Our Daily Bleed...
Our Daily Bleed...
The Daily Bleed Detail Reference Page for the month of September
The following entries on this page provide details, subtext or background relating to dated entries cited in the Daily Bleed Calendar, linked from there to the date(s) cited here.
The Daily Bleed Calendar in full, & access to the pages for this month, are accessible at http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/calmast.htm
... sure that their Congress at Saint-Imier (Switzerland ... congress, held in Geneva from September 1 to 6, 1873, of representatives of the anarchist & reformist ...)
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1872 September The congress at Saint-Imier, Switzerland, marked the beginning of the Anti-Authoritarian International (AIT), following the split in the First International at The Hague. Among the delegates in attendance were Michael Bakunin, Carlo Cafiero, & Errico Malatesta. |
Ginebra, de dia 1 al 7 té lloc el 2on. Congrés de la fracció Bakuninista de l'AIT. Representant la FRE (Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT) hi assisteixen José García Viñas, Rafael Farga Pellicer, Carlos Alerini, José Marquet i Paul Brousse. |
IFA - IAF - AI is rooted back to the 1st International's (i.e. the International Workingmen's Association) conference at Saint-Imier, in The Swiss Confederation, 15-16.09.1872. At this conference it was decided an anarchist resolution denouncing all forms of political power, i.e. political/administrative & economically broadly defined. Also a solidarity & fellowship pact was decided upon by the delegates. The anarchist international had meetings several times during the years passing by. |
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The national Socialist Party sought to educate its membership through the circulation of propaganda materials for members to study individually & within their individual locals. This study curriculum included a lyceum program in which socialist speakers were sent out across the country from local to local to educate, raise consciousness & raise money. The national party did it & so did the Commonwealth, which sent speakers selling subscriptions off across the state.
Among the many lyceum speakers who passed through Everett & were promoted in the "Commonwealth" were "Miss Emma Goldman, the talented & world renowned exponent of anarchy [who] will debate with Prof. Maynard Shipley, of international reputation in scientific & sociological fields."
This was the same Maynard Shipley who took over as "Commonwealth" editor that very week & stayed in Everett until April 1916. The largest turnout was probably for Eugene Debs’ campaign stop on Sept 1, 1912. The "Commonwealth" printed the entire speech, which was meant as much to educate on socialism, as it was to rally votes for an election.
http://faculty.washington.edu/gregoryj/laborpress/newcommonwealth.htm
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"The ennoblement of humankind, the creation of true culture, begins with the elimination & the utter annihilation of the press. In this, every application of violence, every act of sabotage & destruction is justified ... man's cultural needs dictate that he destroy bedbugs, newspapers, & similar vermin, violently if necessary ... Every revolution which does not accomplish this act at the very outset fails to achieve its goal".
Source: 'Calendar Riots'
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The murders of Sid Hatfield & Ed Chambers, on August 1, set off this battle. Hatfield & Chambers were executed on the Welch County court house steps in front of their wives by the Baldwin-Feltz death squad agency for their role in the Matewan labor battle, where two Feltz family thugs were killed by Hatfield & his deputies.In the Battle of Blair Mountain, up to 20,000 pissed coal miners marched on anti-union stronghold Logan County to overthrow Sheriff Dan Chaffin, the coal company tyrant who murdered miners with impunity.
- http://www.newyouth.com/archives/usa/west_virginias_mine_wars.html
- The book Bloodletting in Appalachia, by former Attorney General of West Virginia is a good resource, as well as,
Life, Work & Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners 1880-1922, by David Alan Corbin.for The Battle of Matewan, see Daily Bleed Gallery page, http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/BattleOfMatewan.htm
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The October issue of the Working Stiff Journal (no longer publishing & no longer online in 2006) reports that on September 1, 1999, a fire destroyed the Sunday House Foods turkey processing plant in Fredericksburg. Sunday House Foods announced on December 9 that the plant will not be rebuilt.
Consequently, 235 union workers are now unemployed. ... show details
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The Italian-American anarchists in Paterson, New Jersey — which the mainstream press called ‘anarchy’s capital’ — indeed had a massive presence, reflected by "La Questione Sociale," a massive weekly with a print run of 15,000 copies.
The first series ends with a declaration, signed G. Ciancabilla, Barile & Guabello who, disagreeing on the question of organization (three against 80), voluntarily left the paper & began to publish "L'Aurora" (Sept. 16) at West Hoboken, while Errico Malatesta temporarily edited a new series of the "Questione sociale." Malatesta's connection with the paper lasted only a few months, but the paper continued for many years, at least through 1908.
Giuseppe Ciancabilla's "Aurora," at West Hoboken & Yohoghany, Pa., continued until Dec. 14, 1901; local persecution drove him to San Francisco, where "La Protesta Umana" (Feb. 1902) was his last paper; he died Sept. 16, 1904, & the paper, apparently, last appeared October 1 (III, 23). Meanwhile L[uigi]. Galleani's "Cronaca Sovversiva" had risen in the East (June 6, 1903, at Barre, Vt.).
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Despite the prohibition, Emma Goldman continues to lecture in Providence; addresses the assassination of the Spanish premier. She will get busted on the 7th & threatened with jail unless she leaves town, in the "Land of the Free".Goldman's tour takes her to 18 cities in eastern & midwestern states to promote anarchism & Alexander Berkman's release from prison — topics include "Why I am an Anarchist-Communist," "Woman," "Marriage," & "Berkman's Unjust Sentence."
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Accompanied by Ben Reitman, Emma is attempting to exercise her supposed free speech rights in a short lecture tour of Massachusetts, Vermont, & Rhode Island.While in Worcester, Goldman attends lecture by Sigmund Freud at Clark University. She has serious problems in most the cities she visits this fall, as Officer Friendlies, officials & courts — all zealous patriots jealously guarding our free speech rights — are, surprisingly, not friendly. At least one judge rules she has no constitutional rights to free speech.
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For example: On April 21, 1893, nine miners were killed in a fire in the Silver Bow #2 mine. On May 12, 1905, seven miners were killed by an explosion in the Cora Mine. On September 3, 1911, six miners were killed in a cage accident in the Butte Superior mine. On April 13, 1913, five miners were killed in another cage accident, this one in the Leonard mine. On October 19, 1915, 16 miners were killed when dynamite exploded at the surface of the Granite Mountain mine. On February 14, 1916, 21 miners were killed in a fire in the Pennsylvania mine. Smaller, less dramatic accidents claimed about one miner a week & mortuary records are filled with accidental deaths, 65 in 1916 alone. & on June 8, 1917 the Granite Mountain / Speculator Mine Fire kills 168 men in the worst disaster in American metal mining history, near Butte, Montana.
http://www.butteamerica.com/labor.htm
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Dissolved amid widespread governmental attacks & the formation of the Communist International, the party peaked in 1912 with more than 100,000 members organized into some 5,000 locals.
That year, 897,000 people — 6 percent of the presidential vote — cast their ballots for labor leader Eugene V. Debs.
Socialist Party publications included 323 English & foreign-language periodicals.
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[I don't have exact dates or place. — ed.]
Some however, like Laureano Cerrada & Francisco Gomez, think this an effort to bring resistance under control rather than extend their activities. Some break away, others enthusiastically co-operate. In December, the anarchist youth group Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL) form the Iberian Liberation Council (CIL).
Vicente Marti (1926-2006) was a member of the FIJL) & involved in the DI, responsible for getting weapons from France into Spain to aid guerrilla actions against the fascist government."Je me rappelle bien quand ils ont brûlé l'argent, à Alcira. C'était tout au début de la révolution: les anarchistes, et peut-être bien les socialistes de l'UGT aussi, ont éventré la banque, pris tous les registres, tous les documents. Ils les jetaient par les fenêtres et en faisaient un feu sur la place, en dessous. Et voilà que l'argent aussi, les billets de banque ont volé par les fenêtres, se sont enflammés!"
Background, see Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F.A.I. (introduction by Abe Bluestein)
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Also on this day, in 1848, Lewis Latimer lives, Chelsea, Mass. African American & onetime draftsman & preparer of patents for Alexander Graham Bell.
Joins the U.S. Electric Company, where he patented a carbon filament for the incandescent lamp. At his death, he was eulogized as a member of the "Edison Pioneers," a group of men & women advancing electrical light usage in the U.S.
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Chiricahua Apache Chief Goyathlay, known to whites as Geronimo, surrenders to Arizona Territory forces for the last time.
Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Grover Cleveland, believing lurid newspaper tales of Geronimo's evil deeds, recommends his hanging. Geronimo & surviving warriors are shipped to Fort Marion, Florida, to join other Apache internees. He finds most of his friends dying in the warm, humid land — so unlike the high, dry country of the Southwest.
Over 100 die of consumption. The government sends their children to an Indian school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where over 50 die. Geronimo dies in 1909, a prisoner of war. The Chiricahuas were marked for extinction because they fought too hard for freedom.
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The Cripple Creek mine operators imported non-union labor from outside the mining area which was countered by the union forming armed camps to barricade the roads & railroads leading into the fields.
Peabody dispatched the militia. Nearly 1,000 men were sent into Teller County.
In 1904 the mine operators moved in & took over the press of the Victor Record, which was a newspaper friendly to the union. They also rounded up strikers & either confined them in infamous "bullpens" or took them under guard to the Kansas border & abandoned them. Dozens were arrested without warrants & held without formal charges.
General Sherman Bell of the Colorado National Guard shouted,
"Habeus Corpus, hell! We'll give 'em post mortems."
With the support of the militia, the mine owners regained control over the Cripple Creek mines. By midsummer, 1904, the strike was broken although it was never officially terminated by the Western Federation of Miners. The owners reopened their mines with non-union labor & the
union never again assumed its prominance in Cripple Creek.
By 1905, organized business had won an important victory against Colorado's union mine workers.
http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/govs/peabody.html
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1908 -- [September 4] Richard Wright, novelist & short-story writer
Wright grew up in poverty. His grandparents had been slaves & his father left when he was five. Worked at various jobs until he got on the Federal Writer's Project. In 1932 he joined the Communist Party & was executive secretary of the local John Reed Club of leftist writers & authors in Chicago. Moved to NY, editor at the "Daily Worker" & vice president of the League for American Writers.
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"They trudged on over the hills & by the roads. Many of them carried guns; 5,000 miners had gathered by nightfall. There were no leaders..."
The Governor wired the UMW president, who rushed to Lens Creek, where he was told he was useless & to go home. When a committee sent to Logan County reported all was quiet, the miners disbanded & went home.
This was just a prelude of the near civil war in the coal fields of southern West Virginia following WWI, where union organizers were forbidden even to enter the counties, whose local governments were under virtual complete control by the mine operators.
Miners joining the union were fired & evicted from their homes; deputy sheriffs on company payrolls ran organizers out of town & arrested & beat up local union sympathizers.
See Jeremy Brecher, Strike!, pp135-36
Online resources & background to the West Virginia mine wars, [West Virginia Labor]
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1930-33 was one of the most confused & bloody periods of Cuban history, & the Federation of Cuban Anarchist Groups, Federacion de Grupos Anarquistas de Cuba (FGAC) were fully involved.
Machado's tyranny fell on August 12th, 1933, brought down by a general strike fermented & maintained by anarchist elements of the Transport Union, first & then by the Streetcar Worker's Union & finally by the masses of people.
But the anarchists fared poorly. 1930-33 was one of the most confused & bloody periods of Cuban history, & the Federation of Cuban Anarchist Groups, Federacion de Grupos Anarquistas de Cuba (FGAC) were fully involved.
See Frank Fernandez, Cuba: The Anarchists & Liberty:
http://www.yelah.net/articles/cuba
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Benjamin Péret's "The Factory Committee: Motor of the Social Revolution" first published, in the French anarchist paper "Le Libertaire" on September 4, 1952. The first English translation appeared in "Radical America" (vol. IV, no. 6, August 1970).
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"On September 5, 1869, the Association's annual Congress opened at Basle, & Bakunin figured conspicuously in the proceedings. He & his followers represented the Communist system, whilst the Marxian majority was Collectivist. A bitter conflict soon began between Bakunin & Marx's representative, Outine. By fifty-four votes to four (sixteen delegates abstaining) the Congress declared itself in favour of abolishing all property rights in land, but not in buildings or in industrial capital. Further, a motion of Bakunin's party for the abolition of inheritances was defeated.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/sources.htm#BakuninMikhail
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In 1868 the Lakota were "given" the Black Hills for "as long as the grass shall grow & the buffalo shall roam."
This land was for the exclusive use of the Lakota people. Whites were forbidden by law to enter their territory.
Crazy Horse refused to sign the treaty while Red Cloud eventually did. This created a rift among the Lakota people that continues on to today. The rift was between those who gave in to the reservation & white ways & those who tried to preserve the old traditions.
In 1874, in direct violation of the 1868 Treaty, General George Custer led an expedition of over 600 men to verify rumors that there was gold in the Black Hills. His confirmation led to a massive gold rush beginning within months of the 'discovery.' To protect the miners, the Army in the Summer of 1776, went to defeat the Lakota who resisted the white entry into their land.
"Custer's Last Stand" in June 1776 was the greatest moment in Lakota military history. But the white revenge for Custer's defeat was unrelenting & pervasive. Less than a year later, Crazy Horse & his starving people surrendered, only to be assassinated shortly afterwards on orders from the local Reservation Agent.
In 1889, Congress annexed the Black Hills, taking them away from the Lakota, & moved all of them off this land.
See also:
http://www.crazyhorse.org/
http://www.native-net.org/archive/nc/9409/0174.html
http://wovoca.com/prophecy-of-crazy-horse.htm
http://dancingbadger.com/chorse.htm"I will return to you in stone."
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5th Congress of the Bakuninist [anarchist] section of the International Workingman's Association (IWA, the first Communist International); see also September 9 regards the Universal Socialist Congress (convened in Ghent, Belgium, intent on reunifying the various fractions within the AIT). Under the name of Lévachof, Kropotkin attended this ninth & last international Congress of the Bakouninist section of the First international (September 6-8, 1877).
An anarchist group from Egypt was represented at the September 1877 Congress. [An "Egyptian Federation" was represented at the 1881 International Social Revolutionary Congress by well-known Errico Malatesta, this time including "bodies from Constantinople & Alexandria."]
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1972 -- [September 5] Juan Puig Elias (1898-1972), Spanish teacher & militant anarcho-syndicalist
Founder of "l'Escola Natura" based on the ideas of Francisco Ferrer. A C.N.T. activist, involved with C.E.N.U. (Council of the New School Unified) during the Revolution.
Following Franco's victory, Juan Puig fled to France where he was interned in concentration camps, then fought against the Nazis with the Resistance. In 1946, he joined the C.N.T. E (in Exile) & was named secretary for culture & propaganda. Moved to Oporto Alegre, Brazil in 1952, where he participated in a Spanish mutual aid group to help those suffering under the Franco repression.
Among those who attended "l'Escola Natura" was Liberto Sarrau Royes
http://www.iisg.nl/collections/sarrau/ http://ytak.club.fr/juillet4.html#31
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Palacio, head of the dissident group Democratic Solidarity Party (PDS), in his interview with Germany's ARD television network, strongly criticized Castro's rule, called for reforms, & at one point called Castro "crazy." A small group of supporters cheered Palacio as he left the courtroom.
Since the 16th of July, four other Cuban dissidents have been imprisoned without trial: Martha Beatriz Roque Cabello, Felix Antonio Bonne Carcasses, Rene de Jesus Gomez Manzano & Vladimiro Roca Antunez.
The four are authors of a document called "The Fatherland belongs to everyone," critizicing the program of the 1997 Congress of the Cuban Communist Party.
http://flag.blackened.net/agony/cuba.html#trial
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"OH GOD, FOR ONE MORE BREATH"
At 10 am, one of the worst disasters in the history of US anthracite mining occurred at the Avondale Mine. A fire, originating from a furnace at the bottom of a 237 foot shaft roared up the shaft killing 110 miners, 80% of whom were Welsh.
The disaster also killed two boys, ages 10 & 14, who began working just today.
On September 9, 1869, the last body was removed from the mine.
Industry records that close to 15 fatalities per million tons of coal occur. This fact, in conjunction with the Avondale mine disaster bring about the nation's first "stringent" mine safety laws.
Stringent? By 1900 the total fatality count in anthracite mines tops 13,000 men, women & children; by 1987 31,088 deaths are recorded.
Disaster:
An event that has occurred at a mine which involve five or more fatalities. 119 mine disasters have occurred.
http://community-2.webtv.net/DizHarris/SHINBRIERALMOST/page4.html
http://www.rootsweb.com/~paluzern/mines/avondale.htm
http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/gildedage/content/Avondale.cfm
http://www.msha.gov/District/Dist_01/History/history.htm http://sniff.numachi.com/~rickheit/dtrad/lookup.cgi?ti=AVONDAL1&tt=AVONDAL1
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He wrote only one book in English, Memories of Happy Days (1942), but his work in French elevates him to the Académie Française, an elite group of only 40 preeminent stylists of the language, on a level with Paul Valéry, Marcel Proust, & André Gide.
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Emma Goldman's lectures.
Emma recalls first meeting Czolgosz at her May 5 lecture on "The Modern Phase of Anarchy" before the Franklin Liberal Club in Cleveland. She is arrested in Chicago in a few days, initially denied bail, & subjected to intense interrogation before the case against her is dropped.
Emma Goldman is one of Czolgosz' few defenders (including other anarchists) during the intense anti-anarchist hysteria whipped up by the press.
REAL HISTORY: Micah X was formed from the ashes of "Plow Barrel" & "I Shot McKinley". Both Micah & Eric wanted to spread the straight edge word without using the tired old genre of hardcore. Both wanted to play true unadulterated blazing fast metal.
Unfortunately, Eric couldn't play guitar fast enough. So now just Micah is playing true unadulterated blazing fast metal.Regards the anti-anarchist hysteria, see some of the samples below, September 8, 1901
Propaganda by the deed, http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws55_prop_deed.html
Some related excerpts from Emma Glodman's Living My Life, http://www.standingstones.com/goldman.html
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Pestaña, the Spanish spokesman, set forth the libertarian conception of the social revolution & exclaimed:
"The revolution is not, & cannot be, the work of a party. The most a party can do is to foment a coup d'etat. But a coup d'etat is not a revolution."
He concluded: "You tell us that the revolution cannot take place without a communist party & that without the conquest of political power emancipation is not possible, & that without dictatorship one cannot destroy the bourgeoisie: all these assertions are absolutely gratuitous."
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Lewis Carrol's Alice & Wonderland & Wagner's Ring Cycle have both been published with the illustrations of Arthur Rackham. & Aesop, Hans Christian Andersen, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, Kenneth Grahame, Jacob Grimm, Henrik Ibsen, Washington Irving, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Mallory, Clement Moore, Edgar Allan Poe, & Izaak Walton.Use your back button to return to your last page
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| Switzerland: Geneva tea lloc 6è Congrés of fracció Marxist of l'AIT, from the 8 to the 13th. | This follows upon the conclusion of the Congrés of fracció Bakuninista of l'AIT, held from 1st to the 7th.
"The publication & circulation of these resolutions were delayed by the arrests; finally the Belgian Federal Council proposed to invite the Jurassian Federation to convene the general congress — hence the Geneva Congress held in September, 1873. Use your back button to return to your last page |
En 1950 dans Histoire du Mouvement Anarchiste en France, Jean Maitron, grand historien du mouvement ouvrier français, écrivait:
Charles d'Avray se rallia à l'Anarchisme au moment de l'Affaire Dreyfus et décida de se servir de la chanson "afin de mieux faire connaître l'Idéal anarchiste". Après deux années de tâtonnements, il estime que la conférence agrémentée de chansons est la meilleure forme de propagande. Il se met au travail et en un an compose 80 chansons, paroles et musique. Les affiches qui annoncent son passage portent en exergue : "Avec le passé détruisont le présent pour devancer l'avenir". Chacune de ces "conférences chantées" comporte d'ailleurs trois type de chansons:
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Inspired by Paul Robin's libertarian Cempuis school in France. Robin inspired important anarchist & libertarian educators such as Ferrer & Sébastien Faure.
Ferrer, 24 years old when he met Robin, dreamed of creating a similar school in Spain. Having been left a million francs by a benefactor, he was able to realize his dream, opening his Modern School in Barcelona on September 8th, 1901.
By 1905 there were 50 similar schools in Spain. On Good Friday of that year, Ferrer led 1700 children in a demonstration for free education. Within weeks the government acted & forcibly closed all the schools.
During the "Tragic Week" of 1909 he was seized & was executed by firing squad. But his death did nothing to diminish the force of his ideas. Modern Schools were founded in Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, China, Japan &, on the greatest scale, in the USA.
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Wichita, Kan., September 8.-Anarchists, at both Chicopee & Frontenac, small towns 100 miles east of here, held jubilation meetings, to-day & gave thanks over the attempted assassination of the President. The meeting at Chicopee was held in a coal mine beneath the ground & could not be broken up by officers.
The fact that these people get under the ground to rejoice shows that they are not quite easy in their minds.
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This year management introduced the new system, which determined a worker's pay according to the output of a group. The company paid a group's entire pay to the foreman, who doled it out as he saw fit.
After a few months under the system, 40 riveters told the company they would not work unless they were given individual rates. Workers in other departments followed suit & soon brought the plant to a standstill. Police surrounded the factory & attacked the pickets. A July battle prompted the Wobblies to take charge.
The final showdown took place August 23rd, when a group of strikers boarded a streetcar to look for scabs. A deputy sheriff shot at them & died in the return fire. The ensuing battle left 11 people dead.
The strikers held solid & kept public opinion on their side.
Today management capitulates, agreeing to improve shop conditions, hike wages by 15 percent, & drop a "pool system."
Tremors from today's victory shakes other steel towns, leading to more IWW gains.
http://infoshop.org/texts/iww.html
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"Hitler was Catholic & so were many of his inner circle; Berlin is a Protestant city. Hitler was an Austrian commoner; Berlin was the stomping ground of Prussian aristocracy. Goebbels came here in 1926 to rally Nazi support & described Berlin as a "monster city of stone & asphalt."
Berlin consistently voted against the Nazis (Vassiltchikov notes educated Berliners huddled in bomb shelters complaining about the "women of Germany who voted Hitler into power"). Although the regionalism of Germany is difficult for Americans to fully appreciate, try to imagine NY's Ed Koch somehow getting elected Governor of Texas. Texans turn up their noses at first but are elated when Koch rolls over Oklahoma, Louisiana, New Mexico & Kansas. However, as their relatives serving in the Texas Army are cut down by tenacious Minnesotans & their houses are leveled by bombers from California, the honeymoon comes to an end."
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As well as Paul Hill, participants in the riot included Irish Republicans (such as Martin Brady), Jake Prescott (in prison for his activities with the Angry Brigade) & various ‘ordinary criminals’: in struggles such as these it becomes clear that all prisoners are political.
The immediate cause of the riot was the beating up by screws of a prisoner in the segregation unit. Other grievances included the widespread & indiscriminate use of ‘Rule 43’ (allowing for solitary confinement), & slave labor conditions in the prison workshops, where furniture was made for prisons in Iran. The latter explains why, during the riot, prisoners on the roof shouted
"Fuck the Shah of Iran! Fuck the Shah of Iran!"
Source: "Hull 1976 Prisoners Revolt – Paul Hill’s story" in The Red Menace, number five, January 1990
http://www.geocities.com/pract_history/redmenace/hull.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/AngryBrigade/1970.html
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| Belgium: Universal Socialist Congress convenes in Ghent, from the 9th-15th. | The 5th Congress of the anarchist Bakuninist section of the International Workingman's Association (IWA), having concluded yesterday, this Congress convenes today, intent on reunifying the various fractions within the AIT (organitzat per partits polítics i associacions obreres). Representing the Federació Regional Espanyola de l'AIT (FRE), as in Verviers, are Trinidad Soriano & González Morago. |
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1920 -- [September 10] Italy (CGdL - General Confederation of Labour) holds a conciliation meeting: despite the anarchists of CGdL, the Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI), a split from the reformist CGdL, is not invited. The USI previously proposed an inter-union meeting on the 7th, but the CGdL was clearly dragging it's feet despite the presence of Garino as mediator. Background on the USI:
In August & September (more isolated ones previously broke out in March & April) 1920, there were large-scale stay-in strikes in Italy in response to an owner wage cut & lockout. These strikes began in the engineering factories & soon spread to railways, road transport, & other industries, with peasants seizing land. The strikers, however, did more than just occupy their workplaces, they placed them under workers' self-management. Soon 500,000 "strikers" were at work, producing for themselves. Errico Malatesta, who took part in these events, writes:
This text from CLASS WAR, REACTION & THE ITALIAN ANARCHISTS by Adriana Dadà, in full at:"workers thought that the moment was ripe to take possession once [and] for all the means of production. They armed for self-defence. . . & began to organise production on their own. . . . It was the right of property abolished in fact. . . it was a new regime, a new form of social life that was being ushered in. And the government stood by because it felt impotent to offer opposition." [Life & Ideas, page 134]
During this period the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) grew in size to nearly one million members & the influence of the Italian Anarchist Union (UAI) with its 20,000 members grew correspondingly. As the Welsh Marxist historian Gwyn A. Williams points out "Anarchists & revolutionary syndicalists were the most consistently & totally revolutionary group on the left. . .the most obvious feature of the history of syndicalism & anarchism in 1919-20: rapid & virtually continuous growth. . .The syndicalists above all captured militant working-class opinion which the socialist movement was utterly failing to capture."[Proletarian Order, pages 194-195]
http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/press/pamphlets/sla-3/1.htm
http://artic.ac-besancon.fr/histoire_geographie/HGFTP/Autres/Utopies/anitadat.docUse your back button to return to your last page
"Bullets pass, Mussolini stays", Mussolini announces afterwards.
The famous Italian anarchist-communist Errico Malatesta was briefed about the plan & gave it his endorsement.
Lucetti (1900-1943) got 30 years in prison in the failed attempt on the fascist 'Il Duce'. Two of his captured accomplices, Leandro Sorio & Stefano Vatteroni, were sentenced to 20 years & 19 years 9 months respectively. Vatteroni served the first three years of his time in complete isolation & the only company allowed him was that of a sparrow which visited his cell.
Lucetti was lodged in the Santo Stefano prison where he spent nearly 17 years before being moved to Ischia where he died on 15 September 1943.
Two anarchist antifascist partisan formations active in the Carrara area took the names ‘G. Lucetti’ (60-80 persons), ‘Lucetti bis’ (58 strong). (Yet another, ‘M. Schirru’ (454 strong – was named after Michael Schirru, another anarchist & would-be assassin of 'Il Duce'.)
Another attack, by Anteo Zamboni, is made against Mussolini on October 31, but also fails, & the fascists now turn Italy into a police state. Anarchists are followed, & police stations telephone & telegraph their whereabouts to one another.
http://libcom.org/history/1926-attempted-assassination-mussolini
http://www.iisg.nl/today/en/31-10.php
http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/DOF/chron/chronmus.htm
Epheride anarchisteUse your back button to return to your last page
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"...[T]he question of Terror is always capitalized, & returns us to the politics of 1793. Terror as a political instrument, in other words, is the property of the state (maybe the founding property of the state in its ‘modern’ manifestation), or of those thinking like a state. Its purest exponents are the Churchills of the world.
‘I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas...I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilized tribes [to] spread a lively terror.’
— Winston Churchill in 1920, as Secretary of State at the War Office, justifying his authorization of RAF Middle East Command to use chemical weapons ‘against recalcitrant Arabs’, quoted in Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam, New York 1994, p. xiv."
Cited in AFFLICTED POWERS: The State, the Spectacle & September 11 When the Kurdish population had refused to pay taxes on time, Chemical Winston did not order the Tax inspector to go in, but the RAF with mustard gas. This he contended was "an experiment" against "recalcitrant Arabs" and he outright dismissed any objections as "unreasonable". Chemical Winston didn’t mince his words either, "I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas. I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes.(to) spread a lively terror." He went on, "We cannot acquiesce in the non-utilisation of any available weapons to procure a speedy termination of the disorder which prevails on the frontier", adding that chemical weapons are merely "the application of Western science to modern warfare".
http://www.jannat.com/frames/content.asp?Mode=Story&strCategoryID=&strStoryID=711
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Winston Churchill, Secretary of State, British War Office, 1919, authorising use of chemical weapons against Iraqis.. in the first of 6 invasions of Iraq by agents of Anglo Iranian Oil (British Petroleum) in the last 100 years. Author: Winston Churchill what Churchill recommended here was tear gas. (Churchill Papers 16/16, 12 May 1919). http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:NsItsqZ4U14J:www.winstonchurchill.org/files/public/Spectator_Article.pdf+%22I+do+not+understand+this+squeamishness+about+the+use+of+gas%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR26101.shtml
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Vancouver, Portland, Tacoma, & Olympia were covered in smoke. St. Helens was dark at noon.
Trains attempted to keep going even though tracks were burning. Ships had to use searchlights. People had to carry lanterns & visibility was nonexistent. Everett was cut off. Ships halted on the Columbia bar. Towns & villages were destroyed, & homesteads were leveled. Some of the reported damage was a dam on the Hoquiam River, villages & towns, including 60 lost homes near Oregon City, cattle & livestock roasted alive, & an unknown number of wildlife killed.
Other fires burned that day but the worst was in Southwest Washington, north of the Columbia River & east of Woodland. The fires raged in Clark County throughout the summer & fall.
According to a newspaper account in the area, the land of Lewis River was a "hot & silent valley of death." In the Yacolt area, two families were trapped, killing five adults, six children, & one baby. Another woman & her three children were killed while trying to hide in the fruit cellar. Thirty-five lives were lost, as well as 239,000 acres valued at $12,000,000,000. The only damage to the town of Yacolt itself was house paint blistered by the heat.
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Hundreds of Irish & other immigrants deserted Taylor's army & joined forces with Mexico.
Led by Captain John Riley of County Galway, they called themselves the St. Patrick's Battalion — in Spanish, the San Patricios.
They fought bravely in most of the campaigns of the two-year conflict, but their efforts failed to stem the yankee onslaught. Soon the US Army occupied the halls of Montezuma, & Mexico eventually surrendered, ceding nearly half its territory to the United States.
Toward the end of the conflict, at the Battle of Churubsco, 83 San Patricios were captured, & 72 were court martialed. Of this number, 50 were sentenced to be hanged & 16 were flogged & branded on their cheeks with the letter "D" for deserter.
To this day, many US historians regard these men as traitors, but Mexicans see them as heroes, honoring them every Sept. 12 with a special commenoration.
In 1993, the Irish began their own ceremony to honor them in Clifden, Galway, Riley's hometown.
San Patricio meets Zapata on the way to the cantina & over a tequila they discuss how best to be rid of snakes.
Two books on Mexico:
Hi David,
A couple of books on Mexico that relate to (or update) your site. One is "The Irish Soldiers of Mexico" which provides more specific information than the Galleano quote. The second is "Mexican Mornings" which relates the true story of the UNAM shitdown in Mexico City (2000), more about the Chiapas Uprising, & the effect of globalization on Mexico. Both books, by the way, have been praised by our mutual friend Noam Chomsky. Thanks for checking them out.
— Bleedster Mike, (Dr. Michael F. Hogan), 2001
http://struggle.ws/mexico/img/stpat.html
http://struggle.ws/graphics/steps.jpg http://struggle.ws/mexico/ip/iri.html
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/SS/qis1.htmlUse your back button to return to your last page
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Ever since Marx expelled Bakunin & the anarchists from the First International in 1872, the tension between the camps of anarchism & communism has built up considerably...
| Come experience the spectacle as anarchist & communist warriors duke it out over soccer in this long standing historic battle. The local anarchist soccer team Kronstadt FC will be facing off with the local communist soccer team, Left Wing, in a three game tournament beginning August 17, over the course of four weeks in the bay area.
Ever since Marx expelled Bakunin & the anarchists from the First International in 1872, the tension between the camps of anarchism & communism has built up considerably, notably during the Bolshevik seize of power in Russia in the early 1900's & the Spanish Civil War in the 1930's. These historical conflicts & philosophical incompatibilities have persisted over the years & it remains to be seen whether it will be resolved on the pitch during this tournament. Unlike the bitter history that have come before them, however, both teams insist on maintaining a spirit of fun while remaining competitive throughout the friendlies. Kronstadt FC will reveal their new black jerseys for the new season at the opening game & vow to hold it down for west coast anarchist soccer. Kronstadt's squad, of mixed genders, includes members of local collectives such as AK Press, RACE, Bound Together, as well as a number of players who were part of the Direct Action to Stop the War, the group that helped organize anti-war actions that shut down San Francisco in the wake of the United States' invasion of Iraq. In keeping with its anarchist identity, the squad decides on positions & startegies without a coach & fields players of all skill-levels. Left Wing's squad, reported to be majority women of color, includes ex-members of the now-defunct Maoist vanguardist group STORM as well as members of the Freedom Uprising collective, a group of activists of color who recently organized direct actions against the war. Left Wing is expected to be wearing their red jersey sporting their mascot, Lenin. The opening game will be the first time ever that the two sides meet on a soccer pitch. Both teams have been using the Piedmont field for their practices, so there won't be any home-field advantage for either side. "Neither of the two teams are clear favorites to win the tournament," says a player from Kronstadt FC who spoke on anonymity. "While we don't know enough about the other team & their mysterious communist ways, we have to expect three very challenging games ahead of us. But knowing how important the first game is in any tournament, we will be looking for a positive result in the opener with Left Wing." Tournament Schedule: First game: Sunday, August 17th, 6PM at Piedmont High School football field. FREE admission. Game ended tied 2-2, after it was shut down by local officials because the teams were playing on the field without permission. Match Report: http://sf.indymedia.org/mail.php?id=1636041 or http://www.indybay.org/news/2003/08/1636041.phpSecond game: Sunday, August 31st. Postponed to Sept 14th Second game: Sunday, September 14th. GAME 2 REPORT: The Brass Liberation Orchestra was blasting. The cheerleaders chanting "Give me an A, A, A for Anarchy," wore black motorcycle boots & fashioned their pom-poms from strips of a black garbage bag. One shimmied into a makeshift black skirt -- & because of the cold, donned a friend's black pullover, which she said reeked of the puke-like smell of aged spilled beer. Instead of advertising, the sign on the sidelines of Gabe's East field was painted half black for the anarchists & half red for the communists, reading And there was gloating at the game -- over the collapse of the World Trade Organization talks. In the end, it was a victory for the anarchists, with Kronstadt FC winning 4-2. The communists will have one more chance during the third & final game, to be played sometime in October. And what were the teams going to do after the game? "Celebrate the hopeful demise of the U.S. government," said one participant. The local news here from the AP wire (Newscaster Tim McGuire, right between country songs & the weather here on WELD FM) has just announced that "'Anarchy Rules! Having donned black T shirts with the circle A, the Anarchists beat back the Communists in a North Berkeley Soccer match. 4-2." artnoose's report back from the game. Hi everyone. I had a great time playing during this game, & I'd like to tell you all about it. I showed up on the earlier side of things, & while we were stretching, the SF Chronie reporter started asking questions. Some of were joking about this, about who wants to talk to the Chronicle, & could we just bring up the Hearst Corporation in all of our answers? The Commies had brought a ref for this game, a real pro, with the little outfit & everything. Two of our comrades served as line judges. We had a much higher turnout as far as Kronstadt team players this game than last game, which was great because it meant we players could sub out more often. Unlike regulation football, we allowed ourselves unlimited subbing so long as the ball was out of play & that we alerted the ref before doing so. The Brass Liberation Orchestra began things with their rendition of the Internationale. The cold, breezy weather was a far cry from the previous day's heat wave, when our team had a practice that left us parched & heat-stricken. There was also a sizable mud patch in the southern end of the field, which was like having a second opponent. We had been working on teambuilding strategy, so I think we were playing much better as a team than we had been. We were also trying out new formation & substitution strategies, so I think our team did pretty well, despite the fact that there were some concepts we were just trying out.
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http://www.indybay.org/news/2003/08/1636041.php http://www.infoshop.org/inews/stories.php?topic=38 |
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1872 -- [September 15] Saint-Imier Congress, September 15-16 1872The antiauthoritarians refuse to recognise the decisions ram-rodded through by the Marxists & authoritarian socialists at The Hague Congress (Sept 2-7). The federations of the Latin countries seceded & held a congress at St. Imier, in the Jura, where they adopted a federal & free pact between all the federations. All forms of political power, i.e. political/administrative & economically broadly defined, are denounced. Also a solidarity & fellowship pact is decided upon by the delegates.The anarchist international had meetings several times during the following years. The anarchist section of the International continued until 1878, by which time the increasing reaction in the Latin Countries made it difficult for open mass movements to continue.
The Marxist rump, split by dissensions in its new home in America, had already expired in 1874, killed by its leader’s megalomaniac desire for complete domination of the working class movement.
BACKGROUND: The International Workingmen's Association, later called the First International was founded on September 28, 1864 at a meeting in St. Martin's Hall, London, England. Among those in attendance was a not well known representative of the German workers to the conference, a refugee named Karl Marx. In time, he would come to dominate the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA).
In December of 1868, the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy, whose most well-known spokesperson was Mikhail Bakunin, applied to join the IWMA. The IWMA rejected this on the grounds that the Alliance was an international organization, & the IWMA was made up of national groups. The groups within the alliance then joined the IWMA as their separate national groups.
The communist faction led by Marx & the anarchist faction led by Bakunin had been at odds from the entrance of the Alliance into the International. On September 2nd, 1872, the Hague Congress convened. At the Congress, the majority present voted that the anarchist faction be expelled from the International. The headquarters of the International was also moved to New York City, USA. Between the expulsion of the anarchists, the move of the headquarters to a city remote from most of the members, & Marx's gradual withdrawal from the International to work on Das Kapital, this marked the beginning of the end
of the First International. In 1876, the IWMA disbanded.
On September 15th, 1872 anarchists from different countries met in Saint-Imier. The anarchists continued having congresses in this group until 1877.
— From InfoshopOpenWiki, the free encyclopedia.
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DETAILS: As soon as the delegates had dispersed after the Hague Congress, the discomfited anarchists, having determined not to work in conformity with the resolutions accepted by the majority, of that congress, foregathered at Zurich in September, 1872. Thither came the Italians, Cafiero, Malatesta, Andrea Costa, Pezza, Fanelli,[292] & Nabruzzi; the Spaniards, Alerini, Farga, Marselau, & Morago [& also Rafael Farga Pellicer]; & the Swiss, Schwitzguébel. Bakunin had prepared a draft of the rules for an international secret organization. The draft was discussed at a preliminary conference, & was, it goes without saying, adopted. The delegates then betook themselves to Saint Imier, where it had been decided to convene an international Bakumnist congress.
Before this international congress was opened, the Jura Federation held an extraordinary conference of its own. This conference had been hastily summoned in consequence of the results of the Hague Congress. The conference of the Jura Federation refused to recognise the resolutions adopted at the Hague Congress, considering them unjust, inopportune, & outside the jurisdiction of the congress; the conference further undertook to set to work immediately in forming a federal & free pact between all the federations which were inclined to adopt such a pact; finally, the conference expressed both sympathy & confidence in Bakunin & Guillaume, who “had unwarrantably been expelled from the ranks of the International.”
Within an hour of the closure of the Jura conference, the international congress of Bakuninists was opened in the same town of Saint-Imier, & lasted for two days, September 15 & 16, 1872.
This circumstance alone suffices to show the symbolical role & the influence which the Jura Federation was destined to wield in the new anarchist International. As far back as the sixties, the Jurists showed an inclination towards anarchism. This tendency was due to local conditions, such as the system of home industries, the unfitness for independent political action consequent upon the dispersal of the Jura independent artisans among the peasant & petty-bourgeois masses, the spread of political indifferentism, & the aversion to taking part in the electoral struggle, resulting in a series of electoral pacts with the bourgeois parties.
But in the year 1872, the effect of these local conditions had been overpowered by important & general considerations. The geographical position of Switzerland, in the very heart of the Latin countries, made it the natural rallying place for the anarchist propagandists of the Romance peoples; Switzerland was likewise, at that date, in all Europe, the land where the greatest political freedom prevailed; finally, precisely because of this political freedom, Switzerland had become the country of adoption for the numerous revolutionary refugees from Italian, Spanish, French, & Russian governmental oppression.
Many of the French Communards rallied to the Bakuninists & supported them in their struggle with the General Council. We may mention such men as Benoît Melon, who subsequently became famous as the expounder of the eclectic “integral socialism,” a doctrine of muddle-headed sentimentalism & moderate opportunism (Malon may be regarded as the spiritual father of the “independent” socialists — those who looked for the establishment of socialism by universal consent); Jules Guesde, whom fate predestined to be the founder of the Parti Ouvrier in France, a man who, though professing anarchist principles in the earlier seventies & writing articles against universal (manhood) suffrage which are quoted in anarchist circles to this day, became one of the most convinced adherents of the Marxist doctrine; and, finally, Paul Brousse, who subsequently founded the moderate semi-bourgeois party of the "possibilists," though at the epoch we are now dealing with, he was a somewhat blatant demagogue & roused even Guillaume’s disgust.
As regards the Russian refugees at that date, most of them rallied to Bakunin, & vigorously supported the anarchist agitation in Switzerland. In addition I may mention Ross (Sazhin), Zhukoffsky, and, in later days, Kropotkin & Stepniak (Kravchinsky). |
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1925 -- [September 15] Anzia Yezierska
Anzia Yezierska (ca.1885-1970; exact date of her death unknown) was born in a mud hut in the village of Plinsk to Jewish parents living in poverty near the border between Russia & Poland. At 15 she emigrated with her family to New York City, where she worked in a sweatshop while she studied English at night school. She had a romantic relationship with a philosopher John Dewey. One book was made into the 1922 silent film "Hungry Hearts".
In the 1930's, after refusing a lucrative screen contract because of the distance from home block her writing, Yezierska worked for the Works Progress Administration's Writers Project in Manhattan. In the last decades of her life, she documented the plight of Puerto Rican immigrants in New York. She died in obscurity in 1970.
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/litlinks/fiction/yezierska.htm
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/yezierska.html
http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/ishikawa/amlit/xyz/yezierska20.htm
http://www.netspace.org/~dbilbao/gallery/oc.htm
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1927 -- [September 15] Herman Gorter"When Gorter became a Socialist he issued a book of poems, which no longer had nature for the theme, but class struggle. As he says in one of his poems, he "had found something much greater than Nature."
He next worked at a great poem 500 pages, called Pan. He spent nine years, from 1907 to 1916, writing it. This work traces the history of the labor movement. In it, he sees the factory as a wonderful thing, the condensation of the spirit of mankind, the growth of generations, the parent of revolution & Commonweal.
In the unpublished works of Gorter, there is one poem"Der Aredarraad" (The Soviet Committee). Gorter pictures the shop committee the centre of revolution, bringing Communism into being. He wrote this poem with all his love for his class, the workers. But the ruling class of today, the world of bogus culture, can never understand how a great poem can centre around the theme of a Soviet Committee."
— From an article written for "The Commune" by the Dutch anti-parliamentarian, H.Canne Meijer. Abridged & adapted, from Pioneers of Anti-Parliamentarism, by the anarchist Guy Aldred.
Herman Gorter was a son of a famous Dutch litterateur. He was born on November 26, 1864. He was keen student of the classics & became a teacher of Greek & Latin at the gymnasium. He astonished the literary World with his poem May. It is a poem devoted to the worship of nature...
With his friend, Anton Pannekoek, another much neglected famous Dutch marxist, Gorter opposed Lenin & the Bolshevik Party's capitulation to capitalism.
Gorter, a delegate of the K.A.P.D. to the 3rd International in 1921, along with other leftists, was expelled from the First International.
Gorter sharply replied to Lenin in Open Letter to Comrade Lenin, showing Lenin's tactic would destroy the Revolution of October 1917, collapse the world struggle towards socialism & arrest world revolution. Leninism would prolong the struggle & increase the cost in suffering & hardship to the workers.
Gorter developed the tactics of anti-Parliamentarism, against the capitalist methods of Lenin, the retreat to worldwide parliamentarians & trade unionism, dictatorship OVER the proletariat, & the gradual reduction & elimination of the Communist Party in every land to "legal" parties.
[Details / context]
During the next few years, 
