Cat Has Had the Time of His Life

    thin line

    Our Daily Bleed...



-- Having made that distinction, it is also true that the nurse - Georgette Kokoczinski, who performed at anarchist movement galas under the name Mimosa - is described by Paz as having been a "sort of mascot of the column", & had taken part in many surprise attacks on the enemy rear-guard with the ‘Sons of the Night’ (Hijos de la Noche). Paz 1977, p.277.

I would like to thank Marianne Enckell for bringing to my attention information on French volunteers contained in the Spanish & Italian anarchist press: doubtless a more systematic study would unearth further data (the present author unfortunately having neither Spanish nor Italian).

Readers who would like a list of the names on the database should contact the author. 6. ‘Liste des miliciens français’ (n.d. - September/October 1936?), TS., 4pp. [Film 23]; Félix Danon, ‘Rapport confidentiel sur tous les étrangers de langue française détenus à la première galerie de la Carcel Modelo’ (6 August 1937), MS., 2pp. [Film 25]; Correspondence of Charles Crespin, Félix Danon, Fernand Fortin [Film 25]; Anonymous report to Mariano Vasquez of the CNT National Committee on the activities of foreign anarchists in Spain (3 December 1937), TS., 5pp. [Film 73]; Sección Francesa de Propaganda CNT-FAI, ‘Lista de Franceses Llegados a España Despues Del 19 de Julio 1936 (Entregada el 18 de octubre de 1938)’, TS., 9pp. [Film 106].

The French contingent in the International Group of the Durruti Column numbered about 25 in August 1936. By the end of August the French & Italians had united to form a single group which also contained other nationalities. By September, this group was named the Sébastien Faure Century (after the doyen of the French anarchist movement), & formed the 1st Century of the International Group. It had grown to about 50 members by October. By September, Durruti & the CNT-FAI were making it clear in the French anarchist press that arms, other forms of material solidarity & propaganda were of more use to them than any further volunteer militia fighters.

When we examine what these women did in France, it also striking how few of them were with the militias - seven: Thérèse Bardy, Juliette Baudard, Suzanne Girbe, Suzanne Hans, the nurse, Georgette Kokoczinski, Emilienne Morin & a 34 year-old textile worker, Hélène Patou, who were all members of the Durruti Column. Emilienne Morin (partner of Buenaventura Durruti) was responsible for coordinating the the Durruti Column’s technical services at the front. Baudard & Kokoczinski died at Perdiguera in October 1936. Hans, a 22 year-old from Paris, was killed during an attack at Farlete the previous month.

Of the other 10, Felstein & Lamberet have already been mentioned, as have Pauline & Noëla Tricheux, & Simone Weil’s exploits in Spain are well known. Eugénie Casteu http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/en/people/berry_david/spain_french.volunteers.html


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-- grace slick jefferson airplane



-- ARCHIVE FONT COLOR SOURCE CODES dARK OFF BLUE lightsteelblue


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-- archive btraven phtos:http://www.riverart.com/books/traven.jpg


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-- mtv image http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/2799/ANIBEAVI.GIF



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-- fuck work image archive



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-- reading mouse image archive



?
-- JOYCE MANSOUR . Several of her werks have appeared in English translation, including Flying Piranha with Ted Joans (1978),
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~whit0580/igloo/surrealist/mansour.html


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-- JOAN BROSSA (1919-1998) http://www.intercom.es/folch/poesia/brossa_bio.htm Joan Brossa i Cuervo
? http://www.intercom.es/folch/poesia/brossa.htm


-- What is the robbing of a bank compared to the founding of a bank?
Bert Brecht


--

WITH A VARYING KEY

With a varying key
you unlock the house, in which
drifts the snow of what has been muted.
Your key always varies
depending on the blood that spurts,
from your eye or mouth or ear.

You vary the key, you vary the word
that is free to drift with the flakes
According to the wind that drives you,
the snow wraps itself around the Word.





-- TEMPLATE

EMPLATE TWO grew out of a comic strip I did in 1971 for an underground comic book: a three-page strip that was based on stories of my father’s & mother’s that I recalled being told a in childhood….In 1977 I decided to do [a] longer work,

-From Oral History Journal, Spring 1987

 




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-- galeano image, grafitti page

? http://www.guegue.com.ni/graffiti/dicen.html


-- ADD BLOOD UPDATES

STYLE SHEET HTML CODE TEMPLATE Date: Thu, 03 May 2001 02:05:53 -0700 From: Recollection Books Organization: Recollection Used Books To: Daily Bleed DIV { position: absolute; left: 200px; top: 40px; width: 150px }

When the Web browser sees this rule, it will position the text as expected, but it will also limit the maximum horizontal size of the paragraph to 150 pixels. Check it out.

The width property works only on absolutely positioned elements. You can use any length unit we've already discussed, or you can use percentage values, which refer to the parent element's width.

In IE 4 & 5, this property also works on images. You can artificially stretch or compress a graphic by setting width.

When you position multiple elements & they overlap, use z-index to specify which one should appear on top.

H2 { position: relative; left: 10px; top: 0px; z-index: 10 } H1 { position: relative; left: 33px; top: -45px; z-index: 1 }

Any HTML tag can be used as a selector. Thus, you can attach stylesheet information to any kind of element, from normal

text to & content. You can even use some cascading stylesheet properties on graphics by applying them to .

And as you can see from our first stylesheets example, you can also group rules together. Earlier, we set three different declarations all at once for

.

Similarly, you can group selectors: H1, P, BLOCKQUOTE { font-family: arial }


-- ?



-- COOK, Jack. RAGS OF TIME: A Season in Prison.
Boston: Beacon Press, (1972). 192 pages. Hardback. Cook refused induction during the Viet Nam war. A Catholic anarchist & associate editor of the <>, he was sentenced to 3-years in prison. He considered himself a political prisoner & much of his time was spent in solitary confinement.



?
-- Kenneth Rexroth (1905-1982)
Working on the San Francisco Project, Rexroth's volatile personality dominated & enlivened the office atmosphere with his story-telling & outspoken ways. His was known to frequently show his colleagues & friends a slip of paper signed by the Communist leader Earl Browder: "This man is a valuable comrade but an incorrigible anarchist."

Rexroth became the leader of group of FWP writers disgruntled with the WPA for not supporting the writers actual literary works—like the way that the Federal Arts Project was supporting muralists & other artists. Thus, he colaborated with four other writers & editors to publish an unofficial FWP journal entitled, Material Gathered, which consisted of poems, short stories, a play in verse, a couple of excerpts from novels, & a Marxist essay. He was also one of eight writers credited with writing the final manuscript for San Francisco:

The Bay & Its Cities but eventually quit the S.F. office in 1939 stating that he was "too politically disgusted to be on any government payroll."



-- with respect to U.S. weapons mass destruction Date: Wed, 2 Apr 2003 19:30:02 -0800 From: "S. Kashdan" To: "Dave Brown" Hi Dave, With respect to U.S. weapons of mass destruction, check out the below... Sylvie Critics Of US Say Nuclear Bunker-Buster Would Not Be Clean Bomb in search of a clean bomb by Robert Holloway New York (AFP) April 9, 2002 http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-doctrine-02j.html Critics of US nuclear policy said that bombs designed to destroy targets deep underground would spew enough radioactive fallout to kill tens of thousands at street level. The United States does not have such weapons, but a Pentagon report leaked March 15 said "new capabilities must be developed to defeat emerging threats such as hard & deeply buried targets" including stocks of chemical or biological arms. The Pentagon's nuclear posture review, sent to Congress in January and published on the Internet by GlobalSecurity.org, a Washington think tank, dominated discussion at a two-week UN committee meeting which ends Friday. Larry Korb, a former US assistant secretary of defense & now Vice President of the Council on Foreign Relations, said "the new weapon would not be a low-yield tactical nuclear weapon" but would be qualitatively different. David Culp, of the Friends Committee on National Legislation, a Quaker lobby in Washington, said that, contrary to the official US image, a "bunker-buster" would not explode with minimal fallout. The two men were speaking Wednesday at a diplomats seminar attended by AFP. Culp said the envisaged weapon was an existing B-61 or B-83 warhead, modified with a ground-penetrating casing & carrying a 300-kiloton charge (equivalent to 300,000 tons of TNT). That is 15 times greater than the bomb which flattened the Japanese city of Hiroshima in August 1945, & "would create a huge crater & throw up lots of dust," he said. He estimated that such a warhead, used against an underground target in downtown Baghdad, would cause between 10,000 & 40,000 deaths within 24 hours due to radioactive poisoning. "It would not be a clean nuclear weapon; there is no such thing," he said. Iraq is one of seven countries mentioned in the Pentagon report as potential targets of US nuclear missiles. Culp said advocates of bunker-buster bombs argued that the high temperature of a nuclear explosion would incinerate chemical or biological toxins and thus eliminate the risk of their dispersal by other forms of blast. The report has worried many attending the UN committee, called to prepare the next review of the 1970 Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), due in 2005. Daryl Kimball, executive director of the Washington-based Arms Control Association, described the report as "a canary in a coalmine," intended to test the atmosphere of negotiations. "Delegates have been wondering how to respond, since it is not yet a policy document," he said. One concern is that the United States might end its 10-year-old moratorium on nuclear testing in order to develop the bunker-buster. The administration of US President George W. Bush has already made clear its hostility to the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) & the resumption of testing could deal a fatal blow to the NPT. "Would it require testing?" Culp asked, adding: "That is a question that not even our government knows the answer to." The bunker-buster "would be a new weapons system with a new capability, using parts of old warheads," he said. Even in the 1990-91 Gulf War against Iraq, "there was never any talk of using nuclear weapons," Korb said. "Today, there is talk of using them to go after terrorist targets, for example." A Nuclear Tipped Response To Missle Attack Earlier this month The Pentagon is studying the possible use of nuclear-tipped interceptors in a national missile defense system, The Washington Post said Thursday quoting experts. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld encouraged the Defense Science Board to explore the idea in a future study on alternative approaches to intercepting enemy missiles," board chairman William Schneider told the daily in an interview. "We've talked about it as something that he's interested in looking at," Schneider said. President George W. Bush in December withdrew from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia to allow the development of a controversial missile defense system that would destroy enemy nuclear missiles in flight. Strongly opposed by most governments who consider it a return to the Cold War-era arms race, the system is in its early stages & includes experimental land- & sea-based interceptors, as well as airborne lasers and space-based weapons. The goal is to have some capability in place by 2004. Compared to unarmed, "hit to kill" interceptors currently under development, Schneider said, nuclear-tipped interceptors would deal more effectively with decoys & missile-borne biological warfare agents. Instead of having to distinguish actual targets from clusters of decoys deployed by enemy missiles to confuse an interceptor, the expert said, nuclear-tipped devices could rely on explosive power or radiation to wipe everything in the vicinity. Similarly, nuclear-tipped interceptors could destroy missile-borne biological agents such as anthrax before they reached the ground, he added. Other experts quoted by The Washington Post said it would take a very large warhead of more than a megaton to destroy anthrax spores spread perhaps over five kilometers (three miles) or more, jeopardizing civilian & military satellites in orbit & disrupting communications over a wide area. Taiwan Mini Nukes To Keep China At Bay In related news Taiwan was reported April 14, to have considered using small nuclear weapons against China in the 1960s but did not go through with it after the United States rejected the idea, press reports said Sunday. The United Evening News quoted a recently declassified military document saying the former Kuomintang (KMT) government commissioned a study on April 4, 1961, to determine the feasibility of the attacks. According to the paper, the then chief of the general staff, General Peng Meng-chi, ordered the study to look into firing small nuclear bombs from the offshore island of Kinmen at & around the Chinese city of Xiamen. The study was made following a bloody battle in 1958 in which the communist army showered Kinmen with about 500,000 shells in 44 days to drive the Nationalist troops off Kinmin & other frontline islands. The KMT troops fled to Taiwan & some of the offshore islands after they were defeated in 1949 at the end of a civil war. China has since regarded Taiwan as a renegade province to be reunified by force, if necessary. According to the United Evening News, the declassified report showed the study suggested firing small nuclear bombs from eight-inch (20-centimetre) howitzers on Kinmen, which is only two kilometers (1.2 miles) from the mainland. The howitzers have a range of 17 kilometers (10.2 miles) & Kinmen is more than a hundred kilometres from Taiwan's mainland. According to the newspaper, the report said the intended bombs would have had about one-twentieth of the power used in the US nuclear attack on Hiroshima. Possible targets included Chinese harbours or troops or naval fleets & the main aim was to stop communist forces from amassing & invading Kinmen. The study said troops stationed on Kinmen would barely be affected by the subsequent nuclear fallout, much of which was expected to fall on the Chinese mainland. But the paper said the United States eventually rejected the plan & did not provide Taiwan with the nuclear weapons, fearing it would prompt Russia to offer more military aid to the mainland. Taiwan said for the first time last month it opposed any use of nuclear weapons by the US against China, the paper quoted a defense ministry's written reply to a parliamentary question as saying. Also read: http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-doctrine-02j.html http://www.wildnesswithin.com/landandg.html"
http://www.angelfire.com/tx/atomicveteran/photos.html
http://www.shundahai.org/US_Atmospheric_Nuclear_Tests_Database.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/nts.htm



?
-- to do: update/merge these two lists of dates, publish online Chronology page online in SIML; in JAMES AGEE CHRONOLOGY, CACHED COPY FROM ONLINE PAGE APPARENTLY OFFLINE. MOVING DATES

ALSO, THE DATES i HAVE, INCLUDE MORE EXACT DATES; THE ONLINE VERION GOES BEYOND HIS DEATH

James Agee Chronology from the book Letters of James Agee to Father Flye. NY: G. Braziller, 1962. I've selected only the dates which include the exact day.

0516 1916 Death of James Agee's father, Hugh James Agee. (same day as James Agee died in 1955) Alternate date of death cited elsewhere as the 18th.

~Hugh James Agee died while driving an auto on May 16*, 1916; he had a habit of driving too fast. James Rufus Agee died in a taxi on May 16, 1955; he had a habit of living too fast.~

0128 1933 married to Olivia Saunders

0320 1940 birth of Joel Agee, his first son

1226 1942 to 0904 1948 wrote signed column on films for "the Nation"

1107 1946 birth of Julia Teresa Agee, his first daughter

0903 1949 "Comedy's Greatest Era", study of silent film comedians, published in Life

0515 1950 birth of Andrea Maria Agee, his second daughter

0918 1950 "Undirectable Director", a portrait of John Huston, published in Life

0906 1954 His second son, John Alexander, born.

1909 November 27
James Rufus Agee born in Knoxville, Tennessee.
1916 May 18
Agee's father, Hugh James Agee, killed in auto accident.
1919 Autumn
Enters Saint Andrew's, a boarding school for boys; meets Father Flye & his wife, who lived on school grounds.
1924 Agee's mother marries Father Erskind Wright, bursar at St. Andrew's; they move to Rockland, Maine.
1925 Summer
Visits France & England with Father Flye.

Autumn
Enters Phillips-Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hamphire.

Corresponds with Dwight Macdonald

1927 Elected Editor of Exeter Monthly & President of the Lantern Club (literary society).
1928 Autumn
Enters Harvard University; Robert Saudek is his roommate.
1929 Summer
Works in Nebraska & Kansas wheatfields
1930 Robert Fitzgerald is his classmate in Robert Hillyer's & I.A. Richards' classes.
1931 Agee is president of Harvard Advocate.
1932 Spring
Graduates from Harvard & as a result of a parody issue of Time & of the efforts of Dwight Macdonald, is engaged as a cub reporter, then as a regular staff writer for Fortune in Chrysler Building.
1933 January 28
Marries Olivia Saunders
1934 October
Permit Me Voyage published in Yale Series of Younger Poets, with foreword by Archibald MacLeish.
1935 November to May, 1936
Leave of absence from Fortune; lives & writes in Anna Maria, Florida.
1936 Spring
Attends David McDowell's commencement at Saint Andrew's while visiting Father Flye.

Summer
Spends eight weeks with Walker Evans in Alabama, interviewing & photographing tenant families for a series of Fortune articles.

1938 Spring
Moves to 27 Second Street, Frenchtown, New Jersey. Marries Alma Mailman.
1939 Summer
Delievers manuscript of Three Tenant Families to Harper's.

Begins reviewing books for Time with Whittaker Chambers.

Robert Fitzgerald works with Agee at Time.

1939 Moves to Saint James Place, Brooklyn, New York.
1940 March 20
First son, Joel, born.
1941 Autumn
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men published by Houghton Mifflin.

Begins reviewing films for Time.

Moves to Bleecker Street.

1942 December, 1942, to September, 1948
Writes signed column on films for The Nation.
1945 In the Street, a short, lyrical documentary film, directed & photographed by Helen Levitt, Janice Loeb, James Agee.

Autumn
Begins writing special feature stories for Time.
Marries Mia Fritsch.

1946 November 7
First Daughter, Julia Teresa, is born.
1948 Leaves Time. Writes, under contract to Huntington Hartford, film scripts based on "The Blue Hotel" & "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" by Stephen Crane.

Writes narration for Helen Levitt's film The Quiet One.

World Premier of Knoxville Summer of 1915 for soprano & orchestra, music by Samuel Barber, words by Agee, with Elenor Steber singing.

1950 May 15
His second daughter, Andrea Maria, born.

Autumn
Goes to California, to work with John Huston on the script for The African Queen, based on a novel by C.S. Forester.

1951 January
Has first heart attacks, in California.

April
The Morning Watch published by Houghton Mifflin.

1952 Writes script on the life of Lincoln, commissioned by the Ford Foundation for Omnibus.

"A Mother's Tale" published in Harpers's Bazaar.

1953 Writes script for Noa Noa, based on Paul Gauguin's diary.
1954 Writes script for The Night of the Hunter, based on the novel by Davis Grubb.

Father Flye leaves St. Andrew's School after the death of his wife.

September 6
His second son, John Alexander, born.

1955 May 16
Dies of a heart attack while riding in a taxicab in New York City.

Father Flye comes from Wichita to conduct funeral service; Agee is buried in Hillsdale on a farm still owned by the Agee family.

1957 A Death in the Family is published posthumously by McDowell- Oblensky, edited by David McDowell.
1958 A Death in the Family wins the Pulitzer Prize.

Agee on Film published by McDowell-Oblensky.

1959 Father Flye moves to New York City.
1960 Agee on Film, Volume II, published by McDowell-Oblensky, with foreword by John Huston.

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men reprinted by Houghton Mifflin, with new preface by Walker Evans.

All the Way Home, stage adaptation of A Death in the Family, opens & wins Pulitzer Prize & Drama Critics Award.

1961 Letters of James Agee to Father Flye published.
1963 All the Way Home, screen adaptation of the play & novel appears.
1965 A Way of Seeing, photographs of Harlem by Helen Levitt, with an essay by James Agee, published by Viking.
1966 Agee, by Peter Ohlin, first of four books about Agee, published by McDowell-Oblensky.

Agee's mother dies.

1967 Fall
Film Heritage published special Agee issue.
1968 The Collected Poems of James Agee, edited with an introduction by Robert Fitzgerald, published by Houghton Mifflin.
1969 The Collected Short Prose of James Agee, with "Memoir" by Robert Fitzgerald, the best biographical piece yet published on James Agee, published by Houghton Mifflin.
1971 James Agee: A Portrait released by Caedmon records, with Agee speaking a "letter to a friend" & reading from his work (1953), & Father Flye reminiscing & reading from Agee's work.
1972 Spring
Harvard Advocate pubished commemorative issue on James Agee.

Dedication of Agee Memorial Library at St. Andrew's School in Tennessee.

1980 AGEE, a feature documentary film on the life & work of James Agee premiered at the Bijou Theatre in Knoxville, Tennessee.
1981 AGEE is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary; wins Blue Ribbon at American Film Festival.
1992 January
To Render a Life, a feature film documentary based on Let Us Now Praise Famous Men premiered at the Duke University Center for Documentary Studies. Nominated for Documentary of the Year by the International Documentary Association.
1999 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men placed among the top works of literature in the 20th Century by both the New York Public Library & the NYU School of Journalism selection committees.
2000 The first comprehensive biography of James Agee nearing completion; written by Erik Wensberg of New York City.

 

Primary Works

Permit Me Voyage (Poetry), 1934; The Morning Watch (autobiography novel), 1951;

A death in the family. NY: McDowell, Obolensky, 1957. PS3501.G35 D4

Agee on film. Drawings by Tomi Ungerer. NY: McDowell, Obolensky 1958-60 . PN1993.5 .A1 A35 v.1

Let us now praise famous men; three tenant families (1941) by James Agee & Walker Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960. F326 .A17

Letters of James Agee to Father Flye. NY: G. Braziller, 1962. PS3501.G35 Z54

The collected short prose of James Agee. Edited & with a memoir by Robert Fitzgerald. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1968. PS3501 G35 A15

A death in the family (autobiography novel, 1957). NY: Bantam Books, Inc. 1969. PS3501.G35 D4

| Top | Selected Bibliography: Books

Barson, Alfred T. A way of seeing; a critical study of James Agee. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1972. PS3501 G35 Z58

Bergreen, Laurence. James Agee: a life. NY: Dutton, 1984. PS3501 .G35 Z59

Coles, Robert. Irony in the mind's life; essays on novels by James Agee, Elizabeth Bowen, and George Eliot. Charlottesville: U P of Virginia 1974. PR823 C58

Dardis, Tom. Some Time in the Sun: The Hollywood Years of Fitzgerald, Faulkner, Nathanael West, Aldous Huxley, & James Agee. New York : Scribner's, 1976.

Huse, Nancy L. John Hersey & James Agee: a reference guide. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1978. Z8400.3 .H87

Kramer, Victor A. James Agee. Boston: Twayne P, 1975. PS3501 G35 Z74

Larsen, Erling. James Agee. Minneapolis, U of Minnesota P, 1971. PS3501.G35 Z76

Lofaro, Michael A., and Wilma Dykeman. eds. James Agee: Reconsiderations. Knoxville : U of Tennessee P, 1992.

Lowe, James. The Creative Process of James Agee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1995.

Madden, David, & Jeffrey J. Folks. eds. Remembering James Agee. Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1997.

Moreau, Genevieve, Miriam Kleiger, Morty Schiff. The Restless Journey of James Agee. New York: Morrow, 1977.

Ohlin, Peter H. Agee. NY: I. Obolensky 1966. PS3501.G35 Z8

Seib, Kenneth. James Agee: Promise & Fulfillment. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1969.

Spiegel, Alan. James Agee and the Legend of Himself: A Critical Study. Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1998.

| Top | Selected Bibliography: Articles

"James Agee, by Himself." Esquire 60.6 (1963): 149, 289-290.

Aulicino, Steven. "James Agee: Secondary Sources, 1935-1981." Bulletin of Bibliography 41.2 (Jun 1984): 64-72.

Behar, Jack. "James Agee: Notes on the Man & the Work." Denver Quarterly 13.1 (1978): 3-15. 

Dressler, Jane K. "James Agee: His World of Music." Library Chronicle of the University of Texas 25.2 (1994): 90-119.

Fabre, Genevieve. "A Bibliography of the Works of James Agee." Bulletin of Bibliography 24 (1965): 145-48, 163-66.

Fitzgerald, Robert. "James Agee: A Memoir." Kenyon Review 30 (1968): 587-624.

Fultz, James R. "High Jinks at Yellow Sky: James Agee & Stephen Crane." Literature Film Quarterly 11.1 (1983): 46-54.

Morse, Jonathan. "James Agee, Southern Literature, & the Domain of Metaphor." South Atlantic Quarterly 76 (1977): 309-17.

Rabinowitz, Paula. "Voyeurism & Class Consciousness: James Agee & Walker Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men." Cultural Critique 21 (Sprg 1992): 143-70.

Samway, Patrick. "James Agee: A Family Man." Thought 47 (1972): 40-68. 

Schultz, Todd. "Off-Stage Voices in James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Reportage as Covert Autobiography." American Imago 56.1 (Sprg 1999): 75-.

Stanford, Donald E. "The Poetry of James Agee: The Art of Recovery." Southern Review 10.2 (1974): xvi-xix.

Youra, Steven. "James Agee on Films & the Theater of War." Film Criticism 10.1 (Fall 1985): 18-31.

Zaller, Robert. "Let Us Now Praise James Agee." Southern Literary Journal 10.2 (1978): 144-54. http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap10/agee.html




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--

Armando Borghi (1882-1968)">Italian Anarchist Militant: Armando Borghi (1882-1968)

The anarchist movement has always had its share of driving forces & tireless propagandists. Italy, ever since the days of the First International, has produced a number of exceptional agitators - Carlo Cafiero & Andrea Costa, back at the beginning; Luigi Galleani & Pietro Gori at the turn of the century; Errico Malatesta, Luigi Fabbri & Camillo Berneri & Armando Borghi in more recent times.

With the death of Armando Borghi in 1968, the Italian movement lost one of its finest representatives. Over a 60-year period, Borghi forged relentlessly ahead with his activities with a truly outstanding belief & enthusiasm.

He died at the age of 86. Born in Castel Bolognese in the Romagna on 7 April 1882, he embarked upon his activities as an anarchist militant at the age of 16. In his major work A Half-Century of Anarchy he describes with his subtle & sparkling style the ups & downs of his frantic life as an activist & propagandist. He relates how, in 1898, when he was barely 16 years old, & unbeknownst to his parents, he travelled to Ancona to attend the trial of Malatesta on the charges of justifying criminality & plotting against the State that arose from his having published the weekly L'Agitazione in Ancona. It was at this point that Borghi had his chance to view Errico Malatesta in the flesh (as he used to say) in the dock. He conceived a lifelong fondness for Malatesta. From then on, Armando Borghi was up to his neck in activity & in the struggle.

In 1900 he settled in Bologna & there, following the assassination of King Umberto I by Gaetano Bresci (on 29 July 1900) he unreservedly endorsed the heroic act, in contrast to those socialists, republicans & a small clique of Rome-based anarchists who had condemned the killing.

His first arrest came in Bologna in 1902, over anti-militarist propaganda. In April 1903, he won his spurs as a public speaker, again in Bologna, when he was chosen by the anarchists to address a huge rally called to protest at military expenditure. The young anarchist, then just 20, made his mark. He was welcomed to the rostrum by Andrea Costa. It was his very first success as a public speaker. He became the official spokesman of the anarchists at all rallies. A flurry of innumerable arrests and trials followed. His defence counsel at all times was Pietro Gori who always showed up for his trials. Armando Borghi was arrested during a demonstration in 1904 & spent several months in the San Giovanni in Monte prison.

In 1905, he was sentenced again in Ravenna to a five month prison term for "incitement to crime". Between 1903 & 1906, he spent longer behind bars than as a free man. In May 1906 he had barely come out of prison when he was commissioned in Ravenna as editor of L'Aurora, an anarchist weekly, taking over from Domenico Zavaterro. It was from the columns of L'Aurora that he severely upbraided anarchist individualism. It was from the same platform on 9 July 1906 that Borghi marked Gaetano Bresci's assassination. He was indicted over this vibrant article which earned the author as well as the managing editor a year behind bars.

Armando Borghisaw imprisonment again in Ravenna & then in Piacenza. He was freed early in July 1907. It was at this point that he agreed to take up a post as trade union agitator. He was invited to join the secretariat of the Bologna & District Construction Union. However, he was not converted either to trade unionism or to anarcho-syndicalism but remained comprehensively & full-bloodedly anarchist. But he found it useful to mix with the workers in order to fight for their emancipation. The Bologna Construction Union was not affiliated to the CGL (General Confederation of labor), but belonged, as did many another organisation, to the National Direct Action Committee.

......

He stayed abroad until the end of December 1912, involving himself in active anti-militarist propaganda, giving lectures in France & Switzerland. After the Italian government offered an amnesty to mark the conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey, he returned to Italy. In the autumn of 1912, the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) had been launched in Italy. It ought to be noted that Borghi, in exile in France at the time, had no hand in the launching of the USI but affiliated to it in his capacity as organiser for the labor unions independent of the CGL.

Which brings us to the "Red Week". A national campaign committee had promised protest rallies all across Italy in protest against militarism, the disciplinary battalions & to press for the release of Augusto Masetti. These were scheduled for the first Sunday in June.

Following a rally in Ancona - addressed by Malatesta - there were clashes between the crowd & the police & three young demonstrators were killed. A general strike was called in all of the big cities in Italy. In the Marches & in the Romagna region, the strike took the form of out & out insurrection. Betrayal by the leaders of the CGL prevented the revolutionary uprising from scoring the success it deserved. The government backlash soon gained the upper hand. Malatesta managed to evade arrest & fled to London. On 7 June Borghi was speaking in Florence. The moment he heard of the deaths of the three young people in Ancona he made for the Romagna to do his bit in the uprising. To his great surprise, on this occasion he was not arrested.

In August 1914, the Great War erupted. In keeping with his basic anarchist principles, Borghi immediately declared his opposition to the war.

De Ambris, Corridoni & Masotti & other USI leaders hoped to 'convert' the USI-affiliated unions to the interventionist cause. They called a general congress of the USI in Parma in September 1914. Borghi steadfastly argued the need for the USI to come out against the war. The USI branches endorsed Borghi's resolution by an overwhelming majority. Armando Borghitook up the secretaryship of the Italian Syndicalist Union. The USI relocated its headquarters to Bologna & thereafter Armando Borghi's time was entirely consumed by anti-war propaganda. But not for long - because after May 1915 - when Italy entered the war - he was interned in Impruneta, a small town near Florence & later in Isernia in the Abruzzi.

When the war ended in November 1918, Borghi resumed his activities as USI secretary & director of the weekly Guerra di Classe. Ever by his side as a priceless collaborator & beloved spouse was Virgilia D'Andrea. Very active during the cost of living campaigns in July 1919, Borghi was an active, zealous agitator, not merely in his trade union organiser capacity but also, indeed primarily, as a fervent anarchist.

In late December 1919, Errico Malatesta returned to Italy & in Milan he ran the daily newspaper Umanita Nova. Borghi & Malatesta were on the same wave length & their respective propaganda drives brought the Italian people to crucial revolutionary accomplishments such as the factory occupations in August-September 1920.

Armando Borghi was not in Italy at that time. In May 1920, he had left for Russia at the invitation of the Bolshevik leadership, keen to talk with a representative of the USI and, if at all possible, with its secretary. It was a particularly adventuous trip, as detailed in A Half-Century of Anarchy. In Moscow Borghi had an audience in the Kremlin with Lenin. Lenin asked him if he were opposed to centralism & Borghi replied: "You have that right. How could any anarchist be in favour of centralism?" To which Lenin retorted: "Freedom ought not to be the death of the revolution." Borghi countered with: "In the absence of freedom, the revolution would be a horror." Their conversation proceeded quietly.

Learning of the factory occupations back home, Borghi scurried homewards. This second journey brought him to Milan by 20 SEPTEMBER, by which time the reformist trade union organisations had ordered the factories to back down on 17 September. There was nothing that he could do by then, but he declined an invitation from the government that he join, as representative of the USI, a commission drafting a law on workers' control. Meanwhile, the government was cracking down heavily again.

In October, Borghi, Malatesta & other anarchists were rounded up on no particular charges. In the San Villore prison in Milan, on 14 March 1921, Malatesta, Borghi & Quaglino launched a hunger strike to force the court authorities to set a trial date. After nine months in prison on remand, by late July 1921, they were brought for trial to the Assizes in Milan. All of those charged were freed. Malatesta & Borghi had offered a zealous defence of themselves.

Fascism was now in the ascendant & the lives of antifascist militants were in the balance. Borghi & Virgilia D'Andrea were continually receiving death threats.

Armando Borghi fought against the fascists by promoting the "labor Alliance" in an attempt to erect an obstacle in the path of the fascist victory. But after the March on Rome in October 1922, all attempts to fight fascism were in vain. Along with Virgilia D'Andrea, Borghi had to leave Italy in 1923 & they went into exile, first in Berlin & then in Paris.

In France he carried on his fight against fascism. He penned his first volume of memoirs Italy Between Two Crisis. It was published in Paris in July 1924. In October 1926, Borghi left France for the United States. He arrived to find the campaign for Sacco & Vanzetti at its height. At the invitation of their support committee, he gave many talks & appeared at meetings. But even in the States he could not escape arrest & trial & was often released only on payment of huge bail bonds. An active contributor to L'Adunata dei Refrattari he often signed his articles with a pseudonym, with the police forever on his trail. Virgilia D'Andrea was always at his side. She was an active propagandist & a fine public speaker. But on 12 May 1933 she died while still quite young.

In the United States, Armando Borghi struck up friendships with Gaetano Salvemini & Arturo Toscanini & his son, Walter. After the downfall of fascism he returned to Italy, landing in Naples in October 1945. Immediately embarking upon a frantic lecture tour.

In 1946, he visited all the major cities of Italy - Rome, Bologna, Ancona, Milan, Carrara, etc. In December that year his car crashed into a lorry. He came away with serious head wounds & some broken ribs but his travelling companions emerged unscathed. He spent a long time in hospital in Ravenna, followed by a lengthy convalescence. He stayed in Italy until March 1948, involving himself in active propaganda & affording his comrades the benefit of his long experience & his thorough knowledge of the many issues confronting the anarchist movement. Then he felt the urge to return to the United States, weary from his frantic, restless lifestyle in Italy. He stayed in the USA until 1953 returning to Italy that year & he was in perfect health when he took part in the March 1953 congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation (FAI) in Civitavecchia.

Once again, Armando Borghi was the centre of the Italian anarchist movement which was experiencing a promising revival. He settled in Rome, assisting Gigi Damiani and Umberto Consiglio in bringing out Umanita Nova. He stayed in Italy after that & his activities were genuinely beneficial to the movement. For twelve years up until October 1965, the presence of Armando Borghi in Umanita Nova in the shape of his lively, vivacious articles, left an indelible mark. He died on 21 April 1968.

By Maurice Colombo, (Le Monde Libertaire, Paris, No 725,10 November 1988)
WORK THIS OVER FOR DATES; A LINK to ksl added to BORGHI PAGE 10/2006 http://flag.blackened.net/ksl/bullet16.htm




?
-- Remembering Luigi Fabbri

A clear-sighted & very astute intellectual, author of essays crucial to my libertarian understanding of the great political upheavals of the 20th century (the Russian revolution, the fascist seizure of power in Italy). A generous & tireless anarchist militant, he knew imprisonment & internment, physical assault at the hands of fascist thugs & was driven into exile he was we of the few professors to refuse to take the oath of loyalty to the Italian regime after 1922, a refusal that cost him a chair to which he had always brought honour. A dogged organiser for the movement, a friend & follower of Errico Malatesta (of whom he has left us a moving & comprehensive biography), a supporter of anarcho-communism & of the workers' movement, he attended the International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam in 1907. This was Luigi Fabbri, a comrades whose name is all too rarely invoked these days, & whose books & pamphlets (which are of such immediate relevance, even though their author died before the second World war broke out) are too little read.

He was born on 23 December 1877 in Fabriano in the province of Ancona (Italy), one of the 'classic' stamping grounds of anarchism (along with the Romagna, the VaIdarno & the areas around Carrera and La Spezia), which was to be the epicentre of the famous 'red week' uprising in 1914. He spent his childhood & early youth farther south in the marches, in Montefiore dell'Ase (in the province of Ascoli Piceno), then went on to the Recanati highschool. In 1893 at the age of 15 he encountered anarchist teachings for the first time & instinctively embraced them; from that Four: on his militant activity would take place under the red & black colours of freedom & into it he poured all of this energies and intellect. Unlike Kropotkin, an anarchist academic who was also capable of scientific work unrelated to politics (such as his research into Ice Age geology & the geography of the Far East & Central Asia), for Fabbri academic & militant were one & the same. His thirst for knowledge & urge to investigate & subject everything to the probing light of a critical & alert intelligence was placed in the service of the libertarian ideal. This was a struggle that was unceasing even during his times in prison (he was first arrested in 1894 at the age of 16, charged with having printed & distributed anti-militarist matter: this was at the time of the disgraceful war in Africa launched by Francesco Crispi for reasons of prestige). In 1896 he enrolled with the law faculty of the university of Macerata. The following year he met Malatesta, becoming we of his best friends & most loyal collaborators. Malatesta was a member of the military draft of 1895, so he was 24 years Fabbri's senior. For Malatesta Fabbri felt a filial affection (if it means anything, the year of Fabbri's birth was the year of the Matese gang, the hapless attempted uprising by Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero & Andrea Costa in the San Lupo mountains). It was with Malatesta that he cut his teeth in his long career as a movement journalist & publicist; in fact he was placed in charge of the publication of L'Agitazione in Ancona, whilst his mentor was in prison. But in 1898 it was Fabbri's turn to be arrested. He was interned on offshore islands first on Ponza & then on Favignana. This was a common practice in King Umberto's freemason & clergy-ridden Italy; it followed the failure of the attempt to serum a penal colony on the desolate Dahlak islands in the Red Sea along the lines of French Guyana. In 1900, Fabbri was released. Even though the anti-anarchist crackdown was raging as furiously as ever (following the assassination of Umberto in Monza), his propaganda activity did not let up. In 1903, along with Pietro Gori, Fabbri launched the review Il Pensiero & a short time later started to contribute articles to the anarchist newspaper of the émigrés in Paterson, New Jersey, La Question Sociale. Il Pensiero continued to appear, albeit faced by thousands of problems, until December 1911. He shuttled between Rome, Bologna, Fabriano & his native region, carrying on with his activities as a teacher under close police surveillance but determined to spread his libertarian ideas wherever he went. He joined Malatesta in writing for "Volonta" in Ancona, In 1907 he was in Amsterdam along with Malatesta to attend the International Anarchist Congress which was to have such importance for the evolution of the anarchist movement. Being caught up in the 'red week' he was obliged to quit Italy & took refuge for a while in Switzerland, returning to Italy to throw himself body & soul into anti-militarist & pro-neutrality propaganda in 1914-1915. These were difficult times: the whole of Italy was convulsed by pro-intervention euphoria and uncertainty & confusion infected even the left. Socialists like Cesare Battista, anarchists like Peter Kropotkin argued that the war was a necessity. This eventually stretched the & snapped the weakening vestiges of the International. Luigi Fabbri, charged with defeatism, was arrested again; upon his release he carried on with his work as a teacher during the war years under the closet police surveillance (in Corticella in Bologna province). His anti-war propaganda carried on but he had to take certain precautions in order to remain at large. Aside from Volonta, he contributed to Umanita Nova which had been launched in 1920 as a daily. But his contributions to Umanita Nova led to his being arrested again in the years after the Great war, tried and convicted again; he also suffered his first fascist attack. Yet these were his most fertile years as a writer. Back in 1905 he had published his Letters to a Woman on Anarchy, followed in 1912 by The School & the Revolution, in 1913 by Giordano Bruno & in 1914 by Letters to a Socialist & The Aware Generation. But between 1921 & 1922 he sent to the presses his most important books (aside from a later life of Malatesta), Preventive Counter-revolution; and Dictatorship & Revolution - works generated by a probing, perceptive intelligence set out in the clearest of styles & closely argued, consistent in their reasoning & non conformist m their approach and conclusions. [KSL hope to print the latter some time in the future] Some of what he wrote is startlingly relevant even now, like this extract from the 1906 pamphlet Workers' Organisation & Anarchy... "This vicious circle has led reformist socialists to devise the curious theory that in their strikes the workers should worry about the interests of the employers & the conditions of their industry. . Thus are the workers on strike wrong-footed & the capitalist taken as being right, all in the name of a brand new interpretation of socialism. It has been overlooked, however, that it is the workers who always have right on their side, always, always, even when they declare an ill-timed strike that harms themselves. True, they are not doing the right thing in launching a dispute in unfavorable circumstances, when their defeat is a certainty; but the damage they are doing is to their own interests & not because the boss is in the right or because the industrialists are right rather than the wage earners. For as long as the worker works a single hour for the benefit of an employer, for as long as the boss makes a penny out of a working man's labors, that working man will always have right on his side - the sacrosanct right which is the very basis of socialism & of anarchism… " In Dictatorship & Revolution (1921), an analysis of the Russian revolution & its authoritarian distortion by the Bolsheviks, he always deals with the relationship between libertarian socialism & Marxism. "Socialists always say that the 'dictatorship' will be a passing thing, an imperfect transitional stage, something akin to a painful necessity. We have demonstrated what errors & dangers lurk within that belief; even granting (which I do not) that dictatorship may truly be necessary, it would still be a mistake to offer it as an ideal target to aim for & turn it into a flag to afford precedence over the flag of freedom. In my event we ought to agree that one of the essential preconditions of such a dictatorship's being provisional & passing & not consolidating itself & leading on to a stable, lasting future dictatorship, is that it must terminate at the earliest opportunity, & that outside & against the law there should be a watchful & energetic opposition from revolutionaries, a living flame of freedom a strong faction preventing it from solidifying & combating it until it is successfully destroyed, just as soon as its raison d'etre has evaporated... assuming that it may have only the one! It will be anarchism’s natural vocation part of its very essence & tradition, to represent that ultra-revolutionary opposition within the revolution, that flame of freedom..." But his most incisive, most effective, intellectually most inspiring essay is, in our judgement, Preventive Counter-revolution (1922). It was written in the heat of the moment whilst fascist goons were gaining the upper hand over the revolutionary disturbances in the factories & the fields. The post-war elections had inflated out of all proportion the strength of the leftwing parties, the striking workforce was poised to bring the system grinding to a halt & the trams were running with red flags on display. It was time to act, before the reaction could orchestrate any countervailing measures. Fabbri wrote: "But the revolution did not come & was not made. There were only popular rallies, lots of rallies; & alongside these demonstrations, countless choreographed marches & parades ... Moreover, this euphoria lasted too long, at almost two years; & the others, the ones who felt everyday that they were under threat of being toppled from their thrones & stripped of their privileges began to wake up to the situation & appreciate their own strength & the weakness of their enemies." & they had armed the fascists to mount a counter-revolution to pre-empt the revolution; what we might describe as a preventative counter-revolution which fastened upon society even though the revolution never happened. This was Fabbri's interpretation of the fascist phenomenon, which came into existence as the armed wing of the landlords & capitalists & as a substantially novel force, the subsequent evolution of which defies explanation unless we recognise a frightening series of errors, shortcomings, ingeniousness & weakness on the part of the left.

At the same time as he was publishing his books he was writing articles for old & new libertarian publications (like Pensiero e Volonta, Fede Libero Accordo, etc.), & Luigi Fabbri was carrying on with his own activities as a militant. In 1919 he was among the promoters of the first hard & fast essay at organising, the launching of the Union of Italian Anarchist Communists, and, the following year, of the Italian Anarchist Union (UAI). In 1923 he suffered his second beating at the hands of fascists. In 1926 he declined to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime & lost his position & fled abroad. This was the beginning of a series of painful moves, throughout which he carried on writing for the world's anarchist press and launching new publications. In 1927 he was m Switzerland, only to move quickly thereafter to Paris where he launched the journal Lotta Umana. Expelled from democratic France he fled to Belgium only to be expelled from Belgium too. It looked as if there was no way for him to carry on the struggle in Europe; but he refused to give up; & in 1929, at the age of 52, he embarked with youthful courage upon a new life in South America. He set up home in Uruguay, in Montevideo, where he soon launched Studi Social, although he continued to send items to the libertarian press in Spain, France & the United States and penned his Malatesta: His Life & Thought (published m Buenos Aires in 1945). He died prematurely in the thick of the struggle on 24 June 1935. The previous December an incident at the oasis of Wal Wal in Ethiopia had provided the spark for a fascist attack on Ethiopia & the start of a spiral of war-mongering which would carry the Mussolini Dictatorship through events in Spain to the catastrophe of Hitler's war. A catastrophe which Fabbri had been awaiting faithfully, hopefully for many a long year, but which he was denied the chance to see. Francesco Lamendola, (Unamita Nova, (6-11-1988)




-- MOVING DATES

From: Takver

New information published on the history of Anarchism in Australia.
1. Bibliography of Anarchism & Syndicalism in Australia & Aotearoa/New Zealand by Michael Vaux http://www.takver.com/history/biblio.htm
2. Revised edition of Craft, Trade or Mystery by Dr Bob James released. An important work on the origins of Trade Unions as part of a broader movement of benefit societies. http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm

4. Two stories involving members of the I.W.W. in Australia: The Tottenham Tragedy - two wobblies in 1916 who tried for the murder of a police constable & both were executed within 3 months. http://www.takver.com/history/iww_tottenham.htm Pat Mackie, played a pivotal role in the Mount ISA Dispute of 1964/65. Government Archival files show that Prime Minister & Cabinet investigated whether Mackie could be deported (they didn't have a leg to stand on). http://www.takver.com/history/mountisa1964.htm
For older stories visit the Radical Tradition index page at: http://www.takver.com/history/index.htm

—with solidarity Takver Radical Tradition, an Australasian History Page http://www.takver.com/history/index.htm Visit Anarres Books - http://www.anarres.org.au


-- YEAR: General Monthly work notes (MOVING DATES) cleanup details

2003

beginning Each month;

  • orange diamond dingbat replace literal text -- with — to do: replace most GalleryIndex urls with direct urls for example, http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#GoldmanEmma with http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GoldmanEmma.htm

    This color code for radical literature entries NOV 2006, This color changed; see radlit css class

    moving dates





    -- YEAR: General Monthly work notes (MOVING DATES) cleanup details

    2003

    9/2003: TO DO: AS A COURTESTY, NEED TO SAVE & REDIRECT ALL THESE IMAGE LINKS TO OUR SERVER INSTEAD OF THEIRS http://lacucaracha.info/scw/diary/1937/december/hemingway_teruel.jpg There are several images being used this month, possibly other m,onths as well
    Dec 2006 most all should be done by now

    moving dates


    -- MOVING DATES

    A SINNERS URLS REPLACED IN GALLERY / ENCYC INDEX , A-C OCT 2003 STILL NEED TO DO REST
    TO DO, MOVE COPY OF LEONORA CARRINGTON TO BLEED SERVER, IN SINNERS, & CHANGE LINK IN GALLERY INDEX TO NEW SERVER URL
    also christo



    -- Red Menace Archive

    The Red Menace was a newsletter published in London from 1989-1990 by a group of individuals as a contribution to the movement for a stateless, moneyless & classless world human community – communism.

    Convinced that ‘the revolution is not a party affair’, the aim of the project was not to recruit people to any organisation but to ‘increase communication, discussion, the spread of information & generally stimulate joint activity between all those genuinely fighting against this world’. For more about the history & politics of the project see A brief history of the Red Menace.

    The contents of The Red Menace are being made available on this website because the articles contain useful information on social struggles in Britain & internationally in this period, & show how one small group critically responded in what proved to be the last days of Thatcher (if not Thatcherism) & the Soviet Union.

    November 2000 Contents: A brief history of the Red Menace Issue Number One, February 1989 New Readers Start Here Demolish Fortress Britain - resistance to racist immigration laws Tottenham 3 denied ‘right to appeal’ SNECMA aerospace workers strike in France Acid Comment – the moral panic about acid house parties Reviews: anti-parliamentary communism in Britain, 1917-1945 Issue Number Two, March 1989 Down with the First Word War! – the Rushdie affair Education – the future of an illusion Jamaica: another two party state Review: Non-market socialism in the nineteenth & twentieth centuries Issue Number Three, June 1989 Up against the prole tax Bread, blood & circuses - uprisings against austerity in Venezuela, Burma & elsewhere Letters from Algeria: the situation after the uprising Notices - Subversion conference; leaflet from the Anti-Workfare Movement Issue Number Four, September/October 1989 More Misery Now – reflections on the transpsort workers’ strikes Israel/Palestine – two states too many Review: Help the economy, sleep on the streets – No Reservations – housing, space & class struggle
    Review: Guy Debord, Commentaires sur la societe du spectacle
    Review: Demolition Derby - reflections on 'primitivism'
    Review: Return - the case against Zionism/Zionism & jewish identity

    Issue Number Five, January 1990
    Introduction
    Ambulance Workers Dispute: now the police won’t just put you in hospital, they’ll drive you there too After the Guildford Four
    Hull 1976 Prisoners Revolt – Paul Hill’s Story
    There’s a riot goin’ on – People’s Park in Berkeley, 1969 & 1989

    Other texts: Address to revolutionaries in the USSR
    The Kronstadt Commune 1921
    The struggle against Islamic Fascism begins with the struggle against Iranian Bolshevism http://www.geocities.com/pract_history/redmenace/rmindex.html



    -- ARTÍCULO 16 JOSEPH DALMAU Article editat a la revista “El Vaixell Blanc” Secció Artístico literària de l’Ateneu Enciclopèdic Popular número 27 i 28 estiu de 1985 JOSEPH DALMAU L’art de vanguardía a Catalunya (Vagin estes línies com un petit homenatge a un dels homes que més van fer per l’art a Catalunya). Amb la mirada fixada a el present adivinem el passat i sense dubte veiem que les dècades compreses entre els anys 1910 i 1920 – sobretot a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial – varen ser moments tremendament difícils però prodigiosos en que, les generacions del seu temps, buscaven amb afany, derruir una vella idea de societat que es mostrava ja caduca, així que els moviments associacionistes adquirien més força que mai, les esperances i il·lusions naixien amb proletaris, artistes i intel·lectuals i cadascú en el seu camp propiciaren que a Europa és forjaren moviments desesperats per renovar l’ ètica i l’ estètica d’una societat que ja havia perdut credibilitat; així que en lo concernent a l’ apartat artístic – amb la seva connotació intel·lectual inclosa- podem destacar el naixement de moviments com: “Cubisme, Futurisme, Surrealisme, L’ Avanguardisme a Catalunya, etc”. Barcelona doncs no romandria d’espatlla a tots els moviments que es produïen a París o Zurich, Alemanya amb Bauhaus –per exemple- o a New York amb el pas de Man Ray i Marchel Duchamp. Els moments difícils que provocaren la guerra de 1914, convertiren a Barcelona amb la ciutat de l’art de Vanguardia à Europa, així ens visitaren : Picabia, els Germans Delaunay, K. Van Dongen, Gleizes, Grunhoff, André Breton, Dubufett, etc, i gairebé tots trobaren el suport incondicional de Josep Dalmau amb realitat, la ciutat de Barcelona mai va assumí tal paper vanguardista i els actes per lo tant eren minoritaris. Josep Dalmau fou un Manresà enquadernador d’ofici, havia nascut en 1867, de jove és dedicà a la pintura essent deixeble del moderniste Joan Brull, als trenta i tres anys emigrà a París on s’establí durant sis anys, temps que li permet contactà amb el món de l’art del país veí. Al retornar a Barcelona Dalmau obrí unes galeries d’ antiguitats al Barcelonès carrer de Portaferrisa número 18 que serà inaugurada l’any 1909. Jaime Brihuega en el seu extraordinari treball sobre “Las Vanguardias artísticas en España 1909-1936” ens donà una llista d’expositors que supera el mig centenar en un període compres entre 1909 i 1930 . Avui ens riuríem, al veure els noms d’aquells artistes exposant les seves idees que en definitiva no buscaven més que noves formes d’expressió en un món que en la majoria dels casos ningú donava un duro per el futur d’aquells inquiets i intrèpids vanguardistes, exceptuant a Josep Dalmau. Això podria explicar la vàlua de l’amfitrió Dalmau que apostà per aquells homes que passaren per les seves Galeries primer a Portaferrisa i després al Passeig de Gràcia: Nonell, Torres García, Regoyos, Celso Lagar, Weber, K. Van Dongen, Charchoune, Gleizes, Burty, Miró, Josep Mompou, Barradas, Vázquez Díaz, Picabia, Enric Ricart, Dalí, F. García Lorca, J.Mª de Sucre, A. Planells, o grups com els Evolucionistes, Associació Coubert, Associació Catalana d’Estudiants, les Arts i els Artistes, i també cal destacar la promoció de l’art Francés de Vanguardia que Dalmau organitzà en 1917 i 1920. Sense dubte Dalmau s’havia convertit en el gran protector de l’art inquiet de tota una època Barcelonina i així Callicó ens ho fa veure: “En Dalmau, el nostre Vollard de petits diables, Vollard sense sort, tenia unes galeries sordides a la Portaferrisa que servien per a provocar hilaritat als que sortien de la Sala Parés. La dinastia dels sobrerealistes comença en aquella casa” (1); A 1912 Torres García exposà a les Galeries Dalmau i amb ella, el pintor inicià un paulatí abandó d’anteriors tècniques gairebé més acadèmiques – noucetisme -, Eugeni d’Ors confeccionà el pròleg del catàleg “A la porta de la exposició Torres García” (para pronunciarse contra los pintores de –materia-, es decir, contra la tendencia máximamente representada por Raurich y Pidelaserra, defendiendo el idealismo helenizante de Torres García como camino contrapuesto a ese goce telúrico ). (2). El mes de març de 1913 Darío Regoyos exposà a Dalmau més de 60 obres de les que tan sols es venen quatre olis a 200, 300, 400 i 1600 pessetes, altres dels moments que amb el pas dels anys ha esdevingut important, és la primera exposició individual d’en Joan Miró. Corria l’any 1918 en el mes de FEBRUARY / FEBRER (16 FEBRUARY / FEBRER al 3 de març), aquesta exposició serà un primer pas per al pintor de Montroig , nascut a Barcelona, Passatge del Crèdit aprop del carrer Ferran. Al marxar Miró a París de la mà de Josep Dalmau, aquest li organitzà una exposició a la Galeria “La Licorne” del 29 d’abril fins al 14 de maig de 1921, la presentació és a càrrec del crític Maurice Raynal (promotor del cubisme). Sebastià Gasch ens recorda aquella efemèrides: “Les persones que tinguin edat i memòria per a recordar-ho, no han oblidat segurament l’actitud adoptada per molta gent davant les primeres obres de Joan Miró. No s’haurà esborrat de la memòria d’aquestes persones la ràbia amb què foren esquitxats els dibuixos de Miró exposats per primera vegada, a les galeries Dalmau del carrer de la Portaferrisa ... Totes aquestes persones han de recordar les burles sagnants, la inhumana hostilitat el tracte cruel que era objecte Joan Miró considerat unànimement com un autèntic foll. Excloent l’esmentat Josep Dalmau i els senyors Manyach i Mompou”. (3). Però abans que Miró, Dalmau havia organitzat moltes altres exposicions de les quals potser tinguin especial menció, la datada el 20 d’abril de 1912 sobre l’art cubiste on exposaven per primera vegada a Espanya; Metzinger, Gleizes, Joan Gris, M. Duchamp, Le Foucomier, Marie Laurencin i l’escultor Agero, el catàleg es de Jacques Nayral i Eugeni d’Ors és l’encarregat d’escriure quatre glosses que apareixien a les pàgines artístiques de “La Veu de Catalunya” els dies 25, 27, 29 i 30 d’abril de 1912, els títols de capçaleres eren: “Cubisme”, “poc a poc, poc a poc”, “El cas Duchamp” i “El Confusionari” (4). Per cert que arrel d’aquesta exposició - art cubista – Aguilera Cerni ens assegura que Joan Gris obtingué la seva completa incorporació al moviment cubista (5). Dalmau, sense dubte, era un home molt actiu i capaç de portar a cap qualsevol empresa encarà que no li reportes masses beneficis sinó que abans al contrari, eren moltes les ocasions que s’hi sumaven les perdides, però això no era suficient per distreure’l del seu empenyorament organitzatiu. Així hi participa a l’edició de la revista Troços amb J Mª Junoy com a Director o en la revista “391” de Picabia i en l’Homenatge al futurista Marinetti amb ocasió de la seva visita al nostre país o en l’acte emotiu que els amics de Rafael Barradas li dedicaren al conèixer-se a Barcelona la mort del pintor a l’Uruguai, i tampoc ens estranya gens, lo que compte Josep Maria de Sucre a les seves memòries: “Dalmau fue el que instauró en Els Quatre Gat, la costumbre de que se pudieran intercambiar pintura y trajes entre los artistas (4) Sí Torres García va portar a cap tres exposicions individuals a les Galeries Dalmau altres tantes va fer l’Uruguaià Rafael Barrada que tant profundament arrelà en els medis artístics Barcelonins presentant el seu Vibracionisme. Aleshores Barradas juntament amb Sebastià Gasch foren qui incitaren a Dalmau per què Federico García Lorca exposes els seus dibuixos colorats a les parets de les Galeries Dalmau ja establertes al Passeig de Gràcia 48. (A l’estiu de 1927) . Però ara potser tindríem que tornar uns anys endarrera per a recordar que també Francis Picabia exposà la seva obra a Dalmau (novembre 1922) amb un prefaci al catàleg, escrit per Andre Breton pare del Surrealisme. Aleshores els dos amics Breton i Picabia aprofitaren per a donar una conferència a les sales de l’Ateneu Barcelonès. Brihuega ens dona la relació d’ els 54 títols presentats per l’artista així com ens reprodueix uns fragments del text Bretonià: Bissextiles, cocodrile, Protrait de jeune home, Femme Espaagnole, Pneumatique, Portrait d’espagnole, etc (7). Salvador Dalí és altra d’ els artistes que en la seva joventut s’acostà a Dalmau i aquest (Dalí) exposà les seves obres individualment en quatre ocasions: 1925, 26, 28 i 35 (La darrera vegada a la llibreria Catalonia, Plaça Catalunya) encarà que abans ho féu en exposicions col·lectives. Sebastià Gasch ens recorda com era el primer Dalí que acudí a Dalmau, un Dalí gairebé paisatgista amb les seves vistes i racons de Cadaqués on mancaven les posteriors visions imaginàries i metamorfósiques que més endavant. Ja, surrealista adquiriria. També les cròniques artístiques de la revista “Art novell” ens presenten un Dalí jové i desconegut d’un cubisme molt Picasià, i ens assenyalen que encarà que el cubisme ja ha passat a l’ història, Dalí es tot precisió i es una llàstima que un artista inquiet i de condicions com Dalí no es proposí fer pintura moderna (8). Anteriorment hem parlat de l’exposició que Federico García Lorca realitzà a les Galeries Dalmau hi ara volem fer menció d’ella i destaca que aquesta exposició durada setmanal i fou apadrinada per Josep Dalmau, Salvador Dalí J. Carbonell, M A Casanyes, L Góngora, R Sainz de la Maza, L. Muntanya, R Barradas, J V Foix, Gutiérrez Gili, S. Gasch, etc Antonina Rodrigo ens assegura que durant la setmana que romandrà oberta al públic l’ indiferència és total (9) i cal l’esforç dels seus amics per a mantenir viva dita exposició, S Gasch escriu a la revista “L’Amic de les Arts” de Sitges, altre tant feren Josep Maria de Sucre i Rafel Benet en la “Ciutat” revista de Manresa i per últim l’inseparable Dalí feu lo propi a “La Revista Nova” i encarà que hi persistia el poc interès per García Lorca com a pintor, els seus companys no dubtaren en organitzar-li un sopar d’homenatge al “poeta jove i coratjós amic de Catalunya” que es va celebrar al restaurant Patria emplaçat a la Plaça Goya cantonada Muntaner, i com no, les invitacions (previ pagament, es suposa) es podrien adquirir a l’Ateneu Barcelonès o a les pròpies Galeries Dalmau. Per cert, parlant de l’Ateneu Barcelonès cal destacar un comentari que ens relata Enric Jardí i que no acabem de entendre per què es produeix. “Josep Dalmau ... els seus companys de tertúlia no tenien en gaire estima. Hom conta que algú l’estava bescantant quan, inesperadament, entrà a la sala. Es produí un silenci angoixós, ja que Dalmau, per distret que fos, s’adonà, tot seguit que es malparlava d’ell. Llavors, algú per trencar el glaç deixà anar, amb un esbalaïment general, les següents paraules ¡sabeu qui també és molt burro...” (10). Amb l’arribada dels anys trenta les Galeries Dalmau deixaren pas a d’altres, quedant Dalmau en un indret més endarrerit, però en realitat el nostre amfitrió ja havia realitzat el seu paper en pro de l’art de vanguardia, encarà que sempre va ocupar un segon lloc, darrera de l’ombra de l’artista de torn, fet que potser ha propiciat un profund desconeixement de la seva figura a posteriors generacions.


    1) Callicó: L’art i la revolució, Barcelona 1936 pàgina 75
    2) J.E. Cirlot: Pintura Catalana Contemporánea, Barcelona 1961 pàgina 22
    3) Sebastà Gasch: L’expansió de l’art català al món. Barcelona 1963, pàgina 92
    Sebastià Gasch: Joan Miró Biografies Populars. Barcelona 1963, pàgines 30,31.
    4) Enric Jardí: Eugeni d’Ors. Biografias de Catalanes. Barcelona 1967 pàgines 133 a 144,
    5) Vicente Aguilera Cerni: Iniciación al arte español de postguerra. Barcelona 1970 pàgina 70.
    6) Josep Maria de Sucre: Memorías del Romanticismo al Modernismo. Barcelona, pàgina 115
    7) Jaime Brihuega: Las Vanguardias artísticas en España 1909-1936. Madrid, 1981 pàgina 232.
    8) Art Novell núm. 24 Desembre 1925 i num.38 febrer de 1927 Barcelona
    9) Antonina Rodrigo. Federico García Lorca en Cataluña. Barcelona 1975 pàgines 114 a 116.
    10) Enric Jardí: Quim Borralleras i els seus amics. Barcelona 1979 pàgina 51

    Manel Aisa http://www.manelaisa.com/texto/Articulos/PagArticulos16.htm



    -- ARTÍCULOS Para retornar a la página principal pulsa Página principal Para ver más artículos siguiente pulsa Artículo 1, Artículo 2, Artículo 3,Artículo 4,Artículo 5, Artículo 6 , Artículo 7, Artículo 8, Artículo 9, Artículo 10, Artículo 11, Artículo 12 Artículo 13 Artículo 14 Artículo 15 Artículo 16 Artículo 17 Artículo 18 Artículo 19 Artículo 20 ARTÍCULO 17 Artículo publicado en La Lletra @ de Barcelona, Reus, nº 42 Octubre/Noviembre 1994 El Movimiento Provo Sin duda, hay momentos en la vida en que todo parece enquistado, que nada tiene salida, situaciones en que todo parece perdido. Pero también la historia nos ha enseñado que en esos momentos suelen estar gestándose esas utopías que, a la postre, sirven para continuar el camino hacia esa próxima utopía que se presta a ver en el próximo horizonte en un sin fin de utopías y de un sin fin de horizontes, que hacen del hombre/ mujer un inconformista de su tiempo, aunque es bien sabido que los hombres/mujeres que tiran de este carro son, o están, siempre en la minoría de su tiempo. Hoy, esto me recuerda, un poco, al movimiento Provo, como un inicio en 1965, en Ámsterdam, de todo lo que ha significado para sucesivas generaciones de europeos la meca de Ámsterdam, simplificada en el hippysmo de la época y la ignorancia, mi ignorancia, no excusa de todo cuanto se cocía en el pensamiento inconformista de centenares o miles de jóvenes holandeses. Por aquel entonces, bastaba poder sentarse, aunque solo fuera por un instante (el tiempo de la foto) en la plaza Damm, sin plantearse egoístamente el por qué de aquel viaje- quizá-, hoy todavía dentro del reptiliano de una buena parte de la actual generación europea. De cualquier forma, hoy, visto a través del tiempo y la distancia, me doy perfecta cuenta de la importancia de dicho movimiento. Cuando todavía estaba por ocurrir en París, el Mayo del 68,o el movimiento estudiantil alemán o italiano, en Holanda, la juventud ya se estaba moviendo en la desconfianza de sus antecesores, que evidentemente eran generadores del nuevo bienestar de la Europa de postguerra. El movimiento Provo (provocador, como su nombre indica) es el primer movimiento juvenil de la Europa de postguerra y se declara en contra de toda estructura de poder del sistema capitalista, el comunismo , el fascismo, la burocracia, el militarismo, el profesionalismo (competitividad) del dogmatismo religioso y todo organismo autoritario. El movimiento Provo es el incitador de la preocupación por el ecologismo industrial de esa sociedad del bienestar, que Europa no ha parada de construir sobre todo en los últimos 40 años, a costa de la destrucción irracional de los recursos naturales de la Tierra, y la preocupación de los provos se hace notar, sobre todo, cuando implantan en Holanda, una de sus primeras consignas: La Bicicleta como medio de transporte. Provo dice así: “Provo se siente en la obligación de tener que elegir entre la resistencia desesperada y la sumisa extinción “ por lo tanto “Incita a la resistencia por doquier”. “Provo se da cuenta de que abandonará al fin, pero no puede pasar por alto la oportunidad de probar, al menos con una alternativa más cordial, el provocar a la sociedad”. Los precursores de este movimiento sabían que iban a ser absorbidos o reprimidos por la sociedad, pero no por ello, mientras pudieran, dejaban de recoger el viejo trapo negro, tantas veces pisoteado, y en su declaración de principios decían: “Provo hace de la anarquía la fuente de inspiración de su resistencia, Provo desea resucitar el anarquismo y lo enseña a los jóvenes”. El movimiento Provo supo acercarse a los jóvenes con el potencial expresivo del Happening (1) como forma artística, en la frontera de la cotidianidad y de lo absurdo de ésta. Sobre todo en lo trascrito entre la ley dictada por el hombre y la ley natural (esta última tantas veces defendida por movimientos como el anarquista a partir de Kropotkin, Reclús, Jean Grave, etc) La cabeza visible de este movimiento fue el joven Van Duyn, fiel seguidor de la tradición holandesa del anarquismo iniciada por el internacionalista Ferdinand Domela. Van Duyn, fiel lector de los textos de Kropotkin, se propuso dar a conocer su figura a toda una generación de holandeses con su libro “Mensaje de un provo”, cuya traducción literal del holandés es: “Mensaje de un enanito sabio” . Van Duyn, a parte ya de la figura de Kropotkin mencionada arriba, muestra ya su denuncia a la irracionalidad de la política económica de la Europa Central y de los peligros que entraña la sociedad del bienestar sobre todo y, en este caso, en el contexto de los años 60 para los países del Tercer Mundo. También está presente su preocupación por los orígenes de las especies y el origen del hombre a través de las teorías de Darwin, hasta llegar a “al mono desnudo” de Desmond Morris, donde demostró sobradamente que el homo sapiens es el ciento noventa y tres de la especie de los monos. Pero Van Duyn no se queda en esta simple absurdidad del mono banquero, mono jefe de Estado, mono Rey, mono carpintero, eran tiempos en que todavía, la norteamericana “Metro” ni tan siquiera había esbozado el descafeinado “Planeta de los simios” que por otro lado nada tiene que ver con el homo sapiens 193. Pero sin duda la figura que más apasionaba a Van Duyn era Pier Kropotkin y seguramente, goza cuando descubre y adapta sus textos a la realidad tangible del momento y nos dice que : “Kropotkin hubiera sido feliz si hubiera conocido el átomo de hidrógeno”. Hecho que debería demostrar, o mejor certificar, buena parte de la obra expuesta por Kropotkin en el “apoyo mutuo” . E incluso, nos recuerda al más exaltado Kropotkin, me refiero a su artículo en “La Revolte” de 1879 donde nos dice: “ Cualquier medio nos sirve con tal de que este fuera de la ley”. Éste era el espíritu que trataba Van Duyn de dar a conocer la absurdidad de las leyes hecha por el hombre, había que ridiculizarlas desde cualquier ámbito de la cotidianidad, con la única arma de la que se disponía “la inconformidad”, había que saber decir no y demostrarlo y nada más fácil para ello que acercarse al día a día de cada individuo con los objetos o cosas que parecen imprescindibles y que nos rodean, para comprobar con ello la absurdidad de la mayoría de actos de nuestra cotidianidad y ninguna mejor arma para ello que el “happening” llevado hasta la persistencia cotidiana.

    Una cotidianidad impuesta desde altos estamentos, o conceptos, de forma, como la Iglesia, el Estado, el dinero, el honor, la patria, la familia, la caridad, etc. Que había de desenmascarar. Pero la efímera vida del movimiento Provo llegó a su fin en 1968, con un último acto de la absurdidad que lo había caracterizad, ésta fue la celebración espiritual del entierro del movimiento Provo, al igual que poco tiempo después, en Los Ángeles, sucedería lo propio con el movimiento Hippy. Pero la muerte de un germen, que está vivo no representa más que un paso más hacía nuevos horizontes de nuevas utopías y eso fue, acto seguido, la creación por parte de Van Duyn y otros compañeros de viaje, de la figura de Kabouter dentro del “Estado Libre de Orange”. El objetivo era crear una contra sociedad desde dentro de las estructuras estatales, llegando a conseguir numerosos diputados. Pero éste es, sin duda, ya otra historia que, sin duda, tuvo otro fin y un nuevo germen de interpretación de la lucha contra el Estado, como bien pudiera ser algo mucho más consciente en la concepción del derecho o la racionalidad de una vida en común con las especies y espacios de un contorno (de un lugar). Me estoy refiriendo al movimiento Squatters y su singular lucha contra la propiedad, que ya Proudhon nos advirtió de la perversidad de un mundo de propietarios, donde el individuo, verdadero sostén del Estado, se aferra a la posesión de poseer cuanto más mejor. Evidentemente ese no es el camino, hacen falta nuevas utopías, nuevos movimientos Provo, que destierren ese egoísmo del hombre que debe de destruir el propio hombre, al menos al hombre que concebimos hoy dentro de cualquier Estado del llamado Primer Mundo. (1) Concepto usado por primera vez por Allan Karpow en Nueva York, en 1958”La frontera entre el Happening y la vida cotidiana debe mantenerse tan fluída como indeterminada” Manel Aisa Pàmpols http://www.manelaisa.com/texto/Articulos/PagArticulos16.htm



    -- ARTÍCULOS Para retornar a la página principal pulsa Página principal Para ver más artículos siguiente pulsa Artículo 1, Artículo 2, Artículo 3,Artículo 4,Artículo 5, Artículo 6 , Artículo 7, Artículo 8, Artículo 9, Artículo 10, Artículo 11, Artículo 12 Artículo 13 Artículo 14 Artículo 15 Artículo 16 Artículo 17 Artículo 18 Artículo19 Artículo 20 ARTÍCULO 18 PAULINO DIEZ y el Anarcosindicalismo Publicado en la revista Orto de Barcelona nº 124 Enero/Febrero 2002- Paulino Diez Martín es uno de esos grandes militantes del anarcosindicalismo casi anónimo que, sin embargo, forman parte del entresijo de la gran aventura del anarquismo en la Península Ibérica y exponente de una rebeldía innata que tenía el ideal de un mundo mejor pese a no creer en la perfección pero sí en un mejor reparto de la riqueza entre los hombres, hartos ya de vivir en un sistema que justifica la explotación del hombre por el hombre, del rico y fuerte contra el desposeído y más débil. Paulino nació en Burgos el 4 de mayo de 1892. A los 14 años, siendo aprendiz, ingresa en la Sociedad de Carpinteros y Ebanistas situada en la calle Puebla 33 de Burgos y dos años después, a los 16, es elegido vocal de dicha sociedad, cargo que ocupa hasta 1910 que parte junto con su hermano hacia Melilla en busca de trabajo. En Melilla trabaja en la construcción de barracones para el ejército y poco después, en septiembre de 1910, se declara una huelga de carpinteros para corregir los abusos de los contratistas. En FEBRERO / FEBRUARY de 1911 de nuevo declaran una huelga, esta vez del sector de la construcción, en un cuartel de artillería que estaban construyendo. En 1912, después de muchas gestiones consiguen legalizar una Sociedad de Socorros Mutuos en Melilla. En 1913 crean en Melilla un grupo de afinidad anarquista, que distribuye la prensa libertaría del país entre los soldados y un año más tarde, en marzo de 1914, logran legalizar las Sociedades Gremiales de Resistencia. El 2 de ABRIL / APRIL 2 de 1915 sufre su primera detención durante 16 días, el motivo fue debido a la visita de Alfonso XIII a Melilla. Al año siguiente sufrirá otra detención, concretamente durante el mes de julio de 1916, en la Huelga de Subsistencia. Ese mismo año el grupo anarquista del que forma parte Paulino decide denunciar la situación del contrabando, que en ese momento corría a cargo de comerciantes y Gobierno Militar, lo que provocó un gran escándalo. Por ello fue destituido el Gobernador Militar Federico de Monteverde. Como consecuencia del escándalo del contrabando, en octubre de 1916 sufre un intento de atentado, pero logra refugiarse en un barco anclado en el muelle “El Sister” de la Transmediterránea. El autor del intento de atentado era un tal Zaplana, llegado Melilla ex profeso, luego se trasladó a Málaga donde era guardia de orden público. El primero de mayo de 1917 participa en un mitin en recuerdo de los mártires de Chicago y a favor de la revolución rusa en Melilla, será detenido por los vivas a la revolución rusa que lanza en el propio mitin y acusado de romper la neutralidad de España en la Primera Guerra Mundial (La Gran Guerra). En un continuo entrar y salir de la cárcel, pocos meses después septiembre de 1917, de nuevo será detenido, el motivo es en ocasión de la Fiesta de la Flor que los militares preparaban en Melilla, cuando a la mañana siguiente amaneció con todas las paredes del centro de la ciudad empapeladas con un Manifiesto pidiendo su libertad. Harto señalado por todos los cuerpos represivos del Estado, en septiembre de 1918, con motivo de una huelga de ferroviarios de las Minas del Rif que afectaba al transporte y demás. Paulino fue expulsado de Melilla, por lo que en octubre de 1918 llegaba a Barcelona en busca de trabajo. En Barcelona ingresa en el sindicato de Elaborar la Madera sito en la calle San Pablo y por su actividad, en diciembre / DECEMBER, es nombrado delegado del Sindicato a la Federación Local de Barcelona. La Primera de las huelgas en que participa en Barcelona es hoy bastante curiosa puesto que se trata de una huelga por el desgaste de herramientas que los propios obreros debían aportar, en ese momento Paulino estaba trabajando en una obra de la calle Milà i Fontanals del barrio de Gràcia (esta huelga duró tres meses). Uno de los primeros militantes que conoció en Barcelona fue a Gastón Leval, que se reunían en el sindicato Metalúrgico de la calle Mercaders nº 25. En enero de 1919 será elegido como secretario de la Federación Local de la CNT en Barcelona. Una de las primeras medidas que acordó el nuevo secretariado fue que los compañeros cenetistas, al subir al tranvía, pidieran al conductor que les enseñara el carnet del sindicato, de lo contrario se negarían a pagar. Esta táctica de presión dio resultados pues los inspectores de ruta, sorprendidos, se veían imposibilitados de ejercer su cometido. Al declararse la huelga de la Canadiense y a los pocos días hacerse cargo de la misma la CNT, Paulino estaba muy vinculado a éste comité en clandestinidad, que la prensa denominó “Comité Fantasma”, en una ocasión se le permitió a Emiliano Iglesias entrevistarse con el comité en una casa de la barriada del Pueblo Seco(posiblemente en la casa de Leonardo Garrido, del Sindicato del Transporte de la CNT que vivía en la calle Rosal nº 36, 4º 2ª, asesinado por los pistoleros del Sindicato Libre en abril de 1921 por una delación de la policía). En este mes tan compulsivo de enero de 1919, el 17 de ENERO / JANUARY 17 participa en un mitin de orientación en apoyo de los obreros “La Constancia”, en ese momento en huelga del textil, y al final de la primera fase de la huelga de la Canadiense participó en el conocido mitin del teatro del Bosqué para informar de la situación de la huelga de la Canadiense, para acto después(al día siguiente) celebrarse lo propio en la plaza de Toros Las Arenas, con Salvador Seguí y Simó Piera. En la segunda etapa de la huelga de la Canadiense (marzo) el comité de huelga se amplió al Comité Regional y Comité Nacional de la CNT con Evelio Boal y Manuel Buenacasa (pese a que éste último permanecía detenido en el Castillo maldito de Montjuic), que en muchas ocasiones se reunían frente al Hospital Clínico, en unos depósitos de materiales de la empresa Miró y Trepat. El 3 de ABRIL / APRIL 3 de 1919 será detenido en un restaurante de la calle San Olegario mientras cenaba (denunciado por un confidente francés llamado Louis). Será procesado por lo militar por 10 delitos y por cada delito le pedían 10 años, con lo que tenía una condena de 100 años. Sin embargo, salió de la cárcel en libertad provisional, era el 5 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER de 1919, (el mismo día que era ajusticiado el ex policía Bravo Portillo por el grupo de afinidad de los hermanos Rodenas) durante su detención Paulino estuvo en la Modelo y en el barco “Teresa Taya”. Al termino de la huelga, que costó mucho sufrimiento, despidos y listas negras la Regional Catalana decidió descongestionar la organización en Cataluña, por lo que Paulino Diez marchó hacia Andalucía. Una vez allí entra en contacto con la marina mercante, que está en huelga, será detenido en Málaga junto a un capitán vasco, lo que motivará que los compañeros convoquen una huelga general de todo el puerto de Málaga, por lo cual será puesto en libertad pocos días después por orden del Gobernador Civil. En Málaga empezó por organizar los Sindicatos anarcosindicalistas de la Madera, Construcción y Transporte. En noviembre de 1919 visita clandestinamente Melilla con la intención de unirse a la que será su compañera. Las autoridades, inmediatamente, le recuerdan que debe abandonar la ciudad por lo que le dan un mes de plazo. En ese tiempo tuvo “tiempo” de organizar y participar en una huelga de panaderos, motivada por que los empresarios se negaban a concederles las 8 horas. Estando de nuevo en Málaga se inicia una huelga de Dependientes del Comercio y de nuevo será Paulino detenido y más tarde de nuevo puesto en libertad.

    En diciembre / DECEMBER del 1919 participa en el Congreso de la Comedia de Madrid, en representación de los sindicatos de Málaga. En FEBRERO / FEBRUARY de 1920 participa en una gira de propaganda por Algeciras y alrededores para informar sobre los acuerdos del Congreso de la Comedia. De vuelta a Málaga, en mayo será expulsado de la ciudad por el Gobernador Gil Municio, por lo que se traslada a Sevilla con nombre falso se hacia llamar José Pérez, para encontrar trabajo en una carpintería. En Sevilla toma parte de la constitución de los Sindicatos cenetistas de la Madera, Construcción, Metal y Transporte. En julio es detenido en su casa sevillana de la calle Enladrillada al encontrarle una carta que la policía relaciona con el atentado (junio) al periódico “La Unión Mercantil” de Málaga. Desde la prisión en Málaga organiza una campaña de prensa que lleva por título “cómo se fraguan los procesos contra la organización obrera”. También desde la misma prisión organizará su propio comité de defensa confederal. En este proceso Paulino contará con los abogados José del Río y Francesc Layret, el juicio se inició el 16 de octubre de 1920 (7 acusados). Al tercer día de iniciar el proceso los sindicatos declararon la huelga general en Málaga y provincia. Layret hizo una argumentación tal del anarquismo que un cabo de artillería, que se encontraba en la sala, no pudo más que gritar viva la anarquía, por lo que los compañeros anarquistas tuvieron que esconder su identidad para que no fuera detenido. Todos salieron absueltos. El pueblo de Málaga llevó en hombros a Layret hasta el Hotel y dando vivas a la Confederación. El 4 de ENERO / JANUARY 4 de 1921 vuelve a ser detenido en el lugar de trabajo y en cuerda de presos será conducido de Sevilla a Córdoba, viaje que duró todo un mes. Luego, más tarde, será confinado a un pueblo de Córdoba llamado “Las Torres”, para posteriormente trasladarlo a “Viso de los Pedreches” y de allí será de nuevo mandado a la cárcel de Córdoba, donde estará en celda de castigo por negarse a asistir a misa. Tiempo más tarde será confinado en “La Torre de Juan Abad”. El 7 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER de 1921, ayudado por jóvenes del pueblo, consigue fugarse de su confinamiento tomando un tren que le ha de conducir a Puertollano y de allí a Pueblo Nuevo del Terrible, en la provincia de Córdoba, donde vive el maestro racionalista Aquilino Medina. Cerca de allí, Peñarroya, abrirán una escuela racionalista, donde Paulino, con identidad falsa, empezará su labor de docente, en principio serán cuatro los niños que asisten a clase. La infraestructura la proporciono Medina los Mineros de Peñarroya y los libros de texto naturalmente eran los editados por la Escuela Moderna de Barcelona. Al cabo de algún tiempo los alumnos ya eran unos 40 y por las noches solían acudir jóvenes mineros ansiosos de aprender. En enero de 1922 las compañías de carbón Asturianas y Peñarroya redujeron los salarios por lo que se declaró una huelga en ambas comunidades, que pocos días después fue traicionada por la UGT, a pesar de las denuncias que desde la CNT se hicieron. Por esos días Paulino, enfermo de úlcera estomacal motivada por la continua represión, parte hacia Melilla con su familia para reponerse. Con motivo de la Conferencia de Zaragoza, una vez legalizada la CNT, parte hacia la ciudad maña (11 de junio de 1922), donde entre otros puntos se acuerda salirse de la III Internacional y adherirse a la nueva AIT que Rudolf Rocker, Milly Witkop, Valeriano Orobón y demás han constituido en Berlín. Después de la Conferencia de Zaragoza, junto con Salvador Seguí, parte hacia Sevilla, donde en el Ateneo Literario hablará sobre “Concepto de la nueva civilización”. Además recorrieron Huelva, Córdoba, Málaga, Algeciras, Jerez y Cádiz, se recaudaron más de 50000 pesetas para los presos. Durante este recorrido no recibieron más que el hospedaje y el viaje, que lo pagaban a medias entre ciudad y ciudad. A finales de julio vuelve a Melilla pero será detenido el 10 de agosto y enviado a Málaga, donde le espera la policía, y pasará 10 días en la cárcel. A la salida de la prisión se encuentra con la huelga del muelle del puerto, soportada por toda la F L de CNT en Málaga, a la cual naturalmente se unió, saboteando a los esquiroles, por lo que fue detenido de nuevo junto a otros compañeros, entre ellos todo el comité de huelga, por lo que gobernación prohibió las visitas familiares para aislar a los huelguistas. Al mismo tiempo en la cárcel entraban 16 compañeros campesinos de Churriana acusados de agredir a esquiroles en una huelga que ya duraba 4 meses. En FEBRERO / FEBRUARY de 1923 se traslada a Mataró como delegado de la FL de Málaga para asistir a una Conferencia de Federaciones Locales y Regionales, donde se trató el tema e inició de una campaña pro-presos. Acto seguido con el Comité Nacional parte hacia Bilbao, donde participa en un mitin en el Frontón Euzkalduna junto al joven abogado Aldasoro, luego visitarían Tolosa, Vitoria, Burgos y Santander, para suspender la gira a causa del asesinato de Salvador Seguí en Barcelona, por lo que parte hacia Sevilla y Málaga. A causa de la represión en Cataluña el C.N. de la CNT se establece en Sevilla y Paulino será su Secretario General, junto a él estaban Pedro Vallina (Tesorero), Manuel Pérez (Contador) Ramón Mazón (Secretario de Actas). Al poco tiempo llegará el golpe de Estado de Primo de Rivera, ocurrido el 13 de septiembre / SEPTEMBER del 23. . Con la Dictadura y de nuevo la CNT en clandestinidad en buena parte de España. Logran organizar un pleno clandestino el 15 de octubre en Zaragoza, en el “Casino del Cardenal Soldevila” , allí se acuerda enviar dos delegados a entrevistarse con el Coronel Macía en Perpignan, que serán Paulino, por la CNT y Antonio Parra por los grupos anarquistas. En este periodo de la Dictadura se verá obligado a salir de España hacia Cuba en el vapor Buenos Aires, que partió el 7 de julio de 1924, con toda su familia, donde pasará 3 años y 4 más en EEUU. Restablecida la República en España vuelve en julio de 1931 a Barcelona, allí se reunirá con el CN de la CNT, para más tarde trasladarse a Melilla, donde de nuevo está en la reorganización de los sindicatos, en los que incluso ingresan los trabajadores marroquíes. A raíz de una huelga del transporte en Melilla Paulino increpa al Gobernador Civil, por lo que será detenido y procesado, consiguiendo una condena de 2 años, once meses y 21 días. Luego vendrá una apelación, en la que Eduardo Barriobero, ante el Tribunal Supremo de Madrid, conseguirá la absolución. En FEBRERO / FEBRUARY de 1932 está detenido por los sucesos de Figols y será deportado a Almería, junto a los hermanos Tarragó y Cano, poco más tarde Paulino será enviado a Burgos en libertad vigilada.

    El levantamiento militar del 17 de julio en África le pilla en Melilla, por lo que deberá esconderse, pero al final consigue, en abril de 1937 pasar a Marruecos y de allí a Barcelona, donde el 18 de noviembre de 1938 será operado de úlcera, por lo cual no podrá volver a Andalucía para hacerse cargo del C R Andaluz de la CNT y parte hacia Perpiñan para reponerse de la operación. La caída de Barcelona, en enero de 1939, impide que vuelva a España y en su lugar trabajará en el Comité de Apoyo a los Exiliados hasta que es detenido y encerrado en el campo de St.Ciprien. Meses más tarde, junto con Vallina y otros, consigue embarcarse en un barco que lo conducirá a América, donde recorre Santo Domingo, La Habana y Panamá donde se instala y muere en 1980.

    Paulino Diez Martín fue un anarcosindicalista que en el apogeo de su juventud en la década de los 10 y 20 como tantos otros anarquistas tuvo una gran capacidad organizativa gracias a su generosidad y no dudó en ningún momento plantarle cara al poder mientras por otro lado trataban y construyeron una sociedad paralela.

    Bibliografía Consultada: - Paulino Díez: Un anarcosindicalista de acción. - Abel Paz: Durruti el proletariado en Armar. - Juan García Oliver: