JOSÉ de SAN MARTÍN
Liberator of formerly colonial
Argentina, Chile & Peru.

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1778 -- José de San Martín lives, liberator of Argentina, Chile, Peru.


1810 -- Argentina: The May Revolution begins.


1828 -- Brasil: Brazilian War veterans revolt against Argentina over peace terms. Probably too much peace, not enough war.


1850 -- José Francisco de San Martin, South American revolutionary hero, dies. Argentinean patriot, marshal, dictator, mason. Born February 25, 1778 in Yapeyu, Argentina, he fought in revolutions to liberate Argentina, Chile & Peru from Spain, 1812-22.


1853 -- Buenos Aires gains independence from Argentina.



1865 -- Italy: Pietro Gori lives, in Messina. Italian lawyer, ardent defender of the anarchists & himself an anarchist & labor propagandist. Forced into exile numerous times.

Founder of the (FORA (in Argentina), the review "Criminologia moderna" &, with Luigi Fabbri, the journal "Il pensiero." Wrote poetry & plays & author of the famous song Addio Lugano bella.

Died at age 46.

... show details

In 1894 Gori escaped the repression in Italy, attending conferences & agitating in England & the US. Returned to Italy in 1898 to defend the many defendants (including Malatesta) indicted after the General Strike against the increase of bread prices on January 17-18, in Ancône. The movement grew &, on May 7, riots took place in Milan. The army fired on demonstrators, killing hundreds. Repression was wild & Gori went into exile in Buenos Aires, & initiated, in 1901, the FORA (Federation Obrera Regional Argentina). He returned to Europe in 1902. The FORA grew to 250,000 members. In 1909 it split into two organizations, FORA du IXe Congrès (reformist), & FORA du Ve Congrès (maintaining the libertarian ideals).

In Aragonese, see http://www.nelvento.net/addio-lugano.html
In Italian see the Chronology by Franco Bertolucci
In Brazilian Portuguese, see http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GoriPietro/Gori.html
Poems, http://www.giardinaggio.it/poesie/paginzpoesie.asp
http://www.cantilotta.org/canti/pag0291.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Gori
http://isole.ecn.org/a.reus/cntreus/ado/ado9.htm

1866 -- Paraguay: Brazil, Argentina & Uruguay (the Triple Alliance) in the Battle of Tuyuyu in the War of the Triple Alliance, 1865–70, eventually crushing Paraguay.
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0849435.html


1885 -- Argentina: Juan de Dios Filiberto tangos (1885-1964), in Buenos Aires, in the barrio of La Boca, a known haven for prostitutes & anarchists...

“Orquesta Porteña”

Apprentice of several trades & office boy at a shop. When he was around 13 or 14 he was feared & respected among the boys of his age, he was the “pesado” (bully, quarrelsome), later he worked as stevedore in the dock & became an anarchist.

«He was my music god.» In his early 20s, while working as a machinist at a theater he heard Beethoven's Ninth ... & never tuned back...

Compositor y Director de Orquesta, fue un hábil interprete de piano, guitarra ,violín y armonio, instrumento este ultimo en el cual creara gran parte de su repertorio. One of the most important figures in the history of tango. Among those he collaborated with was Augusto Berto, & Luis Teisseire, another anarquista of similar background.
http://www.todotango.com/English/creadores/jdfiliberto.html
http://www.todotango.com/ENGLISH/creadores/lteisseire.asp

1886 -- Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) lives, Bad-Bramstedt (northern Germany).

Wilckens was a German anarchist, a member of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), & a pacifist. A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina. In Argentina, in 1923, he attacked the infamous Varela ("The Killer of Patagonia," responsible for the torture & massacre of more than 1,500 workers a year earlier). Condemned to life in prison, Wilckens was shot in his cell, June 16, 1923, by the rightwing fanatic nationalist, Perez Millan, while sleeping. Despite government attempts to cover up his murder, a nation-wide General Strike was called in protest, shutting down the country. Millan was in turn killed on November 9, 1925, by another internee when the Russian anarchist German Boris Vladimirovitch failed to get close enough to do the job. See on this subject Osvaldo Bayer's "Les anarchistes expropriateurs." Also "Kurt Wilckens, la eterna justicia," http://www.ainfos.ca/03/jan/ainfos00436.html In German & English, http://www.alt-bramstedt.de/Inhalt/KurtWilckens/kurtwilckens.htm http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue54/wilckens.html In French see Ephéméride anarchiste, http://www.ephemanar.net/juin17.html

1887 --

1887 -- Argentina: In Buenos-Aires, at the initiative of anarchist Ettore Mattei, "La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos," the first organized workers' resistance society, is founded. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina, at the time, wrote its statutes for them.
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet18.html#boulangersargentins
http://www.google.com/webhp...Ettore+Mattei



1888 -- Argentina: Errico Malatesta is in Bueno Aires doing active propaganda; "Meetings were held today, on the occasion of the first local strikes, etc., & it is probably that the movement "El Perseguido" was first issued (1890-1897), the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist press, culminating in the "La Protesta Humana" (June 13, 1897), followed by the (daily) "Protesta") (April 5, 1904), which for so many years weathers all storms."

— Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta

1889 -- Argentina: "Revolte" reports that some time ago the Bueno Aires Commissioner of Police sent for Errico Malatesta, to tell him that the police would be represented at all public meetings. They also tried to monitor private (group) meetings, but desisted when "invited" to leave. Malatesta, in exile from Italy, was quite active in doing propaganda work in anarchist & labor circles here at the time.
[Source: Max Nettlau]



1891 -- Poland: Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) lives (1891-1956), Stepan, Polish Ukraine. Legendary Polish anarchist who killed police chief Ramon Falcón, tossing a bomb into his car, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 14 November 1909.

[In November 2003, a popular assembly, meeting in the Plaza named after the brutal Falcon, voted to change its name to that of Simón Radowitzky.]
[More details + links]
[Details/ context] on Radowitzky's assassination of Falcón


1892 -- Argentina: US marines land in Buenos Aires during a revolution (-Feb. 12).


1892 -- Argentina: US marines land in Buenos Aires during a revolution (-Apr. 1893).



1894 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires Fortunato Serantoni, an Italian militant propagandist, publishes the first number of "La Questione social" (title borrowed from Errico Malatesta's paper). Published in Italian, it included, beginning in September, a supplement in Spanish. It represents the organisational current of Argentinian anarchism. The movement in this country becomes the strongest in Latin America.
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet15.html
http://www.ephemanar.net/decembre23.html#serantoni


1895 -- Gaston Leval, antiauthoritrian/writer, lives, Saint-Denis. Active in France, Spain, Argentina.

Wrote The Collectives in Aragon, & Collectives in Spain

http://struggle.ws/spaindx.html
Also see http://www.reocities.com/CapitolHill/5065/spain.html

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1895 -- Italy: Francesco Barbieri lives, Briattica.

An antifascist & anarchist militant, Barbieri successively fled to Argentina, Brazil, France, Switzerland & Spain, in his fight against the fascists. During the Spanish Revolution in 1936 he joined the Italian column fighting in Huesca.

While hospitalized in Barcelona in May 1937 Barbieri is arrested by cops under command of the Communists & his body is found full of bullet holes the next day, along with that of Camillo Berneri.

1895 -- Argentina: Premier numéro du journal "Le Cyclone," Buenos-Aires . Organe Communiste Anarchiste (en langue française). Seuls quelques numéros (tirés à 2 mille exemplaires) verront le jour. Dans le n°1 et le n°2 (du 8 décembre 1895), un Manifeste des Groupes socialistes ralliés à l'anarchisme, et également dans le n°2 cette "Marseillaise Anarchiste" crée à Buenos-Aires en 1893. Extrait:

2ème Couplet
"Assez de républiques,
Assez de rois et d'empereurs;
Au diable envoyons cette clique
D'assassins, fourbes et voleurs. (bis)
Plus de généraux, de ministres,
De juges, de représantants,
Aux mains souillées de notre sang,
Peuples, balayez tous ces cuistres."

Refrain
"Aux armes, travailleurs,
Sus à nos exploiteurs,
Frappons, frappons,
L'autorité.
Règne l'égalité."

Graphic: Le cyclone, logo (image retouchée); courtesy Ephéméride Anarchiste

1896 -- Argentina: Manuel Rojas Sepulveda, lives (1896-1973 ). Considered the major 20th century Chilean novelist & short story writer. Premio Nacional de Literatura 1957.

Unfortunately he remains mostly unknown outside Chile. IWW member, anarcosindicalista, considered an important anarchist leader in the post-WWI period.

Manuel Rojas worked for Chilean comic books published by Zig Zag & Quimantú during the 1960s & 1970s. He cooperated on several western series for Far West, including 'Ray Hunter', 'Ronnie Lea, el Muertero' & 'Curiosidades del Oeste'. He was also present in Jungla & El Siniestro Dr. Mortis.

Father of Maria Eugenia Rojas (wife of the communist & academic leader of the University of Chile, Fernando Ortiz Letelier, detained & disappeared by the government.)

First published Chile in 1951, the novel Hijo de ladron caught on quickly & established his name. Its most important innovation was to treat a subject matter characteristic of realist fiction — the lives of thieves, vagabonds, prisoners, outcasts, & impoverished laborers — using experimental twentieth-century forms of narrative construction.

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See D.A. Cortés: La narrativa anarquista de Manuel Rojas, Madrid, 1986. http://www.angelfire.com/nj/poesia/prznac/mrojas.html

1897 -- Argentina: "El Perseguido," an anarchist-communist labor periodical, ceases publication.

In 1888 & '89 immigration into the Argentine Republic increased rapidly & unemployment & strikes made their appearance. Malatesta was active in Buenos Aires during this period.

[Details / context]

1897 -- Argentina: "La Protesta Humana" appears. Began after "El Perseguido" folded (Jan. 31, 1897; the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist presses). "Protesta Humana" is followed by the (daily) "Protesta" (April 5, 1904), which for many years weathers all the storms.
[Details / context]


1897 -- Argentina: Albert Perrier (or Perier), aka Germinal, lives (1897-1977), in Buenos Aires. Militant French revolutionary syndicalist.

Member "l'Union Anarchiste" in France. Published the newspaper "Le Combat," & in the 1930s joined "La Ruche."

In 1936, he went to Spain with a first French convoy of food & weapons for the C.N.T.- F.A.I., & for the next two years helped supply the Spanish anarchists in spite of a French blockade. During the last months of the revolution Perrier facilitated the passage of those escaping from Spain. An anti-Nazi Resistance member, Perrier was captured & sent to a prison camp (from which he escaped).
[Details / context]

1898 -- Spain: Antonio Casanova lives, (1898-1966), in Betanzos. Emigrated to Argentina at an early age, anarchist militant, editor, translator. Returned & fought during the Spanish Revolution in the 28th Division under the command of Gregorio Jover, in a unit with fellow Galician Jose Maria Montego & the legendary Simón Radowitzky. Antonio established a warm friendship with Radowitzky, becoming drinking mates who enjoyed singing the tangos of Carlos Gardel.




1899 -- Hanns-Erich Kaminski lives, Labiau (Eastern Prussia). Doctor in Economic Science, political editor for a social democratic paper. He went into exile February 1933 with the rise of Nazism.

Kaminski became an anarchist & wrote Ceux de Barcelone & Bakounine, la vie d'un révolutionnaire (1938). He met Voline in 1940, before taking refuge in Portugal. His book El Nazismo como problema sexual, ensayo of psicopatologia (1940) was published in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he died in 1963.

http://www.ephemanar.net/novembre29.html#kaminski

1901 -- Argentina: Horacio Badaraco lives (1901-1946), Buenos Aires, y vivía en el barrio de Congreso dentro del seno de una familia que, de constructores de barcos, pasaron a formar parte del status de banqueros.

Interested in anarchist culture from an early age: at 11-years old his parents find him in the Perlado bookstore, leafing through anarchist literature.

... show details

In the 1920s, with the names of Sacco & Vanzetti everywhere in the wind, Argentine workers begin a series of general strikes & take to the streets: the American Embassy is attacked & an American flag is burned at a Congressional building.

Badaraco & Alberto Bianchi, members of "The Torch," are blamed & imprisoned. Horacio begins a hunger strike &, for two weeks, all the prisoners held by the Central Department of Police unite in support. The judges order the release of both anarchists.

In 1936, Badaraco went to Spain to fight against Franco's fascist coup. He helped also with the newspapers "Working Solidarity" & "Libertaria Youth."

1901 -- Argentina: Buenos Aires: On the initiative of the Italian Pietro Gori (1865-1911; see January 8, 1911), the founding congress of the Federación Obrera Argentine (FOA) is held (-26th).

Fifty workers, socialists & anarchists, participate, representing 30 different groups; the congress concludes with an address: "salut au prolétariat universel qui lutte pour son émancipation, il se solidarise avec ses luttes et fait un voeux pour le salut du genre humain au moyen de la révolution sociale."

[Details / context]

1901 -- Francisco Ferrer, Spanish anarchist educator & bane of the ruling powers (who had him murdered in 1909), opens the libertarian Escuela Moderna in Barcelona, Spain.

Other Modern Schools are founded in the US, whose alumni include Man Ray & Alfred Levitt.

Modern Schools were also founded in Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, China, Japan &, on the greatest scale, in the USA.

Image: Flavio Costantini, "Murder of Ferrer" [Details / context]

1904 -- Argentina: The (daily) "Protesta" begins publishing, which for so many years weathers all storms.

"Protesta" was preceded by "El Perseguido" (1890-1897), the first of the rapidly developing active & numerous anarchist publications, & the "La Protesta Humana" (begun June 13, 1897), followed by the daily "Protesta"

[Source: Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist.]

1905 -- Argentina: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Quintana escapes an attentat when the weapon used by the young Catalán anarchist Salvador Planas y Virella fails.

The attack on Quintana by the young lithographer & typographer occurs in response to the ferocious repression of the workers' movement during this period, exemplified when the police force & army fired on demonstrators on May 21, 1905.

The workers' movement reduced to impotence, calls for individual violence flowers in some of the anarchist press, much like this extract from the daily "La Protesta" (edited by Alberto Ghiraldo): "How is it possible that such an amount of accumulated pain [...] does not find its logical answer, its daring avenger?”

Tried on September 10, 1905, his defense attorney unsuccesfully argues his client is mentally unstable, & Salvador y Planas is sent to prison.

See Francisco de Veyga: "Delito político. El anarquista Planas y Virella," en Archivos de Psiquiatría y Criminología (Buenos Aires, 1896) & Roberto G. Bunge: Informe in voce ante la Cámara de lo Criminal en defensa de Salvador Planas y Virella (Buenos Aires: edición del Centro Anarquista, 1917).

http://www.ephemanar.net/aout11.html

1905 -- Argentina: Police massacre some 200 demonstrators opposing a tax on cattle, called by the Comité Pro Abolición. Popular outrage sweeps the country & workers call a General Strike. The government declares a "state of siege." Despite heavy military protection of the cowards who hide in the palace, insurreccionadas attempt to take the building.

[Details / context]

1908 -- Argentina: General Strike by workers in Buenos Aires.
"To make labor increasingly obedient & cheap..."
http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/index.html#galeano


1908 -- While the politicos in Brazil & Argentina threaten war between the two countries, worker's organizations & anarcho-syndicalists of these two Latin American countries express their cross-border solidarity, & jointly organize a day of protest against the possibility of a conflict.
http://www.anarchie.be/AL/20/histoire.htm



1908 -- Italy: Fortunato Serantoni dies in Florence. Internationalist & anarchist militant propagandist.

Graphic, courtesy: Ephéméride Anarchiste

In Buenos Aires, Argentina, Serantoni, founded "La Questione social" (title borrowed from Errico Malatesta's paper). Published in Italian, it included a supplement in Spanish, & represented the organisational current of Argentinian anarchism which became the strongest in Latin America.

http://www.ephemanar.net/decembre23.html#serantoni
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet15.html

1909 -- Argentina: Police open fire on a Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA; previously FOA) demonstration, killing several activists. O 1 de maio de 1909 foi unha conmemoración sanguenta, os enfrontamentos da policía cos pacíficos manifestantes rematou con oito mortos e corenta feridos. A indignación dos traballadores determinou que se convocara unha folga xeral de repulsa aos asasinatos do xefe de policía coronel Ramón Falcón. Para os traballadores máis conscientes había un verdugo culpable de toda a represión; o clima de tensión e vinganza íase apoderando dos activistas sindicais.


1909 -- In capitals throughout Europe demonstrations are held protesting the execution of Francisco Ferrer. Violent confrontations between protesters & the police occur in Paris, where over 500,000 people turned out. In Argentina, a meeting improvised by the F.O.R.A. (the anarchist Federation Obrera Regional Argentina) brings out 20,000 workers & results in a General Strike which begins tomorrow & lasts until October 17.
http://www.ephemanar.net/octobre13.html



1909 -- Argentina: Simón Radowitzky, legendary "martir de Ushuaia," a young Polish anarchist, kills police chief Ramon Falcon with a bomb in Buenos Aires. Falcon had ruthlessly suppressed a renters strike & the workers' May Day celebrations.

"Simón non era outro que Radowitzky, aquel lexendario anarquista que vengara aos traballadores asasinados polo Coronel Falcón....."

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"Simón (Szymon) Radowicki kills colonel Falcón, the chief of Buenos Aires police that ordered the massacre of workers demonstrating on May Day ..."

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[Details / context]

1910 --

Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the printing plant for the anarchist journal "La Protesta" is again attacked & destroyed (voir 14 novembre).

Violent repression against the anarchist movement earlier had led to the police attacking "La Protesta"'s offices & destroying its printing equipment. The paper reappeared in January 1910, but today is again ransacked & set on fire, forcing it to go underground for a period.

http://www.ephemanar.net/mai14.html
http://www.libertario.org.ar/

1911 -- Pietro Gori (1865-1911) dies, aged 46. Gori was an Italian lawyer, an ardent legal defender of anarchists, himself an anarchist & labor activist. He was forced into exile numerous times by government repression. Gori was a founder of the (FORA (in Argentina), the review "Criminologia moderna" &, with Luigi Fabbri, the review "Il pensiero." Gori was also a poet & dramatist, & wrote the now famous song, "Addio Lugano bella."
[Details / context]




1911 -- Ernesto Sábato lives, Rojas, Argentina. Physics professor & winner of the 1984 Cervantes Prize, Hispanic literature's most prestigious award.

Ernesto Sabato

His first literary success Uno y el universo ("One & the Universe," 1945), published after being removed from his teaching post for his opposition to the government, it is a series of aphorism, statements, & personal observations on diverse philosophical, social, & political matters. His first novel, El túnel ("The Outsider"), brought him fame.

Sabato also authored the online prologue to Nunca Más (Never Again): Report of Conadep (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) - 1984:

http://www.nuncamas.org/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_000.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato

1912 -- Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, poet, Lawrence Durrell lives, Darjeeling, India.

It is the duty of every patriot to hate his country creatively. — Lawrence Durrell

Best known for The Alexandria Quartet. Worked as a jazz pianist in a London nightclub. In the 1930s he went to Paris, where he started his career as a writer & associated with such authors as Henry Miller, who became his mentor. Durrell's brother Gerald, zoologist/traveller, gained popularity with his animal stories.

Bleedster S. notes, "Born in India, lived there only 4 years, spent the rest of his life moving around, lived in England, France, Greece, Egypt, Yugoslavia, & Argentina. Spent the last 33 years of his life in various places in France, mostly near the Mediterranean. He didn't like being called "English" either — had vague pretenses to being Irish, but had English passport.

For much greater detail, see Ian MacNiven, Lawrence Durrell (1998)."

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/durrell.htm

1914 --

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1914

Argentine novelist & short-story writer Julio Cortázar lives, Brussels, Belgium. Educated in Argentina, Cortazar's first collection of short-stories, Bestiario, is published when he moves to Paris, in 1951, where he lives the rest of his life. His masterpiece, Rayuela (1963, Hopscotch), is an open-ended novel where the reader selects the conclusion based upon the plan the author prescribes.

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http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm



1915 -- Australia: Sterling work from the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World — Wobbly Tom Barker is arrested for his anti-war poster,

"Workers, follow your masters: stay at home."

Anti-recruiting efforts finally get him 12 months hard labour, but he is quickly released within three months, following a series of fires in stores & factories. (Is there a connection?)

"For every day Barker is in jail, it will cost the capitalists £10,000."

Tom Barker, organized for the IWW in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Argentina, the US, the UK, Russia, Germany & upon the High Seas.

[Source: Calendar Riots]

1915 -- Brazil: Congresso Internacional da Paz (International Congress for Peace), Rio de Janeiro, October 14-16th.

Hosted by the Federação Operária, this gathering includes representatives from Chile, Uruguay & the Federación Regional Obrera Argentina (FORA). It is quickly followed by the Congresso Anarquista Sul-Americano on the 18th, also convened here at the Federação Operária headquarters. Source: [ Arquivo de História Social ]

1915 -- Brazil: South American Anarchist Congress (Congresso Anarquista Sul-Americano), Rio de Janeiro.

Held on the premises of the Federação Operária, October 18-20th, with delegates present from Brazil, Argentina & Uruguay. Convenes at the same location of the just concluded International Congress for Peace. Source: [ Arquivo de História Social ]

1918 -- Argentina: Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) escapes from the Ushuaia concentration camp on the Tierra del Fuego island.

Radowitzky was serving a life sentence for assassinating the chief of Buenos Aires police, who had ordered the massacre of workers during a May Day demonstration in 1909. Captured a month later in Chile, & after 21 years in exile, he went to fight in the Spanish Revolution. From 1940 until his death today he lived in Mexico.

[Further details & links]
Details on his assassination of Falcon


1919 -- Argentina: Beginning of "Bloody Week" ("Semaine Sanglante") in Buenos Aires.

The Argentine police invent the electric prod to convince those in doubt & straighten out those who buckle... Discepolin's last tango sings that the world was & will continue to be a dirty joke... — Eduardo Galeano, Century of the Wind, p99-100

Workers, demonstrating for the 8-hour work day, are fired on, leaving four dead & about 30 wounded. Clashes with authorities the day of the funerals leave another 50 dead. Workers seeking refuge in the Vasena factory were driven out as 30,000 infantrymen were called out. A General Strike shuts down the trade unions, printing works, libraries, etc. The anarchists involved are attacked by trade union reformists & paramilitary groups ("Les défenseurs de l'Ordre") acting in concert with the police.

By January 16 the strike is crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. Argentinean anarchism is decimated by repression, & the reformist trade unions are in control.

1919 -- Argentina: End of « Semaine Sanglante ». ("Bloody Week") in Buenos Aires. The General Strike begun a week ago, on the 7th, is crushed in blood, with as many as 700 dead & 2000 wounded. The militant Argentinean anarchist movement is decimated by the repression which follows & trade union reformists gain control of the workers' movement.


1920 -- Argentina & Uruguay: Congress of the Operários Chapeleiros Sul-Americano (South American hat-makers), held this month.

Anarcho-syndicalist participation &/or a marked presence at this congress is evident. Throughout most of South America in the early 20th century, in addition to their own congresses, anarchists & anarcho-syndicalists are often on the front lines of the various workers' actions, meetings, unions, conferences & congresses. [I don't have exact dates or details; not clear if two separate gatherings are held, or a joint congress — ed.] [ Source: Arquivo de História Social ]

list of anarchist congresses


1921 -- Argentina: In response to an employers' & government offensive, workers revolt & the anarchist flag of red & black flies. Isolated, the groups are encircled & destroyed by the army. Over 1,500 workers die, including all the leaders of the revolt.

In the late 1980s the labor force numbered about 11.8 million. Most of Argentina's 1,100 labor unions are affiliated with the Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT; a Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization).

The right to unionize, suspended in 1976, is restored in 1982, & the labor movement embraces some 3 million workers by the late 80s. In the early 90s, privatization programs result in the loss of several hundred thousand jobs.

http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/argentina/index.html

1921 -- Argentina: Premier issue of the weekly anarchist paper "La Antorcha," in Buenos Aires.
Numéro 300 of May 1930, includes an interview with Simón Radowitzky (just released from prison).

Principal collaborators include Rodolfo González Pacheco, Teodoro Antillí, Alberto S. Bianchi, Horacio Badaracco & its manager Antonio Rizzo.

“Haute Cuisine” ¡¿?!

The title "La Antorcha" revives the name of an Argentinian gastronomical federation publication of 1911-1912....with fewer dire intestinal implications.

http://www.ephemanar.net/mars25.html

1923 -- Argentina: Kurt Wilkens (Gustav Wilckens) assassinates the "Killer of Patagonia" in Buenos Aires.

An anarchist pacifist emigrant in Argentina, Wilkens killed Colonel Varela, who was responsible for the massacre & torture of more than 1,500 workers in Patagonia a year ago. When arrested he declared: "He will not kill anyone again. I have avenged my brothers." Condemned to life in prison, he was shot in his cell, June 16, 1923, by the rightwing nationalist, Perez Millan, while sleeping. Millan was killed in turn on November 9, 1925, by the Russian anarchist German Boris Vladimirovitch. See on this subject Osvaldo Bayer, Les anarchistes expropriateurs. Also "Kurt Wilckens, la eterna justicia," http://reocities.com/athens/4351/kurt.htm http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue54/wilckens.html

1923 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens is shot in his cell by a prison guard, a rightwing fanatic.

He dies tomorrow &, despite government attempts to cover up the crime, a nation-wide General Strike is called in protest.

See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923.
In French, see l'Ephéméride anarchiste,
http://www.ephemanar.net/juin17.html

1923 -- Argentina: Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) dies after being shot in his prison cell yesterday by a rightwing guard.

German anarchist, member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), pacifist, responsible for the attack on Varela (known as the "Killer of Patagonia"). A miner by trade, Wilckens worked in Arizona, where he led a strike in 1916. He was then interned in a US camp for German prisoners, but escaped & made his way to Argentina.

Kurt Wilckens (1886-1923) See Daily Bleed, January 25, 1923. In French see l'Ephéméride anarchiste.

1923 -- Argentina: A nationwide General Strike, protesting the assassination of the anarchist Kurt Wilckens in his prison cell, paralyzes the country.

In Buenos-Aires a protest demonstration turns into a shoot-out when police attempt to raid the local offices of the anarchist union (FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine). Two workers are killed, 17 wounded (including the Spanish anarchist Enrique Gombas) & 163 arrested; one policeman is killed & three wounded. See the Daily Bleed,
http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/0125.htm
http://www.reocities.com/Athens/Agora/5166/7tirano.html

1923 -- Corto Maltese flees Argentina, having killed Estevez, the corrupt Chief of Police in Buenos Aires. Estevez was responsible for killing his beautiful friend Louise Brookzowyc.

Corto was in Argentina during this month looking into the disappearance of Louise & her young daughter.

Born in Warsaw in 1897, Louise was enslaved by the Polish prostitution ring, the "Warsavia," for whom she was working when assassinated by Estevez. Louise's little girl was rescued by Corto & entrusted by him to Venetian friends.

During this time he had met with his old firends, Fosforitos, & Butch Cassidy, the celebrated American outlaw whom he met during his first visit to Argentina 15 years earlier. (Tango, Casterman, 1985)

http://home.c2i.net/tzara/pratt/corto.html
http://rickscafamerican.blogspot.com/2008/04/corto-maltese.html
http://batmouse.club.fr/corto.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corto_Maltese
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bro-fCnQQ-4

1924 -- Armand Gatti lives, in Monaco. Libertarian playwright, author of more than 40 plays.

Armand's father Gino Gatti, a Piedmontese anarchist, was a comrade of Carlo Cafiero, & involved in many struggles in Argentina.

A Resistance member during WWII with the "Maquis", Armand Gatti was captured in 1943, condemned to death & shipped to Germany, near Hamburg, from which he escaped to England.

After the war he became a prize-winning journalist (Prix Albert Londres in 1954), then devoted himself to the theatre.

For the anarchist that Gatti still is, the theatre is "a perpetual medium for freedom". Resistance & exile are themes in his works, which include The Time of the Physicists, La Deuxième Existence du camp de Tatenberg, & La Journée d’une infirmière. His La passion du général Franco (1968) was banned in France, under pressure from Franco's fascist government.

---

One day Gatti & his pupils were leaving the National Monument & came across some grim looking bikers. The old teacher ran forward to remonstrate with one who was wearing a swastika.

"He could have been decked," says Roy Dupuis, a Canadian filmmaker particularly inspired by a 69-year-old anarchist.

"Gatti taught me that there was no need to be afraid to stand up for one’s beliefs. That the theatre was sacred, that it was more important than the individual. He taught me to be a servant."

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001163/
http://www.editions-verdier.fr/v3/auteur-gatti.html

---

1924 -- Argentina: Durante o mandato de Silvetti caracterizouse pola súa actitude unitaria cara á (FORA) anarquista. Iniciou unha grande campaña en defensa dos presos por cuestións políticas. Durante a súa xestión á frente da central sindical aconteceron os tráxicos sucesos da Patagonia que acabaron con 1.500 fusilados.

Do 16 ó 22 de abril de 1924 realizouse o Primeiro Congreso Ordinario da Union Sindical Argentina (USA) sendo reelixido por un mandato. Ao remate do mesmo volveu ao taller, foi electo dúas veces máis membro do Comité Central da USA. Organizou o Sindicato de Obreiros da Industria do Calzado.

http://www.cigmigracion.com/fandio.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/

1925 -- Argentina: Perez Millan (rightwing nationalist who killed the anarchist Kurt Gustav Wilckens in his prison cell), is killed in an asylum in Buenos Aires. Boris Vladimirovitch, a doctor & biologist doing time for an "expropriation," feigned madness so as to be transferred to Millan's asylum. Vladimirovitch was unable to get close enough (Millan was "protected"), so another internee killed him. See Daily Bleed, http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/0125.htm



1926 -- France: Police announce they have thwarted a plot to assassinate the king of Spain Alphonse XIII (officially visiting France), with the arrests of the Spanish anarchists Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti & Gregorio Jover (on June 25). Also today numéro 65 of the anarchiste paper "Libertaire" is seized in Paris.

Spain & Argentina immediately seek extradictions for the three pistoleros (Spain for killings & escapes, Argentina for “expropriations”). But the French anarchists mobilize themselves, & in particular Louis Lecoin, & circumvent their delivery to their torturers.

The three are tried in Paris on October 17, 1926, & proudly declare their intent to remove the king & bring down the monarchy in Spain.

They are finally condemned to 6 months of prison for rebellion, forged passports, wearing prohibited of weapons, etc. They are not released until July 1927.

Sources:
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet02.html#debutmois
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet21.html#restau
http://web.archive.org/...libertaire.org/article133.html

1927 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, the National City Bank is bombed, killing two & wounding 23 American & Argentinean customers: it is the work of anarchist (Giovanni & the brothers Scarfo) proponents of violent action.



1927 -- Argentina: During this month Osvaldo Bayer lives [exact day remains elusive — ed.], Santa Fé. Journalist, film scenarist, pacifist, anarquista, historian. Forced into exile in 1975, returned in 1983. Among his books are Severino Di Giovanni: El idéalista de la violencia, Los anarquistas expropiadores, Radowitsky, marthyr ou assassin?, the four-volume Los vengadores de la Patagonia, etc.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8289701955621254707&q=anarquistas&hl=en



1928 -- Argentina: In Buenos Aires, to protest against the Italian dictatorship, the anarchist Severino Di Giovanni bombs the Italian consulate (which was being used to eliminate Italian antifascists in exile). Nine killed, 34 wounded.
http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/world/la/



1928 -- Argentina: Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Cuban guerrilla, lives (1928-1967). Argentine doctor, who rejected both capitalism & orthodox communism.

Daily Bleed Saint 2003, CHE GUEVARA
Hero of the Cuban revolution, iconic hero of 60's culture.
http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che-1928-1967http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/guevar.htm
Anarchist_Archives/bright/dolgoff/cubanrevolution/toc.html


1928 -- Argentina: Buenos Aires police thwart an attempt on US pres.-elect Herbert Hoover. Hoover goes on to be an architect, creating utopian "HooverVilles" all over the US.


1928 -- Brazil: Fourth Labor Congress of Rio Grande do Sul, held clandestinely, the date secret as well.

Three sessions are held over two days with delegates from 16 labor organizations, two periodicals, six anarchist groups, various São Paulo militant refugees & anarchist groups from southern Brazil (Florentino de Carvalho, Domingos Passos & others) & delegates from Uruguay, Paraguay & Argentina. [Source: Arquivo de História Social]

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos_Passos
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_de_Carvalho


1930 -- Argentina: Adolfo Perez Esquivel, co-founder of Servicio Paz y Justica lives.


1931 -- Severino Di Giovanni dies in a shoot-out with the police.

Typographer. He fled to Argentina in 1923 to escape Italian Fascism, where he joined the Anarchist Circle (Renzo Novatore) in Buenos Aires & printed & published the review "Culmine".

He organizes a demonstration for the release of Sacco & Vanzetti, but when they are executed on August 23, 1927, Di Giovanni turns to violent actions with the Scarfo brothers (Alejandro & Paulino); many bombs are set off, especially aimed at North American interests. For example, on December 25, 1927, the National City Bank was bombed, & on May 3, 1928, the Italian consulate.

This spiral of violence is condemned by the anarchists of FORA (Fédération Ouvrière Régionale Argentine) & "La Protesta." See Osvaldo Bayer, Severino Di Giovanni, the idealist of violencia (1970).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6AgtgLbaTw
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni

1931 -- Argentina: à Avellaneda, un groupe d'activistes anarchistes conduit par Juan Antonio Moran abat de cinq coups de revolver le major Rosasco qui dînait dans un restaurant. Celui-ci, serviteur zélé de la dictature du Gal Uriburu, était responsable de la répression et de l'éxécution de nombreux militants. L'anarchiste Lacunza (dit "Bébé") trouvera également la mort dans cette opération.
http://www.ephemanar.net/juin12.html#moran


1932 -- Argentina: 2nd Anarchist Regional Congress, in Rosario / No II Congreso Anarquista Rexional celebrado en Rosario. Participants include Antonio Casanova among as many as 50 delegations.
Related, see Ricardo Accurso, El Anarquismo en la ciudad de Rosario (Argentina).
http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=287


1935 -- Argentina: Founding of Federación Anarco-Comunista Argentina (F.A.C.A.), October 11-14th. Realízase na Plata o Congreso Constituinte, onde se funda a FACA, its founders include Antonio Casanova. Having changed its name in 1955, now the Federación Libertaria Argentina (FLA).


1939 -- Spanish composer Manuel de Falla lands in Argentina in exile from the fascist regime.


1945 -- Argentina: Juan Peron's popularity increased after he introduced liberal workplace policies to the point where he was considered a threat by the Junta. In early 1945 he was arrested & detained.

Public discontent was great & the main trade union federation, the Confederacion General de Trabajo (CGT), organised the first major public action for democracy on October 17, 1945. Its call for Juan Peron to be freed was supported by the Union Sindical Argentina (USA), but not the anarchist union, the Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA). Eva Peron played a large part in this demonstration.

http://www.greenleft.org.au/1997/266/17471

1952 -- Argentina: Death of Eva Duarte.
http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/19520726.htm


1955 -- Argentina: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader dictator Juan Peron is ousted.



1956 -- México: Simón Radowitzky (Szymon Radowicki) dies. Legendary Polish anarchist who killed police chief Ramon Falcon & his secretary with a bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 14, 1909.

"With Radowitzky's passing one of the last social revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution of 1905, one of the finest idealists of the international labour movement was gone."

— Augustin Souchy

[Further details + links]
[Details / context of his assassination of Falcon]



1956 -- Argentina: Government suppresses a bloody revolt in three provinces.



1958 -- Argentina: A reunion of old friends at a meeting of the Argentinian Federación Libertaria today.

The Italian Luce Fabbri, the German Augustin Souchy & the Spaniard Diego Abad de Santillán share memories of clandestinity & repression due to their anarchist ideas & activities during the Spanish Revolution. Host Abad de Santillan (1897-1983) was a leading person in both the Spanish & Argentine anarchist movement. Fabbri (1908-2000) was forced to leave her country of birth in the fascist period & spent most of her life as a professor of Italian literature in Uruguay. Souchy (1892-1984) left Germany as a conscientious objector & went to Sweden in 1915, thereafter living in Spain & South America. http://www.iisg.nl/today/en/27-12.php photo courtesy International Institute of Social History

1959 -- Uruguay: "Reconstruir" first appears during this month, in Montevideo. Bi-monthly libertarian review which later publishes from Buenos Aires, Argentina. "Reconstruir" ran until 1976, ending with with its 101st issue. Roberto Cúneo, Gerardo A. Andújar, Jorge Ramón Ballesteros, Carlos de la Reta, Jacobo Prince, & Fernando Quesada are among those involved in its publication.
http://www.ephemanar.net/juillet03.html#reconstruir



1960 -- Argentina: Adolf Eichmann kidnapped by Israeli agents. As head of the Gestapo Department IV B4 for Jewish Affairs, responsible for keeping the trains rolling, he dispatched millions of Jews to death camps. Brought to trial in Jerusalem, he claimed only to be following orders — a good bureaucrat. Convicted, & hanged in 1962, his last words were, reportedly, "I had to obey the rules of war & my flag."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann


1960 -- Argentina: Government demands release of Adolf Eichmann. Israel says "hang tight."


1961 -- Antonio Albertondo (Argentina) at 42, completes the first "double" crossing swim of the English Channel in 43 hrs. 10 min.


1962 -- Argentina: Military coup topples civilian government.


1963 -- Argentina: Five guerrillas burst into the offices of an electronic billboard company & force the operators to broadcast "communist propaganda" in the heart of downtown Buenos Aires.
[Source: Calendar Riots]


1964 -- Peru: 318 die in a stampede to kill a soccer referee, Argentina vs Peru, Lima.


1966 -- Argentina: Antonio Casanova (1898-1966) dies, Bueno Aires. A baker, anarchist militant who fought in Spain, a founder of Federacion Anarco-Comunista Argentina (FACA).
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CasanovaAntonio.htm


1966 -- Ramón Amaya Amador, Honduras's most famous author, dies in a plane crash, in Czechoslovakia, at the age of 50. Amaya was also a journalist & was forced to flee to Guatemala in 1944 to avoid political persecution, & from there to Argentina when the US/CIA/corporate America overthrew the democratically elected Arbenz government in 1954. In 1977 his remains were returned to Tegucigalpa, but it was not until 1991 that his books were published in Honduras. Founder of the weekly "Alerta," worked for "El Popular Progresista" & other papers. Wrote Biografía de un machete, Prision verde, Memorias de un canalla, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Amaya_Amador


1969 -- Argentina: Anticipated, but wholly spontaneous, violence triggers General Strikes in Cordoba & La Plata. Opposing the military regime, a wildcat General Strike & two days of massive rioting throughout the Cordoba province, involving students & workers in the car & heavy industries.
[Source: Calendar Riots]
labor


1973 -- México: Spanish-Mexican anarquista Miguel Giménez Igualada (1888-1973) dies. CNT member, anarcho-syndicalist & then deeply influenced by the individualist Max Stirner. Author, publisher & editor during the Spanish Revolution & afterwords. With the defeat of the revolution he took refuge in France, Argentina, Uruguay & Mexico.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Gim%C3%A9nez_Igualada
http://fal.cnt.es/?q=biblio/author/Gim%C3%A9nez+Igualada


1974 -- Argentina: Acting in collusion & at the behest of striking lead workers, the urban guerrilla People's Revolutionary Army kidnap one of the INSUD plant managers. As a result, & in just 22 days, the strikers win compensation for lead poisoning & a reduction of the working day to six hours.
[Source: Calendar Riots]



1976 -- Argentina: Gerardo Gatti Antuña, Uruguayan anarchist militant & head of the Uruguayan graphic workers' union, is disappeared by the Argentine government. Tortured & put up for ransom before he died. Father of Adriana Gatti; she (19-years old & eight months pregnant) & her fiance were also disappeared, in 1977.

Expresión de Gerardo Gatti, "no plasme la lapida de la dictadura terrorista, que no fragüe," que no se legitime por su duración el poder despótico.

See John Dinges, The Condor Years: How Pinochet & His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (2004).
http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/victimas/g/gattig/
http://www.desaparecidos.org/nuncamas/web/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_185.htm

1977 -- Argentina: Yet another government can only stammer the speech of death.

Rodolfo Walsh writes an open letter to the Military junta regards its infamous crimes; a day later, the dictatorship assassinates him.

The naked word is scandalous where fear rules, the naked word dangerous where the great dance of disguises is danced.
http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/19770324.htm

1977 -- Argentina: First rally by Mothers of the Disappeared at Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires. Under the US supported "Free World" terrorism, under this military dictatorship, 20 to 30,000 people disappeared (1976-1983). American CIA tax dollars hard at work.

Night hangs like a prisoner Stretched over black & blue Hear their heartbeat We hear their heartbeat — excerpt, U2 "Mothers Of The Disappeared" (track 11, The Joshua Tree) [ 266 K ]

http://www.yendor.com/vanished/
http://american-genocide.netfirms.com/html/americanstateterrorism/
Nunca Más (Never Again): Report of Conadep (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) - 1984,
http://www.nuncamas.org/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_000.htm

1977 -- Argentina: The organization of the mothers of Plaza de Mayo founded.

[Editor's note: The Daily Bleed often references the Eduardo Galeano pages, down at the moment (April 2003), with the cryptic "account has been disabled" message. It means they've maxed out their bandwidth for the month, which is restored after the beginning of each month.
http://www.patriagrande.net/uruguay/eduardo.galeano/memoria.del.fuego/19770430.htm




1977 -- Argentina: Adriana Gatti is today "disappeared" by government security forces.

Adriana (8-9 months pregnant) was previously kidnapped from her home on March 31, but was set free on that day. Today is not so fortuitous.

Her father, Gerardo Gatti, an Uruguayan anarchist labor militant, was also "disappeared" by the Argentine government in 1976 — tortured & put up for ransom before being murdered.

[Details / context]

1977 -- Argentina: Jacobo Timerman, editor & publisher of "La Opinión", arrested by military authorites. Critical of the government & military during the "Dirty Little War," he was tortured in prison, chronicled in his book, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number. Released in 1979, he astutely got out of the country while the getting was good.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Timerman


1978 -- France: Roger Caillois — philosopher, anthropologist, natural scientist, renegade Surrealist — dies.

His idiosyncratic work brought together literary criticism, sociology, & philosophy by focusing on subjects as diverse as gems & the sacred. Instrumental in introducing Latin American authors to the French public (Jorge Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, et al). Spent WWII exiled in Argentina, & active in fighting the spread of Nazism in Latin America as an editor & author of anti-Nazi periodicals. With Georges Bataille & others attempted to shift the focus of Surrealism from the dream life of little old rich ladies to the social arena.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Caillois

1980 -- Adolfo Perez Esquivel, architect imprisoned & tortured in Argentina, wins the Nobel Peace Prize [see October 13].


1980 -- Adolfo Perez Esquivel, architect & human-rights activist imprisoned & tortured in Argentina, wins the Nobel Peace Prize.


1982 -- Falkland Island "incident" begins — England & Argentina attack in the Penguin Islands — the Penguins lose.

Oh, to be in England
Now that April's there.

— Robert Browning, Home Thought from Abroad

1982 -- Argentina: Sheepishly, de government surrenders to Britain on Falkland Islands, ending a 74-day war over an island populated by sheep.
http://www.yendor.com/vanished/falklands-war.html



1983 -- Argentina: 96% of the workers out on strike; junta totters.


1985 -- Argentina: A fire at the St. Emilienne Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital kills 79 people, most of whom were patients locked in their rooms or too tranquilized to escape, Buenos Aires.


1986 -- Frank Brand (aka Enrico Arrigoni) dies, aged 92. Lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist, anarchist. His body is found on the floor near the bed [in his apartment] by his old comrades Valerio Isca & Pasquale Buono.

“I am probably the only individualist left among the Italian anarchists today.”

In 1963 Brand worked on the publication of the Libertarian Book Club's edition of Stirner's The Ego & His Own (cover design was by Fermin Rocker). He left his books & collection of opera records to the Libertarian Book Club. His body was cremated on December 11, 1986.”

"The “Frank Brand” I knew was an illegal. That is, he lived in the USA as an illegal immigrant. He was also an illegalist — that is, a law-breaker by conviction & principle. He used pseudonyms (Frank Branch, Harry Arrigoni, Harry Goni) & false papers to hide his past as a militant revolutionary anarchist in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Russia, Hungary, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico, & Spain. At the same time, however, he was completely open about his beliefs & even about his identity — he even wrote his books under his own real name, Enrico Arrigoni, although his friends often addressed him by his nom de guerre..."

— Peter Lamborn Wilson

See also Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America by Paul Avrich.
Google e-book online

1987 -- IceCycles?: Daniel Buettner, Bret Anderson, Martin Engel & Anne Knabe complete cycling journey of 15,266 miles from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska to Argentina.


1988 -- Argentina: Amnesty International's Global Concert Tour ends in Buenos Aires; 75,000 hear Bruce Springsteen, Sting & Tracy Chapman perform.


1995 -- Argentina: Navy & air force admit to atrocities during the "Dirty War."


1995 -- Italy: Nazi SS Capt. Erich Priebke is extradited from Argentina. The Catholic Church & the US government were actively responsible for helping many Nazi war criminals to escape to South America & the US & elsewhere following WWII.
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/14/national/main617522.shtml


1995 -- Argentina: Fifteen (mostly soldiers) arrested for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish center in Buenos Aires.


1996 -- Argentina: A top general says the junta should have legalized torture.


1997 -- Argentina: Government says it will issue $3 billion in bonds to compensate survivors of victims of its "Dirty War."


1998 -- Greenpeace sues Argentina over endangered jaguar habitat.


1998 -- Argentina: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Ex-President Videla of is arrested for kidnapping children of murdered parents during the Dirty War.


1999 -- Spain: Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzon issues international arrest warrants for 98 of the most infamous leaders of Argentina's Dirty War.


1999 -- Argentina: Jacobo Timerman dies. Journalist, author, editor & publisher of "La Opinión" since 1971, arrested by military authorities. Critical of the government & military during the "Dirty Little War," he was tortured in prison — chronicled in his book, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number. Released in 1979, he astutely got out of the country while the getting was good.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Timerman



2000 -- Argentina: 20,000 protesters take to the streets against £649m in spending cuts announced on the 29th.

2001 -- Argentina: Ex-Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Carlos Menem is arrested for arms trafficking.



2001 -- Argentina: In a protracted economic crisis, the government's key austerity bill is passed. A "zero deficit" law aims to end deficit spending & slash state salaries & some pensions by up to 13%. See http://www.recollectionbooks.com/bleed/1219.htm#Argentina




2001 -- Argentina: Government declares state of siege, trying to stop the worst looting & riots in a decade sparked by austerity measures & poverty.

Tomorrow Beloved & Respected comrade Leader Cavallo resigns. On the 20th the finance minister resigns after 16 die in riots. On the 21st de la Rua resigns after thousands take to the streets of the capital to protest his government's handling of the country's worsening economic crisis. At least 22 people are killed in riots & looting around the country...

[Details / context]

2002 -- Argentina: 24-hour general strike against the Duhalde government.


2002 -- Argentina: Former Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader dictator Leopoldo Galtieri is arrested for abduction, torture & murder.


2006 -- Spain: Ricardo Taddei, the Argentine policeman wanted for 161 cases of kidnapping & torturing "leftist" dissidents during Argentina's Dirty War, is arrested after 20-years, in Madrid.


2009 -- Uruguay: Supreme Court rules out dirty war amnesty, declaring unconstitutional a law that gave amnesty to military officials accused of human rights violations. Military figures are now subject to prosecution, while former president-cum-dictator Bordaberry is currently being held in a case involving the murders of four Uruguayans in Argentina. Brazil & Chile still have dictatorship-era amnesty laws in force, while Argentina has annulled them.

---

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