Our Daily Bleed...
Our Daily Bleed...
The Daily Bleed Detail Reference Page for the month of July
The following entries on this page provide details, subtext or background relating to dated entries cited in the Daily Bleed Calendar, linked from there to the date(s) cited here.
The Daily Bleed Calendar in full, & access to the pages for this month, are accessible at http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/calmast.htm
1876 -- [July 1] Switzerland: Michael Bakunin diesSix years after sending him to prison, Tsar Alexander showed some mercy to Bakunin & commuted his prison sentence to a lifetime of exile in Siberia. After four years there, Bakunin hatched a plan to escape & was successful. After a long voyage aboard merchant ships & crossing the US, he arrived in London on December 27.
In 1866, Bakunin founded International Brotherhood for revolutionary "socialists" such as himself; two years later, he founded the International Alliance for Social Democracy. Fleeing from yet another arrest warrant in 1870, Bakunin took shelter in Marseilles. It was around this time he wrote one of his more noted works, God & the State.
In 1873, Bakunin decided his revolutionary days were at an end & took an early retirement at age 59. Less than three years after his respite began, he died.
"No theory, no ready-made system, no book that has ever been written will save the world.I cleave to no system. I am a true seeker."
— Mikhail Bakunin http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Bakunin.htm
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The council movement in Turin begins a strike combined with occupation of the factories & resumes production under their own control.
By April 14 the strike is general in Piedmont; in the following days it spread through much of northern Italy, particularly among the dockers & railroad workers. The government had to use warships to land troops at Genoa to march on Turin.
While the councilist program was later approved by the Congress of the Italian Anarchist Union (UAI) when it met at Bologna on July 1, the Socialist Party & the unions succeeded in sabotaging the strike by keeping it isolated: when Turin was besieged by 20,000 soldiers & police, the party newspaper Avanti refused to print the appeal of the Turin socialist section (see Masini, op. cit.; See also September 10, 1920) The strike, which would clearly have made possible a victorious insurrection in the whole country, was vanquished on April 24. )
The council movement in Turin of March-April 1920 originated among the highly concentrated proletariat of the Fiat factories. During August & September 1919 new elections for an “internal commission” (a sort of collaborationist factory committee set up by a collective convention in 1906 for the purpose of better integrating the workers) suddenly provided the opportunity, amid the social crisis that was then sweeping Italy, for a complete transformation of the role of these “commissioners.”
They began to federate among themselves as direct representatives of the workers. By October 30,000 workers were represented at an assembly of “executive committees of factory councils,” which resembled more an assembly of shop stewards (with one commissioner elected by each workshop) than an organization of councils in the strict sense. But the example nevertheless acted as a catalyst & the movement radicalized, supported by a fraction of the Socialist Party (including Gramsci) that was in the majority in Turin & by the Piedmont anarchists (see Pier Carlo Masini’s pamphlet, "Anarchici e comunisti nel movimento dei Consigli a Torino"). The movement was resisted by the majority of the Socialist Party & by the unions.
With the mass factory occupations in September 1920 a defining moment was reached. Things had gone so far that turning back was not a real option. As Errico Malatesta warned:
"If we do not carry on to the end, we will pay with tears of blood for the fear we now instill in the bourgeoisie".
Background materials, see:
http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/12.councils.htm
http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/newswire/display_any/166
http://www.geocities.com/integral_tradition/italfasc.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci
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"I am trying to provide security for human beings which they are not getting. If we don't give it under the existing system, the people will change the system. Make no mistake about that."
— Hamilton Fish, Jr., Congressman, New York "If this country ever needed a Mussolini, it needs one now."
— David A. Reed, Senator, Pennsylvania July. Many of veterans begin to drift away, back onto dusty roads. But many stay on — particularly because they have no other place to go. Anacostia Flats celebrates the birth of its first baby, Bernard Myers.
Congress forces the RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation, established by Herbert Hoover) to disclose its operations. It is revealed that money meant to be loaned to banks to help them get back on their feet is being given only to banks that give RFC members chairmanships. By the end of the year, the RFC has allocated only $30 million of its $300 million for relief.
As Congress prepares to recess. The veterans see their chances slipping away for the assistance they came to request.
Source: [Vanessa Collection]
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If life feels out of control, then eat. Fat laden foods comfort most, as comfort from banking against the cold of a long winter or lean times is built into the human animal.
The more worry, the more chomping, & under normal circumstances this simply results in obesity.
However, worry causes the liver to flood the blood stream with a fine oil, readily lit, in case the body need take flight or fight. In some humans a rare genetic condition exists allowing the combustion of this fine oil to continue, unabated, when in combination with a type of adrenaline, the catalyst. The need for oxygen is bypassed, as a self-feeding chemical reaction starts where a byproduct of the catalyst-induced combustion incites combustion in neighboring areas, & the matter goes out of control.
Source:
[Vanessa Collection]
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He argues that the Communist system would ultimately collapse under its own weight if the U.S. & its democratic allies barred Moscow's further expansion.
Events would prove Kennan right, though the process took more than four decades, far longer than he expected. In the interim, the U.S. would spend trillions of dollars on the Cold War, conscripting tens of millions of American men into the military & employing millions more indirectly at the companies that built the weapons to support the war machine. Along the way, the military-industrial complex would arm much of the Third World, including some countries that would remain distinctly unfriendly to the U.S. well after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Source:
[Vanessa Collection]
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The protesters blocked the entrance of the building, took hostage nearly 100 employees who were working there at the time, & hurled sticks of dynamite whenever police tried to approach.
Two more groups, each of about 50 debtors, occupied the La Paz offices of the Bolivian Episcopal Conference & the Defender of the People, & began hunger strikes there.
Protesters tied sticks of dynamite to their own bodies & some of their hostages.
“We cannot leave while there is no dialogue to solve our problem, & if no solution is found, we are determined to commit suicide in front of you, because we cannot put up with this situation any longer,” one of the debt protesters told the press, according to a communiqué from the anarchist group Juventudes Libertarias (JJLL).
Among those leading the debtor occupation are members of the anarchist feminist collective Mujeres Creando (Women Creating), the JJLL communiqué reports.
Mujeres Creando addresses gender, sexuality, class & race, backing up its unflinching critique of society, government & culture with concrete actions. Activities include running a small culture center, publishing, & all manner of agitating. The group is best known for its graffiti, always signed Mujeres Creando. Favorite targets include neoliberals, smug macho leftists, & mainstream feminists (“gender technocrats”).
http://www.mujerarte.org/mujeres-creando-bo.html http://ecuador.indymedia.org/es//2003/10/3913.shtml
http://www.eco-action.org/dod/no10/creando.htm http://www.summit.americas.org/item_6997
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Delegate for the Federation of the Jewellers to the congresses of the C.G.T. In 1908, he replaced George Yvetot (then imprisoned) as secretary of the fédération des Bourses du travail.
Garnery was jailed several times for his militant activities, including a 15 month sentence for his actions in the l'Association Internationale Antimilitariste.
During WWI, Garnery worked with the Parisian co-operative "Bellevilloise".
A close friend of of Pierre Monatte, in 1925 Garnery helped Monatte start the review Révolution prolétarienne, an anarchist-syndicalist publication which many anarchists wrote for. The review stopped publishing in 1939, resuming again in 1947.
Garnery retired to Saclas (the Seine & Oise) where he died, April 21, 1935
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]
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In the Spring of 1877, Parsons ran for Chicago County Clerk, receiving 7,963 votes.
In 1878, the Trades Assembly of Chicago was organized & Parsons elected its first president. He was also the first workingman nominated by workingmen to run for the office of President of the United States in 1879, as a Labor candidate, but had to decline because he was not yet 35 years-old.
Later he became an anarchist & was one of the Haymarket Martyrs wrongly hanged.
http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/icon.html
http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/haymkmon.htm
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Leda Rafanelli went to Alexandria, Egypt in 1900, returning to Italy tenaciously dedicated to two seemingly incompatible ideas, Islam & anarchism.
Leda Rafanelli was an anarchist mystic who identified strongly with Individualist writing of that time.
Rafanelli set up a publishing house, the "Casa Editrice Sociale" & printed the works of a diverse group of writers, among them Max Stirner & Nietzche. Rafanelli was strongly committed to anti-colonialism, & opposed European imperialism.
This was reinforced by her conversion to Islam, although she had wrote many articles raging against clericalism, militarism & the oppression of women, Leda's Arabic culture became a social & political alternative in which to oppose Western civilization.
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Despite repeated protests by Governor Altgeld, Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Cleveland continued to send in federal troops.The reaction of the strikers to the appearance of the troops was that of outrage.
What had been a basically peaceful strike turned into complete mayhem... with mobs of people setting off fireworks & tipping over rail cars yesterday on July 4. Burning & rioting came to a zenith on July 6, when fires caused by some 6,000 rioters destroyed 700 railcars & caused $340,000 of damages in the South Chicago Panhandle yards.
&, thus, the merry war — the dance of skeletons bathed in human tears — goes on ... forever unless you, the American Railway Union, stop it; end it; crush it out.
— Jennie Curtis, President of ARU Local 269, the "Girls" Local Union, Address to 1894 Convention of American Railway Union
The violence peaked on July 7, when national guardsmen, after being assaulted, fired into a crowd killing at least four (possibly up to 30) & wounding at least 20. The 1892 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago's Jackson Park was set ablaze, & seven buildings were reduced to ashes on July 7. The crowds raged on, burning & looting railroad cars & fighting police in the streets, until 10 July, when 14,000 federal & state troops finally succeeded in putting down the strike.
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/PullmanStrike.htm
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In the ensuing battle, three Pinkertons & 11 strikers & spectators were shot to death.
Strikers militantly resisted the private goons hired by Henry Clay Frick to dislodge them from plant grounds. They fought back with guns & homemade cannon. The strike held for four months, but the company was able to restore production & as winter approached morale declined. Finally unskilled workers sought release from their strike pledge, & two days later, on November 20, the skilled workers' union, The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers, called off the strike.
The anarchists Alexander Berkman & Emma Goldman decided to avenge the murders during the lockout. Believed the fault of Frick, the 22-year-old Berkman attempts to assassinate him on July 23.
See Jeremy Brecher's Strike!, pp53-61.http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/carnegie/strike.html
Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:
New York Review of Books: http://www.nybooks.com/shop/product?usca_p=t&product_id=36
Ronald Creagh: http://www.socialanarchism.org/mod/magazine/display/33/index.php
"The Strike at Homestead, 1892," pages (period pieces & photographs) online at Ohio State University
http://history.osu.edu/projects/HomesteadStrike1892/
On the shooting Frick, see also our references [May 28, 1897]
July-Nov.: Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers strikes the Carnegie Steel Works in Homestead after the company proposes a wage reduction & shuts the plant down. On July 6, 300 Pinkerton agents arrive by barge to protect strikebreakers & reopen the mill, but strikers use gunfire & explosives to keep them from landing.
On July 12, Pennsylvania National Guardsmen arrive to protect strikebreakers & they remain in Homestead until October. The strike is called off on Nov. 20 & workers — except those blacklisted by the company — return to work on the company's terms.
July 23: Anarchist Alexander Berkman tries to kill Henry Clay Frick, chairman of the board of the Carnegie Steel Works. He is convicted on Sept. 19 & sentenced to 22 years in jail.
http://www.history.umd.edu/Gompers/newtime2.html
July 12, 1892 -- State militia breaks 12-day strike against Carnegie Steel Corp. in Homestead, PA. Strikers, protesting wage cuts of 18-26 percent, suffered 7 deaths in attacks on them by Pinkerton detectives.
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German born film composer forced to flee Nazi Germnay, then deported from the United States in 1948... Eisler is the brother of Gerhart Eisler, a known Comintern Agent.
Arnold Schönberg considered him to be one of his most important students, alongside Berg & Webern. Eisler sought to bridge the gulf between contemporary music & the larger public by producing engaging works that responded to the political & aesthetic currents of his day.
"Eisler on the Go", is a song concerning Woody Guthrie's fellow folksinger Hanns Eisler, who was dragged in front of the House Committee on Un-American Activities.“He who knows only music understands nothing about it.”
— Hanns Eisler (1898-1962)
1933 Because of the political character of his work Eisler was forced to flee Germany. Travels to Czechoslovakia, afterwards to Paris, London & Vienna. He gives concerts in Holland & Belgium.
1935 Eisler undertakes a lecture & a concert tour of the United States.
1936/37 Exile in Spain. Here Eisler composes combat songs for the International Brigades during the Spanish Revolution / Civil War.
1938 Emigrates to the US, where he continues to work with Bertolt Brecht (also forced to flee the US) & works on film scores. His collaboration with Bertolt Brecht spanned almost 30 years, ending only with Brecht’s death in 1956. Eisler also teaches at the New School for Social Research in NYC.
1962 Hanns Eisler dies in East Berlin September 6, 1962.
http://www.hanns-eisler.com/
http://www.karadar.net/Dictionary/eisler.html
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/eisler.htm
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An unsuccessful strike by NYC subway workers begins (-July 29) Transit companies were then owned by powerful & wealthy private interests, which kept wages pitifully low & working conditions abysmal.
Most transit workers labored seven days a week anywhere from 8.5 to 11.5 hours a day. In desperation, workers tried in vain to organize unions in 1905, 1910, 1916 & 1919.
Strikes in those years were brutally suppressed by management goons, anti-worker courts & government officials.
http://www.twulocal100.org/about/history.php
[Source, click here]
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Bauer emigrated to the US in 1890, where he worked as a carpenter in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He became involved with the anarchist movement there following the events following the Haymarket bombing in Chicago (where anarchists were framed). In 1893 Henry Bauer was arrested & sent to prison for five years for distributing leaflets during the Homestead Strike, where Alexander Berkman had attempted to assassinate Henry Frick.
After his release he continued working with Emma Goldman too secure Alexander Berkman's release.
[Source: L'Ephéméride Anarchiste]
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Several members of Nosotros, an FAI action group. Those pictured include the three most well-known figures, Garcia Oliver, Francisco Ascaso, & Buenaventura Durruti.García Oliver was part of "Los Solidarios", with Buenaventura Durruti, Gregorio Jover, Francisco Ascaso, Antonio Ortiz, Ricardo Sanz, etc. They fought against the "Pistoleros" (goon squads hired by Catholic employers to assassinate trade unionists).
Juan García Oliver was a member of the Catalan Regional Committee of the C.N.T., & a close associate of Durruti. During the initial battle against the military uprising of July 1936 in Barcelona, he led the group which seized the women's prison & released all the prisoners. He became Minister of Justice to the Republican government. As such, he acted on the philosophy that crime was the product of social deficencies & that criminals should be treated, not punished.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/oliver/indexoliver.html
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Picqueray appears in Bernard Baissat's film series Listen (interviews with an older generation of anarchists, with Andre Claudot, Jeanne Humbert, Eugene Bizeau, Marcel Body, Aguigui Mouna, Robert Jospin, André Bösiger & Rene Dumont).
"Les premiers mai 1920 et 21 furent particulièrement sauvages. En sortant de la Bourse du Travail, place de la République, les gardes à cheval nous chargèrent à coup de plat de sabre, et l'un deux me claqua la face de telle manière que je crus avoir la tête écollée. Je conservai longtemps la trace de son sabre sur mon visage."
— May la refractaire, couverture de la réédition du livre (Editions Traffic, 1992) May Picqueray, in French, see Ephéméride anarchiste
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Georges Butaud's energies were devoted to creating anarchist colonies, in which he participated: in 1898 he founded a radical colony in the Parisian suburbs; another in 1899 in Saint Symphorien d' Ozon, in Isère, then in the "Milieu libre de Vaux" near Chateau-Thierry (1902 to 1906); in 1913 in Saint Maur (the Seine), a community farm devoted to agriculture & breeding.
Butaud, sensitive to problems involving food consumption, became an advocate of vegetarianism, which he practiced in the colony of Bascon (Aisne).
http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/travel/9807france/
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Founded in the campaign to assist the victims in procès de Montjuich, its emphasis on sociology, art & science quickly attracted the most brilliant of Spanish thinkers, as well as anarchists internationally. On May 20, 1899, it began a weekly supplement which two year laters became, independently, “Tierra y Libertad”.
“Revista Blanca” ceased publishing June 15, 1905, but appeared again from 1923 to 1936, directed by Urales & his daughter Federica Montseny. In addition, another supplement, published since 1931, gave rise to the newspaper “El Luchador”.
http://ytak.club.fr/juillet2.html#8
http://ytak.club.fr/mai3.html#tierraylibe
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The union is outlawed in 1920, & large numbers of cenetista anarchist leaders are jailed or assassinated in the years following by the government's effort to destroy the CNT. The leadership of Spain's largest trade union is decimated but the union unvanquished.
In 1920, the new Civil Governor, Martinez Anido, set the stage for the most bloody governmental repression of the period, going after a substantial number of CNT labor militants & leaders, either directly or through the use of rightwing goon squads (called "Sindicatos libres") paid for & supported by big business & the Catholic Church. The 20 of November dissolved the CNT & jailed to 64 union leaders. The 27 of November Nin & Josep Canela are attacked, & Canela died.
At the end of month, Francesc Layret was assassinated & 36 union leaders were deported to the Castle of the Mola in Mahón.
In December one began to see the "ley de fugas," (law of flights: setting prisoners free, then shooting them down as "escapees") & Evelio Boal, Secretary General of the CNT, was thus assassinated.
En los primeros (8,9,10) días de julio se celebra una Conferencia en Blanes donde el principal punto de discusión versa sobre la figura de Martínez Anido y su negativa a legalizar a la CNT.
En esta conferencia participaron Emilio Albaricías, Ladislau Bellavista, Pere Bonet, Boronat, Sebastià Clarà, Juan Claramunt, Antonio Colomer, Pere Comas "Peronas", Juan Costa, Diez Galo (Comité Nacional), Dominguez (de Blanes), Joan Espesa, Ramón Espinal, Francisco Inglesa, Juneda, Bruno Lladó, Enrique Lleonart, Narciso Marco, Teodoro Peña, Angel Pestaña, Juan Pey, Antoni Puig, Marcelino Rico, Juan Salu, Jaime Segala, Manuel Sirvent, Antonio Soler Cuadrat, Sebastián Suñer, Guillermo Vages Bruguera, Acrato Vidal.http://www.manelaisa.com/texto/Articulos/PagArticulos9.htm
http://www.historiacritica.org/anteriors/anteriors2/estudis/estudis03.html
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1932 -- [July 8] Russian author Aleksandr GrinGrin worked a variety of jobs, roamed European Russia & the Urals. In the early 1900s he joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party & was exiled to Siberia.
His stories drew on his travels & adventures & extensive reading of Western writers. They are among the most exotic of all Russian literature, fantastic & whimsical works with no relation to everyday life.
Soviet critics called his settings "Grin-Land." His writing was so unusual & unclassifiable, Soviet censors ignored him; in the late 1920s, however, some questioned his social significance, & in 1950 his work was condemned as antisocial, bourgeois, & decadent.
Now fully recognized as a master of the allegorical & symbolic tale & novel, & as the creator of a fantasy world expressive of a profound humanism & moral responsibility.
Among his best known works are the novels Blistayushchiy mir (1923; "The Glittering World") & Doroga nikuda (1930; "The Road to Nowhere"); & the tales Korabli v Lisse (1918; "The Ships in Liss") & Serdtse pustyni (1923; "Heart of the Desert"). His story "Alyye parusa" (1923; Scarlet Sails, 1967) was the basis for a Soviet ballet & film.
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1963 -- [July 8] "I ambush Robert Creeley..."... thus came Olson, Duncan, Ginsberg et al, .... deep in nostalgia, memories of San Francisco in the 1950s.
McClure recalls Creeley arriving at a house in SF & asking if they had anything to drink; all we have, they replied, is the gin we keep the garlic cloves in; I'll take that, said Creeley, "& we knew he was one of us." ....
Sharon Olds puts on a mask, to stunning effect ....
"Poetry audiences," says Bobby Louise Hawkins, "are inured to pain"
.... reading in the evening leads off with Anne Waldman. I still think she overdoes the dramatic presentation, but there's some good stuff here, especially a long piece on John Cage ....
Creeley delights me by going right back to the poem that includes the line "Poor. Old. Tired. Horse." He is as precise, & as elliptical, as ever .... jazz pianist Cecil Taylor gives an extended improvisation, which I think would have gone on forever if they hadn't commissioned Ginsberg (who else could have done it?) to go on stage & tell him to stop ....
drink till the bar closes ...
http://www.litkicks.com/Topics/NaropaReport.html
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1872 -- [July 9] Songster Gaston MontehusA moderate socialist, Montehus became (1906) an ardent antimilitarist, close to the positions of Gustave Herve & his newspaper "The Social War."
Author of a hundred well known songs, such as, "Gloire au 17e " (1907) & "La Grève des Mères" (The Strike of the Mothers) (1910) which were taken up by revolutionary Paris.
The recital of his songs were often stopped by the anti-semitic reactionaries of Drumont or the cops because of their subversive contents, & the source of many brawls. But when WWI erupts in 1914, Montehus follows Gustave Herve in a turnabout, applauding "l'union sacré" & its patriotism.
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1917 -- [July 9] Brazil: Antonio Martinez, shoe-maker & anarchist, is killed by the São Paulo cops at a demonstration during a textile strike (or on the 11th?). Brazil's anarcho-syndicalist movement was the second largest in Latin America during the first quarter of the 20th century. His killing sets off a 3-day General Strike on the 13th. It would soon spread to Rio de Janeiro & all of industrial Brazil was stopped & in control of the workers by the end of the month.There are conflicting sources regards the date of the strike & killing Martinez. Ephéméride anarchiste places the date on the 9th; Colin Everett's paper, "Organized Labor in Brazil 1900-1937: From Anarchist Origins to Government Control" places these on the 11th:"At one such of these rallies on July 11, a common worker who had no connection with the rally, Antonio Martinez, was beaten to death by Sao Paulo police. Sao Paulo erupted in shock at the brutal death of a 21 year old worker. Antonio Martinez's funeral was a massive event. The funeral procession marched throughout the city & at one point the police confronted the mourners. After a shuffle the police began to attack the crowds. Police on horseback attacked one portion of the processional with swords. The result of this was massive unrest & rioting in Sao Paulo. The next day, July 12, 15,000 workers walked out on strike. The day after another 5,000 workers joined the strike. Soon a general strike was declared & the city was at a standstill. The government declared martial law & brought in the army. The main cause behind all the strikes was the high cost of food & the brutal death of Martinez was just the catalyst.
Eventually, the strike ended when the government put pressure on the industrialist's to end the strike; the workers settled for a 10% wage increase."
http://users.rcn.com/ceverett.massed/Grad-Paper%202.htm
See also "Anarchist Ideology, Worker Practice: The 1917 General ..."http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/misc/@GenStrike1917Brazil.gif http://ytak.club.fr/juillet2.html
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1921 -- [July 9] Russia: Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman gather support to protest the imprisonment of Voline, G. P. Maximov, & other anarchists who are on a hunger strike.A delegation meets with Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Lenin today; Lenin is only willing to deport the anarchists, upon penalty of death if they return to Russia. Offer is accepted & hunger strike is terminated on July 13.Goldman notes that the American Communists remain silent on the issue & distance themselves from association with the anarchists.
Goldman further attempts to convince delegates to pressure the Soviet authorities to allow Maria Spiridonova to obtain medical treatment overseas. She meets with German socialist Clara Zetkin. Spiridonova is eventually released from prison.
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1892 -- [July 11] Apr.-July: Miners strike at Coeur D'Alene, Idaho. After strikers dynamite a concentrating mill at the Frisco mineJuly 11, the National Guard & federal troops are called out & martial law established on July 13. During the next five days, 600 miners & sympathizers are arrested. Thirteen are convicted of contempt of court & four of conspiracy. In December, the AFL convention votes $500 for the miners' defense & calls for a congressional investigation. Although the mines reopen with nonunion labor & the strike is lost, the U.S. Supreme Court reverses the conspiracy convictions in Mar. 1893, the remaining indictments are lifted, & those still in custody are released.http://www.history.umd.edu/Gompers/newtime2.html
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1893 -- [July 11] France: Lucien Haussard (July 11, 1893- December 3, 1969). Militant, anarchist propagandist & freethinker.
In 1914, Haussard is taken prisoner by the Germans during the occupation of St-Quentin.
http://ytak.club.fr/decembre1.html#haussard
http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=2721&lang=en
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1917 -- [July 12] US: Bisbee DeportationThe IWW had called a strike against the copper mines two weeks ago, when workers' demands (including improvements to safety & working conditions at the local copper mines, an end to discrimination against labor organizations & unequal treatment of foreign & minority workers, & the institution of a fair wage system) went unmet; patriotism & support for the war effort were ostensibly the reasons for the anti-labor action.A posse had a list of IWW members, supporters, & sympathizers & rounded up 1,200 people. Some agreed to return to work after being caught, & those were allowed to stay in Bisbee. The rest were put on train freights & shipped to New Mexico & abandoned in Hermanas. A nearby army fort gave the deportees some water to survive for a few days, & then the group dispersed & never returned to Bisbee...
The "deportation" was organized by Sheriff Harry Wheeler. The incident was investigated months later by a Federal Mediation Commission set up by Beloved & Respected Comrade Liberal President Woodrow Wilson; the Commission found that no federal law applied, & referred the case to the State of Arizona, which failed to take any action, citing patriotism & support for the war as justification for the vigilantes' action.
http://digital.library.arizona.edu/bisbee/
http://www.iww.org/
http://www.alhn.org/topic/topic/mine.html
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1918 -- [July 12] Luigi Molinari (December 15, 1866-July 12, 1918)Of the same second generation of anarchists as Gori, Malatesta & Camillo Berneri in the Italian anarchist movement.
The Lombard, Luigi Molinari, devoted much of his activity to editing a paper "L’Universita Popolare" & to projects of libertarian education based on the Modern School ideas of the martyred Spanish anarchist Francisco Ferrer. He believed in intensive campaigns of education among the workers & peasants & saw the value of song as a propaganda weapon. His Inno della Rivolta (Hymn of Revolt) is the most famous of his songs.
In 1894 Molinari was arrested & hastily convicted (on January 31st) by a military tribunal as instigator of an insurrection earlier in the month in Lunigiana, where armed bands of anarchists supported Sicilian victims of the "State of Siege" (declared as the government moved to repress revolts against increased flour prices.)
Blamed as the instigator of the insurrection Molinari was condemned to 23 years in prison. A massive protest campaign in his favor, however, led to his freedom & he was amnestied September 20, 1895.See:
- Molinari, Luigi, Il tramonto del Diritto Penale ( Italy, Vulcano Books)
Molinari, Luigi, La baldoria elettorale (Italy, La baldoria elettorale, La Fiaccola)http://ytak.club.fr/juillet2.html#11
http://ytak.club.fr/janvier2.html#13
http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/revolutionary-song-italy/
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1926 -- [12-14 juillet] France: At the Union anarchiste Congress in Orléans (12-14th) the U.A. changes its name to Union anarchiste communiste (U.A.C.).This reflects a major shift in the movement over the years away from the "individualist" anarchism of the pre-WWI years. Membership is wide-ranging, signified, for example by the contrasting ideas of Voline & Nestor Makhno. A growing opposition develops between "platformist" partisans & in favor of the Synthesis.
The Union anarchiste communiste was created in 1920, the short-lived Fédération communiste révolutionnaire anarchiste (launched in 1913) having been destroyed by the Great War to End All Wars.
As a result of the increasing marginalisation of individualism, the organization changed its name to Union anarchiste communiste in 1926, & a year later the word révolutionnaire was added under the influence of those - the ‘platformists’ - in favor of more cohesive organization, a more workerist emphasis & closer links with organised labour & with other sectors of the left.
In June the “project of organisational platform for a general Union of the anarchists appears”, better known under the name of the “platform of Archinov”. Voline answers this platform with his project of “Synthesis” in his article “The organisational problem & the idea of synthesis”.
Along these lines, after the congress in Orleans, the revolutionary trade unionists leave the CGT & join the CGT-SR (with Julien Toublet as secretary).
http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=238 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_mouvement_libertaire_en_France_des_origines_%C3%A0_1967#1926 http://libertaire.org/article133.html
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In 1908, Durand is one of the organizers of the conferences of Sébastien Faure in Marseilles. In September 1909, he is elected with the board of directors of the Bourse du Travail.
Propagandist of revolutionary ideas & antimilitarism, he animates the C.D.S (Comité de défense sociale), & participates in all the social & political agitation, supporting the creation of a committed & fascinating theatre involved with many strikes in 1913-14.
But, stung by the anarchists who reproach him for having become a "trade-union civil servant", Durand apparently withdrew from the struggles after the declaration of WWI.
Source:
http://ytak.club.fr/juillet2.html#13
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Expelled from school at 13 & placed on probation at 14, after which he worked in a series of "menial jobs." An activist in the London squatting & commune scene during the late 60s onwards, he became a self-taught artist. Throughout the 70s he was a prolific illustrator for many radical & alternative publications such as Undercurrents, Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review, & his self-published Class War Comix project. Heavily influenced by comic books, Eric Gill & the narrative woodcuts of Frans Masereel, Harper's style evolved in the 1980s into a bolder, more expressionist direction.
Source:
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Harper
photo courtesy of Ephéméride anarchiste
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Equi was sent to prison during WWI for sedition (as were countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act.The law "forbade criticism of the U.S. government, the constitution, the military, the flag, navy or uniform."
At her trial, Special Agent William Bryon of the Dept. of Justice, called her "an anarchist, a degenerate, & an abortionist."
At the end of the trial, the U.S. prosecutor, Barnett Goldstein, contemptuously referred to her as an "unsexed woman" in a thinly-veiled comment on her lesbianism.
She demanded an apology, protesting that "a man born in Russia should sit in judgement of an American born woman." During the next year & a half, her attorneys fought vainly to have her conviction overturned.
In October 1920 she entered San Quentin prison to serve a three year term which was later commuted to a year & a half.
Mary Equi, a lesbian anarchist (known to investigators from the U.S. Dept of Justice [now the F.B.I.] who spied on Equi's personal life) & labor organizer, in her later years recalled how she & her mother were spat upon in the streets of Portland during this period.
Personally acquainted with many of America's radicals in the first half of the 20th century, she was arrested with birth control advocate Margaret Sanger in 1916.
During her incarceration in San Quentin prison, Equi's personal correspondence was copied & read by agents of the US Department of Justice. Copies of her letters can still be found in her files housed in the National Archives facility in College Park, Maryland.
Of prime interest to the Department of Justice were efforts made by Equi's friends to secure a pardon on her behalf. J. Edgar Hoover, then Assistant Director of the Bureau of Investigation, also noted Equi was "associated with Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Anita Whitney & Emma Goldman...& was a professional abortionist."
See Sandy Polishuk The Radicalization of Marie Equi, 1971, unpublished manuscript at the Oregon Historical Society.
Source:
http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/Americas/US/Oregon/OregonNotCorvallis/marieequi.htm
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In Pittsburgh, Baltimore, & other cities, local police, state militia, & federal troops clash with strikers & sympathizers, evoking widespread support for the strikers. Gompers later refers to the railroad strike of 1877 as "the tocsin that sounded a ringing message of hope to us all."
It was with the violent U.S. railway strike of 1877, which took a near insurrectionary character, that Peter Kropotkin began to seriously consider the revolutionary potential of trade unionism. This increasingly sympathetic position was further reinforced when he visited Spain for six weeks in the summer of 1878. According to Max Nettlau, Kropotkin derived a new inspiration from his rediscovery of the revolutionary spirit of the old International in Spain which seemed to have disappeared from among the trade unionists in England, Belgium & the Jura [11]. It was after his visit to Spain that Kropotkin began to urge a more clearly defined policy of revolutionary action - both inside & outside the trade unions - on the Jura Federation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike
http://conspiracy.pasleybrothers.com/outlines/industrial_outline1.htm
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"We know what we want. To us it means nothing that there is a Soviet Union somewhere in the world, for the sake of whose peace & tranquillity the workers of Germany & China were sacrificed to Fascist barbarians by Stalin. We want revolution here in Spain, right now, not maybe after the next European war. We are giving Hitler & Mussolini far more worry with our revolution than the whole Red Army of Russia. We are setting an example to the German & Italian working class on how to deal with Fascism...
"We have always lived in slums & holes in the wall. We will know how to accommodate ourselves for a time. For, you must not forget, we can also build. It is we the workers who built these palaces & cities here in Spain & in America & everywhere. We, the workers, can build others to take their place. & better ones! We are not in the least afraid of ruins. We are going to inherit the earth; there is not the slightest doubt about that. The bourgeoisie might blast & ruin its own world before it leaves the stage of history. We carry a new world here, in our hearts. That world is growing this minute."
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The Last Days Remembered: A Compatriot Recalls the Deaths of Sacco & Vanzetti in 1927
by Aldino Felicani/Dean Albertson
The emotional & highly publicized case of Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti became a touchstone & rallying cry for American radicals. In 1920 the two Italian immigrants were accused of murder & although the evidence against them was flimsy, they were readily convicted, in large part because they were immigrants & anarchists. They were executed, despite international protests, on August 23, 1927.
Aldino Felicani, printer & publisher of the anarchist paper Controcorrente, was a long-time acquaintance of Sacco & Vanzetti; in 1920 he organized the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee. In this interview with Dean Albertson, recorded in 1954, Felicani recalled his relationships with the accused men & his work on the defense committee. His story gave a sense of the emotion of the last days of Sacco & Vanzetti.
Listen to Audio “They Are Dead Now”: Eulogy for Sacco & Vanzetti
Novelist John Dos Passos became deeply involved in the case after he visited Sacco & Vanzetti in Massachusetts prisons. In the fall of 1920 he joined the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee. The case & execution were commemorated in an outpouring of literary expression. John Dos Passos’s “They Are Dead Now—
–” appeared in the New Masses, October 1927. A stark poem that repudiated its own form as inadequate to the subject, it opened “This isn’t a poem.” In the poem, the executions ended the dreams not only of Sacco & Vanzetti, but those of many others who had followed the trials with disbelief & outrage.This isn’t a poem
This is two men in grey prison clothes.
One man sits looking at the sick flesh of his hands—hands that haven’t worked for seven years.
Do you know how long a year is?
Do you know how many hours there are in a day
when a day is twenty-three hours on a cot in a cell,
in a cell in a row of cells in a tier of rows of cells
all empty with the choked emptiness of dreams?
Do you know the dreams of men in jail?
They are dead now
The black automatons have won.
They are burned up utterly
their flesh has passed into the air of Massachusetts their dreams have passed into the wind.
“They are dead now,” the Governor’s secretary nudges the Governor,
“They are dead now,” the Superior Court Judge nudges
the Supreme Court Judge,
“They are dead now” the College President nudges
the College President
A dry chuckling comes up from all the dead:
The white collar dead; the silkhatted dead;
the frockcoated dead
They hop in & out of automobiles
breathe deep in relief
as they walk up & down the Boston streets.
they are free of dreams now
free of greasy prison denim
their voices blow back in a thousand lingoes
singing one song
to burst the eardrums of Massachusetts
Make a poem of that if you dare!—John Dos Passos, “They Are Dead Now,”
New Masses, October 1927, 228–229.
“March On, O Dago Christs”: Sacco & Vanzetti Memorialized
The Sacco & Vanzetti case was commemorated in an outpouring of literary expression. On the first anniversary of the execution, the Nation published Malcolm Cowley’s “For St. Bartholomew’s Day.” The poem ended in defiance & resolve, when Cowley invoked Sacco & Vanzetti as saints martyred to the cause of freedom. In an ironic gesture, he used images of Catholicism to commemorate the two devout anarchists (& thus atheists) & to proclaim them as spiritual leaders.
Die, then.
Outside the prison gawk
the crowds that you will see no more.
A door slams shut behind you. Walk
with turnkeys down a corridor
smelling of lysol, through the gates
to where the uneager sheriff waits.
St. Nicholas who blessed your birth,
whose hands are rich with gifts, will bear
no further gifts to you on earth,
Sacco, whose voice is heard in prayer
neither to Pilate nor a saint
whose earthly sons die innocent.
And you that would not bow your knee
to God, swarthy Bartholomew,
no God shall seek your liberty
nor Virgin intercede for you
nor bones of yours make sweet the plot
where governors & judges rot.
A doctor sneezes, a chaplain maps
the streets of heaven, you mount the chair,
two jailers buckle tight the straps
like those which aviators wear,
the surgeon makes a signal.
Die!
lost symbols of our liberty.
Beyond the chair, beyond the bars
of day & night your path lies free.
Yours is an avenue of stars.
March on, O dago Christs, while we
march on to spread your name abroad
like ashes in the winds of God.— Malcolm Cowley, “For St. Batholomew's Day,” Nation, 22 August 1928, 175.
Content / Sources:
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4984/
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/bright/SaccoVan/SaccoVan.html
http://infoshop.org/page/Sacco-Vanzetti
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Sébastien Faure advocated what he called an 'Anarchist Synthesis' in which individualism, libertarian communism & anarcho-syndicalism could co-exist.
In 1921 he was the leading French anarchist critic against the growing Communist dictatorship in the Soviet Union, & during the 30s a prominent member of the International League of Fighters for Peace.
In 1940 Faure took refuge from the war in Royan (near Bordeaux), where he died.
Faure wrote for numerous papers & journals, & along with books he wrote, he initiated the important four volume l'Encyclopédie Anarchiste.
See the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopediapage.
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— Andre Breton, 1952
Opposing the war with Algeria, Mayoux signs the "Proclamation of the 121" & cannot teach again for five years (1960-1965).
Participated in the movement of May 68, but is nauseated by the attitude of the trade unions.
Today he dies, faithful still to his libertarian ideals, leaving a beautiful poetic body of work, which include "My head to be crossed" (1939) & "To the screen of the night" (1948).
El surrealismo fue y permanece como el unico en emprender esa subversion en el terreno sensible que le es propio. Su desarrollo, su penetracion en los espiritus puso en evidencia la quiebra de todas las formas de expresion tradicionales y mostro que ellas eran inadecuadas para la manifestacion de una revuelta consciente del artista contra las condiciones materiales y morales impuestas a la humanidad. La lucha por la substitucion de las estructuras sociales y la actividad desarrollada por el surrealismo para transformar las estructuras mentales, lejos de excluirse, son complementarias. Su conjuncion debe estimular la venida de una epoca liberada de toda jerarquia y de toda opresion.
Jean-Louis Bedouin; Robert Benayoun; Andre Breton; Roland Brudieux; Adrien Dax; Guy Doumayrou; Jacqueline y Jean-Pierre Dupray; Jean Ferry; Georges Goldfayn; Alain Lebreton; Gerard Legrand; Jehan Mayoux; Benjamin Peret; Bernard Roger; Anne Seghers; Jean Schuster; Clovis Trouille y los camaradas extranjeros ahora en Paris.
See:
http://www.fortunecity.co.uk/library/manuscript/160/surreal.htm
http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue44/surr.html
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Similar hearings would be held in many other cities throughout the rest of 1981. The emotional testimony by Japanese American witnesses about their wartime experiences would prove cathartic for the community & might be considered a turning point in the redress movement. In all, some 750 witnesses testify. The last hearing takes place at Harvard University on December 9, 1981.June 16, 1983 The CWRIC issues its formal recommendations to Congress concerning redress for Japanese Americans interned during World War II. They include the call for $20,000 individual payments for those who spent time in the concentration camps & are still alive.
August 10, 1988 H.R. 442 is signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. It provides for individual payments of $20,000 to each surviving internee & a $1.25 billion education fund among other provisions.
October 9, 1990 The first nine redress payments are made at a Washington, D.C. ceremony. One hundred seven year-old Rev. Mamoru Eto of Los Angeles is the first to receive his check.
[Sources]
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"I was certain to get a speculator or a tripotor who speculates in the misery of the people. I threw the bottle (of hydrocyanic acid), unfortunately I did not kill anybody."
On March 5, 1886, the 27-year-old anarchist Charles Gallo tossed a bottle of hydrocyanic acid into the Exchange, but rather than explode, it spreads a bad stink & sets off a panic. Gallo then draws a revolver & randomly fires five shots without hitting anyone. In court on June 26, 1886, his attitude creates a sensation: Gallo insists on making fun of the law, & shouts to the jury, ,
"Vive the social Revolution! Long Live anarchy! Long Live dynamite!"
He was sent to the penal colony in New Caledonia where, not to be humbled, he revolts yet again, against his jailers.
Cited, Ephéméride Anarchiste, http://ytak.club.fr/mars1.html#5
& also, http://perso.orange.fr/libertaire/archive/2000/224-jan/anar4.htm
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But it is precisely modernity that is always quoting primeval history. This happens through the ambiguity attending the social relationships & products of this epoch.
Ambiguity is the pictorial image of dialectics, the law of dialectics seen at a standstill. This standstill is utopia & the dialectical image therefore a dream image.
Such an image is presented by the pure commodity: as fetish. Such an image are the arcades, which are both house & stars. Such an image is the prostitute, who is saleswoman & wares in one.
— Walter Benjamin, Reflections
"Following Bergson & surrealist poetics, Benjamin used 'dream' in the 1920s as an heuristic analogy for investigating childhood memories, kitsch art & literature; during the early 1930s, he also developed it into an historiographic concept for studying 19th-century Parisian culture.Benjamin's interpretative use of the dream cuts across Ricoeur's distinction between the hermeneutics of 'recollection' & the hermeneutics of 'suspicion'. The political dream analyst seeks to discharge the 'fatal powers' of the ideological dream, while at the same time fostering the experience of waking in which dream elements may recollectively be grasped. Benjamin extends this dialectic of dreaming, interpreting & waking to the relation between historical epochs & the tasks of the materialist historian. Puzzling out the recent past's dreamlike rebuses may serve in the task of a present historical awakening."
—From city-dreams to the dreaming collective: Walter Benjamin's political dream interpretation, Miller T. Philosophy & Social Criticism. Vol 22 Issue 6. 96. Page 87-111.
In German, Walter Benjamin Timeline
See also
http://pixels.filmtv.ucla.edu/gallery/web/julian_scaff/benjamin/benjamin.html
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Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman are given responsibility for collecting materials from education, health, social welfare, & labor bureaus.They discover alarming poverty & overt criticism of the Bolshevik regime, but are hesitant to condemn publicly the Soviet experiment until they have more evidence.
Travel to Kursk, a large industrial center: In Kharkov they meet anarchists they worked with in the US, including Aaron & Fanya Baron, Mark Mratchny, & Senya Fleshin. Tour factories, a concentration camp, & a prison, where they meet an anarchist political prisoner. Receive plea to aid Nestor Makhno's movement, but are reluctant to discontinue their museum work.
As they learn more & more of Bolshevik misdeeds, they become reluctant to obtain any position directly accountable to the Bolshevik regime, agreeing to work for the museum because the extensive travel allows them to study Russian conditions with the least interference from the Bolsheviks.
alt; Nestor Machno
Cited, Ephéméride Anarchiste, http://ytak.club.fr/mars1.html#5
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One of the last direct links that Australia's anarchists had with those who participated in the anarchist inspired social revolution. After the collapse of the Spanish Revolution he & his family lived in exile in Algeria, Morocco & eventually arrived in Australia in 1965 & became involved in the re-emerging anarchist movement.
Source, Anarchist Age Weekly Review 22nd July 1998.
See also:
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/RuizVincent.htm
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Alexander Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison for his attempt to assassinate Henry Frick, although his act, under Pennsylvania law only called for seven years in prison.
In 1900, with the help of Emma Goldman, Eric Morton ("...Morton whom we had nicknamed "Ibsen." He was a veritable viking, in spirit & physique," Emma notes) & others, he organized an escape; the plan was to tunnel into the prison & rescue Berkman. While Emma was in Paris awaiting his escape, the tunnel was discovered & thus the effort abandoned.
The Berkman Defense Association, formed shortly after Berkman's imprisonment to work for his release, a reduction in his sentence, at one time served as a cover to raise funds for his tunnel escape.
Harry Gordon, Henry Bauer, Carl Nold, Ed Brady, Harry Kelly & Emma were the driving forces behind these efforts.
See: http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Samples/sample_bios.html#aberkman <
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_archives/goldman/living/living1_22.html
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 As in the USA & England, Free Thought in Australia encompassed breaks with 'traditional' thinking in areas besides religion. With Melbourne as its chief location the Australasian Secular Association [ASA] was a major Free Thought initiative. It was established on 17 July 1882 by James Donovan, Thomas Walker & others. As president, chief lecturer & editor of its journal, "The Liberator," the Association had, from February 1884, Joseph Symes who came to Melbourne from England. The first Symes' editorial, 1 June 1884, began with a pronouncement any anarchist would have rejoiced to see:
In a very short time a youngish band of free thinkers rebelled against the restrictions of organised Free Thought itself, one result of which was the Melbourne Anarchist Club (MAC). Almost all the executive positions on the Liberator Publishing Coy at its launch, as were ASA posts throughout its early years, were filled by men who later turned to anarchism, the most prominent being the Andrade brothers (David & Will ), Fred Upham, Donovan & George Newberry. Other secularists who went from the ASA to play prominent parts in anarchist history included John William ("Chummy") Fleming, Rose Stone, William McNamara & John Andrews. Source: http://www.takver.com/history/aasv/aasv04.htm |
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At least 29 arrest warrants were issued & at least 39 people were informed that they were under official investigation.Of these some were already in jail: Antonio Budini, Carlo Tesseri, Jean Weir & Christos Stratigopolus since September 1994 for a bank robbery near Trento; Orlando Campo, Gregorian Gargarin, Francesco Porcu for the Silocchi kidnapping; Horst Fantazzini (since 25 years) for many robberies & assault; & Marco Camenisch for bombings. In all it looks like some 68 people have been implicated by the police in this supposed "terrorist" gang.
Twenty one anarchists were apprehended between Sept. 17, 1996, & the end of December, while eight went underground.
On December 18 two of those arrested were sentenced to 22 years in prison.
Also arrested in relation to the Milan bombing was Patrizia Cadeddu, one of the occupants of the Laboratorio Anarchico di Milano, arrested on 20 June for being the alleged deliverer of a supposed note claiming responsibility for the bombing by a group called Azione Rivluzionaria Anarchica (Anarchist Revolutionary Action). In September Cadeddu was transferred to Rome to be interrogated, supposedly by Marini, as part of the investigation of subversive associations.
On July 17, 1997, the judge presiding over the preliminary inquiry of the Roman Tribunal, Claudia D'Angelo, read the following sentence: "Let us remind you that all of the defendants were accused of: subversive association (art. 270 of the criminal code); subversive association leading to terrorism & the destruction of democratic order (art. 270); formation of & participation in an armed band (art. 360). In addition, all are charged with receiving stolen goods (art. 648).
... Anna Beniamino, Mario Frisetty, Maria Ludovica Maschietto, Alfredo Cospito, Nadia DePascal, Raffaele Scapuzzo, Carmela Antonia Scopetta, Giuseppe Scarso, Bruno Palamara, Roberto Sforza, Pierleone Porcu, Constantino Cavelleri, Anna Maria Sgarmella, Mario Anzoino, Maria Arenale, will be tried for participation in a subversive organization aiming to violently overthrow the economic & social order of the state (art. 270)." The judge has exonerated them of being in a armed band & of receiving stolen goods.
Loris Fantazzini, Pasquale Lorenti, Flavia Cannoletta, Roberto Gemignani, Marco Brizzolari, Maracino Domenico, Corrado Viola, Edoardo Massari, Giovanni Mario Sann & Bachisio Goddi are exonerated of all accusations.
Alfredo Maria Bonanno, Tiziano Andreozzi, Francesco Berlemmi, Antonio Budini, Marco Camenisch, Orlando Camp, Maria Apollonaria Cortimiglia, Luciano DiFazio, Liborio Falco, Horst Fantazzini, Antonio Gizzo, Franco Fonte, Gagarin Gregorian, Salvatore Gugliara, Christina La Forte, Angela Maria Lo Vecchio ' Guido Mantelli, Maria Marotta, Giuseppe Martino, Stefano Moreale, Mojdeh Namsetchi, Roberta Nano, Bruno Palamara, Fabrizio Pio, Francesco Porcu, Lorenzo Ricca, Giuseppina Roccobobo, Paolo Ruberto, Emma Sassosi, Rose Ann Scrocco, Antonio Sforza, Fabio Sforza, Massimo Sforza, Giuseppi Stasi, Christos Stratigopulos, Carlo Tesseri, Evangelia Tsioutzia, & Jean Helen Weir will be tried for participation in a subversive organization aiming to violently overthrow the economic & social order of the state (art. 270), subversive association leading to terrorism & the destruction of democratic order (art. 270), formation of an participation in an armed band (art. 360) & receiving stolen goods (art. 648).
These defendants will also be tried on various individual charges against them.
The trials were to begin October 20, 1997. As of this writing we have seen nothing new on the case except that, interestingly enough, Alfredo Bonanno & Emma Sassosi were released on provisional liberty on October 31, after 13 months in jail awaiting trial. Other defendants who were already in jail under other sentences remain behind bars.
http://www.ecn.org/elpaso/cda/
http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2001/07/3323.php
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Sao Paulo was the beginning to the strikes of 1917.
News of the unrest was not slow to reach Rio de Janeiro. When descriptions of the strikes reached one furniture worker on the morning of July 18, he immediately walked off the job calling for a strike at his factory; two others workers joined him. By the afternoon of July 18, only 150 workers had walked out in solidarity with the strikers of Sao Paulo. On July 19, five factories were on strike & the movement was growing uncontrollably.
On July 22, the F.O.S.P. of Rio de Janeiro called for a general strike. To their surprise 50,000 workers went on strike on the morning of July 23. Later in the afternoon of July 23, 20,000 metal workers walked out in solidarity with the factory workers. The demands for all the workers were universal; an eight hour work day & a 20% wage increase. This was a textbook spontaneous general strike & all of industrial Brazil was stopped & in control of the workers.
http://users.rcn.com/ceverett.massed/Grad-Paper%202.htm#_ftnref76
See also http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/07ref.htm#9/1917
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Juan Nieto Martínez («El Cuco») escapes from the prison at Gérgal (Almeria), along with "Carahermosa" & several others.
Nieto then formed a guerrilla group, with "Carahermosa" as his first lieutenant. They operated in the mountain ranges of southern Spain (primarily around Almeria in the Andalusia region), until 1947-48, when increasing efforts to capture or kill them forced the group to seek an escape to northern Africa. Most were able to effect their escape despite a number of dramatic shoot-outs with the Guardia Civil.
Among others, Nieto's group included «Alvarillo», Juan Alonso Sáez «Compadre», Jose Jurado, Antonio Beltrán, Francisco Bonilla Barrionuevo «El Francés», José García Hernández «Alcubillero» (killed in 1943, along with Juan Membrive Membrive).
Sources: Dictionnaire des guérilleros et resistants antifranquistas.
>http://losdelasierra.info/spip.php?mot131
& Paisajes de la Guerrilla,
http://es.geocities.com/eustaquio5/almeria.html
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With the brothers Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti, Juan García Oliver, etc., he formed the "Los Solidarios" group. Member of the C.N.T. & of the F.A.I. A combatant in Barcelona on July 19, 1936, in the street battles, & a regional secretary of the F.A.I.
In France he was involved with Germinal Esgleas, Federica Montseny, Germinal de Sousa, García Oliver & others, in reconstituting the "Consejo general del Movimiento Libertario" in exile.
Imprisoned by the fascists until March 1940, he then moved his family & settled in Venezuela. There Xena continued his libertarian activities, with the Centre Culturel de Caracas, until his death, May 14, 1988.
http://ytak.club.fr/juillet3.html#21
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/spain/
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The Revolution of July 19, 1936, was a lightning defensive action by the people to counter the pronunciamento of Franco.The industrialists & large landowners immediately abandoned their property & took refuge abroad. The workers & peasants took over this abandoned property, the agricultural day laborers decided to continue cultivating the soil on their own. They associated together in "collectives" quite spontaneously.
In Catalonia a regional congress of peasants was called together by the CNT on September 5 & agreed to the collectivization of land under trade union management & control.
Large estates & the property of fascists were to be socialized, while small landowners would have free choice between individual property & collective property. Legal sanction came later: on October 7, 1936, the Republican central government confiscated without indemnity the property of "persons compromised in the fascist rebellion." This measure was incomplete from a legal point of view, since it only sanctioned a very small part of the take-overs already carried out spontaneously by the people; the peasants had carried out expropriation without distinguishing between those who had taken part in the military putsch & those who had not.
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/spain/
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/guerin/AnSpain.html
http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/
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Having put down his arms for land & amnesty, Pancho Villa, 55, is ambushed by political enemies. His death is variously listed as June 20th (New York Times & Compton's), July 20th & the July 23rd. Most sources agree on July 20.
With his death the legend of Pancho Villa did not fade but grew to mythic proportions. Pancho Villa was seen by the people as a Mexican Robin Hood of those times.Always supporting vague ideas of land & educational reform, Villa represented for the people a regional patriotism which found expression for years to come in corridos (songs) & cries of "Viva Villa."
Daily Bleed Saint, June 5.PANCHO VILLA
Inspired hero of the Mexican Revolution, or "social bandit," depending on your point of view.See:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_VillaSee also:
http://www.lib.msu.edu/diversity/villa.htm
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9061/mexico/mexico.html
http://www.google.com/search?q="Pancho+Villa"
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Events at Sarzana in June drew particular attention to the resistance being mounted by the Arditi . The fascists had mounted a punitive expedition against the town on June 12th 1921 but had met with such determined resistance that they had to surrender & their leader Renato Ticci was put in custody, for his own safety, by the local authorities. Consequently several fascist gangs assembled to try & free him & teach the people of Sarzana a lesson.
However, on 21st July, when 500 fascists arrived at the railway station they had the unusual (for them) experience of being fired on by a detachment of a dozen Carabinieri & soldiers. As if this unexpected turn of events wasn't bad enough they then came under armed attack from the Arditi, supported by other Sarzana workers, who had not gone to work that morning in anticipation of the attack.
As their casualties mounted the fascists were forced to flee into the countryside. But they were not safe even here, with the Arditi on their heels & the peasants of the area taking an active role in their pursuit & capture.
Over 20 fascists were killed, although unofficial sources put the figure much higher. The fascist "chief of staff" for this expedition later commented:
"The squadre, so long accustomed to defeating an enemy who nearly always ran away or offered feeble resistance, could not, & did not know how to, defend themselves".
http://www.geocities.com/integral_tradition/italfasc.html
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In Barcelona, local federations of the C.N.T. (the largest & most powerful union in Sapin) of Catalonia joined together in a plenum, refusing to speak about anarchist-communism so long as the fascist threat weighs upon Spain.
In refusing to counter the power of the "Generalitat", as incarnated in Luis Companys, & in approving "democratic collaboration" because of various arguments about effectiveness & conciliation, the anarcho-syndicalist union allowed the germ of counter-revolution to develop & corrupt the future of the Spanish Revolution. Collaborationists were tagged with the appellative 'pajaros carpinteros'.
This evening the establishment of a "Central Committee of the Militia" among various left forces becomes reality.
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Steven Schwartz goes on trial to assert his write to announce, via anti-graffiti, that he is not "the philosophical whore of North Beach", in Frisco, California.
One-time IWW member, self-described internationally recognized surrealist poet, band manager for The Dils, one of San Francisco's best early punk bands. He'd written the song "Class War" for The Dils & written articles in the punk scene paper Search & Destroy under the name Nico Ordway. Now Schwartz was employed by the Sailors Union of the Pacific to write the official union history, in time for its hundredth anniversary the following year.
He uncapped his felt-tipped pen & was printing a reply to the scurrilous scribblings when he was busted by Mayor Feinstein's anti-graffiti police squad on a charge of malicious mischief, defacing the wall of a Vallejo Street construction site.
Schwartz...has demanded a trial to exonerate his exercise of free speech.
"I was just going to answer that I was not the philosophical whore of North Beach," said Schwartz, 37.
If he wants a trial, he can have it, said Assistant District Attorney Joseph Hoffman, who believes citizens have the right to speak out under the First Amendment–but with limits.
"The remedy is that he can stand on a street corner & yell all he wants that he's not the philosophical whore of North Beach," Hoffman said. "But he can't go around defacing other people's property."
Municipal Judge George Chopelas Wednesday set July 21 for trial. If convicted, Schwartz faces six months in the county jail & a $1,000 fine...Quoting Schwartz's attorney, Carlos Bea, "We don't think this is what the mayor meant in her anti-graffiti campaign. In fact, it's a sad day when a person can't rebut in public the allegation that he's a philosophical whore of North Beach."
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The year was 1877. A young union, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, were organizing railroad engine-men nationally. The railroad companies including the Philadelphia & Reading were entering into the coal mining business.In the springtime of the year, many of the railroads including the P&R slashed the wages of the workers by 10 percent. There were rumors of a strike. Without any warning approximately 350 Reading engineers walked off the job. They were quickly replaced by scabs. The union then demanded that all the railroads in the eastern part of the country restore the 10 percent cut and come up with a 20 percent increase. The general-manager of the P&R informed the employees if they did not desert the union they would be fired. Some workers went back to the job. But many others became much more militant.
By mid-July striking engine-men were demonstrating & rioting in Morgantown, West Virginia. A few days later the same thing happened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where the militia was called in & 28 people were killed.
On Sunday July 22 in Reading, Pennsylvania, unrest started to emerge. By evening a large group of strikers & others were gathering in the railroad yards. A train headed for Philly was blocked by the crowd & boxcars were set afire. The following day the strikers were back in the yards.
What the union brothers did not know was that the President of the P&R sent a telegram to the state attorney-general asking for military help. Militia troops were mobilized in the City of Easton & put on a train for Reading. When they arrived at the outer station on North Sixth Street they were met by the P&R Coal & Iron police. The officials in charge decided to move the troops & police through the yards.
The crowd was yelling & screaming & rocks were thrown. Suddenly a shot was fired. Then many shots were fired. After the smoke cleared, dozens lay wounded. Ten lay dead. No official investigation. The murderers walked away.
See,
http://members.tripod.com/~irish_7x4/index-2.html
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"Hélio Oiticica was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1937. He was the son of an entomologist who was also a photographer & painter, & the grandson of a philologist & anarchist leader. He was both artist & thinker.Positioning himself audaciously between the avant-garde, Brazilian popular culture, the realities of Third World ‘underdevelopment’ & '60s radicalism, he came to reflect deeply on the issues concerning ‘art’, ‘invention’, & "freedom" in modern conditions.
Oiticica was not interested in a conventional artistic career and never had a dealer. Most of his surviving work belongs to a foundation set up by his family & friends after his death in 1980 & can be seen today at the Centro Cultural HO in Rio.
Hélio Oiticica thought of all his activities as experimental, ‘proposals’, & as often as not he worked collaboratively, being fastidious to credit every person who worked with him in whatever capacity. He is now recognized as one of the most important artists of the second half of the twentieth century."
Written by Guy Brett, noted London art critic & contributor to the publication "Helio Oiticica", Rotterdam & Paris, 1992.
http://www.google.com/search?q="Hélio+Oiticica"http://ytak.club.fr/juin4.html#30
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1913 -- [July 22] André Bösiger lives, Jura, Bernois. Swiss anarchist, a member of the ligue d'action du bâtiment (L.A.B), & associated with Luigi Bertoni ("Réveil Anarchiste") & Lucien Tronchet.The L.A.B practiced sabotage & direct action, countering recalcitrant landlords & assisting unemployed workers being evicted from their homes.
In November 1932, Bösiger was part of an antifascist protest demonstration, along with thousands of others, when the Swiss army opened fire on the crowd, killing 13 demonstrators & wounding 100.
Bösiger was a founder of the CIRA in 1957, & wrote an autobiography, Souvenirs d'un rebelle
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