la fundación del Sindicato
General de Trabajadores en Panamá. La CGT organiza una gran huelga
textil en México. Se editan en México, Nueva Solidaridad Obrera; en
Monterrey, Alba Anárquica; en Guadalajara, Verbo Rojo; en Avellaneda,
Renovación; en Santa Fe, Orientación; en Montevideo, El Sembrador y la revista
Ahora. Se estrena el drama de González Pacheco Hermano Lobo. Oiticica escribe
en la cárcel A Doutrina Anarquista ao Alcance de Todos. Se publican dos
dramas sociales: Tierra y Libertad y Verdugos y Víctimas, y un libro de
cuentos, Rayo de Luz, de R. Flores Magón.

Biófilo Panclasta en Sao Paulo ayuda a organizar una huelga cafetera,
es deportado por el gobierno a Oyapok. Se fuga y en Cayena la "liga de
los derechos del hombre" lo envía a Martinica. Regresa a Colombia después
de visitar 52 países.

Calles presidente de México; Ayala, de Paraguay; G. Córdova, de
Ecuador; Chiari, de Panamá, R. Jiménez, de Costa Rica; H. Vásquez, de R.
Dominicana.
Concesiones petroleras a empresas norteamericanas en Venezuela.

Pablo Neruda: Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada; Ricardo
Rojas: Eurindia; Benito Lynch: El inglés de los güesos; Conrado Nalé
Roxlo: El Grillo; Fermín Estrella Gutiérrez: El Cántaro de plata; Teresa de la
Parra: Ifigenia; Eustacio Rivera: La vorágine; V. García Calderón: La
venganza del cóndor; Tristán Maroff: Suetonio Pimienta; A. Arráiz: Aspero;
González Lanuza: Prismas.
Aparece en Buenos Aires la revista Martín Fierro.

8 de octubre de 1924, se celebra en Colombia la primera huelga
petrolera en Barrancabermeja contra la Tropical Oil Compani, TROCO. 2000
trabajadores se sumaron a la huelga, que llego a alcanzar un carácter nacional. La
Organización " Sociedad Obrera" creada por el obrero Anarcosindicalista Raúl
Eduardo Mahecha jugo una importante labor, sus consignas contra el poder y
la autoridad y la practica de la acción directa fueron las mas utilizadas.

Nov. De 1924. Huelga de los trabajadores de la empresa de energía
eléctrica de Bogotá y de cementos Samper, en Colombia. El grupo "Antorcha
Libertaria" Propone la primera huelga general, el sector mayoritario  Marxista lo
considera inoportuno.

1925 Los anarquistas promueven en Santiago de Chile una huelga de
inquilinos.En Santa Marta (Colombia) se publica el periódico
anarcosindicalista Organización. Se constituye la Confederación Nacional Obrera de
Cuba, controlada por los anarquistas. La CGT mexicana apoya la gran huelga
petrolera de El Aguila y las de los textiles del Valle de México, y
los panaderos "rojos" del D.F. En Tucumán se publica Tierra Libre. Los anarquistas
chilenos fundan la Federación Sindical, cuyo centro es la región notina. Elias
Castlnuovo publica Entre los muertos. En la Revista Blanca de Barcelona se
discute el anarquismo de Vargas Vila.

H. Siles, presidente de Bolivia; G. Machado, de Cuba. En Venezuela se
inaugura la carretera transandina y se reforma una vez más la Constitución
nacional. Los apristas se reúnen en París. Se funda el P. Comunista en Cuba.
Raúl Contreras: La princesa está triste; J.A. Ramos Sucre: La torre de
Timón; Jorge L. Borges: Inquisiciones; R. Mariani: Cuentos de oficina; R.
Jimena Sánchez: Achalay; L.de Greiff: Tergiversaciones; A. Hidalgo:
Simplismo; Alfonsina Storni: Ocre; R. Gallegos: La Trepadora; Natalicio González:
Baladas Guaraníes; Norah Lange: La calle de la tarde; Felisberto
Hernández: Fulano de Tal; J. Vasconcelos: La raza cósmica.

20 de julio de 1925. Se celebra en Colombia el Segundo Congreso Obrero
y se crea la Confederación nacional, convocado y organizado por el grupo
"Antorcha Libertaria". Fue instalado por el Anarquista F. León.
Tomando loa elementos propios del Anarcosindicalismo, se crea la Confederación
Obrera Nacional.
Aparecen en Bogotá los periódicos Anarquistas "La Antorcha" "El
Sindicalista" y "Pensamiento y Voluntad"

1926 Los anarquistas bolivianos fundan la Federación Obrera Local
(FOL) en La Paz. En Barranquilla sale Vïa Libre; en Guatemala, Orientación
Sindicalista.
En ésta última ciudad comienza a actuar el Comité Pro Acción Sindical,
orientado por anarcosindicalistas. La C.G.T. mexicana, que comprende
108 sindicatos, 23 uniones, 13 grupos, 9 federaciones y 4 comunidades
agrarias, realiza su quinto congreso, que hace profesión de anarco-comunismo.
En Rosario sale Libre Acuerdo; en Buenos Aires, La Piqueta y Bezviastie
(en húngaro); en Montevideo, El Esfuerzo. Elías Castelnuovo da a conocer
su drama Almas Benditas; Alvaro Yunque, sus cuentos Barcos de papel y
Zancadillas.

Washintong Luis, Presidente de Brasil; M. Abadia Méndez, de Colombia;
Isidro Ayora, de Ecuador; Adolfo Díaz, de Nicaragua. Sandino se levanta
contra la ocupación norteamericana. Católicos fanáticos inician en México la
guerra de los cristeros. Agustín Acosta: La Zafra; G. Estrada: Pero Galín;
Ricardo Güiraldes: Don Segundo Sombra; V. Martínez Cuitiño: Café con leche; A.
Spelucín: El libro de la nave dorada; M. Rojas: Hombres del sur; L.
Cardoza y Aragón: Maelstrom; R. González Tuñón: El violín del diablo; C.
Mastronardi: Tierra amanecida; M. Briceño Iragorri: Lecturas venezolanas. En
México se edita la revista Horizontes. Mariátegui publica la revista Amauta en
Lima.

21 de Nov. De 1926. Se celebra en Colombia el tercer Congreso Obrero y
la formación del Partido Socialista Revolucionario (PSR) Raúl Eduardo
Mahecha, líder Anarcosindicalista, fue nombrado segundo vicepresidente. El
marxista Ignacio Torres fue nombrado presidente. En el tercer Congreso se da la
ruptura definitiva entre Marxistas y Anarcosindicalistas.

1927 La C.G.T. mexicana convoca una huelga general en apoyo de los
ferrocarrileros. Protestas en toda América Latina por la ejecución de
Sacco y Vanzetti. En Santa Fe se edita La Obra; en Colón (Argentina), Abriendo
Cancha; en Cerro (Uruguay), Luz y Vida; en Montevideo, la revista bilingüe
Voluntad_Volontá. Feranado del Intento publica Libro del Hombre; se
estrean A contramano de González Pacheco; Florentino de Calvalho saca Da
Escravidao a Liberdade.

5 de enero de 1927. Segunda huelga petrolera en Barrancabermeja,
Colombia, Contra la TROCO ( tropical Oil Company). Esta huelga marca el
momento de máxima combatividad y beligerancia obrera. La ciudad se convirtió
en una verdadera Comuna Autogestionaria, pero a la vez marca el declive del
Anarcosindicalismo en Colombia, con sus líderes muertos, presos, en el
destierro o coptados por los grupos socialistas de tendencia marxista, el
movimiento decae gradualmente.

Biófilo Panclasta preso en la cárcel de San Gil junto con Raúl E.
Mahecha, otro de los mas destacados lideres Anarcosindicalistas y otros
compañeros de lucha, luego de un intento de creacion de un sindicato.

21 de marzo de 1927. Estalla un a importante huelga en el gremio de choferes
en Bogotá, Colombia, predominaron la acción directa y la combatividad propia
del Anarcosindicalismo.

C.I. Ibáñez, preisdente de Chile; P. Romero Bosque, de El salvador. En
Guatemala surge la Liga Antiimperialista. Guera cristera en México.
L. Barletta: Royal Circo; R. Arévalo Martínez: Las rosas de Engaddi; J.
Garmendia: La tienda de munñecos; J. Torres Bodet: Margarita de Niebla; R.
Molinari: El imaginero; J.R. Pocaterra: Memorias de un venezolano de la
decadencia.

1928 La CGT mexicana apoya la huelga de los obreros textiles de Río Blanco
y de los telefónicos de la Ericsson. La FORA realiza su décimo congreso en
Buenos Aires con la asistencia de uun centenar de sindicatos. Sale allí mismo
la revista Palote y en Punta Alta (Argentina) la revista mensual Impulso. En
Colombia los anarquistas dirigen la gran huelga bananera de Magdalena y son
abatidos en buena parte en la masacre de Ciénaga. González Pacheco
estrean el drama El hombre de la plaza pública; Elias Caltelnuovo, En nombre
de cristo.

Biófilo Panclasta funda en Bogotá el Centro de Unión y Acción Revolucionaria
cuyo lema es: "¡Revolucionarios de todos los ideales, uníos!".
Noviembre. Biófilo Panclasta publica en El Socialista un artículo titulado "Yo
RATIFICO, no rectifico". Publica en varios números del periódico Claridad 42
"Comprimidos psicológicos de los revolucionarios criollos".

Obregón reelegido presidente de México; Machado reelegido presidente de
Cuba. Revuelta estudiantil contra la dictadura en Caracas: muchos
universitarios encarcelados. Nueva Constitución en Venezuela. Segunda
presidencia de Yrigoyen en Argentina.
Macedonio Fernández: No toda es vigilia la de los ojos abiertos; M.L. Guzmán:
El águila y la serpiente; Jenaro Prieto: El socio; J. Edwards Bello: El chileno en
Madrid; R. Blanco Fombona: Tragedias grotescas; R.G. González Tuñón:
Miércoles de ceniza; J.C. Mariátegui: 7 ensayos de interpretación de la
realidad peruana.

12 de nov. De 1928. Huelga de la bananeras en Santa Marta, Colombia contra
la  United Fruit Company, treinta mil obreros dicen  !!basta!! A la explotación y
condiciones inhumanas. Se suman los trabajadores ferroviarios y de los
servicios públicos. La Federación Obrera del Litoral Atlántico, FOLA, de
carácter Anarcosindicalista decreta la huelga general a la que miles de obreros
se sumaron.
6 de Dic. De 1928, el ejercito del gobierno colombiano asesina a mas de 1.500
obreros que mantenían la heroica huelga general contra la United Fruit
Company. Los trabajadores se organizan en grupos de choque y se enfrentan
sin éxito al ejercito, las vacilaciones del Partido Socialista Revolucionario PSR,
contribuyen al fracaso de la huelga. Con la desaparición de Raúl Eduardo
Mahecha, el movimiento Anarcosindicalista queda prácticamente eliminado.

1929 Una parte de los sindicatos de la CROM pasa a la C.G.T., cuyos afiliados
llegana 80.000. Sale en Buenos Aires la revista Elevación. Los
anarcosindicalistas del Brasil se sgrupan en la CNT, afiliado a la ACAT, que
ese año se había constituido en Buenos Aires. Ghiraldo publica su obra

Yanquilandia bárbara.

Aguila Negra Editorial Publica el libro de Biófilo Panclasta "Mis
prisiones, mis destierros y mi vida".

Ortiz Rubio, presidente de México; Moncada, de Nicaragua; Mejía Colindres,
de Honduras; Leguía, de nuevo, de Perú. En Venezuela, Delgado Chalbaud
invade por Cunamá y Urbina por Coro; Gabaldón se levanta en Portuguesa y
Borges en Miranda, pero todos fracasan.
Armando Dicépolo: Stéfano; Ricardo Miró: Caminos silenciosos; J.A. Ramos
Sucre: El cielo de esmalte; Las formas del fuego; R. Gallegos: Doña Bárbara;
Teresa de la Parra: Memorias de Mamá Blanca; R. Arlt: Los siete locos; A.
Orrego: El monólogo eterno; Pereda Valdés: Raza negra.

!930 En San Salvador funciona el Centro Sindical Libertario. La FORA cuenta
más de 100.000 afiliados. La dictadura de Uriburu desencadena unaferoz
persecución contra los anarquistas en argentina y fusila en Rosario a Joaquín
Penina. Centenares de militantes son desterrados o confinados en Ushuaia.
En Santa Fe se publica clandestinamente Verbo Prohibido. Se fund la
Confederación Obrera Regional Boliviana, cuyo órgano oficial es La Protesta.
Los anarcosindicalistas de la Federaçao Operária de Sao Paulo promueven
una larga huelga textil y muchos de ellos son encarcelados. Elías Castelnuovo
publica su novela Carne de cañón; D.A. de Santillán, El movimiento anarquista
en la Argentina.

Octubre. Biófilo Panclasta dirige una carta abierta a Enrique Olaya Herrera
titulada "Los parias del derecho. Voces del desierto?.

Golpe militar de J.F. Uriburu contra Yrigoyen en Argentina. Getulio Vargas,
presidente de Brasil; J. Guaggiari, de Paraguay; E. Olaya Herrera, de
Colombia; Stenio Vincent, de Haití; R.L. Trujillo, de Rep Dominicana. Se funda
el APRA en Perú. En Bolivia cae el presidente Siles. Sánchez Cerro derroca a
Leguía en Perú.
Justo P. Sáez (h): Baguales; Ricardo Molinari: Panegírico; H. Robleto: snagre
en el trópico; A. Alvarez Lleras: Aye, nada más; M.A. Asturias:Leyendas de
Guatemala; G. Casaccia: Hombres, mujeres y fantoches; Drummond de
Andrade: Alguna poesía.

1931 La Federación Obrera de La Habana, anarquista, promueve la huelga de
viveristas, que dura más de siete meses, y apoya la huelga de tranviarios, que
persiste un mes y medio. Algunos dirigentes de la CGT aceptan el nuevo
código de Trabajo promulgado por Ortiz Rubio, pero otros, como Huitrón, se
oponen a él. En Buenos Aires son fusilados por la dictadura Severino Di
Giovanni y Paulino Scarfó. Un grupo anarcosindicalista funda en Chile la
Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT). En el sindicato petrolero
clandestino de Venezuela (SAMOP) predominan tendencias anarquistas.
Jorge Ubico, dictador de Guatemala. Séptima reforma constitucional del
gobierno de Gómez en Venezuela.
Arturo Capdevila: Las vísperas de caseros; Scalabrini Ortiz: El hombre
que está sólo y espera; H. Rega Molina: Azul de mapa; A. Hernández Catá:
Manicomio; N. Guillén: Sóngoro Cosongo; J. Marín Cañas: Memorias de un
hombre triste; A. Carpentier: Ecué-Yamba-O!; A. Uslar Pietri: Las lanzas
coloradas; R. Arciniega: Engranajes; R. Arlt: Los lanzallamas:

1932 Se reúne en Rosario un Congreso Anarquista Nacional, del cual surge el
Comité Regional de Relaciones Anarquistas (CORA). La FORA reinicia
actividades; La Protesta, bajo la dirección de Santillán, inicia una nueva etapa.
Se publica el libro Reconstrucción social-Bases para una nueva edificación
económica argentina de D.A. de Santillán y Juan Lazarte.

Agustín P. Justo, presidente de Argentina: Juan E. Montero, de Chile; Eusebio
Ayala, de Paraguay; Abelardo Rodríguez, de México. Guerra del Chaco entre
Paraguay y Bolivia.
E. Acevedo Díaz:Ramón Hazaña; E. Larreta: El linyera; R. Arlt: El amor
brujo; G. Arciniegas: El estudiante de la mesa redonda.

1933 La Federación obrera de La Habana apoya la huelga general contra
Machado (con oposición de los comunistas). La Federación de Grupos
Anarquistas de Cuba publica un manifiesto contra la dictadura. Empieza a
publicarse Acción Libertaria en Buenos Aires. Santillán publica La FORA;
Fernando Santiván, Confesiones de Enrique Samaniego.

Dictadura de Tiburcio Carías en Honduras. Revolución de los sargentos
en Cuba: F. Batista. Pacto Roca-Runciman entre Argentina y Gran Bretaña.
Se retiran en Haití las tropas yanquis. Golpe de estado de G. Terra en Uruguay.
Ricardo Rojas: El santo de la espada; Arturo Capdevila: La santa furia del
padre Castañeda; E. Martínez Estrada: Radiografía de la pampa; C. Uribe
Piedrahita: Toá; Salarrué: Cuentos de barro; A. Pareja Díez-Canseco: El
muelle; F. Espínola: Sombras sobre la tierra; R. Arlt: El jorobadito.

1934 Se edita en Buenos Aires la revista Nervio. Elías Castelnuovo publica su
libro Vidas proletarias; María Lacerda de Moura, Fraternidade na Escola.

Biófilo Panclasta se une a Julia Ruiz, la exhermana Balbina, que desempeña
los oficios de pitonisa en la carrera 9a. Nº 4-56 de Bogotá.

Lázaro Cárdenas, presidente de México; Velasco Ibarra, de Ecuador.
Movimiento revolucionario de Prestes en Río de Janeiro. Nueva Constitución
uruguaya con poder ejecutivo fuerte.
A. Malfatti y N. De las Llanderas:Así es la vida; G. Meneses: La
balandra Isabel llegó ésta tarde; J. Fabbiani Ruíz: Valle hondo; J. De la
Cuadra: Los Sangurimas; J. Icaza: Huasipungo; E. Amorin: El paisano Aguilar.

1935 Los anarquistas cubanos participan en la lucha contra la nueva
dictadura de Batista. Se Reúne clandestinamente en La Plata el segundo Congreso
Anarquista Nacional, del cual surge la Federación Anarco-Comunista
Argentina (FACA). José Portogallo publica Tregua.

Biófilo Panclasta publica en el periódico La Democracia "Como es
Colombia", "Una injusticia" y "Renacimiento".




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