In 1894 Gori escaped the repression in Italy, attending conferences & agitating in England & the US. Returned to Italy in 1898 to defend the many defendants (including Malatesta) indicted after the General Strike against the increase of bread prices on January 17-18, in Ancône. The movement grew &, on May 7, riots took place in Milan. The army fired on demonstrators, killing hundreds. Repression was wild & Gori went into exile in Buenos Aires, & initiated, in 1901, the FORA (Federation Obrera Regional Argentina). He returned to Europe in 1902. The FORA grew to 250,000 members. In 1909 it split into two organizations, FORA du IXe Congrès (reformist), & FORA du Ve Congrès (maintaining the libertarian ideals).

In Aragonese, see http://www.nelvento.net/addio-lugano.html

In Italian see the Chronology by Franco Bertolucci
In Brazilian Portuguese, see http://www.agrorede.org.br/ceca/edgar/Gori.html
Poems, http://www.giardinaggio.it/poesie/paginzpoesie.asp
http://www.cantilotta.org/canti/pag0291.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Gori
http://www.ecn.org/a.reus/cntreus/ado/ado9.htm
http://www.anarca-bolo.ch/a-rivista/275/48.htm

Wilckens was a German anarchist, a member of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), & a pacifist. A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina. In Argentina, in 1923, he attacked the infamous Varela ("The Killer of Patagonia", responsible for the torture & massacre of more than 1,500 workers a year earlier). Condemned to life in prison, Wilckens was shot in his cell, June 16, 1923, by the rightwing fanatic nationalist, Perez Millan, while sleeping. Despite government attempts to cover up his murder, a nation-wide General Strike was called in protest, shutting down the country. Millan was in turn killed on November 9, 1925, by the Russian anarchist German Boris Vladimirovitch. See on this subject Osvaldo Bayer's "Les anarchistes expropriateurs". Also "Kurt Wilckens, la eterna justicia," http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4351/kurt.htm http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue54/wilckens.html

1887 -- Argentina: In Buenos-Aires, at the initiative of anarchist Ettore Mattei, "La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos", the first organized workers' resistance society, is founded. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina, at the time, wrote its statutes for them.
http://ytak.club.fr/juillet3.html#boulangersargentins
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&q="Ettore+Mattei"


1888 -- Argentina: Errico Malatesta is in Bueno Aires doing active propaganda; "Meetings were held today, on the occasion of the first local strikes, etc., & it is probably that the movement "El Perseguido" was first issued (publishing until Jan. 31, 1897), the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist press, culminating in the (June 13, 1897), followed by the (daily) "Protesta") (April 5, 1904), which for so many years weathers all storms."

— Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta

1889 -- Argentina: "Revolte" reports that some time ago the Bueno Aires Commissioner of Police sent for Errico Malatesta, to tell him that the police would be represented at all public meetings. They also tried to monitor private (group) meetings, but desisted when "invited" to leave. Malatesta, in exile from Italy, was quite active in doing propaganda work in anarchist & labor circles here at the time.
[Source: Max Nettlau]



1891 -- Poland: Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) lives (1891-1956), Stepan, Polish Ukraine. Legendary Polish anarchist who killed police chief Ramon Falcón, tossing a bomb into his car, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 14 November 1909.

[In November 2003, a popular assembly, meeting in the Plaza named after the brutal Falcon, voted to change its name to that of Simon Radowitzky.]
[More details + links]
[Details/ context] on Radowitzky's assassination of Falcón



1894 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires Fortunato Serantoni, an Italian militant propagandist, publishes the first number of "La Questione social" (title borrowed from Errico Malatesta's paper). Published in Italian, it included, beginning in September, a supplement in Spanish. It represents the organisational current of Argentinian anarchism. The movement in this country becomes the strongest in Latin America.
http://ytak.club.fr/juillet3.html#15
http://ytak.club.fr/decembre4.html#serantoni

1895 -- Gaston Leval, anarchist/writer, lives, Saint-Denis. Active in France, Spain, Argentina.

Wrote The Collectives in Aragon, & Collectives in Spain

http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html
Also see http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5065/spain.html

---

1895 -- Italy: Francisco Barbieri lives, Briattica.

An antifascist & anarchist militant, Barbieri successively fled to Argentina, Brazil, France, Switzerland & Spain, in his fight against the fascists. During the Spanish Revolution in 1936 he joined the antifascist Italian column fighting in Huesca.

While hospitalized in Barcelona in May 1937 Barbieri is arrested by cops under command of the Communists & executed along with Camillo Berneri. http://www.municipio.re.it/manifestazioni/berneri/dopo.htm

1895 -- Argentina: Premier numéro du journal "Le Cyclone," Buenos-Aires . Organe Communiste Anarchiste (en langue française). Seuls quelques numéros (tirés à 2 mille exemplaires) verront le jour. Dans le n°1 et le n°2 (du 8 décembre 1895), un Manifeste des Groupes socialistes ralliés à l'anarchisme, et également dans le n°2 cette "Marseillaise Anarchiste" crée à Buenos-Aires en 1893. Extrait:

2ème Couplet
"Assez de républiques,
Assez de rois et d'empereurs;
Au diable envoyons cette clique
D'assassins, fourbes et voleurs. (bis)
Plus de généraux, de ministres,
De juges, de représantants,
Aux mains souillées de notre sang,
Peuples, balayez tous ces cuistres."

Refrain
"Aux armes, travailleurs,
Sus à nos exploiteurs,
Frappons, frappons,
L'autorité.
Règne l'égalité."

Graphic: Le cyclone, logo (image retouchée); courtesy Ephéméride Anarchiste

1896 -- Argentina: Manuel Rojas Sepulveda, lives (1896-1973 ). Considered the major 20th century Chilean novelist & short story writer. Premio Nacional de Literatura 1957. Unfortunately he remains mostly unknown outside Chile. IWW member, anarcosindicalista, considered an important anarchist leader in the post-WWI period. writer, Men of the South Manuel Rojas worked for Chilean comic books published by Zig Zag and Quimantú during the 1960s and 1970s. He cooperated on several western series for Far West, including 'Ray Hunter', 'Ronnie Lea, el Muertero' and 'Curiosidades del Oeste'. He was also present in Jungla and El Siniestro Dr. Mortis. Father of Maria Eugenia Rojas (wife of the communist & academic leader of the University of Chile, Fernando Ortiz Letelier, detained & disappeared by the government.) Hijo de ladron. FIRST PUBLISHED IN Chile in 1951, the novel Hijo de ladron caught on quickly and established the name of its author, Manuel Rojas (b. 1896 in Argentina, d. 1973 in Chile). Its most important innovation was to treat a subject matter characteristic of realist fiction -- the lives of thieves, vagabonds, prisoners, outcasts, and impoverished laborers -- using experimental twentieth-century forms of narrative construction.

---

See D.A. Cortés: La narrativa anarquista de Manuel Rojas, Madrid, 1986. http://www.angelfire.com/nj/poesia/prznac/mrojas.html



1897 -- Argentina: "El Perseguido," an anarchist labor periodical, ceases publication.

In 1888 & '89 immigration into the Argentine Republic increased rapidly & unemployment & strikes made their appearance.

Malatesta seems to have spent this period at Bueno Aires doing active propaganda. Meetings were held on March 18 (1888), on the occasion of the first local strikes, etc., & it is probably that the movement "El Perseguido" was first issued, continued until Jan. 31, 1897, the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous press, culminating in the "Protesta Humana" (June 13, 1897), followed by the (daily) "Protesta") (April 5, 1904), which for so many years weathers all storms.

— Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist

[Details, click here]

1897 -- Argentina: "Protesta Humana" appears. Began after "El Perseguido" folded (1888 until Jan. 31, 1897; the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist presses). "Protesta Humana" is followed by the (daily) "Protesta" (April 5, 1904), which for many years weathers all the storms.
[Details / context]


1897 -- Argentina: Albert Perrier (or Perier), aka Germinal, lives (1897-1977), in Buenos Aires. Militant French revolutionary syndicalist.

Member "l'Union Anarchiste" in France. Published the newspaper "Le Combat", & in the 1930s joined "La Ruche".

In 1936, he went to Spain with a first French convoy of food & weapons for the C.N.T.- F.A.I., & for the next two years helped supply the Spanish anarchists in spite of a French blockade. During the last months of the revolution Perrier facilitated the passage of those escaping from Spain. An anti-Nazi Resistance member, Perrier was captured & sent to a prison camp (from which he escaped).
[Details / context]

1898 -- Argentina: Antonio Casanova lives, (1898-1966). Anarchist militant. Naceu en Betanzos, provincia da Coruña, o 7 de xuño de 1898.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CasanovaAntonio.htm



1899 -- Hanns-Erich Kaminski lives, Labiau (Eastern Prussia). Doctor in Economic Science, political editor for a social democratic paper. He went into exile February 1933 with the rise of Nazism.

Kaminski became an anarchist & wrote Ceux de Barcelone & Bakounine, la vie d'un révolutionnaire (1938). He met Voline in 1940, before taking refuge in Portugal. His book El Nazismo como problema sexual, ensayo of psicopatologia (1940) was published in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he died in 1963.

http://ytak.club.fr/novembre4.html#28

1901 -- Argentina: Horacio Badaraco lives. (1901-1946), Buenos Aires, y vivía en el barrio de Congreso dentro del seno de una familia que, de constructores de barcos, pasaron a formar parte del status de banqueros.

Interested in anarchist culture from an early age: at 11-years old his parents find him in the Perlado bookstore, leafing through anarchist literature.

In the 1920s, with the names of Sacco & Vanzetti everywhere in the wind, Argentine workers begin a series of general strikes & take to the streets: the American Embassy is attacked, & an American flag is burned at a Congressional building. Badaraco & Alberto Bianchi, two members of "The Torch", are accused & imprisoned. Horacio begins a hunger strike &, for two weeks, all the prisoners held by the Central Department of Police unite in support. The judges order the release of both anarchists.

In 1936 Badaraco went to Spain to fight against Franco's fascist coup. He helped also on the newspapers "Working Solidarity" & "Libertaria Youth".

1901 -- Argentina: Buenos Aires: On the initiative of the Italian Pietro Gori (1865-1911; see Daily Bleed January 8, 1911) , the founding congress of the Federacion Obrera Argentine (FOA) is held (-26th).

Fifty workers, socialists & anarchists, particpate, representing 30 different groups; the congress concludes with an address: "salut au prolétariat universel qui lutte pour son émancipation, il se solidarise avec ses luttes et fait un voeux pour le salut du genre humain au moyen de la révolution sociale".

[Details / context]

1901 -- Francisco Ferrer, Spanish anarchist educator & bane of the ruling powers (who had him murdered in 1909), opens the libertarian Escuela Moderna in Barcelona, Spain.

Other Modern Schools are founded in the US, whose alumni include Man Ray & Alfred Levitt.

Modern Schools were also founded in Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, China, Japan &, on the greatest scale, in the USA.

[Details / context]

Image: Flavio Costantini, "Murder of Ferrer"

1904 -- Argentina: The (daily) "Protesta" begins publishing, which for so many years weathers all storms.

"Protesta" was preceded by "El Perseguido" (ceased Jan. 31, 1897), the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist publications, & the "Protesta Humana" (begun June 13, 1897), followed by the daily "Protesta"

[Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist.]

1905 -- Argentina: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Quintana escapes an attentat when the weapon used by the young Catalán anarchist Salvador Planas y Virella fails.

The attack on Quintana by the young lithographer & typographer occurs in response to the ferocious repression of the workers' movement during this period, exemplified when police force & army fired on demonstrators on May 21, 1905.

The workers' movement reduced to impotence, calls for individual violence flowers in some of the anarchist press, much like this extract from "Protesta": "How is it possible that such an amount of accumulated pain [...] does not find its logical answer, its daring avenger?”

Tried on September 10, 1905, his defense attorney unsuccesfully argues his client is mentally unstable, & Salvador y Planas is sent to prison.

See Francisco de Veyga: "Delito político. El anarquista Planas y Virella", en Archivos de Psiquiatría y Criminología (Buenos Aires, 1896) & Roberto G. Bunge: Informe in voce ante la Cámara de lo Criminal en defensa de Salvador Planas y Virella (Buenos Aires: edición del Centro Anarquista, 1917).

http://ytak.club.fr/aout2.html#8

1905 -- Argentina: Police massacre some 200 demonstrators opposing a tax on cattle, called by the Comité Pro Abolición. Popular outrage sweeps the country & workers call a General Strike. The government declares a "state of siege." Despite heavy military protection of the cowards who hide in the palace, insurreccionadas attempt to take the building.

[Details / context]

1908 -- While the politicos in Brazil & Argentina threaten war between the two countries, worker's organizations & anarcho-syndicalists of these two Latin American countries express their cross-border solidarity, & jointly organize a day of protest against the possibility of a conflict.
http://www.anarchie.be/AL/20/histoire.htm


1909 -- Argentina: Police open fire on a Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA; previously FOA) demonstration, killing several activists. O 1 de maio de 1909 foi unha conmemoración sanguenta, os enfrontamentos da policía cos pacíficos manifestantes rematou con oito mortos e corenta feridos. A indignación dos traballadores determinou que se convocara unha folga xeral de repulsa aos asasinatos do xefe de policía coronel Ramón Falcón. Para os traballadores máis conscientes había un verdugo culpable de toda a represión; o clima de tensión e vinganza íase apoderando dos activistas sindicais.
http://www.cigmigracion.com/fandio.htm


1909 -- In capitals throughout Europe demonstrations are held protesting the execution of Francisco Ferrer. Violent confrontations between protesters & the police occur in Paris, where over 500,000 people turned out. In Argentina, a meeting improvised by the F.O.R.A. (the anarchist Federation Obrera Regional Argentina) brings out 20,000 workers & results in a General Strike which begins tomorrow & lasts until October 17.
http://ytak.club.fr/octobre2.html#13



1909 -- Argentina: Simón Radowitzky, legendary "martir de Ushuaia", a young Polish anarchist, kills police chief Ramon Falcon with a bomb in Buenos Aires. Falcon had ruthlessly suppressed a renters strike & the workers' May Day celebrations.

"Simón non era outro que Radowitzky, aquel lexendario anarquista que vengara aos traballadores asasinados polo Coronel Falcón....."

---

"Simón (Szymon) Radowicki kills colonel Falcón, the chief of Buenos Aires police that ordered the massacre of workers demonstrating on May Day ..."

---

[Details / context]

1910 --

Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the printing plant for the anarchist journal "La Protesta" is again attacked & destroyed (voir 14 novembre).

Violent repression against the anarchist movement earlier had led to the police attacking "La Protesta"'s offices & destroying its printing equipment. The paper reappeared in January 1910, but today is again ransacked & set on fire, forcing it to go underground for a period.

http://ytak.club.fr/mai2.html#14
http://www.libertario.org.ar/

1911 -- Pietro Gori (1865-1911) dies, aged 46. Gori was an Italian lawyer, an ardent legal defender of anarchists, himself an anarchist & labor activist. He was forced into exile numerous times by government repression. Gori was a founder of the (FORA (in Argentina), the review "Criminologia moderna" &, with Luigi Fabbri, the review "Il pensiero". Gori was also a poet & dramatist, & wrote the now famous song, "Addio Lugano bella".
[Details / context]



1915 -- Brazil: Congresso Internacional da Paz (International Congress for Peace), Rio de Janeiro, October 14-16th.

Hosted by the Federação Operária, this gathering includes representatives from Chile, Uruguay & the Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA). It is quickly followed by the Congresso Anarquista Sul-Americano on the 18th, also convened here at the Federação Operária headquarters. Source: [ Arquivo de História Social ]

1915 -- Brazil: South American Anarchist Congress (Congresso Anarquista Sul-Americano), Rio de Janeiro.

Held on the premises of the Federação Operária, October 18-20th, with delegates present from Brazil, Argentina & Uruguay. Convenes at the same location of the just concluded International Congress for Peace. Source: [ Arquivo de História Social ]

1918 -- Argentina: Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) escapes from the Ushuaia concentration camp on the Tierra del Fuego island.

Radowitzky was serving a life sentence for assassinating the chief of Buenos Aires police, who had ordered the massacre of workers during a May Day demonstration in 1909. He is captured a month later in Chile, & after 21 years in exile, went to fight in the Spanish Revolution. From 1940 until his death today he lived in Mexico.

[Further details & links]
Details on his assassination of Falcon

1919 -- Argentina: End of the "Sanglante" ("Bloody Week") in Buenos Aires. The General Strike begun a week ago is crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. Argentinean anarchism is decimated by the following repression, & the trade unions reformists are left fully in control.



1920 -- Argentina & Uruguay: Congress of the Operários Chapeleiros Sul-Americano (South American hat-makers), held this month.

Anarcho-syndicalist participation &/or a marked presence at this congress is evident. Throughout most of South America in the early 20th century, in addition to their own congresses, anarchists & anarcho-syndicalists are often on the front lines of the various workers' actions, meetings, unions, conferences & congresses. [I don't have exact dates or details; not clear if two separate gatherings are held, or a joint congress — ed.] [ Source: Arquivo de História Social ]

1921 -- Argentina: In response to an employers' & government offensive, workers revolt & the anarchist flag of red & black flies. Isolated, the groups are encircled & destroyed by the army. Over 1,500 workers die, including all the leaders of the revolt.

In the late 1980s the labor force numbered about 11.8 million. Most of Argentina's 1,100 labor unions are affiliated with the Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT; a Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization).

The right to unionize, suspended in 1976, is restored in 1982, & the labor movement embraces some 3 million workers by the late 80s. In the early 90s, privatization programs result in the loss of several hundred thousand jobs.

http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/argentina/index.html

1923 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens is shot in his cell by a prison guard, a rightwing fanatic.

He dies tomorrow &, despite government attempts to cover up the crime, a nation-wide General Strike is called in protest.

See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923.
In French, see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://ytak.club.fr/juin3.html#17

1923 -- Argentina: A nationwide General Strike, protesting the assassination of the anarchist Kurt Wilckens in his prison cell, paralyzes the country.

In Buenos-Aires a protest demonstration turns into a shoot-out when police attempt to raid the local offices of the anarchist union, (FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine). Two workers killed, 17 wounded (including the Spanish anarchist Enrique Gombas) & 163 arrested; one policeman is killed & three wounded. See the Daily Bleed,
http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/0125.htm
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/5166/7tirano.html

1924 -- Armand Gatti lives, in Monaco. Libertarian playwright, author of more than 40 plays.

His father Gino Gatti, a Piedmontese anarchist, was a comrade of Carlo Cafiero, & involved in many struggles in Argentina.

A Resistance member during WWII with the "maquis", Armand Gatti was captured in 1943, condemned to death & shipped to Germany, near Hamburg, from which he escaped to England.

After the war he became a prize-winning journalist (prix Albert Londres in 1954), then devoted himself to the theatre.

For the anarchist that Gatti still is, the theatre is "a perpetual medium for freedom". Resistance & exile are themes in his works, which include The Time of the Physicists, La Deuxième Existence du camp de Tatenberg, & La Journée d’une infirmière. His La passion du général Franco (1968) was banned in France, under pressure from Franco's fascist government.

---

One day Gatti & his pupils were leaving the National Monument & came across some grim looking bikers. The old teacher ran forward to remonstrate with one who was wearing a swastika.

"He could have been decked," says Roy Dupuis, a Canadian filmmaker particularly inspired by a 69-year-old anarchist.

"Gatti taught me that there was no need to be afraid to stand up for one’s beliefs. That the theatre was sacred, that it was more important than the individual. He taught me to be a servant."

---

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001163/

http://www.editions-verdier.fr/france/auteurs/gatti.htm

1924 -- Durante o mandato de Silvetti caracterizouse pola súa actitude unitaria cara á (FORA) anarquista. Iniciou unha grande campaña en defensa dos presos por cuestións políticas. Durante a súa xestión á frente da central sindical aconteceron os tráxicos sucesos da Patagonia que acabaron con 1.500 fusilados.

Do 16 ó 22 de abril de 1924 realizouse o Primeiro Congreso Ordinario da Union Sindical Argentina (USA) sendo reelixido por un mandato. Ao remate do mesmo volveu ao taller, foi electo dúas veces máis membro do Comité Central da USA. Organizou o Sindicato de Obreiros da Industria do Calzado.

http://www.cigmigracion.com/fandio.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/

1925 -- Argentina: Perez Millan (rightwing nationalist who killed the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens in his prison cell), is killed in an asylum in Buenos Aires. Boris Vladimirovitch, a doctor & biologist doing time for an "expropriation", feigned madness so as to be transferred to Millan's asylum. Vladimirovitch was unable to get close enough (Millan was "protected"), so another internee killed him. See Daily Bleed, http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/0125.htm



1926 -- France: Police announce they have thwarted a plot to assassinate the king of Spain Alphonse XIII (officially visiting France), with the arrests of the Spanish anarchists Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti & Gregorio Jover (on June 25). Also today numéro 65 of the anarchiste paper "Libertaire" is seized in Paris.

Spain & Argentina immediately seek extradictions for the three pistoleros (Spain for killings & escapes, Argentina for “expropriations”). But the French anarchists mobilize themselves, & in particular Louis Lecoin, & circumvent their delivery to their torturers.

The three are tried in Paris on October 17, 1926, & proudly declare their intent to remove the king & bring down the monarchy in Spain.

They are finally condemned to 6 months of prison for rebellion, forged passports, wearing prohibited of weapons, etc. They are not released until July 1927.

Sources:
http://ytak.club.fr/juillet1.html#debutmois
http://libertaire.org/article133.html

1927 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the National City Bank is bombed, killing two & wounding 23 American & Argentinean customers: it is the work of anarchist (Giovanni & the brothers Scarfo) proponents of violent action.



1927 -- Argentina: During this month Osvaldo Bayer lives [Exact day remains elusive — ed.], Santa Fé. Argentinian journalist, film scenarist, pacifist, anarchist, historian. Forced into exile in 1975, returned in 1983. Among his books are Severino Di Giovanni, el idéalista de la violencia, Les anarchistes expropriateurs, Radowitsky, marthyr ou assassin ?.



1928 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, to protest against the Italian dictatorship, the anarchist Severino Di Giovanni bombs the Italian consulate (which was being used to eliminate Italian antifascists in exile). Nine killed, 34 wounded.
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/


1928 -- Brazil: Fourth Labor Congress of Rio Grande do Sul, held clandestinely, the date secret as well.

Three sessions are held over two days with delegates from 16 labor organizations, two periodicals, six anarchist groups, various São Paulo militant refugees & anarchist groups from southern Brazil (Florentino de Carvalho, Domingos Passos & others) & delegates from Uruguay, Paraguay & Argentina. [Source: Arquivo de História Social]

1931 -- Severino Di Giovanni dies in a shoot-out with the police.

Typographer. He fled to Argentina in 1923 to escape Italian Fascism, where he joined the Anarchist Circle (Renzo Novatore) in Buenos Aires & printed & published the review "Culmine".

He organizes a demonstration for the release of Sacco & Vanzetti, but when they are executed on August 23, 1927, Di Giovanni turns to violent actions with the Scarfo brothers (Alejandro & Paulino); many bombs are set off, especially aimed at North American interests. For example, on December 25, 1927, the National City Bank was bombed, & on May 3, 1928, the Italian consulate.

This spiral of violence was condemned by the anarchists of (FORA & "La Protesta." See Osvaldo Bayer, Severino Di Giovanni, the idealist of violencia (1970).

http://perspectives.anarchist-studies.org/10bayer.htm

1931 -- Argentina: à Avellaneda, un groupe d'activistes anarchistes conduit par Juan Antonio MORAN abat de cinq coups de revolver le major Rosasco qui dînait dans un restaurant. Celui-ci, serviteur zélé de la dictature du Gal Uriburu, était responsable de la répression et de l'éxécution de nombreux militants. L'anarchiste LACUNZA dit "Bébé" trouvera également la mort dans cette opération. http://ytak.club.fr/juin2.html#moran


1932 -- Argentina: 2nd Anarchist Congress of Rosario. No II Congreso Anarquista Rexional celebrado en Rosario. Participants include Antonio Casanova among as many as 50 delegations.
Related, see Ricardo Accurso, El Anarquismo en la ciudad de Rosario (Argentina).
http://raforum.apinc.org/article.php3?id_article=287


1935 -- Argentina: Founding of Federación Anarco-Comunista Argentina (F.A.C.A.), October 11-14th. Realízase na Plata o Congreso Constituinte, onde se funda a FACA, its founders include Antonio Casanova. Having changed its name in 1955, now the Federación Libertaria Argentina (FLA).


1945 -- Argentina: Juan Peron's popularity increased after he introduced liberal workplace policies to the point where he was considered a threat by the Junta. In early 1945 he was arrested & detained.

Public discontent was great & the main trade union federation, the Confederacion General de Trabajo (CGT), organised the first major public action for democracy on October 17, 1945. Its call for Juan Peron to be freed was supported by the Union Sindical Argentina (USA), but not the anarchist union, the Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA). Eva Peron played a large part in this demonstration.

http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1997/266/266p22.htm

1956 -- Mexico: Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) dies. Legendary Polish anarchist who killed police chief Ramon Falcon & his secretary with a bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 14, 1909.

"With Radowitzky's passing one of the last social revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution of 1905, one of the finest idealists of the international labour movement was gone." Augustin Souchy.
[Further details + links]

[Details / context] on his assassination of Falcon.


1966 -- Argentina: Antonio Casanova (1898-1966) dies, Bueno Aires. Anarchist militant.
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CasanovaAntonio.htm


1973 -- Spanish-Mexican anarquista Miguel Giménez Igualada (1888-1973) dies, Mexico. CNT member, anarcho-syndicalist & then deeply influenced by Max Stirner, an anarchist-individualist. Author, publisher & editor during the Spanish Revolution & afterwards. With the defeat of the revolution he took refuge in France, Argentina, Uruguay & Mexico.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Gim%C3%A9nez_Igualada
http://www.cnt.es/fal/Bicel16/8.htm


1976 -- Argentina: Gerardo Gatti Antuña, Uruguayan anarchist militant & head of the Uruguayan graphic workers' union, is disappeared by the Argentine government. Tortured & put up for ransom before he died. Father of Adriana Gatti; she (19-years old & eight months pregnant) & her fiance were also disappeared, in 1977.

Expresión de Gerardo Gatti, "no plasme la lapida de la dictadura terrorista, que no fragüe," que no se legitime por su duración el poder despótico.

See John Dinges, The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (2004).
http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/victimas/g/gattig/
http://www.nuncamas.org/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_185.htm

1977 -- Argentina: Adriana Gatti "disappeared" by government security forces. She was previously kidnapped from her home on March 31 & taken to where Ricardo Carpentero (her fiance by whom she was about was 8-9 months pregnant) being held, but was set free the same day. Daughter of Gerardo Gatti, Uruguayan anarchist labor militant "disappeared" in 1976 by the Argentine government, tortured & put up for ransom before he died.

According to press reports, between April 7 & 8, 1977, the house in which Gatti was-residing was attacked by Argentine Security forces, a shootout occurred, ' and couple with whom Gatti was living was killed. Gatti was 7 tnos p.g. & was taken away wounded in ambulance according to eye witnesses & since that time family has heard nothing. Case took on new interest when couple who was killed, Eduardo Testa and Norman Ines Masuyuma appeared in list of 76 bodies buried as NN in Chacarita cemetery in list released Dec 1982.

Ricardo Carpintero seized by unknown people, somewhere in BA (per his mother) on March 25, 1977. http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/victimas/g/gattia/
http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/victimas/g/gattig/ http://free.freespeech.org/americanstateterrorism/
Nunca Más (Never Again): Report of Conadep (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) - 1984,
http://www.nuncamas.org/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_000.htm

http://www.desclasificados.com.ar/i.php?i=199

1986 -- Frank Brand (aka Enrico Arrigoni) dies, aged 92. Lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist, anarchist. His body is found on the floor near the bed [in his apartment] by his old comrades Valerio Isca & Pasquale Buono.

“I am probably the only individualist left among the Italian anarchists today.”

In 1963 Brand worked on the publication of the Libertarian Book Club's edition of Stirner's The Ego & His Own (cover design was by Fermin Rocker). He left his books & collection of opera records to the Libertarian Book Club. His body was cremated on December 11, 1986.”

"The “Frank Brand” I knew was an illegal. That is, he lived in the USA as an illegal immigrant. He was also an illegalist — that is, a law-breaker by conviction & principle. He used pseudonyms (Frank Branch, Harry Arrigoni, Harry Goni) & false papers to hide his past as a militant revolutionary anarchist in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Russia, Hungary, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico, & Spain. At the same time, however, he was completely open about his beliefs & even about his identity — he even wrote his books under his own real name, Enrico Arrigoni, although his friends often addressed him by his nom de guerre..."

— Peter Lamborn Wilson

http://www.anarchist-studies.org/article/articleview/46/1/7/

Last updated December 2006.

Anarchy Now! visitors since September 1, 2006

---

anti-CopyRite 1997-3000, more or less
Subscribe to daily email excerpts/updates (include 'subscribe bleed' in subject field),
or send questions, suggestions, additions, corrections to:
BleedMeister David Brown

Visit the complete Daily Bleed Archives

The Daily Bleed is freely produced by Recollection Used Books

Unique visitors since May 29, 2005 (220,000+ page loads)

anarchist, labor, &radical books

See also: Anarchist Encyclopedia
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm
Stan Iverson Memorial Library
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/
Anarchist Time Line / Chronology
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/indexTimeline.htm